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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In May 1996, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Committee of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed for adoption by the Association a new edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. This new edition was the culmination of two and one-half years' work by the Committee and included one of the most significant changes to that document in some twenty years: the incorporation of mandatory fire protection criteria for warehouses and other inside areas that store flammable and combustible liquids in containers and portable tanks.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a risk ranked Inspection Recommendation procedure that is used by one of Exxon's chemical plants to prioritize repairs that have been identified during equipment inspection.As part of the Company's Safety Management Practices initiative in the late 1980's a procedure was put into place to ensure that an Inspector's repair recommendations were properly addressed by the organization. The initial procedures were successful at “systematizing” the documentation and stewardship-to-completion of the Inspector's recommendation, however, there were complications with the original process: (1)The Inspector made a simple High, Medium or Low assessment of the priority/criticality of the recommendation. Frequently, this resulted in disagreements with Operations about the true priority of the recommendation.(2)If there was agreement on the priority of the recommendation, there was still disagreement on the relative rank within the priority-which high priority was the highest priority?(3)With limited funds to spend on repairs, it was (and is) important to make sure that the money was being spent on the highest risk items that had the greatest risk reduction/cost benefit ratio.To address these concerns, the procedure was modified to incorporate a risk assessment of the recommendation by both the Inspector and Operations. In the new procedure, the Inspector describes the deficiency that he/she finds and assesses the probability of failure within a certain time-frame. Operations must assess the consequences, from an environmental, safety and economics standpoint, were the failure to occur. These assessments are combined in the typical risk equation (risk = probability × consequences) to arrive at a severity index which serves to rank the recommendation relative to the other recommendations. Because Operations participates in the assessment there is very little disagreement about the priority of the recommendation. The severity index puts the recommendations in order so it is quite clear which are the highest priority recommendations. This process has helped to focus the entire organization on those deficiencies that represent the greatest risk with the result that less time and money is spent correcting items that have a low risk/cost benefit ratio, allowing these savings to be used to reduce the higher risks in the plant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple analytical method is presented for estimating the hybrid minimum ignition energy (HMIE) of dust-gas mixtures, based on the assumed generality of Bartknecht's well-known test data for mixtures of propane with a series of dusts in air. Since the HMIE equation requires input data which might be unavailable, the use of conservative default methods is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A large and potentially hazardous decrease in aldehyde autoignition temperature (AIT) occurs with increased pressure. The AIT-pressure curve determined in a 5 L stainless steel sphere was similar for propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde in air, falling from about 185°C at atmospheric pressure to 90°C at 140 psia. Reduction of oxygen concentration had little effect on propionaldehyde AIT. At 100°C and 140 psia, autoignitions accompanied by at least a doubling of pressure were observed above 4% oxygen. In the presence of a few grams of free liquid, propionaldehyde vapor ignited in air at initial conditions significantly below the AIT. The mechanism appears to involve rapid Fe-catalyzed exothermic liquid-phase oxidation leading to autoignition of the adjacent heated gas layer. An acetaldehyde vapor-air mixture in the presence of free liquid and rust exploded at room temperature when air pressure was increased to 95 psia; this result is discussed with reference to a cylinder overpressurization that occurred while making up an ostensibly sub-LFL calibration mixture with compressed air. Propionaldehyde's limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated in the near-autoignition region using the same 5L apparatus; the findings are discussed with reference to an overpressurization incident in an air-liquid partial oxidation reactor. The general results are used to illustrate the application of LOC in partial oxidation processes subject to autoignition and to discuss elements of the current ASTM draft test method for LOC, which does not address test difficulties associated with condensable and/or reactive gas systems.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. F3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Risk analysis in chemical process industries is an elaborate exercise involving several steps from preliminary hazard identification to development of credible accident scenarios, to preparation of strategies for prevention or control of damage.All this requires substantial inputs of time and money. In order to get an approximate yet workable assessment of risk at much lesser costs, indices have been developed which link typical findings of elaborate risk analysis to scales of risk. The scales, in turn, provide workable measures of hazards/risks/safety.In the past, indices have been reported for swift risk assessment - the noteworthy among them include Dow fire and explosion index, Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index, IFAL index, and mortality index. A few rapid ranking techniques have also been proposed.This paper presents a new system of methodologies for Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA). The system consists of two indices: one for fire and explosion hazards and another for the hazard due to likely release of toxic chemical. The magnitudes of these indices indicate the severity of the likely accident; in terms of the size of the impacted area.HIRA has been applied to a typical chemical process industry - a sulfolane plant - and its performance has been compared with that of the Dow's and the Mond's indices. The study reveals that HIRA is more sensitive and accurate than the other indices.