Isotope shifts and hyperfine structure of 38–47K by laser spectroscopy
Abstract
Laser optical spectroscopy on a thermal atomic beam has been performed on the line of 38,39,41–47K. Hyperfine structure constants and isotope shifts have been measured. Magnetic moments and changes in the mean square charge radii are deduced.
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Nuclear Structure and Decay Data for A=44 Isobars
2023, Nuclear Data SheetsExperimental nuclear spectroscopic data are evaluated for 12 known nuclides of mass number A=44 (Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn). Detailed evaluated information are presented for each reaction and decay. Recommended values combining all available data are provided for all spectroscopic properties of each level, γ-ray, and decay radiation. No excited states have yet been identified in 44Si, 44P, 44Cr, and 44Mn. Information for excited states in 44Cl and 44V are limited. Nuclides of 44S, 44Ar and 44K have been studied via only a few reactions and decays, while 44Ca, 44Sc and 44Ti are the most investigated nuclides through various reactions and decays. Evaluators note that the half-life of the g.s. of 44S has been measured independently, with fairly good statistics, in three references, most precise being 100 ms 1 by 2004Gr20, but this value is in disagreement with the values of 125.5 ms 25 and 119 ms 6 by 2022Tr03, and 123 ms 10 by 1995So03. We adopted the unweighted average of this discrepant dataset. Another outstanding issue is that of the β+-delayed proton decay of 44Cr g.s. to 44V, where the T=2, 0+ IAS state in 44V is expected to be strongly populated by a superallowed β transition, but has not been definitely identified as discussed in detail by 2020Fu05. A detailed study of 44Cr decay is required to unravel the status of the T=2, 0+ IAS state in 44V. This work supersedes earlier ENSDF evaluations of A=44 by 2011Ch39 and 1999Ca45.
Laser spectroscopy for the study of exotic nuclei
2023, Progress in Particle and Nuclear PhysicsInvestigation into the properties and structure of unstable nuclei far from stability is a key avenue of research in modern nuclear physics. These efforts are motivated by the continual observation of unexpected structure phenomena in nuclei with unusual proton-to-neutron ratios. In recent decades, laser spectroscopy techniques have made significant contributions in our understanding of exotic nuclei in different mass regions encompassing almost the entire nuclear chart. This is achieved through determining multiple fundamental properties of nuclear ground and isomeric states, such as nuclear spins, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments and charge radii, via the measurement of hyperfine structures and isotope shifts in the atomic or ionic spectra of the nuclei of interest. These properties offer prominent tests of recently developed state-of-the-art nuclear theory and help to stimulate new developments in improving the many-body methods and nucleon–nucleon interactions at the core of these models. With the aim of exploring more exotic short-lived nuclei located ever closer to the proton and neutron driplines, laser spectroscopy techniques, with their continuous technological developments towards higher resolution and higher sensitivity, are extensively employed at current- and next-generation radioactive ion beam facilities worldwide. Ongoing efforts in parallel promise to improve the availability of these even more exotic species at next-generation facilities. Very recently, an innovative application of laser spectroscopy on molecules containing short-lived nuclei has been demonstrated offering additional opportunities for several fields of research, e.g. fundamental symmetry studies and astrophysics. In this review, the basic nuclear properties measurable with laser spectroscopy will be introduced. How these observables are associated with nuclear structure and nucleon–nucleon interactions will be discussed. Following this, a general overview of different laser spectroscopy methods will be given with particular emphasis on technical advancements reported in recent years. The main focus of this article is to review the numerous highlights that have resulted from studying exotic nuclei in different mass regions with laser spectroscopy techniques since the last edition in this series. Finally, the challenges facing the field in addition to future opportunities will be discussed.
