Abstract
The stability of heavy nuclides, which tend to decay by α-emission and spontaneous fission, is determined by the structural properties of nuclear matter. Nuclear binding energies and lifetimes increase markedly in the vicinity of closed shells of neutrons or protons (nucleons), corresponding to ‘magic’ numbers of nucleons; these give rise to the most stable (spherical) nuclear shapes in the ground state. For example, with a proton number of Z = 82 and a neutron number of N = 126, the nucleus 208Pb is ‘doubly-magic’ and also exceptionally stable. The next closed neutron shell is expected at N = 184, leading to the prediction of an ‘island of stability’ of superheavy nuclei, for a broad range of isotopes with Z = 104 to 120 (refs 1, 2). The heaviest known nuclei have lifetimes of less than a millisecond, but nuclei near the top of the island of stability are predicted to exist for many years. (In contrast, nuclear matter consisting of about 300 nucleons with no shell structure would undergo fission within about 10−20 seconds.) Calculations3,4,5 indicate that nuclei with N > 168 should already benefit from the stabilizing influence of the closed shell at N = 184. Here we report the synthesis of an isotope containing 114 protons and 173 neutrons, through fusion of intense beams of 48Ca ions with 242Pu targets. The isotope decays by α-emission with a half-life of about five seconds, providing experimental confirmation of the island of stability.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Myers, W. D. & Swiatecki, W. J. Nuclear masses and deformations. Nucl. Phys. A 81, 1–60 (1966).
Nix, J. R. Calculation of fission barriers for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 22, 65–120 (1972).
Smolańczuk, R., Skalski, J. & Sobiczewski, A. in Proc. Int. Workshop XXIV on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations “Extremes of Nuclear Structure” (eds Feldmeier, H., Knoll, J. & Nörenberg, W.) 35–42 (GSI, Darmstadt, (1996).
Smolańczuk, R. Properties of the hypothetical spherical superheavy nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 56, 812–824 (1997).
Möller, P., Nix, J. R. & Kratz, K.-L. Nuclear properties for astrophysical and radioactive-ion-beam applications. Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tables 66, 131–134 (1997).
Oganessian, Yu. Ts. in Proc. Int. Conf. on Nuclear Physics at the Turn of the Millennium “Structure of Vacuum and Elementary Matter” (eds Stocker, H., Gallmann, A. & Hamilton, J. H.) 11–24 (World Scientific, Singapore, (1997).
Pustylnik, B. I. in Proc. VI Int. School-Seminar “Heavy Ion Physics” (eds Oganessian, Yu. Ts. & Kalpakchieva, R.) 431–433 (World Scientific, Singapore, (1998).
Wada, T. et al. in Proc. Int. Conf. on Dynamical Aspects on Nuclear Fission (eds Oganessian, Yu. Ts. & Kliman, J.) (World Scientific, Singapore, (1999).
Gregorich, K. E. et al. First confirmation of the discovery of element 106. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1423–1426 (1994).
Schädel, M. et al. Chemical properties of element 106 (seaborgium). Nature 388, 55–57 (1997).
Lazarev, Yu. A. et al. αdecay of 273110: shell closure at N = 162. Phys. Rev. C 54, 620–625 (1996).
Blocki, J. P., Feldmeier, H. & Swiatecki, W. J. Dynamical hindrance to compound-nucleus formation in heavy-ion reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 459, 145–172 (1986).
Hulet, E. K. et al. Search for superheavy elements in the bombardment of 248Cm with 48Ca. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 385–389 (1977).
Oganessian, Yu. Ts. et al. Experiments to produce isotopes of superheavy elements with atomic numbers 114–116 in 48Ca ion reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 294, 213–224 (1978).
Armbruster, P. et al. Attempts to produce superheavy elements by fusion of 48Ca with 248Cm in the bombarding energy range of 4.5–5.2 MeV/u. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 406–409 (1985).
Oganessian, Yu. Ts. et al. Search for new isotopes of element 112 by irradiation of 238U with 48Ca. Eur. Phys. J. A 5, 63–68 (1999).
Hofmann, S. et al. The new element 112. Z. Phys. A 354, 229–230 (1996).
Oganessian, Y. Ts. et al. The synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. (submitted); also as preprint E7-99-53 (JINR, Dubna, (1999).
Kutner, V. B. et al. in Proc. 15th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and Their Applications (eds Baron, E. & Lieuvin, M.) 405–408 (IOP, Bristol, (1998).
Yeremin, A. V. et al. The kinematic separator VASSILISSA performance and experimental results. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 350, 608–617 (1994).
Schmidt, K.-H. et al. Some remarks on the error analysis in the case of poor statistics. Z. Phys. A 316, 19–26 (1984).
Acknowledgements
We thank the JINR Directorate, in particular Ts. Vylov, V. G. Kadyshevsky and A.N.Sissakian, for help and support; V. Ya. Lebedev and S. N. Dmitriev for the preparation of metal Ca samples for the ECR-ion source; A. N. Shamanin and E. N. Vornokov for help in the maintenance of the recoil separator; G. Münzenberg, A. Sobiczewski and R. Smolańczuk for discussions; the staff of the U-400 Cyclotron for assistance; and V. N. Loginov, A. N. Lebedev, and the ion source group staff for obtaining the intense 48Ca beam. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the INTAS, largely through the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oganessian, Y., Yeremin, A., Popeko, A. et al. Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by 48Ca. Nature 400, 242–245 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/22281
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/22281
This article is cited by
-
Synthesis of superheavy elements using krypton and argon beams
Indian Journal of Physics (2023)
-
Effect of nuclear potential on the formation cross section of superheavy isotopes of Og, Nh and Cn nuclei
Indian Journal of Physics (2022)
-
The periodic table of the elements: the search for transactinides and beyond
Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali (2022)
-
Ternary Fission Mass Distributions of Superheavy Nuclei Within a Statistical Model
Brazilian Journal of Physics (2021)
-
Role of Temperature in the Alpha Decay Studies of Heavy and Superheavy Nuclei
Brazilian Journal of Physics (2021)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.