Pharmacokinetics of chlorpropamide in epileptic patients: Effects of enzyme induction and urine pH on chlorpropamide elimination

Summary

The effects of liver enzyme induction and of urine pH on the pharmacokinetics of chlorpropamide have been studied. A single oral dose of chlorpropamide 250 mg was administered to 8 patients on antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine) and to 8 healthy volunteers. The half-life of chlorpropamide was significantly shorter in the patients (34.4 h) than in the healthy volunteers (50.2 h), but the difference between the groups in the half-life of antipyrine was even more pronounced (5.1 vs 11.4 h). The clearance and volume of distribution of total chlorpropamide were significantly higher in the patients (2.99 ml·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹ and 126 ml·kg⁻¹) than in the healthy volunteers (1.60 ml·h⁻¹·kg⁻¹ and 106 ml·kg⁻¹). The unbound fraction of chlorpropamide in serum was also higher in the patients (5.7%) than in the healthy subjects (4.4%). Neither the volume of distribution nor the clearance of the free fraction of chlorpropamide differed significantly between the groups. There was a significant correlation between the half-lifes of chlorpropamide and antipyrine, and the half-life of chlorpropamide also had at least as good an inverse correlation with the urinary excretion of unchanged chlorpropamide. The renal clearance of chlorpropamide correlated well with urine pH and was almost 100-fold higher at pH 7 than at pH 5. Both the metabolic and renal clearances of chlorpropamide are important in its elimination. At urine pH higher than 6.5–7, the renal clearance of chlorpropamide represents more than half its total clearance regardless the degree of induction of liver enzymes.