Brain electrical activity in depression described by equivalent dipoles

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Abstract

The majority of neurophysiological investigations of waking EEG in depression have been relatively disappointing. Since the topographic distribution of brain electrical activity over the scalp in the frequency domain (FFT-power) varies considerably when choosing another site for the reference, it is not surprising that various investigators reported contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to healthy subjects using a newly developed method called FFT approximation. As the major finding healthy subjects and depressed patients demonstrated significantly divergent patterns of localization betweem frequency bands in the anterior-posterior direction. The investigation suggests that a non-invasive neurophysiological methods gives results which are comparable to those obtained by other functional and structural imaging methods in depressive illness.

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      Subsequent studies extended the method by showing that direct methods for frequency-domain source localization on the basis of covariance matrices are possible (Lütkenhöner, 1992; Tesche and Kajola, 1993; Valdes et al., 1992). In several experimental and clinical studies these techniques have been used to localize the sources of the different frequency bands (Michel et al., 1992), to assess spectral changes related to different mental states (Harmony et al., 1995; Isotani et al., 2001; Lehmann et al., 1993; Tsuno et al., 2002), to define EEG changes in psychiatric and neurological patients (Dierks et al., 1993a,b, 1995; Huang et al., 2000; Lubar et al., 2003; Michel et al., 1993), to characterize effects of psychopharmacological agents (Frei et al., 2001; Kinoshita et al., 1994; Michel et al., 1995) or to define the dominant frequency and its sources at onset of an epileptic seizure (Blanke et al., 2000; Lantz et al., 1999). An interesting alternative to the FFT-based source localization is the source analysis applied to the time-frequency representation of the signal.

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