Hydroxyanthraquinone dye solutions for radiation dosimetry

doi:10.1016/0020-708X(82)90042-4

The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes

Volume 33, Issue 6, June 1982, Pages 433-438

https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(82)90042-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

An investigation has been carried out on the effect of γ-radiation on the absorption spectra of acqueos solutions of the hydroxyanthraquinone dyes, alizarin and alizarin red S. Ionizing radiation at absorbed doses over the range 10⁵−3 × 10⁶ rad brought about gradual bleaching of aerated (oxygenated) dye solutions. The radiolytic bleaching was enhanced through addition of hydrogen peroxide, as expected. A mechanism for the radiolytic reaction is proposed, based on chemical attack of the chromophore by radicals and radical ions as aqueous radiolysis products. Suggestions are made for possible radiation dosimetry by means of spectrophotometric analysis of the absorption spectra.

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To overcome this problem, the inorganic dye Turnbull Blue, a cyanide complex of iron which turns from yellow to blue upon irradiation, has been proposed as optical dosimeter [22]. Organic radiochromic dyes, such as methylene blue [23,24], hydroquinone [25], alizarin [26], azo dyes [27], have been tested for dosimetry purpose, in the development of OCT detection, measuring either the radiolytic bleaching, or the complex formation (methylthymol blue-Fe(III) system [28,29]). A study of organic dye diffusion could provide information on the extent and diffusion mechanism of several radiosensitive compounds.
In this study the spectrophotometric behaviour of gelatin-based hydrogels, in the presence and absence of dyes, was studied. The aim was to formulate equivalent-tissue phantoms to be used as 3D-dosimeter, suitable for Optical Computed Tomography (OCT). The hydrogels show good transparency and good stability of baseline optical density and, in the presence of dye, the response of optical density as a function of concentration was higher than in aqueous solution. The hydrogels were formulated in order to reduce the diffusion of the image of the irradiated field over time and to have stable fantoms as a function of time. To this purpose, the diffusion coefficients of two dyes, Bromophenol Blue (BPB) and Bromocresol Green (BCG), were determined as a function of the hydrogel chemical composition. As comparison, in some experiments Xylenol Orange (XO) was used. In particular, the presence of sucrose, as thickener, can reduce to almost half BPB mobility. In conclusion, it was shown that optical properties and controlled dye diffusion in gelatin-based hydrogels could allow using them as 3D-dosimeter for optical detection.
Development of a reactive red 120 dye based task-specific gamma radiation dosimeter
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3) Ceric-cerous sulphate dosimeters are photosensitive because of the reduction of ceric ion by ultraviolet radiation, which can interfere in the dosimetric response (Sworski, 1955). Recently, considerable efforts have been made to study the effect of radiation on the degradation of organic dye solutions, with the goal of developing convenient radiation dye dosimeters (El-Assy et al., 1982; Ajji, 2006; Parwate et al., 2007). The chromophore unit and the extent of conjugation of the organic dye molecules are responsible for their intense color with very high εm values in the visible wavelength region (generally 400–800 nm).
The decoloration behavior of an aqueous solution of Reactive Red 120 (RR-120) dye was investigated spectrophotometrically at different doses and at different solution compositions. The dye dosimeter was formulated by comparing the sensitivity of RR-120 decoloration relative to the dose in an independent hydrated electron (e⁻_aq) and hydroxyl radical (OH) dominating reactions. An aqueous solution of 1.0×10⁻³ mol dm⁻³ RR-120 containing 1.5 mol dm⁻³ tert-butanol in a N₂ purged system can be employed to determine doses in the range of 0–6.0 kGy with a sensitivity of −0.143 kGy⁻¹ and coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.999. The sensitivity of the dosimeter increased, but the linear dynamic range decreased, with a decrease in the initial dye concentration. The reactivity of e⁻_aq with RR-120 increased upon increasing the initial dye concentration, while the reactivity of e⁻_aq with intermediate reaction products decreased under the same condition. The preferred reactivity of e⁻_aq with RR-120 increased the linear dynamic range of the dye dosimeter with little compromise in its analytical sensitivity. The N₂ purged aqueous solution of 1.0×10⁻⁴ mol dm⁻³ RR-120 containing 0.15 mol dm⁻³ tert-butanol was found to be the most suitable condition to measure doses in the range of 0–0.25 kGy with a sensitivity of −1.679 kGy⁻¹ and R² of 0.999. The N₂ purged aqueous solution of 5.0×10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³ RR-120 containing 0.1 mol dm⁻³ tert-butanol was found to be the most suitable condition to determine doses in the range of 0–0.15 kGy with a sensitivity and R² of −3.903 kGy⁻¹ and 0.999, respectively. We developed three types of dye dosimeters for different linear dynamic ranges with specific sensitivities, precisions and accuracies. The choice of the dye dosimeter depends on the demand in the linear dynamic range, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and thus, the dye dosimeters are highly task specific. The present work reports the preliminary experiments on the feasibility of developing a reproducible and task-specific dye dosimeter for accurate measurement of gamma radiation doses and that is useful in different applications.
Use of bromothymol blue solutions as a spectrophotometric dosimeter
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Aqueous aerated solutions of bromothymol blue (BTB) were easily decolorised on gamma-irradiation. Aerated acidic and alkaline solutions showed a linear response of the decrease in optical absorbance up to a dose of 1.5 kGy. The decoloration yield, G(-BTB), of 1 × 10^-4M BTB solutions, obtained from the decrease in optical absorbance at the wavelength of maximum absorption at pH 4.1, 6.5 and 8.55, were 0.39 ± 0.02, 0.21 ± 0.01 and 0.33 ± 0.01 respectively. Possible use of such solutions for rediation dosimetry in the dosage range (0.1–1.5 kGy) is proposed.
The radiolysis of bromophenol blue in aqueous solutions
1986, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part
The effect of gamma radiation on the color intensity of aerated and oxygenated aqueous solution of bromophenol blue (BPB) was investigated. Ionizing radiation at increasing absorbed doses (D) brought about gradual bleaching (i.e. decrease in optical absorbance, -ΔA) of bromophenol blue solutions. The molar extinction coefficients of acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions were measured and found to be independent of temperature during spectrophotometry between 20 and 40°C. Aerated and oxygen-saturated acidic solutions showed a linear response -ΔA vs D) up to doses of 2.4 and 2.1 kGy, respectively. Aerated alkaline solutions on the other hand showed a linear response up to 4.8 kGy. The decoloration yields for 5 × 10^-5 M bromophenol blue aqueous solutions, G(-BPB), obtained from the decrease in absorbance at 591 nm wavelength for acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions, were 0.244, 0.113, and 0.098 (100 eV)^-1, respectively. The first-order rate constant for the reaction of OH radical with bromophenol, obtained from competition reactions with ethanol at pH 4, was found to be 9.1 +- 1.2 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1. The degree of decoloration of bromophenol blue in acidic solutions was found to decrease upon the addition of ethanol, G(-BPB) decreasing from 0.24 to 0.088 upon the addition of ethanol at a concentration of 10^-2M. Suggestions are made for possible radiation dosimetry in the dose range (0.1–5 kGy) by means of spectrophotometric analysis of absorption spectra.
Radiation induced degradation of an azo dye solution for use in dosimetric applications
2016, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan
Use of some organic dyes in gamma irradiation dose determination
2011, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry

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^☆: Supported in part under joint Egypt-USA research Grant No. NBS(G)-200.

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Hydroxyanthraquinone dye solutions for radiation dosimetry☆

Abstract

J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.

Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.

Wien Klin, Wochschr.

Z. Electrochem. S.

Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther.

J. Chem. Phys.