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On October 31, 1987 a crane lifting a heat exchanger convection section failed and severed a 4″ loading line and a 2″ pressure relief line to an HF alkylation reactor settler drum at a petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. Vapors were emitted under pressure for about two hours and the vessel was plugged and drained aproximately 44 hours later. A plume from this accidental release passed through residential areas, damaging some vegetation (brown lawns), and spawning a class action law suit. An extensive analysis was conducted to determine the total inventory loss and to model the blowdown process and the concentrations of HF in the plume. Since the discharge rate was decreasing with time, a peak concentration of HF in the emitted vapors occurred just before the water spray mitigation system became fully operative. Consequently, the mitigation efforts were more effective late in the response when concentrations were already low. The predicted plume concentrations are consistent with observed vegetation damage effects, with concentrations below Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 past 3/4 mile from the source. These results support a policy of sheltering in place during such an event.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fifty-five gallon steel drum of a liquid organic peroxide pressurized and ruptured in the mix room of a manufacturing plant. The head of the drum blew off and the ejected material ignited. The resulting fire was extinguished by the building sprinkler system and operating personnel. Although there were no injuries, the fire caused significant damage in the mix room. The investigation of this incident, its likely cause, and the corrective actions will be discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Brazoria County Petrochemical Council, 13 companies that are working together to enhance relations between industry and the community, united in a joint effort at complying with the EPA's Risk Management Program. One of the significant issues the group had to address was the need to develop meaningful hazard assessment for presentation to the public. The EPA's “Table Look-Up Approach” found in the Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance document is certainly a good tool; however, the built-in conservatism results in over-estimates of potential hazard areas. Much more meaningful results are shown to be obtained using one of the hazard release models.The value of using a credible scenario with realistic meteorological data is demonstrated through the consistently smaller areas predicted by the PHAST Model for planning purposes. Realistic scenarios/failure modes and realistic model parameters are important so that the risk to the public is not overstated. Proprietary models such as PHAST are invaluable in providing more meaningful consequences for planning purposes.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in-line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in-line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in-line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in-line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 288-296 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An ammonia storage tank was built at the BASF Antwerp site in 1969 on land reclaimed from the sea. After several years of operation uneven foundation settlement, of up 2, occurred. In order to assure stability of this area for the next operation period (at least 10 years) measures were taken to ensure continued safe operation. One key measure was strain gauge monitoring at the location of maximum stress.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Baker-Strehlow methodology was developed to provide an objective approach to prediction of blast pressures from vapor cloud explosions. The complete methodology was first published in 1994 [1]. Since then, it has evolved through ongoing research and use in VCE hazard analyses, facility siting studies and accident investigations. This article gives a brief overview of a paper on recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow methodology presented at the 31st Loss Prevention Symposium in Houston on March 9-13, 1997. Because the entire paper is too lengthy to be presented here, the following discussions may be lacking in some details. A copy of the complete paper can be obtained from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Since the Baker-Strehlow method was first published, it has been used extensively in VCE hazard assessments in refineries and chemical plants. As expected, many practical lessons have been learned during the course of the hazard assessments, and the Baker-Strehlow method has evolved as a result. The changes have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. In keeping with the goals of the original study in which the methodology was developed, all changes have been incorporated with the intent of achieving an objective methodology to provide consistent prediction of VCE blast effects.The revisions to the Baker-Strehlow method resulting from experience gained during plant walk-downs and hazard assessments include: Systematic identification of “potential explosion sites” or “PESs,”Selection of the level of confinement for mixed zones of 2D and 3D confinement,Deciding on flame expansion when confinement is elevated above the vapor cloud,Selecting the reactivity for a fuel that is a mixture of fuels with differing reactivities,Predicting blast loads when there are multiple PES's within a vapor cloud considering different ignition source locations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Safety, health and loss prevention are major areas of interst for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). There has been an evolution of these concerns over the years in the Institute just as it has in industry. This article chronicles this evolution.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent guidelines released by the U.S. EPA define a worst-case scenario as a release under stable atmospheric conditions defined as Pasquil-Gifford stability class F. Unfortunately, very few tests at F stability have been available heretofore to provide a basis for models. Recent test data with propane releases by the German research organization TUV provide a set of 60 experiments conducted specifically to define the effects of atmospheric stability class on dispersion. Of these, 25 tests were at F stability. A comparable number were at each other stability class A through E. In addition 23 tests were at wind speeds under 1.5 m/s in stable atmospheres. This paper reports on adjustments made to our models based on these new data by reducing the originally-postulated sensitivity to stability class. In spite of considerable scatter in the TUV data, particularly between two different types of propane analyzers, the model allows us to extract information by averaging over the tests.