Abstract
All variables of several large data sets from regional geochemical and environmental surveys were tested for a normal or lognormal data distribution. As a general rule, almost all variables (up to more than 50 analysed chemical elements per data set) show neither a normal or a lognormal data distribution. Even when different transformation methods are used more than 70 % of all variables in every single data set do not approach a normal distribution. Distributions are usually skewed, have outliers and originate from more than one process. When dealing with regional geochemical or environmental data normal and/or lognormal distributions are an exception and not the rule. This observation has serious consequences for the further statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data. The most widely used statistical methods are all based on the assumption that the studied data show a normal or lognormal distribution. Neglecting that geochemcial and environmental data show neither a normal or lognormal distribution will lead to biased or faulty results when such techniques are used.
Similar content being viewed by others
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Received: 21 June 1999 · Accepted: 14 August 1999
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P. Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data. Environmental Geology 39, 1001–1014 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002549900081
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002549900081