Abstract
Clostridium formicoaceticum possesses the following enzymes for the assimilation of N2 and NH +4 : nitrogenase, glutamine synthetase, NADH- and NADPH-dependent glutamate synthase, NADH- and NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, NADPH-dependent alamine dehydrogenase, and NH +4 -dependent asparagine synthetase. Nitrogenase and glutamine synthetase are repressed and alanine dehydrogenase is induced by NH +4 , while the synthesis of the other enzymes is not influenced by the extracellular NH +4 level. Glutamate is degraded via glutamate mutase and β-methylaspartase.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Abbreviations
- GOGAT:
-
glutamine-oxoglutarate amidotransferase
References
Andreesen JR, El Ghazzawi E, Gottschalk G (1974) The effect of ferrous ions, tungstate and selenite on the level of formate dehydrogenase in Clostridium formicoaceticum and formate, synthesis from CO2 during pyruvate fermentation. Arch Microbiol 96:103–118
Andreesen JR, Gottschalk G, Schlegel HG (1970) Clostridium formicoaceticum nov. spec. Isolation, description and distinction from Clostridium aceticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum. Arch Mikrobiol 72:154–174
Barker HA (1981) Amino acid degradation by anaerobic bacteria. Ann Biochem 50:23–40
Barker HA, Smyth RD (1961) β-Methyl-l-aspartatic acid. Biochem Prep 8:89–92
Barker HA, Smyth RD, Wilson RM, Weissbach H (1959) The purification and properties of β-methylaspartase. J. Biol Chem 134:320–328
Buckel W, Barker HA (1974) Two pathways of glutamate fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. J Bacteriol 117:1248–1260
Dainty RH (1972) Glutamate biosynthesis in Clostridium pasteurianum and its significance in nitrogen metabolism. Biochem J 126:1055–1056
El Ghazzawi E (1967) Neuisolierung von Clostridium aceticum, Wieringa und stoffwechselphysiologische Untersuchungen Arch Mikrobiol 57:1–19
Fawcett JW, Scott JE (1960) A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Path 13:156–159
Goa J (1953) A microbiuret method for protein determination. Scand Clin Lab Invest 5:218–222
Gottschalk G, Andreesen JR, Hippe H (1981) The genus Clostridium. Nonmedical aspects. In: Starr, MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG (eds) The procaryotes. A handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1767–1803
Kleiner D (1979) Regulation of ammonium uptake and metabolism by nitrogen fixing bacteria. III. Clostridium pasteurianum. Arch Microbiol 120:263–270
Kleiner D (1981) The transport of NH3 and NH +4 across biological membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 639:41–52
Kleiner D (1982) Ammonium (methylammonium) transport by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochim Biophys Acta 688:702–708
Kleiner D, Phillips S, Fitzke E (1981) Pathways and regulatory, aspects of N2 and NH +4 assimilation in N2 fixing bacteria. In: Bothe H Trebst A (eds) Biology of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 131–139
Leonhardt U, Andreesen JR (1977) Some properties of formate dehydrogenase accumulation and incorporation of 185W-tungsten into proteins of Clostridium formiaceticum. Arch Microbiol 115:227–284
Lerud RF, Whiteley HR (1971) Purification and properties of α-ketoglutarate reductase from Micrococcus aerogenes. J. Bacteriol 106:571–577
Mortenson LE (1978) Regulation of nitrogen fixation. In: Horecker BL, Stadtman ER (eds) Curr top cell regul, vol 13. Academic Press, New York, pp 179–232
Nagatani H, Shimizu M, Valentine RC (1971) The mechanism of ammonia assimilation in nitrogen fixing bacteria. Arch Mikrobiol 79:164–175
Rosenblum ED, Wilson PW (1949) Fixation of isotopic nitrogen by Clostridium. J. Bacteriol 57:413–414
Smith JC, Hespell RB, Bryant MP (1980) Ammonia assimilation and glutamate formation in the anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium. J Bacteriol 141:593–602
Stadtman ER, Ginsburg A (1974) The glutamine synthetase of Escherichia coli structure and control. In: Boyer PD (ed) The enzymes, vol X. Academic Press, New York, pp 755–807
Tanner RS, Stackebrandt E, Fox GE, Gupta R, Magnum LJ, Woese CR (1982) A phylogenetic analysis of anaerobic eubacteria capable of synthesizing acetate from carbon dioxide. Curr Microbiol 7:127–132
Vogels GD, Van der Drift C (1976) Degradation of purines and pyrimidines by microorganisms. Bacteriol Rev 40:403–468
Wolin EA, Wolfe RS, Wolin MJ (1964) Viologen dye inhibition of methane formation by Methanobacillus omelianskii. J Bacteriol 87:993–998
Zehnder AJB, Wuhrmann K (1976) Titanium-III-citrate as a nontoxic oxidation-reduction buffering system for the culture of obligate anaerobes. Science 194:1165–1166
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bogdahn, M., Andreesen, J.R. & Kleiner, D. Pathways and regulation of N2, ammonium and glutamate assimilation by Clostridium formicoaceticum . Arch. Microbiol. 134, 167–169 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00407953
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00407953