Electromigration of gold and silver in single crystal tin
References (13)
- et al.
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
(1978) - et al.
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
(1978) - et al.
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
(1981) - et al.
- et al.
Phys. Status Solidi A
(1975) - et al.
Phys. Status Solidi A
(1978)
Cited by (24)
Electromigration-induced remarkable intermetallic compound (IMC) formation in micro joints and its prevention
2023, Journal of Materials Research and TechnologyDominant effect of high anisotropy in β-Sn grain on electromigration-induced failure mechanism in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu interconnect
2016, Journal of Alloys and CompoundsElectromigration in 3D-IC scale Cu/Sn/Cu solder joints
2016, Journal of Alloys and CompoundsCitation Excerpt :The solid Sn exists in the β-type at temperatures above 13.2 °C and possesses a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure (space group: I41/amd) with lattice constant of a = b = 5.83 Å and c = 3.18 Å [2]. This anisotropic structure can produce different characteristics in relation with its crystallographic orientation (e.g., resistivity [3,4] and diffusivity [3,5]), thereby dominating the physical/chemical properties of the entire solder joint. This is especially true for miniaturized solder joints, which contain a very limited amount of Sn grains and grain boundaries.
Real-time X-ray microscopy study of electromigration in microelectronic solder joints
2016, Scripta MaterialiaElectromigration in thin-film solder joints
2014, Surface and Coatings TechnologyCitation Excerpt :Solid Sn possesses a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure (space group: I41/amd) with a lattice constant of a = b = 5.83 Å and c = 3.18 Å at temperatures above 13 °C [2], which is generally termed β-Sn or white Sn. Unlike the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of Pb, the anisotropic β-Sn can produce different physical/chemical characteristics in relation with the individual crystal axis, e.g., Young's modulus [3], resistivity [4], and diffusivity [1,4,5]. In terms of anisotropic diffusion behavior, the Cu diffusivity is approximately 2 × 10− 6 cm2/s at 25 °C along the Sn c-axis, which is 500 times faster than that along the a- or b-axis [5] and is approximately 1012 times the Sn self-diffusion rate [5].
- †
Present address: Department of Physics, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY 13617, U.S.A.