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multi-disciplinary team developed a guideline for determining access restriction zones around vented solids handling equipment. The guideline provides a method for ensuring the discharge from a vented explosion will not cause injury to personnel. The steps in this method include: calculating the extent of external hazards from vented explosions; identifying potential areas where personnel could be exposed to a hazard; identifying ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard area; and establishing and documenting any access restrictions needed. Hazard zone calculations use the latest knowledge from research into fireball size, flame length and external pressure equations in VDI 3673. The guideline provides guidance for using this information. Options for mitigating or reducing external hazards from vented explosions are also described. As part of the project, the team audited several solids handling systems to look for potential oversights in existing restricted access areas. Some of the team's learnings from these audits are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 74-81 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the ingition behavior of dust-air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.Based on the latest results from large scale experiments on pneumatic filling of silos with polymeric materials and new results of full scale filling tests using Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) manufactured from a variety of materials, guidance can be given to ensure safe operation in different situations such as filling, emptying operations, type of powder handled.The aim of this paper is to assist people dealing with product. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and measures associated with powder handling.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 104-106 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In mid-1997, an Advanced Process Control (APC) scheme was implemented at a resins manufacturing complex with the goal of minimizing flare fuel gas usage while maintaining sufficient energy (BTU/SCF flare gas) to be in environmental regulatory compliance. Prior to APC implementation, the flare system was manually controlled by plant operators with minor attention paid to the minimization of fuel gas usage. Since implementation, APC has saved the plant thousands of dollars in fuel gas costs and reduced unnecessary combusted fuel gas emissions.Hazard analysis techniques were used in the development of the control scheme. An overview of the APC used, the economic evaluation, and the hazard analysis techniques used in the project are presented here.
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  • 31
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 107-123 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the risk assessment parlance, especially with reference to chemical process industries, the term “domino effect” is used to denote “chain of accidents,” or situations when a fire/explosion/missile/toxic load generated by an accident in one unit in an industry causes secondary and higher order accidents in other units. The multi-accident catastrophe which occurred in a refinery at Vishakhapatnam, India, on September 14, 1997, claiming 60 lives and causing damages to property worth over Rs 600 million, is the most recent example of the damage potential of domino effect.But, even as the domino effect has been documented since 1947, very little attention has been paid towards modeling this phenomena. In this paper we have provided a conceptual framework based on sets of appropriate models to forecast domino effects, and assess their likely magnitudes and adverse impacts, while conducting risk assessment in a chemical process industry. The utilizability of the framework has been illustrated with a case study.
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  • 32
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with fire protection for water miscible flammable liquids stored in plastic containers packaged in boxes located on pallets. A series of fire tests was conducted with palletized rack storage arrangements using in-rack sprinkler protection at various levels. The intent of the paper is to present data from this test series for these types of commodities. The paper will identify various existing water miscible flammable liquid products stored in this fashion and provide background information for protecting this type of storage as it relates to NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. The test data indicates that further research work is needed in the area of plastic containers for use with the storage of combustible and flammable liquids. Included in the paper are discussions concerning possible protection strategies and suggestions for future research which would benefit those involved in risk management of this type of commodity.
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  • 34
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable mixtures in the first place. This method requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations.This paper describes how to draw and use a flammability diagram. A procedure to estimate the flammability region using the available and sometimes limited data is discussed. The paper also shows how to use the flammability diagram with plant operations involving inerting and purging, and from bringing vessels into and out of service. A compilation of flammability diagrams for 30 materials, based on previously published data is provided.An automated apparatus for acquiring data for a flammability diagram is described. The apparatus consists of a 20-L sphere with an automated gas mixing system, a fuse-wire ignition system, and a high speed pressure measurement and data acquisition system. Data derived from the apparatus includes flammability limits, maximum pressure during combustion, and the maximum pressure rate. The effect of fuse-wire ignitor dynamics on the results is studied. A flammability diagram for methane drawn from data obtained from the apparatus, is presented.
