References
Bard, S. T.: A re-evaluation of the use of bioassay data to determine tritium body burdens in man: chronic vs acute exposure. IAEA-SM-232/52 (1978)
Bergman, R., Bergström, U., Evans, S.: Environmental transport and long-term exposure for tritium released in the biosphere. IAEA-SM-232/47 (1978)
Blaylock, B. G., Trabalka, J. R.: Effectiveness of tritium and 239-Pu in producing chromosome aberrations in Chironomus riparius. IAEA-SM-202/302 (1976)
Bocian, E., Ziemba-Zak, B., Rosiek, O., Sablinski, J.: Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes exposed to tritiated water in vitro. Curr. Top. Radiat. Res. Q.12, 168–181 (1977)
Bogen, D. C., Welford, G. A., White, C. G.: Tritium distribution in man and his environment. IAEA-SM-232/75 (1978)
Bond, V. P., Feinendegen, L. E.: Intranuclear 3-H thymidine: dosimetrie, radiobiological and radiation protection aspects. Health Phys.12, 1007–1020 (1966)
Bond, V. P., Meinhold, C. B., Rossi, H. H.: Low-dose RBE and Q for X-ray compared toγ-ray radiations. Health Phys. J.34, 433–438 (1978)
Bonka, H.: Production and emission of tritium from nuclear facilities and the resulting problems. IAEA-SM-232/12 (1978)
Brockmann, H., Darvas, J.: (personal communication, 1979)
Brooks, A. L., Carsten, A. L., Mead, D. K., Retherford, J. C., Crain, C. R.: The effect of continuous intake of tritiated water (HTO) on the liver chromosomes of mice. Radiat. Res.68, 480–489 (1976)
Bünde, R., Dänner, W., Herold, H., Raeder, J., Söll, M.: Nukleare Primärenergieträger, Energie durch Kernfusion. IPP Garching, ASA-ZE/09/78 (1978)
Burger, L. L.: Distribution and reactions of tritiated hydrogen and methane. IAEA-SM-232/54 (1978)
Burki, H. J., Bunker, S., Ritter, M., Cleaver, J. E.: DNA damage from incorporated radioisotopes: influence of the 3-H location in the cell. Radiat. Res.62, 299–312 (1975)
Burki, H. J., Moustacchi, E., Cleaver, J. E.: Tritiated uracil, tritiated thymidine, and bromodeoxyuridine induced mutations in eucaryotic cells. IAEA-237/39 (1979)
Carr, T. E. F., Nolan, J.: Testis mass loss in the mouse induced by tritiated thymidine, tritiated water and 60-Co gamma irradiation. Health Phys.36, 135–145 (1979)
Carsten, A. L.: Tritium in the environment. Radiat. Res.18 (1979, in press)
Carsten, A. L., Commerford, S. L.: Dominant lethal mutations in mice resulting from chronic tritiated water (HTO) ingestion. Radiat. Res.66, 609–614 (1976)
Carsten, A. L., Commerford, S. L., Cronkite, E. P.: The genetic and late somatic effects of chronic tritium ingestion in mice. Curr. Top. Radiat. Res. Q.12, 212–224 (1977)
Carsten, A. L., Cronkite, E. P.: Comparison of late effects of single X-ray exposure, chronic tritiated water ingestion, and chronic cesium-137 gamma exposure in mice. IAEA-SM-237/45 (1979)
Cawley, C. N., Spitzberg, D. B., Cale, W. G., Jr., Fenyves, E. J.: A model to estimate the biological half-life of tritium in man. Proc. Summer Computer Simulation Conference Newport Beach, CA., 24–26 July 1978, pp. 620–635 (1978)
Charlton, D. E., Booz, J., Fidorra, J., Smith, Th., Feinendegen, L. E.: Microdosimetry of radioactive nuclei incorporated into the DNA of mammalian cells. Proc. Sixth Symposium on Microdosimetry. Booz, J., Ebert, H. G. (eds.). Harwood Academic Publishers Ltd. for the Commission of the European Communities, pp. 91–110 (1978)
Cleaver, J. E., Thomas, G. H., Burki, H. J.: Biological damage from intranuclear tritium: DNA strand breaks and their repair. Science177, 996–998 (1978)
Cleaver, J. E.: Induction of thioguanine- and ouabainresistant mutants and single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells by 3-H-thymidine. Genetics87, 129–138 (1977)
Clemente, G. F., Belloni, P., Di Pietro, S., Santori, G., Santaroni, G. P.: Tritium and plutonium content in the Italian diet and transfer to man. IAEA-SM-237/64 (1979)
Combs, F., Doda, R. J.: Large scale distribution of tritium in a commercial product. IAEA-SM-232/57 (1978)
Commerford, S. L., Carsten, A. L., Cronkite, E. P.: The distribution of tritium in the glycogen, hemoglobin, and chromatin of mice receiving tritium in their drinking water. Radiat. Res.72, 333–342 (1977)
Cronkite, E. P., Robertson, J. S., Feinendegen, L. E.: Somatic and teratogenic effects of tritium. In: Tritium. Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W. (eds.), pp. 198–209. Publishers, Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas, NV: Messenger Graphics 1973
Cumming, R. B., Sega, G. A., Walton, M. F.: Radiation dosimetry in experimental animals exposed to tritiated water under different conditions. IAEA-232/78 (1978)
Dobson, R. L., Kwan, T. C.: The RBE of tritium radiation measured in mouse oocytes: increase at low exposure levels. Radiat. Res.66, 615–625 (1976)
Dobson, R. L.: The toxicity of tritium. IAEA-SM-237/48 (1979)
Draley, J. E., Greenberg, S.: Some features of the environmental impact of a fusion-reactor power plant. In: Technology of controlled thermonuclear fusion experiments and the engineering aspects of fusion reactors. Draper, E. L., Jr. (ed.). United States Atomic Energy Commission 1974
Feinendegen, L. E.: Tritium-labeled molecules in biology and medicine. New York, London: Academic Press 1967
