Skip to main content
Log in

Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats

  • Original Investigations
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Learning/memory deficits in senescent animals are widely used as a tool to evaluate the therapeutic potential of agents for treatment of age-associated cognitive dysfunction. As assessed in the Morris water maze test, aged (21–24 months) rats showed a variable loss of spatial memory. Aged non-impaired rats performed as well as young subjects, while aged impaired rats exhibited a severe and persistent place-navigation, deficit. Passive avoidance retention was similarly affected in the two aged subpopulations. Chronic oral administration of phosphatidylserine (50 mg/kg/day for up to 12 weeks), a pharmacologically active phospholipid, was found to improve both the spatial memory and the passive avoidance retention of aged impaired rats. Results are discussed with reference to the phosphatidylserine-induced improvement of age-associated deterioration of brain functions in rats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aporti F, Borsato R, Calderini G, Rubini R, Toffano G, Zanotti A, Valzelli L, Goldstein L (1986) Age-dependent spontaneous EEG bursts in rats: effects of brain phosphatidylserine. Neurobiol Aging 7:115–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball MJ (1977) Neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration in the hippocampus with aging and dementia. A quantitative study. Acta Neuropathol 37:111–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes CA (1979) Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 93:74–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Biegon A, Greenberger V, Segal M (1986) Quantitative histochemistry of brain acetylcholinesterase and learning rate in the aged rat. Neurobiol Aging 7:215–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzsaki G, Bickford RG, Armstrong DM, Ponomareff G, Chen KS, Ruiz R, Thal LS, Gage FH (1988) Electric activity in the neocortex of freely moving young and aged rats. Neuroscience 26:735–744

    Google Scholar 

  • Calderini G, Aporti F, Bellini F, Bonetti AC, Rubini R, Teolato S, Xu C, Zanotti A, Toffano G (1985) Phospholipids as pharmacological tools in the aging brain. In: Horrocks LA, Kanfer JN, Porcellati G (eds) Phospholipid in the nervous system, vol 2, Physiological roles. Raven Press, New York, pp 11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Calderini G, Bonetti AC, Battistella A, Crews FT, Toffano G (1983) Biochemical changes of rat brain membranes with aging. Neurochem Res 8:483–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier TJ, Bruemmer V, Sladek JR (1985) Aging of the locus coeruleus: behavioral correlates of norepinephrine (NE) deficiency in a subpopulation of aged F344 rats and the therapeutic influence of grafted NE neurons. Anat Rec 211:43A

    Google Scholar 

  • Corwin J, Dean RL, III, Bartus RT, Rotrosen J, Watkins DL (1985) Behavioral effects of phosphatidylserine in the aged Fisher 344 rats: amelioration of passive avoidance deficits without changes in psychomotor task performance. Neurobiol Aging 6:11–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Drago F, Canonico PL, Scapagnini U (1981) Behavioral effects of phosphatidylserine in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2:209–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Gage FH, Björklund A (1986) Cholinergic septal grafts into the hippocampal formation improve spatial learning and memory in aged rats by an atropine-sensitive mechanism. J Neurosci 6:2837–2847

    Google Scholar 

  • Gage FH, Dunnett SB, Björklund A (1984a) Spatial learning and motor deficits in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 5:43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Gage FH, Kelly PT, Björklung A (1984b) Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. J Neurosci 4:2856–2865

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher M, Pelleymounter MA (1988) An age-related spatial learning deficit: choline uptake distinguishes “impaired” and “unimpaired” rats. Neurobiol Aging 9:363–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Geinisman Y, de Toledo-Morrell L, Morrell F (1986) Aged rats need a preserved complement of, perforated axospinous synapses per hippocampal neuron to maintain good spatial memory. Brain Res 398:266–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidolin D, Milan F, Polato P, Nunzi MG, Toffano G (1989) Phosphatidylserine treatment prevents age-induced structural alterations in the rat septo-hippocampal system. In: Bazan N, Horrocks LA, Toffano G (eds) Phospholipid in the nervous system: biochemical and molecular pathology. Liviana Press Padova and Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram DK, London, ED, Goodrick CL (1981) Age and neurochemical correlates of radial maze performance in rats. Neurobiol Aging 2:41–47

    Google Scholar 

  • de Leon MJ, Harris SH, George AE, Reisberg B, Christman DR, Kricheff, II, Wolf AP (1983) Computed tomography and positron emission transaxial tomography evaluation of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:391–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie FM, Loughlin SE, Sternberg DB, McGaugh IL, Young LE, Zornetzer SF (1985) Noradrenergic changes and memory loss in aged mice. Brain Res 359:292–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippa AS, Pelham RW, Beer B, Critchett, DJ, Dean RL, Bartus RT (1980) Brain cholinergic dysfunction and memory, in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 1:13–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris RGM (1984) Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 11:47–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson OG, Strecker RE, Daszuta A, Björklund A (1988) Combined cholinergic and serotoninergic denervation of the forebrain produces severe deficits in a spatial learning task in the rat. Brain Res 453:235–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunzi MG, Milan F, Guidolin D, Toffano G (1987) Dendritic spine loss in hippocampus of aged rats. Effect of brain phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging 8:501–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedata F, Giovannelli L, Spignoli G, Giovannini MG, Pepen G (1985) Phosphatidylserine increases, acetylcholine release from cortical slices, in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 6:337–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry EK, Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, Bergman K, Gibson PH, Perry PH (1978) Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. Br Med J 2:1457–1459

    Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan SN (1980) Minireview: central neurotransmitters and aging Life Sci 26:1643–1656

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapp PR, Rosenberg RA, Gallagher M (1987) An evaluation of spatial information processing in aged rats. Behav Neurosci 101:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman KA, Kuster JE, Dean RL, Bartus RT, Friedman E (1981) Presynaptic cholinergic mechanisms in brain of aged rats with memory impairments. Neurobiol Aging 2:99–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong R, Hicks P, Hsu L, Bartus RT, Enna SJ (1980) Age-related alterations in the rodent brain cholinergic system and behavior. Neurobiol Aging 1:59–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun AY, Sun GY (1979) Neurochemical aspects of the membrane hypothesis of aging. Interdiscip Top Gerontol 15:34–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Toffano G, Bruni, A (1980) Pharmacological properties of phospholipid liposomes. Pharmacol Res Commun 12:829–845

    Google Scholar 

  • Vannucchi MG, Pepeu G (1987) Effect of phosphatidylserine on acetylcholine release and content in cortical slices from aging rats. Neurobiol Aging 8:403–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace SE, Krauter EE, Campbell BA (1980) Animal models of declining memory in the aged. Short-term and spatial memory in aged rats. J Gerontol 35:355–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Zornetzer SF, Thompson R, Rogers J (1982) Rapid forgetting in aged rats. Behav Neurol Biol 36:49–60

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

We are grieved to record the unexpected, death of Professor L. Valzelli. He was a scientist of merit and a great humanitarian

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zanotti, A., Valzelli, L. & Toffano, G. Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats. Psychopharmacology 99, 316–321 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00445550

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00445550

Key words

Navigation