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  • 35
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 86-97 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regulatory issues related to material safety have made the accurate measurement and/or prediction of flash points essential. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Flash points are used by virtually all governmental entities worldwide to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials for shipping and safety regulations.A model is described here for the calculation of closed cup flash points for multicomponent, single liquid phase, mixtures. The model is based upon rigorous vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations supplemented with information about the lower flammable limits (LFL's) and heats of combustion (ΔHc's) for the mixture's constituent components. The closed cup flash points predicted with this model are typically within ± 5°C of the experimentally reported values. Such a model is useful as a means of verifying experimental data and as a tool for screening product formulations prior to experimental flash point determination. The model should considerably enhance the safety evaluation portion of the product development cycle, thus leading to shortened product time-to-market cycles. While flash points calculated with this model are in excellent agreement with experiment, experimental determination is still encouraged for critìcal safety applications.
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  • 36
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 134-137 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: National Advisory Committee's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for ammonia are critically evaluated. The technical bases for concern about AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 values derived by the committee are summarized recommendations made.
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  • 37
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor occurred at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two employees were injured in the accident. The accident occurred in an ozone treatment building where ozone was used to treat odors from the offgas of the sludge concentration units. Excess ozone manually was routed to the fixed bed reactor (ozone destruct unit) where the ozone is catalytically transformed into oxygen before being discharged to the atmosphere.An investigation of the accident was conducted to determine the root cause of the explosion and flash fire and identify corrective actions which the WWTP management could undertake to prevent a recurrence. This investigation included site inspections, interview with the injured employees, sampling and analysis of various materials, an explosion dynamics analysis, and a root cause analysis.It was concluded that cooling oil from one of the ozone generation units entered the main ozone gas line due to a crack in one of the reactor's dielectric tubes. The cooling oil was vented into the ozone destruct unit when an employee opened a ball valve on the main ozone gas line. The cooling oil, essentially a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, reacted exothermically when it contacted the manganese dioxide catalyst. The exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion which propelled the access panel outwards and dispersed the catalyst pellets. A flash fire followed the explosion. The flash fire burned two employees and caused thermal damage to a nearby control panel.Although this accident was the first of its kind at this facility, this was not the first time that the ozone generator had experienced a failure of a dielectric tube. Thus, there was a significant probability that a dielectric tube failure could leak cooling oil into the main ozone gas line. This failure event could, in turn, result in another explosion and flash fire. The WWTP staff neither designed nor fabricated the ozone generator-destructor system. Therefore, it did not seem appropriate for the WWTP staff to modify the ozone system. Instead, it was recommended that the ozone destruct unit be taken out of service. The WWTP management acted on this recommendation.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An explosion occurred in a petroleum product storage tank at a refinery. The liquid petroleum product was a heavy oil used as an asphalt extender. There were no injuries, but the cleanup was costly. The storage tank was one of several which received the product stream from a dehydration unit. The accident occurred shortly after the refinery was brought back on-line following a shutdown for schduled maintenance.This was the first incident of this kind to occur at this facility. Analysis of the process data and eyewitness observations indicated that the dehydration tower, which was supposed to be maintained at a minimum of 100°C during the shutdown, was allowed to drift below 100°C for an unknown period of time. This deviation enabled liquid water to enter the storage tank. Three operational factors contributed to the accident. Corrective actions were recommended to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident.
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  • 39
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 184-189 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust explosions have been with us for a long time. The first record of a dust explosion occurred in Turin, Italy, on December 14, 1785 [1]. The detailed record of this event is left to us by Count Morozzo. The event took place in Mr. Giacomelli's bakery. We know from his account that the weather was unseasonably dry, that a boy who worked in the bakery was using a shovel to stir and transfer the flour to a chute from a store room to the bakery and he had a lighted lamp to work by. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. No one was killed, and the building was saved by the sagacious fact of having plenty of windows. Since that first record, of course, there have been many explosions with much loss of life and significant economic consequences.
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  • 40
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 190-195 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The RSST DIERS vent sizing methodology is revised to provide realistic design equations for reactive systems consistent with available large-scale experience. Using easy to obtain RSST data such as rate of temperature rise and rate of pressure rise excellent agreement is illustrated for hybrid, vapor and gassy reactive systems.