Feinendegen, L. E., Bond, V. P.: Transmutation versus beta irradiation in the pathological effects of tritium decay. In: Tritium. Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W. (eds.) pp. 221–231. Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas, NV: Messenger Graphics Publisher 1973
Feinendegen, L. E.: Biological damage from radioactive nuclei incorporated into DNA of cells: implications for radiation biology and radiation protection. In: Proc. Sixth Symposium on Microdosimetry. Booz, J., Ebert, H. G. (eds.). Harwood Academic Publishers Ltd. for the Commission of the European Communities, pp. 3–37 (1978)
Förster, S.: (personal communication; 1979)
Haas, R. J., Schreml, W., Fliedner, T. M., Calvo, W.: The effect of tritiated water on the development of the rat oocyte after maternal infusion during the pregnancy. Int. J. Radiat. Biol.23, 603–609 (1973)
Häfele, W., Holdren, J. P., Kessler, G., Kulcinski, G. L.: Fusion and fast breeder reactors. International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenberg/Austria, 1977
Hetherington, J. A., Robson, J. C.: An assessment of the radiological impact of tritium released to sea from the Windscale fuel element reprocessing plant. IAEA-SM-232/10 (1978)
Hughes, W. L., Commerford, S. L., Gitlin, D., Krueger, R. C., Schultze, B., Shah, V., Reilly, P.: Deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism in vivo: I. Cell proliferation and death as measured by incorporation and elimination of iododeoxyuridine. Fed. Proc.23, 640–648 (1964)
IAEA International symposium on the behaviour of tritium in the environment. San Francisco, CA/USA. IAEA-SM-232, October 1978
Ito, T., Kobayashi, K.: Mutagenesis in yeast cells by storage in tritiated water. Radiat. Res.76, 139–144 (1978)
Jacobs, D. G., Easterly, C. E., Phillips, J. E.: The influence of the rate of conversion of HT to HTO on projected radiation doses from release of molecular tritium. IAEA-SM-232/81 (1978)
Johnson, H. A.: The quality factor for tritium radiation. In: Tritium. Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W. (eds.), pp. 231–239. Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas, NV: Messenger Graphics Publishers 1973
Kirchmann, R., Charles, P., Van Bruwaene, R., Remy, J., Koch, G., van den Hoek, J.: Distribution of tritium in the different organs of calves and pigs after ingestion of various tritiated feeds. Curt. Top. Radiat. Res. Q.12, 291–312 (1977)
Kistner, G. N.: Tritium excretion via cow's milk after continuous intake of tritiated water. In: Tritium. Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W. (eds.), pp. 39–355. Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas,NV: Messenger Graphics Publishers 1973
Koranda, J. J., Martin, J. R.: Persistence of radionuclides at sites of nuclear detonations. UCRL-71867 (US Atomic Energy Commission) (1969)
Koranda, J. J., Martin, J. R.: The movement of tritium in biological systems. In: Tritium. Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W. (eds.), pp. 430–453. Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas, NV: Messenger Graphics Publishers 1973
Krasin, F., Person, S., Snipes, W.: DNA strand breaks from tritium decay: a local effect for cytosine-6-3-H. Int. J. Radiat. Biol.23, 417–420 (1973)
Krejci, K., Zeller, A.: Tritium pollution in swiss luminous compound industry. IAEA-SM-232/11 (1978)
Lambert, B. E., Phipps, M. L.: Some effects of irradiation of mice in utero with tritiated compounds. Curt. Top. Radiat. Res. Q.12, 197–211 (1977)
Lanza, F., Rocco, P., van Rutten, F.: A system for the control of tritium losses in primary and steam circuits of a fusion power plant. 10th Symposium on fusion technology. Padova, 4–8 September, 1978
Laskey, J. W., Bursian, S. J.: Some effects of chronic tritium exposure during selected ages in the rat. Radiat. Res.67, 314–323 (1976)
Law, D. V.: Calculation of committed dose equivalent from intake of tritiated water. Environmental & Medical Sciences Division, AERE-R 8989 (1978)
Lunec, J., Cramp, W. A.: The response of E. coli Bs-1 to tritiumβ particles under aerated and anoxic conditions. Int. J. Radiat. Biol.34, 537–545 (1978)
Mason, A. S., Östlund, H.: Atmospheric HT and HTO: V. Distribution and large-scale circulation. IAEA-SM-232/62 (1978)
Mewissen, D. J., Rust, J. H.: Tumor incidence in C57 black/6 mice treated with tritiated thymidine. In: Tritium. Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W. (eds.), pp. 252–267. Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas, NV: Messenger Graphics Publishers 1973
Mills, R. G.: A fusion power plant. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. MATT-1050 (1974)
Moghissi, A. A., Carter, M. W.: Tritium. Phoenix, AZ, Las Vegas, NV: Messenger Graphics Publishers 1973
Moghissi, A.: Biological half-life of tritium in humans. IAEA-232/65 (1978)
Morley, F., Kennedy, J. W.: Fusion reactors and environmental safety. B.N.E.S. Nuclear fusion reactor conference at Culham Laboratory, 54–65 (1969)
Murphy, C. E. Jr., Pendergast, M. M.: Environmental transport and cycling of tritium in the vicinity of atmospheric releases. IAEA-SM-232/83 (1978)
Myers, D. K., Feinendegen, L. E.: DNA turnover and thymidine re-utilization in mouse tissues. Cell Tissue Kinet.9, 215–221 (1976)
NCRP Report No. 63, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington: Tritium and other radionuclide labeled organic compounds incorporated into genetic material.
