Biosynthesis of curdlan from culture media containing 13C-labeled glucose as the carbon source

doi:10.1016/0008-6215(93)84180-E

Carbohydrate Research

Volume 240, 24 February 1993, Pages 153-159

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Abstract

¹³C-Labeled curdlans were biosynthesized by Agrobacterium sp. (ATCC 31749) from culture media containing d-(1-¹³C)glucose, d-(6-¹³C)glucose, or d-(2-¹³C)glucose as the carbon source, and their structures were analyzed by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The labeling was mainly found in the original position, that is, C-1, C-6, or C-2, indicating direct polymerization of introduced glucose. In addition, C-3 in curdlan obtained from d-(1-¹³C)glucose, C-1 in curdlan obtained from d-(6-¹³C)glucose, and C-1 and C-3 in curdlan obtained from d-(2-¹³)glucose were labeled. From analysis of this labeling, the biosynthesis of curdlan was interpreted as involving five routes: (1) direct synthesis from glucose; (2) rearrangement (1-¹³C → 3-¹³C); and (3) isomerization (6-¹³C → 1-¹³C) of cleaved trioses by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, followed by neogenesis of glucose and formation of curdlan; (4) from fructose 6-phosphate formed in the pentose cycle (2-¹³C → 1-¹³C, 3-¹³C); and (5) neogenesis of glucose from fragments produced in various pathways of glycolysis. The ¹³C-labeling at C-6 and C-2 in the starting glucoses is well preserved in the C-6 carbon and the C-1 to C-3 carbons, respectively, in the curdlan produced.

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The extension of ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to study cellular metabolism over recent years has provided valuable data supporting the occurrence, diversity and extent of carbon cycling in the carbohydrate metabolism of micro-organisms. The occurrence of such cycles, resulting from the simultaneous operation of different and sometimes opposite individual steps, is inherently related to the network organisation of cellular metabolism. These cycles are tentatively classified here as ‘reversibility’, ‘metabolic’ and ‘substrate’ cycles on the basis of their balance in carbon and cofactors. Current hypotheses concerning the physiological relevance of carbohydrate cycles are discussed in light of the ¹³C-NMR data. They most likely represent system-level mechanisms for coherent and timely partitioning of carbon resources to fit with the various biosynthetic, energetic or redox needs of cells and/or additional strategies in the adaptive capacity of micro-organisms to face variation in environmental conditions.
A deeper investigation on carbohydrate cycling in Sinorhizobium meliloti
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Recycling of triose-phosphate and pentose-phosphate was previously reported on glucose in Sinorhizobium meliloti, a polysaccharide-synthesizing bacterium, but the metabolic basis of such processes remained unclear. In this work, we have used ¹³C-labelling strategies to demonstrate that carbohydrate cycling in this organism is independent of the gluconate bypass, the alternative pathway for glucose assimilation involving its periplasmic oxidation into gluconate. Furthermore, carbohydrate cycling in S. meliloti is also observed on fructose, making the situation in this bacterium significantly different from that depicted for alginate-synthesizing species.
Biosynthesis of 13C-labeled branched polysaccharides by pestalotiopsis from 13C-labeled glucoses and the mechanism of formation
1998, Carbohydrate Polymers
Biosynthesis of branched glucan by Pestalotiopsis from media containing D-(1-¹³C)glucose, D-(2-¹³C)glucose, D-(4-¹³C)glucose, D-(6-¹³C)glucose or a mixture of D-(1-¹³C)glucose and D-(2-¹³C)glucose was carried out to elucidate biosynthetic mechanism of branched polysaccharides. ¹³C NMR spectra of the labeled polysaccharides were determined and assigned. Analysis of ¹³C NMR spectra of glucitol acetates obtained from hydrolysates of the labeled branched polysaccharides indicated that transfer of labeling from C-1 to C-3 and C-6 carbons, from C-2 to C-1, C-3 and C-5 carbons, and from C-6 to C-1 carbon. From the results the percentages of routes via which the polysaccharide is biosynthesized are estimated. They show that the biosynthesis of the polysaccharide via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and that from lipids and proteins are more active, and the pentose cycle is less active, than in the biosynthesis of cellulose and curdlan. As for the results, labeling at C-6 carbon in the branched polysaccharide cultured from D-(6-¹³C)glucose was low, compared to that of cellulose and curdlan.
Analysis of the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan using 13C-labeled glucoses
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In order to elucidate the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan, ¹³C-labeled polysaccharides were biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum (IFO 13693) and Agrobacterium sp. (ATCC 31749), from culture media containing d-(1-¹³C)glucose, d-(2-¹³C)glucose, d-(4-¹³C)glucose, or d-(6-¹³C)glucose as the carbon source, and their structures were determined by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The labeling was mainly found in the original position, indicating direct polymerization of introduced glucoses. In addition, the transfer of labeling from C-2 to C-1, C-3 and C-5, from C-4 to C-1, C-2 and C-3, and from C-6 to C-1 was found in celluloses. In curdlan, the transfer of labeling from C-1 to C-3, from C-2 to C-1 and C-3, from C-4 to C-1, C-2 and C-3, and from C-6 to C-1 and C-3 was observed. From analysis of this labeling, the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan was explained as involving six routes. The percentages of each route via which cellulose or curdlan is biosynthesized were estimated for upper (C-1 to C-3) and lower portions (C-4 to C-6) of glucosidic units in the polysaccharides. It is noted that very few polysaccharides are formed via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The lower half (C-4 to C-6) structure of introduced glucoses is well preserved in the polysaccharides.

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Carbohydrate Research

Abstract

References (19)

Carbohydr. Res.

Biochem. Pharmacol.

Agric. Biol. Chem.

Makromol. Chem.

Biochem. Pharmacol.

Br. Polym. J.

Macromolecules

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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Carbohydrate cycling in micro-organisms: What can <sup>13</sup>C-NMR tell us?

A deeper investigation on carbohydrate cycling in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Biosynthesis of <sup>13</sup>C-labeled branched polysaccharides by pestalotiopsis from <sup>13</sup>C-labeled glucoses and the mechanism of formation

Analysis of the biosynthetic process of cellulose and curdlan using <sup>13</sup>C-labeled glucoses