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  • 41
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the 1960s onwards, the chemical and oil industries developed and used a number of new safety techniques which, in time, became second nature to those who applied them. They included the use of QRA for deciding priorities, Hazop and audits for identifying problems, inherently safer design for avoiding hazards, and more thorough investigation of incidents for identifying underlying causes. However, it has not yet become second nature to remember the accidents of the past and the actions needed to prevent them happening again.I joined industry in 1944 and moved to production in 1952. Then, and for at least 15 years afterwards, safety was a non-technical subject that could be left to arts graduates and elderly foremen. There was concern that people should not be hurt - great attention was paid to the lost-time accident rate - but there was no realization, that it was a subject worthy of systematic study by experienced technologists.This view changed at the end of the 1960s. A new generation of plants had been built, operating at higher temperatures and pressures and containing larger inventories of hazardous chemicals; the result was a series of fires and explosions and a worsening fatal accident rate. Figure 1 shows the situation in ICI, at the time the UK, s largest chemical company. Other companies experienced a similar state of affairs.As a result in 1968, I was appointed one of the company's first technical safety advisers, an unusual appointment at the time for someone with my experience, and if the reason for my appointment had not been so obvious I would have wondered what I had done wrong. I and my colleagues tried to apply the same sort of systematic thinking to safety that we applied in our other professional work. We developed some new concepts and techniques and adopted others. A common feature of our ides, realized only in restrospect, was that they consisted of more than mere problem-solving techniques. Once people had got used to these new concepts and used them a few times, they began to look at a whole range of problems in a different way.
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  • 42
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. W3 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Case histories of 65 incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief in Taiwan were analyzed and classified into several categories according to their causes, materials involved, equipment types, reaction types, and ignition sources. The cases in reactors and storage tanks were examined in more detail owing to the higher probability or larger potential hazard in these two types of equipments. The most common consequence of the incidents are explosions, fires, and atmospheric release of toxic chemicals. The most severe case was a thermal explosion from an organic peroxide storage area which caused the death of 33 persons. Popping and direct releasing of process chemicals to the atmosphere from relieving devices cause the greatest environmental concerns to the community close to the plants. Runaway reactions in batch type reactors occur frequently due to various operational mistakes. Heat of reaction is the most frequent ignition source of runaway reactions and emergency relief.
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  • 44
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: EPA's Risk Management Program regulation, promulgated in June 1996 as 40 CFR Part 68 requires subject industries to submit Risk Management Plans by June 1999. This plan requires hazard assessment of the operations of a facility using worst case scenarios and alternative releases. EPA has provided an Off-site Consequence Analysis (OCA) guidance to help facilities in their hazard assessment.OxyChem will be significantly impacted by the RMP rule. This paper outlines OxyChem's general experience and its strategy in planning to comply with this rule. OxyChem's approach in the development of the scenarios required by the rule is described in this paper. Limitations involved in the use of EPA's look-up tables or a single modeling solution for conducting all of the OCA are discussed. A three tiered OCA approach is presented as a possible alternative.
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  • 45
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3;1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane) is an effective replacement for Halon 1301 in fire suppression systems, providing rapid extinguishment of flames through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The vast majority of applications for HFC-227ea involve the protection of Class A hazards, which are characterized by low fuel loadings and low energy output, with fire sizes often in the range of 5-10 kW. Mid- and large-scale testing has demonstrated that HFC-227ea, at its minimum design concentration of 7.0% v/v, is effective at extinguishing fires typical of those expected to occur in electronic data processing (EDP) facilities, telecommunication facilities and anechoic chambers. The levels of HF produced following extinguishment of typical Class a fires with HFC-227ea were well below the estimated mammalian LC50 and the human Dangerous Toxic Load (DTL), and do not appear to present a threat to electronic equipment.
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  • 46
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) has refined a process for developing inherently safer system designs based on methods used by Sandia to design detonation safety into nuclear weapons. The process was created when Sandia realized that standard engineering practices did not provide the level of safety assurance necessary for nuclear weapon operations, with their potential for catastrophic accidents. A systematic approach, which relies on mutually supportive design principles integrated through fundamental physical principles, was developed to ensure a predictably safe system response under a variety of operational and accident-based stesses. Robust, safe system designs result from this thematic approach to safety, minimizing the number of safety critical features. This safety assurance process has two profound benefits: the process avoids the need to understand or limit the ultimate intensity of off-normal environments and it avoids the requirement to analyze and test a large array of accident environment scenarios (e.g., directional threats, sequencing of environments, time races, etc) to demonstrate conformance to all safety requirements.
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  • 47
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 48
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is described to enhance the management of process safety risks such that the number and type of safety systems protecting against any hazard are consistently predicated upon risk. Further, that such an assignment of safety systems can be made consistent throughout an organization. This consistency is gained through standardization of qualitative risk ranking and by setting company guidelines.
