Detection of hard photons with BaF2 scintillators

doi:10.1016/0168-9002(87)90871-0

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Volume 262, Issues 2–3, 15 December 1987, Pages 340-346

https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)90871-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

Large BaF₂ crystals have been used for hard photon detection. The response to γ-rays with energies up to 130 MeV has been measured by means of tagged photons. Experimental line shapes and resolutions are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo shower code GEANT3.

References (19)

M. Laval et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1983)
K. Wisshak et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1984)
S. Kubota et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1986)
T. Murakami et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1986)
E. Dafni
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1987)
M. Murashita et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1986)
U. Kneissl et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1975)
J.D. Kellie et al.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
(1985)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (46)

Luminescence in the solid state
2023, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III, Third Edition
Luminescent inorganic materials have become a mainstay in modern life. These solid-state compounds are essential for applications ranging from solid-state LED-based lighting and display applications to bioimaging and temperature sensing. The diversity of their uses has required researchers to expand beyond investigating luminescence in naturally occurring minerals to developing a host of synthetic materials. The success of this field has been driven first and foremost by a fundamental understanding of the physics dictating an inorganic solid’s optical properties. This chapter introduces the origin of luminescence in the solid state discussing the various electronic transitions in transition metal and rare-earth substituted materials. Examples of essential materials systems are covered, including the luminescence of inorganic phosphors, scintillators, semiconductors, and quantum dots. Additionally, current applications of rare-earth and transition metal substituted phosphors are discussed in detail. Finally, recent advances in applying combinatorial, computational, and data-driven chemistry to discover new luminescent materials are highlighted.
Structural and optical properties of rare-earths doped barium bismuth borate glasses
2018, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids
Citation Excerpt :
Historically, visual scintillation was employed through materials such as CaWO4 [1,2] and ZnS [3] during the Rutherford's experiment. Taking in account the new generation of high energy physics (HEP) experiments the development of suitable scintillators such as bismuth germanate (BGO) [4], cesium iodide (CsI) [5–8], barium fluoride (BaF2) [9,10], cerium fluoride (CeF3) [11,12] and lead tungstate, PbWO4, (PWO) [13,14] played a key role. Nowadays, modern detectors require very tight specifications that need multidisciplinary efforts to develop suitable scintillators at an industrial scale.
Recently, great importance has been devoted to different glass systems doped with rare-earth ions because of their peculiar properties, in particular in the field of high-energy physics for particle energy measurement. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the optical and physical properties of Dy^3 +, Er^3 +, Nd^3 + doped glasses belonging to the 20BaO-20Bi₂O₃-60B₂O₃ system in which several rare-earths oxide concentrations were added to encounter the requirements for particle energy measurement. High density, low refractive index, high emission intensity (or high scintillation yield) are required for this purpose. Moreover, molar volume, glass transition and melting temperatures, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra were measured and discussed in order to characterize the glass state. All the properties measured have shown a non-linear trend moving from 1 mol% to 10 mol% of rare-earths content. At the same time comparison between the trend derived by samples with same stoichiometry but containing different rare earths highlight different behaviors. In particular the highest density has been reached with the glass where Dy₂O₃ is at 2,5 mol%.
Neutron beam test of barium fluoride crystal for dark matter direct detection
2016, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Citation Excerpt :
Barium fluoride (BaF2) scintillator detectors are in common use for the measurement of γs over a wide energy range, e.g., in the time-of-flight method for the localization of positron-emitting radionuclides in nuclear medicine, because of the relatively high detection efficiency and the fast response which allows subnanosecond timing [1–3].
In order to test the capabilities of Barium Fluoride (BaF₂) crystal for dark matter direct detection, nuclear recoils are studied with mono-energetic neutron beam. The energy spectra of nuclear recoils, quenching factors for elastic scattering neutrons and discrimination capability between neutron inelastic scattering events and $γ$ events are obtained for various recoil energies of the F content in BaF₂.
Ten years of lead tungstate development
2005, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Citation Excerpt :
This has started with bismuth germanate (BGO) for the L3 experiment at CERN [2] (Fig. 1) and caesium iodide (CsI either thallium doped or pure) for CleoII at Cornell [3], Crystal Barrel [4], KTeV at FermiLab (USA) [5], Belle at KEK (Japan) [6] and BaBar at SLAC (USA) [7], which were already known but could only be produced in small sizes and small quantities only. It became even more evident with barium fluoride (BaF2) for TAPS [8] and GEM [9], cerium fluoride (CeF3) as a candidate for CMS [10] and L3P [11] and finally lead tungstate (PbWO4) for CMS at CERN[10], which were essentially developed for particle physics experiments. The difficult physics constraints and harsh experimental conditions impose very tight specifications to modern detectors.
The CMS Collaboration at CERN has undertaken at the end of 1994, an ambitious R&D program on lead tungstate scintillating crystals for its electromagnetic calorimeter. All the parameters of this crystal have been extensively studied in order to optimize its performances in the context of the large hadron collider. Full-size crystals (23 cm in length, up to 2.5×2.5 cm² in section) with the desired trapezoidal geometry can now be grown and mechanically processed with a yield in excess of 80%. A thorough investigation of the raw material preparation and of the growing conditions has led to a significant improvement in the optical transparency and in the light yield of the crystals. A detailed understanding of the light emission mechanism was established in 1995. A systematic analysis of the parameters influencing the structural quality of the crystals was at the origin of a considerable improvement of the radiation hardness of full-size crystals. All these progress has led several other experiments to select lead tungstate as the best scintillator for their detector. The conditions of these improvements will be discussed in the context of the mass production of nearly 80,000 crystals in a cost-effective way.
Organization of the production of 100 tons of lead tungstate crystals for the CMS experiment at CERN
2004, Optical Materials
The CMS collaboration at CERN has undertaken at the end of 1994 an ambitious R&D program on Lead Tugstate scintillating crystals for its electromagnetic calorimeter. All the parameters of this crystal have been extensively studied in order to optimize its performances in the context of the Large Hadron Collider. Full size crystals (23 cm in length, up to 2.5 × 2.5 cm² in section) with the desired trapezoidal geometry can now be grown and mechanically processed with a yield in excess of 80%. A thorough investigation of the raw material preparation and of the growing conditions has led to a significant improvement in the optical transparency and in the light yield of the crystals. A detailed understanding of the light emission mechanism was 1995. A systematic analysis of the parameters influencing the structural quality of the crystals was at the origin of a considerable improvement of the radiation hardness of full size crystals. All these progress will be illustrated by results of measurements on a statistically representative number of crystals. The conditions of these improvements will be discussed in the context of the mass production of more than 80,000 crystals in a cost effective way.
Dipole strength function in <sup>20</sup>O
2001, Nuclear Physics A

View all citing articles on Scopus

^∗: Present address: BASF, 6700 Ludwigshafen, FRG.

View full text

Detection of hard photons with BaF2 scintillators

Abstract

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Detection of hard photons with BaF₂ scintillators