Abstract
A system to measure left ventricular heat productionΦ Iv in conscious human subjects is described. UsingΦ Iv and the rate of energy supply to the myocardium, the mechanical efficiency of the left ventricle is calculated. Heat carriage in left ventricular myocardial blood flowΦ CS is calculated from coronary sinus flow and the transcoronary temperature difference. Diffusional heat lossΦ diff is derived from the ratio of areas under temperature/time curves recorded in the aorta and coronary sinus after a bolus injection of cold saline into the pulmonary artery. The sum ofΦ cs andΦ diff (the energy of endothermic reactions with haemoglobin) givesΦ Iv . The estimated errors in the derived values of heat production and mechanical efficiency are less than 17 per cent. At basal heart rates 17 patients with good left ventricular function had a transcoronary temperature difference of 0·16±0·03°C (mean ± standard deviation), left ventricular flow blood flow of 145·3±81·5 ml min−1, andΦ Iv of 3·1±1·8 W. Left ventricular oxygen extraction was strongly correlated withΦ Iv (r=0.925, p<0·001). Left ventricular mechanical efficiency was 0·33±0·11, at basal heart rates, which fell to 0·18±0·15 (p<0·001) on atrial pacing at 100 beats min−1.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afonso, S., Rowe, G. G., Lugo, J. E. andCrumpton, C. W. (1965) Left ventricle heat production in intact anaesthetized dogs.Am. J. Physiol.,208, 946–953.
Bernhart, F. W. andSkeggs, L. (1943) The iron content of crystalline human haemoglobin.J. Biol. Chem.,147, 19–22.
Bing, R. J. andMichal, G. (1959) Myocardial efficiency.Ann. NY Acad. Sci.,72, 555–558.
Brobeck, J. R. andDuBois, A. B. (1980) Energy exchange. InMedical Physiology, 14th edn., Vol. 2.Mountcastle, V. B. (Ed.), C. V. Mosby, Missouri, 1359.
Bui-Mong-Hung, Jarry, G., Lautier, A. andLaurent, D. (1981) Determination of left ventricular heat production in working dog heart.J. Physiol. (Paris),77, 711–719.
Ganz, W., Tamura, K., Marcus, H. S., Donoso, R., Yoshida, S. andSwan, H. J. C. (1971) Measurement of coronary sinus blood flow by continuous thermodilution in man.Circ.,44, 181–195.
Gibbs, C. L. andChapman, J. B. (1979)Handbook of physiology—the cardivascular system. Vol. 1, Cardiac energetics. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 798.
Hood, W. B. Jr. (1968) Regional venous drainage of the human heart.Br. Heart J.,30, 105–109.
Horowitz, P. andHill, W. (1980)The art of electronics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Neill, W. A., Levine, H. J., Wagman, R. J., Messer, J. H., Krasnow, N. andGorlin, R. (1961) Left ventricular heat production measured by coronary flow and temperature gradient.J. Appl. Physiol.,16, 883–890.
Pepine, C. J., Mehta, J., Webster, W. W. Jr andNicols, W. W. (1978)In vivo validation of a thermodilution method to determine regional left ventricular blood flow in patients with coronary disease.Circ.,58, 795–802.
Stewart, J. T., Gray, H. H., Smith, R. E., Callicott, C. andCamm, A. J. (1990) Heat production by the human left ventricle: measurement by a thermodilution technique.Cardiovasc. Res.,24, 418–422.
ten Velden, G. H. M., Elzinga, G. andWesterhof, N. (1982) Left ventricular energetics: heat loss and temperature distribution of canine myocardium.Circ. Res.,50, 63–73.
Thompson, D. S., Naqvi, N., Juul, S., Swanton, R. H., Wilmshurst, P., Coltart, D. J., Jenkins, B. S. andWebb-Peploe, M. M. (1982) Cardiac work and myocardial substrate extraction in congestive cardiomyopathy.Br. Heart J.,47, 130–136.
Topping, J. (1972)Errors of observation and their treatment, 4th edn. Chapman & Hall, London.
Tweedale, P. M. (1983) Respiratory gas analysis and blood pH. InMeasurement in clinical respiratory physiology.Laslo, G. andSudlow, M. F. (Eds.), Academic Press, London, 58.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, R.E., Callicott, C., Stewart, J.T. et al. Measurement of left ventricular heat production in man. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 29, 149–154 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447100
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447100