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  • 49
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 243-258 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Research was carried out to develop improved protection guidelines for silane handling systems through enhanced understanding of the behavior of releases of this pyrophoric gas. The approach involved addressing three aspects of the problem: the prompt ignition behavior of silane; the reactivity characteristics of quiescent silane/air mixtures; and the rates of reaction of silane leaked into enclosures with and without explosion venting, in the presence of ventilation air flow. A first conclusion, reached from tests in a ventilated cabinet, was that, contrary to prevailing belief, the ventilation flow has no measurable effect on the prompt ignition of the release. From experiments in a 5.1-liter (311-in.3) sphere it was found that silane/air mixtures of concentrations between 1.4 and 4.1% (by volume) are explosive but stable. In this case, piloted ignition tests yielded laminar burning velocities up to 5 m/s (1000 ft/min). Mixtures between 4.5 and 38% (the maximum reached in the tests) were found to be metastable, and would undergo spontaneous ignition after a delay ranging from 15 to 120 seconds, with the shorter values corresponding to higher silane concentrations. Experiments were also performed in a 0.645-m3 (22.8-ft3) vessel both with and without explosion venting, to measure the rates of energy release associated with impulsively-started silane leaks from 1/8 and 1/4-in. (3.2 and 6.4-mm) lines. A method for the prediction of the venting requirements of partial-volume deflagrations (PVD) was evolved into a tool to quantify the pressure rise from ignition of silane leaks in enclosures. These results represent a significant step toward updating existing design recommendations which prescribe ventilation requirements that are based on outdated and, in some instances, misinterpreted data.
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    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 278-287 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas explosion simulators are often used as tools in process plant design. This article presents some properties of gas explosions found using the EXSIM simulation software on three offshore modules with a total of nearly 10,000 simulations. The selected results are chosen for their supposed applicability to structural design in the process industries.Generalized data are presented for the effect of gas cloud size, explosion impulse vs. explosion pressure, pressure and impulse vs. duration, the probability of a “short” explosion, loading rate, pressure-time “shape” function, and the effect of introducing louvers.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 135-135 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 16-25 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 35-38 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 67-67 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 110-114 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 60
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 130-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 274-275 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Constant pressure diffusion rates of hydrogen through Vycor porous glass were measured in nitrogen and neon systems. The experimental diffusivities are less than those predicted by the random pore model indicating that this model may not be satisfactory for a low porosity material such as Vycor. Interpreted in terms of an assembly of parallel pores the data suggest a tortuosity factor of approximately 2.4.Rate data for the ortho-para hydrogen reaction were also measured at -196°C. and 1 atm. The catalyst 2% nickel/Vycor was found to have pore properties (area, mean pore size, pore volume) similar to that of plain Vycor. Predicted effectiveness factors using the experimental diffusion data were in good agreement with values determined experimentally. The latter were evaluated from rate measurements on both pellet and particles (58 μ mean diameter).
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  • 65
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computational method has been developed for obtaining the solution to a class of optimization problems by the combined use of the maximum principle and a maximum (or minimum) seeking technique on the analogue computer. Various maximum seeking techniques can be used for this method. However if the random search technique is used, this computational method has the advantage of being able to investigate a large number of operating (or controlling) variables.The calculation procedure is essentially a trial-and-error procedure which is alternately integration and maximum seeking operations. The variables over which the system is to be optimized are approximated by a finite number of straight line segments n. Thus the maximum (or minimum) of the Hamiltonian function which is obtained by the maximum principle need only be obtained at n + 1 points along the optimization path (or trajectory).To illustrate the use of the method the optimum operating variable profiles (or gradients) in a tubular chemical reactor were computed.The present method, in addition to making it easier to investigate systems with a moderate number of state variables, can be used to solve problems with almost any kind of constraints and performance index encountered in ordinary optimum design problems. It offers some possibilities for on-line optimizing control of a process. A special purpose analogue computer could be built for this use.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 364-368 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 369-373 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 388-392 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 403-407 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 416-417 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 420-422 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 134-135 
