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Ultrastructure of the human toenail

Cell Migration, Keratinization and Formation of the Intercellular Cement

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Summary

The nail cells produced in the ventral, apical and dorsal portions of the proximal matrix moved in axiodistal direction to meat together at theproximal point of keratinization. The proximal nail plate from this point on was added continuously by the cells from ventral matrix and nail bed. Dorsal matrix soon ceased to produce nail cells and further distally transformed into the posterior nail fold. With Zeiss-Nomarski differential interference contrast equipment, the proximal nail plate could be divided into the ventral and dorsal halves. Near the lunula the nail bed produced one more distinct layer beneath the proximal ventral layer. Electron miscroscopically all nail cells regardless of their origins were seen keratinizing by accretion of tonofibrils without formation of keratohyaline granules. Membrane-coating granules (MGG's) were produced in abundance. They were discharged and provided the intercellular cement. The discharged material widened some of the gap junctions while it tightened nonspeccific junctions to produce 150–180 Å intercellular spaces, i.e. thenarrow junctions. The narrow junctions were the most common type of intercellular junction connecting the keratinized nail cells. The thick cellular envelope of the keratinized cells, i.e. themarginal band, was formed by a precipitation of dense material on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membranes and not by discharged MCG's.

Zusammenfassung

Die Nagelzellen, die von den ventralen, apikalen und dorsalen Anteilen der proximalen Matrix gebildet wurden, rückten in axial-distaler Richtung vorwärts, bis sie amproximalen Verhornungspunkte zusammentrafen. Von diesem Punkte an wurden der proximalen Nagelplatte ununterbrochen Zellen von der ventralen und dorsalen Matrix und vom Nagelbett zugefügt. Bald hörte die dorsale Matrix auf, Nagelzellen zu entwickeln und wurde weiter distal in den hinteren Nagelfalz umgewandelt. Mit der differentialen Phasenkontrast-Apparatur von Zeiss-Nomarski konnte man die Teilung der proximalen Nagelplatte in eine ventrale und dorsale Hälfte erkennen. Nächst der Lunula entwickelte das Nagelbett noch eine weitere deutliche Schicht unter der proximalen ventralen Schicht. Elektronmikroskopisch zeigten alle Nagelzellen, ohne Rücksicht auf ihren Ursprung, Verhornung durch Anhäufung von Fibrillen ohne Bildung von Keratohyalinkörnern. Membrane-coating granules (MCG) entstanden in reichlicher Menge. Sie wurden abgestoßen und bildeten die intercellulßre Kittsubstanz. Das abgestoßene Material erweiterte einige der engen Membranspalten, während es gewöhnliche, klaffende (nicht-spezifische) Zellgrenzen verengte und dadurch 150–180 Å weite intercelluläre Zwischenräume bildete, nämlich dieengen Zellverkittungen. Die engen Zellverkittungen stellten den häufigsten Typ der intercellulären Anlagerung dar, wodurch die verhornten Nagelzellen zusammengehalten wurden. Die dicke Zellhülle der verhornten Zellen, nämlich dasGrenzband, wurde durch Niederschlag von dichtem Material an der protoplasmatischen Seite der Zellmembran gebildet und nicht durch die membrane-coating granules.

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This work was partially supported by Part I Designated Research Grant and Medical Investigatior sward of the Veterans Administration.

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Hashimoto, K. Ultrastructure of the human toenail. Arch. Derm. Forsch. 240, 1–22 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01036163

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