A silicon pad counter for first level triggering in ultrarelativistic proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions

doi:10.1016/0168-9002(92)90908-M

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Volume 316, Issues 2–3, 1 June 1992, Pages 259-266

https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90908-M Get rights and content

Abstract

The CERES/NA45 experiment at CERN uses a silicon pad detector with 64 ring shaped pads for first level triggering on minimum bias proton-nucleus as well as on high multiplicity ion-ion collisions. In addition, the counter serves as a multiplicity detector to estimate the energy density obtained in the collision. The design and performance of the pad counter in the laboratory and under real beam conditions together with the first level trigger electronics are reported.

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A versatile dielectron trigger for nucleon-nucleon and nucleus-nucleus collisions
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A novel approach for a versatile first level dielectron trigger is presented. This trigger operates in the low multiplicity environment of nucleon–nucleon reactions as well as in the high multiplicity situation of nucleus–nucleus collisions. For optimal trigger performance, time-of-flight conditions for the two fastest particles of the event are combined with event multiplicity requirements. The dielectron trigger efficiency is given. The event reduction factor of such a trigger approach is studied for a low, a medium and a high multiplicity environment. The impact parameter dependence of the event reduction is given. The timing properties of the trigger signal are described. The losses due to deadtime are specified. Finally, the first level trigger rate is reported.
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CERES is an experiment dedicated to measure e⁺ e⁻-pairs in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN SPS. Following the experiences gained with proton and sulfur beams the CERES spectrometer was upgraded to cope with the much larger charged particle densities produced in PbPb collisions. Major parts of the upgrade were completed in time for a 10 days test with a lead beam in November 1994. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the experiment in the environment of central PbPb collisions.
New results from NA45/CERES
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The pad readout of the CERES RICH detectors
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The CERES/NA45 electron spectrometer uses two Ring Imaging CHerenkov detectors with UV-sensitive gas counters of 2.84 m² and 0.42 m² size. The backplanes of these gas detectors consist of 53 800 (48 400) square pads in a 2.74 mm (7.62 mm) grid which pick up induced signals of ∼2 × 10⁵ electrons from single-electron avalanches. Compact multi-channel preamplifier modules with low-noise VLSI chips are directly plugged onto the gas detector backplanes. The pad amplitudes are corrected for pedestal variations, digitized and transferred sequentially at 14 MHz in chains of up to 4096 pads to the control room. After zero suppression, the pad information is processed in a chain with pipeline organization, performing a transformation to xy-coordinates and branching part of the data to a trigger processor for fast ring finding. With a simple mechanical concept and a multiplexed data transfer, this readout method offers a good signal-to-noise ratio at gas gains of a few 10⁵, high spatial resolution on large areas and unambiguous reconstruction of multiple hits at a cost of ≲6 DM/channel.

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A silicon pad counter for first level triggering in ultrarelativistic proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract

Quark Matter 87

Z. Phys.

Quark Matter 88

Nucl. Phys.

Quark Matter 90

Nucl. Phys.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-33

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

SPSC/P237

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

Nucl. Instr. and Meth.