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 595-597 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 595-595 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 448-455 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The linearized equations of diffusion in a multicomponent system with flow and chemical reaction are shown to reduce to a set of equivalent binary diffusion equations.The concentrations and fluxes in a multicomponent system are described by linear combinations of appropriate solutions to the binary diffusion equation for steady and unsteady diffusion and convective mass transfer, laminar or turbulent.The rate of transfer of each component in a nonreacting n component system is a linear combination of the n-1 independent driving forces with proportionality constants which depend upon the multicomponent diffusion coefficients and appropriate binary mass transfer coefficients, while the concentration profile of each component is a linear combination of appropriate binary concentration profiles with proportionality constants which depend upon the multicomponent diffusion coefficients and the characteristic displacement from equilibrium of each component.The linearized theory is exact for small changes in concentration but needs further testing when the concentration changes and fluxes are large.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 475-482 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 471-474 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The solutions of amines and water are in several respects among the most interesting that have been studied. They give some of the most perfect examples of lower consolute temperatures with fast breaking, almost flat solubility curves near the critical solution point. Their heat and entropy of solution are very high, and with few other solutions do the thermodynamic properties show greater sensitivity to molecular structure.The activity coefficients for these solutions are inordinately difficult to fit with equations such as the Margules, Redlich-Kister, etc., requiring as many as six constants. It has been found however that some of the properties can be correlated in terms of structural parameters which are measures of the steric and inductive contribution of the substituent groups. A very good correlation of the heat of solution at infinite dilution of amines in water is given. An equation of the Margules type employing orthogonal polynomials is given for which the constants are similarly correlated. Five six-carbon atom amines at 10°C. are included in the latter correlations, and the activity coefficients of all of these are represented in terms of two structural parameters.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 509-517 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of nucleate boiling bubble dynamics in saturated distilled water for various reduced gravity fields. The nucleation occurred on a very smooth horizontal nickel surface at low heat fluxes. Since because of the smooth surface finish only a few nucleation sites were active, it was possible to photograph individual bubbles that were not interfered with by adjacent bubble columns. Data were taken at seven different gravity fields in the range from 1.4 to 100% of earth gravity by placing the apparatus on a counterwieghted falling platform. Measurements were made of bubble departure diameters and frequencies, growth rates, contact angles, base circle diameters, and rise velocities. Comparisons were made to determine whether the measured gravity dependence of these quantities was in agreement with that predicted by correlations in the literature.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 517-523 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the absence of turbulent fluctuations the main effect of a velocity gradient on the floc properties is a rearrangement of particles within the floc producing a more dense floc structure. When the suspension is sufficiently dilute that floc-floc collisions are negligible, the limits on the floc diameter are (1 + α)5/3 〈 (Df/Dp) ≤ (1 + α)2, where α is the ratio of the volume of fluid immobilized in the floc structure to volume of solids in the floc structure as determined from hindred-settling measurements. These results set an upper limit on the floc size.Under turbulent flow conditions the principle mechanism leading to floc rupture is pressure differences on opposite sides of the floc which cause bulgy deformation and rupture. The breakup of the floc is resisted by the yield stress τy and is promoted by an increase in the energy dissipation per unit mass of fluid ∊. Because the energy dissipation per unit mass is at a maximum near the pipe wall, the floc size is at a minimum in this same region.By application of the concepts of local isotropy, the floc size is found to be proportional to (τy9/∊5)1/2once the turbulent intensity is sufficient to overcome the yield stress. In the wall region the floc diameter is proportional to (du/dr)3 (τy9/∊8)1/2.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 524-529 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to develop the use of semibatch operation of a recirculation reactor in kinetic studies. Ethylene hydrogenation over a supported copper catalyst was studied experimentally. In semibatch operation one of the reactants is fed at the rate necessary to hold the total pressure in the reactor constant. In ethvlene hydrogenation the reaction rate is directly equal to the feed rate, and the kinetics can be studied at constant partial pressure of either of the reactants. Since ethane is inert, this technique permitted the study of reaction rate as a function of one variable at a time.Although ethylene hydrogenation has been studied extensively, there is not general agreement regarding the kinetics over a copper catalyst. The results are themselves of interest because they indicate the reasons for the apparently conflicting data in the literature.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 548-550 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 551-557 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To test the importance of visco-elastic properties of non-Newtonian fluids in an oscillatory system of low frequency the dynamic characteristics of a series of non-Newtonian fluids were studied in oscillating manometers. The manometer fluid behavior was simulated on a digital computer by numerically integrating the axial component of the equation of motion. In the simulation cone and plate steady state rheological data were represented mathematically with the Sisko rheological model. Good agreement between simulation and experimental data was obtained. This agreement implies that steady state rheological models can be utilized in the description of unsteady state non-Newtonian systems where the characteristic period of the system is many times greater than the relaxation and retardation times of the fluid. When this characteristic period approaches these times, then rheological models which incorporate viscoelastic terms explicitly probably should be used.