Summary
In three healthy conscious dogs blood pressure was measured in the abdominal aorta with an implanted miniature transducer. Flow velocity in the left renal artery was recorded by an electromagnetic flowmeter. An appropriate distance between the transducer sites compensated the time-lag introduced by the flowmeter system and allowed records with a negligable foot to foot phase shift between the flow- and the pressure pulse. Pressure-flow curves (I.-P. curves) were obtained recording flow versus pressure beat by beat on an oscilloscope. Electrical stimulation of the right cervical vagus nerve produced I.-P.-curves, which decayed in less than 3 sec down to a blood pressure of 25 mm Hg (dynamic I.-P.-curve). Static I.-P.-curves were recorded by reducing blood pressure within 1 to 2 min to the same pressure level. The following results were obtained:
A unique dynamic I.-P.-curve, which follows the power functionI=a·P n exists for each level of arterial mean pressure i.e. “myogenic” vascular tone.
An increase of arterial mean pressure (i.e. “myogenic” vascular tone) decreases the exponentn and increases the coefficienta of the power function.
The static I. P.-curve, which runs parallel to the pressure axis above 90 mm Hg is actually composed of a family of different dynamic I.-P.-curves.
The kidney resistance vessels are rather distensible. The pressure-dependent increase of “myogenic” vascular tone, which developes at perfusion pressures above 55 mm Hg, decreases the vessel distensibility.
A change of mean perfusion pressure causes the kidney resistance vessels to shift from one to another dynamic I.-P.-curve without altering mean blood flow.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bayliss, W. M.: On the local reactions of the arterial wall to changes of internal pressure. J. Physiol. (Lond.)28, 220 (1902).
Burton, A. C.: On the physical equilibrium of small blood vessels. Amer. J. Physiol.164, 319 (1951).
Burton, A. C.: Physical principles of circulatory phenomena: The equilibria of the heart and blood vessels. In: Handbook of Physiology, sect. 2, circulation, vol. I, pp. 85 to 106. Washington 1962.
Davignon, J., Lorenz, R. R., Shepherd, J. T.: Response of human umbilical artery to changes in transmural pressure. Amer. J. Physiol.209, 51 (1965).
Fleisch, A.: Die relative Überlegenheit der rhythmischen Durchströmungsart bei überlebenden Organen als Zeichen aktiver Fördertätigkeit der Arterien. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.174, 177 (1919).
—: Der Einfluß rhythmischer Druckschwankungen auf die Widerstandsverhältnisse im Gefäßsystem. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.178, 31 (1920).
Folkow, B.: Role of the nervous system in the control of vascular tone. Circulation21, 760 (1960).
—: Description of the myogenic hypothesis. Circulat. Res.15 (Suppl. I), 1 (1964).
—, Löfving, B.: The distensibility of the systemic resistance blood vessels. Acta physiol. scand.38, 37 (1957).
Forster, R. P., Maes, I. P.: Effect of experimental neurogenic hypertension on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rates in intact denervated kidneys of unanesthetized rabbits with adrenal glands demedullated. Amer. J. Physiol.150, 534 (1947).
Green, H. D., Lewis, R. N., Nickerson, N. D., Heller, L.: Blood flow, peripheral resistance and vascular tonus, with observations on relationship between blood flow and cutaneous temperatures. Amer. J. Physiol.141, 518 (1944).
Grupp, G., Heimpel, H., Hierholzer, K.: Über die Autoregulation der Nierendurchblutung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.269, 149 (1959).
Hinshaw, L. B., Day, S. B., Carlson, C. H.: Tissue pressure and critical closing pressure in the dog kidney. Amer. J. Physiol.196, 1132 (1959).
Johnson, P. C.: Autoregulatory responses of cat mesenteric arterioles measured in vivo. Circulat. Res.22, 199 (1968).
Jones, R. D., Berne, R. M.: Local regulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle. Circulat. Res.15 (Suppl. I), 30 (1964).
Kenner, Th., Ono, K.: The low frequency input impedance of the renal artery. Pflügers Arch.324, 155 (1971).
Kirchheim, H.: Effect of common carotid occlusion on arterial blood pressure and on kidney blood flow in unanesthetized dogs. Pflügers Arch.306, 119 (1969).
—, Gross, R.: Das Verhalten der Nierendurchblutung und des Nierenumfangs bei Blutdrucksteigerungen durch doppelseitigen Carotisverschluß oder Schrittmachertachykardie. Untersuchungen zur Autoregulation der Nierendurchblutung am wachen Hund. Pflügers Arch.320, 79 (1970).
——: Hemodynamics of the carotid sinus reflex elicited by bilateral carotid occlusion in the conscious dog. Effect of α- or β-adrenergic blockade on the reflex response. Pflügers Arch.327, 203 (1971).