Östlund, H. G., Fine, R. A.: Oceanic distribution and transport of tritium. IAEA-SM-232/67 (1978)
Painter, R. B., Young, B. R.: Repair replication induced by 3-H incorporated into HeLa DNA. Mutat. Res.22, 203–206 (1974)
Person, S., Snipes, W., Krasin, F.: Mutation production from tritium decay: a local effect for (3H)2-adenosine and (3H)6-thymidine decays. Mutat. Res.34, 327–332 (1976)
Person, S., Bockrath, R. C. Jr.: Differential mutation production by the decay of incorporated tritiated compound inE. coli. Biophys. J.4, 355–356 (1964)
Pietrzak-Flis, Z., Radwan, I., Indeka, L.: Tritium in rabbits after ingestion of freeze-dried tritiated food and tritiated water. Radiat. Res.76, 420–428 (1978)
Postma, H.: Engineering and environmental aspects of fusion power reactors. Nucl. News14, 57–62 (1971)
Rochalska, M., Ardelt, W., Szot, Z.: Incorporation of tritium into hair proteins of rat. Nukleonika20, 1087–1097 (1975)
Russell, W. L., Cumming, R. B., Kelly, E. M., Phipps, E. L.: Induction of specific-locus mutations in the mouse by tritiated water. IAEA-232/85 (1978)
Schreml, W., Fliedner, T. M.: Distribution of tritiated compounds (tritiated thymidine and tritiated water) in the mother-fetus system and its consequences for the radiotoxic effect of tritium. Curr. Top. Radiat. Res. Q.12, 255–277 (1977)
Siegers, M. P., Feinendegen, L. E., Lahiri, S., Cronkite, E. P.: Proliferation kinetics of early hemopoietic precursor cells with self sustaining capacity in the mouse, studied with 125-I-labeled iodo-deoxyuridine. Exp. Hematol.7, 469–482 (1979)
Soldat, J. K., Baker, D. A.: Worldwide population doses from tritium released from nuclear facilities. IAEA-SM-232/69 (1978)
Tanooka, H., Munakata, N.: Mutagenic effect of tritiated water on spores of Bacillus subtilis. Radiat. Res.73, 581–584 (1978)
Tisljar-Lentulis, G., Henneberg, P., Mielke, T., Feinendegen, L. E.: Single and double strand breaks induced by 3-H incorporated in DNA of cultured human kidney cells. Fourteenth annual meeting of the Eur. Soc. Radiat. Biol., Jülich, October 1978
Török, P., Meyer, I., Schmahl, W., Kistner, G.: Effects of a single injection of tritiated water during the organogeny on the prenatal and postnatal development of mice. IAEA-SM-237/24 (1979)
Ueno, Y., Aiba, H., Nakamura, S., Takahashi, T.: Transfer of tritium to foetuses and newborns from mother administered with tritiated water. IAEA-SM-232/34 (1978)
Van den Hoek, J.: Transfer and incorporation of tritium in mammals. IAEA-SM-232/48 (1978)
Watson, J. S.: A summary of tritium handling problems in fusion reactors. ORNL-TM-4022 (1972)
Wehner, G.: Discharges of tritium to the environment due to unrestricted use of consumer products containing this radionuclide. IAEA-SM-232/9 (1978)
Zamenhof, S., van Marthens, E.: The effects of chronic ingestion of tritiated water on prenatal brain development. Radiat. Res.77, 117–127 (1979)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feinendegen, L.E., Cronkite, E.P. & Bond, V.P. Radiation problems in fusion energy production. Radiat Environ Biophys 18, 157–183 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01323596
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01323596