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 584-596 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 584-600 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 586-589 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 274-274 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for solving the basic energy expression for the temperature distribution for turbulent heat transfer in a circular conduit with a digital computer. The method assumes a knowledge of the velocity distribution, the eddy conductivity term as a function of the radial position, and a constant wall temperature. For illustrative purposes only a dimensionless expression is derived from Reichardt's relationship which gives the eddy conductivity term as a function of radial position with Reynolds and Prandtl numbers as parameters.Incorporated in the computer program is Richardson's three-point extrapolation formula which permits the determination of a more accurate eigenvalue from three previously computed values which were obtained by using three different values of the reduced radial increment. Agreement with the Crank-Nicholson method is quite good, although the method with eigenvalues is considered to be superior. Eigenvalues determined from the analytical solution of the energy expression for the laminar flow case and those computed by the numerical method are in excellent agreement. This is indicative of the accuracy and reliability of the proposed numerical method.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 278-284 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Outline below is a method for simplification of the solution of diffusion problems involving irreversible first-order reactions. It permits writing the concentration profiles for reactive systems in terms of those for nonreactive systems of the same geometry and similar boundary conditions. The method is valid where fluid flow patterns and concentration boundary conditions are time independent and where the assumptions of constant density and mass diffusivity are acceptable. The useful results of this development are summarized in Equations (31) through (33) and represent a generalization of an earlier development by P. V. Danckwerts (1).
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 652-655 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of reduction of ferrous oxide with hydrogen were studied in a 1½-in. diameter isothermal batch fluidized reactor. The effects of mass velocity and pressure on the reduction path were investigated over the ranges 5.3 to 19.2 moles/sq.ft.hr. and 1.3 to 5.4 atm. at 1,000° and 1,300°F. The results are correlated by means of instantaneous oxygen balances on the assumptions that there are no oxygen concentration gradients in the solid phase, that the distribution of residence times for the gas flow is represented closely by assuming complete mixing, and that the reduction rate is controlled at the oxide-metal interface. The rate of reduction increased with increasing pressure and mass velocity. An excellent correlation was obtained for the program at 1,000°F. At 1,300°F. sintering and grain growth of the product layer complicated the reduction process, and a correlation was not obtained. Application of the results to the design of commercial fluidized-reduction processes is discussed qualitatively.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 303-308 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four different flow regimes may be identified during transport of dilute suspensions of solid particles through horizontal pipes by liquids in turbulent flow as the velocity is varied. The regimes may be characterized by the distribution of solids in the channel. In two of the regimes the bulk of the material is immediately adjacent to the bottom of the channel and is clumped up either into transverse waves (dunes or islands) with a reproducible periodicity or into longitudinal waves (long stria). The definition of the other two regimes is somewhat more arbitrary but may qualitatively be described as heterogeneous or homogeneous flow. Extensive studies of the conditions under which transverse and longitudinal waves occurred, when combined with results of previous studies, showed that all four of these flow regimes may be conveniently represented on a single diagram in which the terminal-settling velocity divided by the friction velocity and the Reynolds number on particle diameter and friction velocity are the coordinates. Because the particle Reynolds number based on the terminal-settling velocity can be uniquely defined as an additional parametre on such a diagram the particular flow behavior for any given combination of system and particle characteristics can be readily determined.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 330-339 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Significant changes in heat and momentum transfer rates can be caused by finite interfacial velocities and external field forces. This study considers the nonlinear problem of combined free and forced convection in vertical and horizontal two-dimensional conduits with finite transverse velocity.Similarity transformations for the temperature function have been found which reduce the energy, momentum, continuity, and state equations for these configurations to nonlinear systems of two coupled ordianary differential euqations. These equations are solved by approximate methods to give Nusselt numbers and friction factors as well as velocity and temperature profiles.Stream to wall temperature differences increase with suction and decrease with injection. The effects of interfacial velocity on temperature profiles and heat transfer increase dramatically with Prandtl number. Because blowing and suction strongly affect temperature profiles they substantially modify natural convection effects in vertical flows. Suction creates steeper transverse temperature gradients and accentuates buoyancy effects in vertical flows. Conversely injection flattens temperature profiles and thus decreases the influence of buoyancy on the velocity field.
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 373-379 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 774-780 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 398-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 415-430 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 418-426 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 430-430 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 10 (1964), S. 435-435 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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