Kirchheim, H., Gross, R.: The pressure-flow-relationship of the autoregulating kidney vasculature evaluated from beat by beat impedance loops in the conscious dog. Proc. Int. Union Physiol. Sci.9, 305 (1971).
Laux, L.: Über den Anteil der Kapazitäts- und der Widerstandsänderungen der Lungenbahn an den respiratorischen Schwankungen der Stromstärke. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.224, 110 (1930).
Marshall, R. J., Wang, Y., Semler, H. J., Shepherd, J. T.: Flow, pressure and volume relationship in the pulmonary circulation during exercise in normal dogs and dogs with divided left pulmonary artery. Circulat. Res.9, 53 (1961).
Mc. Donald, D. A.: Regional pulse-wave velocity in the arterial tree. J. appl. Physiol.24, 73 (1968).
Monnier, M.: Erregungsleitung in der Arterienwand. Helv. physiol. pharmacol. Acta1, 249 (1943).
Noble, M. I. M.: The contribution of blood momentum to left ventricular ejection in the dog. Circulat. Res.23, 663 (1968).
Ochwadt, B.: Zur Selbststeuerung des Nierenkreislaufs. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.262, 207 (1956).
Ono, H., Inagaki, K., Hashimoto, K.: A pharmacological approach to the nature of the autoregulation of renal blood flow. Jap. J. Physiol.16, 625 (1966).
Ritter, E. R.: Pressure-flow-relations in the kidney. Allegal effects of pulse pressure. Amer. J. Physiol.168, 480 (1952).
Rothe, C. F., Nash, F. D., Thompson, D. E.: Patterns in autoregulation of renal blood flow in the dog. Amer. J. Physiol.220, 1621 (1971).
Selkurt, E. E.: The relationship of renal blood flow to effective arterial pressure in the intact kidney of the dog. Amer. J. Physiol.147, 537 (1946).
—: Der Nierenkreislauf. Klin. Wschr.33, 359 (1955).
Semple, S. Y. G., de Wardener, H. E.: Effect of increased renal venous pressure on circulatory autoregulation of isolated dog kidneys. Circulat. Res.7, 643 (1959).
Shipley, R. E., Study, R. S.: Changes in renal blood flow, extraction of inulin, glomerular filtration rate, tissue pressure and urine flow with acute alterations of renal artery blood pressure. Amer. J. Physiol.167, 676 (1951).
Smith, H. W.: The kidney, structure and function in health and disease. New York: Oxford University Press 1951.
Sparks, H. V.: Effect of quick stretch on isolated vascular smooth muscle. Circulat. Res.15 (Suppl. I), 254 (1964).
—, Bohr, D. F.: Effects of stretch on passive tension and contractility of isolated vascular smooth muscle. Amer. J. Physiol.202, 835 (1962).
Stainsby, W. N.: Autoregulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle during increased metabolic activity. Amer. J. Physiol.202, 273 (1962).
Thurau, K.: Renal hymodynamics. Amer. J. Med.36, 698 (1964).
—, Kramer, K.: Weitere Untersuchungen zur myogenen Natur der Autoregulation des Nierenkreislaufs. Pflügers Arch.269, 77 (1959).
——, Brechtelsbauer, H.: Die Reaktionsweise der glatten Gefäßmuskulatur der Nierengefäße auf Dehnungsreize und ihre Bedeutung für die Autoregulation des Nierenkreislaufs. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.268, 188 (1959).
Wacholder, K.: Haben die rhythmischen Spontankontraktionen der Gefäße einen nachweislichen Einfluß auf den Blutstrom? Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol.190, 222 (1921).
Wagner, R.: Über die Beziehungen zwischen Pulmonalisdruck und Minutenvolumen. Z. Biol.25 (1928).
Waugh, W. H., Shanks, R. G.: Cause of genuine autoregulation of the renal circulation. Circulat. Res.8, 871 (1960).
Wetterer, E., Kenner, Th.: Grundlagen der Dynamik des Arterienpulses, p. 304. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1968.
Wezler, K., Sinn, W.: Das Strömungsgesetz des Blutkreislaufs. Aulendorf i. Württ.: Editio Cantor K.G. 1953.
Yamada, S. I., Åström, A.: Critical closing pressure and vasomotor tone in the hindlimb and kidney of the cat. Amer. J. Physiol.196, 213 (1959).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (S.F.B. 90; Kardiovaskuläres System, Heidelberg).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kirchheim, H., Gross, R. & Keintzel, B. Dynamic pressure-flow curves in the autoregulating kidney vasculature of conscious dogs. Pflugers Arch. 335, 29–45 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00586933
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00586933