Restoration of the natural E(1/2<inf>1</inf><sup>+</sup>) - E(3/2<inf>1</inf><sup>+</sup>) energy splitting in odd-K isotopes towards N = 40
2020, Physics Letters, Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy PhysicsWe report on the first γ-ray spectroscopy of 51,53K produced via the 52,54Ca(p,2p) reactions at ∼250 MeV/nucleon. Unambiguous final-state angular-momentum assignments were achieved for beam intensities down to few particles per second by using a new technique based on reaction vertex tracking combined with a thick liquid-hydrogen target. Through γ-ray spectroscopy and exclusive parallel momentum distribution analysis, 3/2+ ground states and 1/2+ first excited states in 51,53K were established quantifying the natural ordering of the and proton-hole states that are restored at N = 32 and 34. State-of-the-art ab initio calculations and shell-model calculations with improved phenomenological effective interactions reproduce the present data and predict consistently the increase of the E(1/2) - E(3/2) energy differences towards N = 40.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 42
2016, Nuclear Data SheetsThe experimental data are evaluated for known nuclides of mass number A = 42 (Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr). Detailed evaluated level properties and related information are presented, including adopted values of level and γ–ray energies, decay data (energies, intensities and placement of radiations), and other spectroscopic data. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A = 42 published by B. Singh, J.A. Cameron – Nucl.Data Sheets 92, 1 (2001) and P.M. Endt – Nucl. Phys. A521, 1 (1990); Errata and Addenda Nucl. Phys. A529, 763 (1991); Errata Nucl. Phys. A564, 609 (1993) (also P.M. Endt – Nucl. Phys. A633, 1 (1998) update).
No excited states are known in 42Al, 42P, 42V and 42Cr, and structure information for 42Si and 42S is quite limited. There are no decay schemes available for the decay of 42Al, 42Si, 42P, 42V and 42Cr, while the decay schemes of 42Cl and 42Ti are incomplete in view of scarcity of data, and large gap between their Q–values and the highest energy levels populated in corresponding daughter nuclei. Structures of 42Ca, 42K, 42Sc and 42Ar nuclides remain the most extensively studied via many different nuclear reactions and decays.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 41
2016, Nuclear Data SheetsAvailable information pertaining to the nuclear structure of all nuclei with mass numbers A=41 ranging from Al (Z=13) to Ti (Z=22) are presented. The experimental reaction and decay data are evaluated and any inconsistencies or discrepancies are noted. The adopted values for various level properties (such as the spin, parity and and halflife) and gamma properties (energy, intensity and multipole character) are given.
Since the prior evaluation several new measurements have expanded our knowledge of A=41 nuclides. The half-life of the ground state of 41Si has been determined and a single excited state identified. Excited levels in 41P have been observed for the first time. In 41Cl, seven new excited states have been identified in deep inelastic and heavy ion transfer reactions. Half-lifes for four states in 41Ar have been updated and additional levels with gammas have been included from a new measurement using the multiple ion transfer reaction. In 41Ca via charge-exchange reaction measurements, several new excited states were observed. A number of new resonances in 41K have been identified via the (p,γ) reaction.
There remains a significant discrepancy in the half-life of the first excited state (980 keV) in 41K, with measurements differing by more than an order of magnitude. Transfer reactions suggest that this M1 transition should be l-forbidden, however, several measurements yield a lifetime which suggests a sizable M1 strength. Further measurements to resolve the current conflicts would be beneficial.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 43
2015, Nuclear Data SheetsThe experimental data are evaluated for known nuclides of mass number A = 43 (Al,Si,P,S,Cl,Ar,K,Ca,Sc,Ti,V,Cr). Detailed evaluated level properties and related information are presented, including adopted values of level and γ–ray energies, decay data (energies, intensities and placement of radiations), and other spectroscopic data. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A = 43 published by 2001Ca24 and 1990En08 (also 1978En04, and 1998En04 update).
No excited states are known in 43Al, 43Si and 43Cr. Only one excited state is known in 43V which is the probable the Isobaric Analog State (IAS) of 43Cr ground state. Information for 43P, 43S, 43Cl, 43Ar and 43Ti is limited; there is either no decay data available or the decay schemes are incomplete in view of large Q values and known excitations much lower than allowed by Q values. The 43K, 43Ca and 43Sc nuclides remain the most extensively studied from many different reactions and decays.
- 1
Permanent address: Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, D-5300 Bonn.
- 2
Present address: DG Division, CERN, CH-1211 Genève 23.
- 3
Laboratoire associé à l'Université Paris-Sud.