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  • Electronic Resource  (2,047)
  • 1970-1974  (2,047)
  • 1971  (2,047)
  • General Chemistry  (1,165)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (788)
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  • Electronic Resource  (2,047)
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  • 1970-1974  (2,047)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Diphenyl-hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of Purkinje Cells was performed in sections from the cerebellum of three albino rats aged 4 1/2 month, intoxicated with diphenylhydantoin for 51 days. Three untreated albino rats served as controls. There were no difference between the substructure of the Purkinje cells from the two groups of animals. It was concluded that diphenylhydantoin in toxic but sublethal doses does not change the substructure of the Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Neurone ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative electron microscopical observations have been made on the afferent synaptology of neurones in laminae V and VII of the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Both laminae contain large bouton-covered polydendritic neurones of the type seen in the brainstem reticular formation. Each lamina contains two other categories of neurone. One of these, in lamina V, is peculiar in having a very high proportion of afferent boutons filled with dense-core vesicles; similar neurones exist in lamina VII, but their presynaptic afferents do not contain unusual quantities of dense-core vesicles. The third type of neurone in laminae V and VII seems to be identical with an oligodendritic neurone type found in the brainstem reticular formation and parafascicular-centromedian complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Psychotropic drugs ; Rabbit hippocampus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of psychotropic drugs, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special references to glycogen granules in the hippocampus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg/day) or trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), glycogen granules appeared diffusely in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells and small nerve cells and in the myelinated nerve fibers, and were accumulated in the dendrites of pyramidal cells and in the astrocytic cytoplasm. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. The administration of the drugs might inhibit the glycolytic metabolism in neurons and glial cells of the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 268-282 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Isolated rat kidney ; Na net transport ; Pluronic-F-108® ; Electron microscopy ; Oxygen deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Employing a non-ionic detergent as a colloidosmotically active substance 10 fully isolated rat kidneys were perfused for 60 min. A constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 1.0 ml × g−1 × min−1 and a mean Na+-net transport of about 92 μmol × g−1 × min−1 was obtained. The mean O2-consumption of 0.17 ml × g−1 × min−1 was rather high. However, addition of the decoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol led to an increase of the O2-consumption by 98%, thus speaking against spontaneous uncoupling. Glomerula, proximal and distal convoluted tubules of kidneys perfused with plasmaexpander-solutions were studied electronmicroscopically. The most striking morphological deviations were found in the proximal tubules of the Haemaccel®-perfused kidneys. In the Pluronic®-kidneys significantly less morphological alterations were found. These morphological changes were of a type which was previously described by other investigators after periods of hypoxia.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Intracerebral capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional electron miscroscope techniques, with particular emphasis on the relation of intracerebral blood vessels to other elements in the brain. The ganglion is permeated by a continuous network of channels which may be interpreted as invaginations of the ganglion surface. The afferent vessel (cerebral artery) is of mesodermal origin, but apparently terminates as an open-ended vessel soon after entering the brain, where it runs within the invaginated channels. The greater part of the cerebral vasculature, therefore, has no mesodermal endothelial lining. Tissue components in the diffusion path between blood and brain which could conceivably restrict diffusion, are the thick glial basement membrane, junctions between perivascular and between interstitial glia, and polymeric material in the extracellular space. However, apart from a barrier to large colloidal particles at the basement membrane, the present EM observations do not decisively pinpoint sites of diffusional restriction, nor can they be interpreted as evidence that such restriction exists.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 463-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiogenesis ; Cell Junctions ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of cardiogenesis in the chick embryo focus attention upon the intercellular junctions of epicardial, myocardial, and endocardial cells, and the role they play in diffusion across the cardiac wall. Cell membranes of apposed epicardial cells approach as close together as 40 Å; those of the endocardium additionally form focal tight junctions. In the myocardium focal tight junctions are restricted to the apposed membranes of the superficial layer of cells. The majority of close appositions in all parts of the myocardium are 40 Å gap junctions. Desmosomes and fascia adherens are distributed throughout the myocardium. Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase through the epicardium and endocardium occurs primarily through the intercellular junctions. The width of the cleft between cells, 200–300 Å, also permits the diffusion between cells of the larger ferritin particles. Pinocytotic activity, responsible for ferritin transfer across mesothelial and endothelial cells in the adult, is not significant. Tracers injected into the pericardial cavity or vasculature can be observed passing through the heart in the direction of their respective diffusion gradients. Unlike the apical junctions of epithelial cells, to which they have been compared, membrane specializations of the superficial myocytes do not form a seal separating the pericardial cavity, or subepicardial space, from the extracellular spaces of the myocardium.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional histological and electronmicroscopic techniques. This study forms part of a comprehensive survey of the blood-brain interface, particularly interesting in this group, as decapod Crustacea are unusual among invertebrates in possessing an intracerebral blood supply. Apart from the intracerebral blood vessels, tissue organization is closely similar to that observed in insect central neural ganglia. The ganglion is surrounded by the neural lamella, an acellular connective tissue sheath, probably containing mucopolysaccharide and collagen. A layer of specialised glia, the perineurium, immediately underlies the neural lamella, and appears to contribute to its formation. Large glia occupying a conspicuous cortical zone below the perineurium may be involved in glycogen metabolism and storage. Further morphologically distinct glial types are observed associated with neurones and blood vessels, but all neuroglia within the ganglion are probably of common origin. Neurone cell bodies are generally situated peripherally in groups, and send axons into neuropil (synaptic) areas in the ganglion core. Large lacunae in the cortical region and narrower 20 nm clefts deeper in the ganglion, constitute the interstitial space, and contain deposits of fibrillar material. Possible physiological implications are discussed.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albino rat ; Striatal neurons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Dark cisternal fields ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung des Striatums einer Ratte wurden im Perikaryon einiger Neurone eigentümliche parallele Anordnungen von membranbegrenzten Zisternen gefunden, welche durch eine auffallend dichte cytoplasmatische Matrix voneinander getrennt waren. Ein mit dieser Beobachtung völlig übereinstimmender Befund ist unlängst von anderer Seite an Nervenzellen des Nucleus entopeduncularis und der orbitofrontalen Großhirnrinde der Katze erhoben worden. Bei den „dunklen Zisternenfeldern“ dürfte es sich um Bereiche des endoplasmatischen Retikulums handeln, die sich in einem besonderen Funktionszustand befinden. Sie kommen wahrscheinlich schon normalerweise bei verschiedenen Tierarten in bestimmten Regionen des ZNS vor.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a rat's striatum has revealed peculiar parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae with a strikingly dense intercisternal cytoplasmic matrix in the perikarya of a few neurons. The finding corresponds exactly to the unique lamellar configurations recently described in nerve cells of the entopeduncular nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex of the cat. These “dark cisternal fields” are regarded as distinct districts of the endoplasmic reticulum in a special functional state. They seem to occur normally in certain regions of the CNS in different animal species.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eye ; Frontal organs ; Crustacea ; Anostraca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Mittelauge (MA) und das ventrale Frontalorgan (FO) von Artemia salina L. (erwachsene Tiere) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Das MA ist ein inverses Becherauge. Ein Pigmentbecher aus zwei Pigmentzellen umschließt drei Sehzellgruppen. Die Sehzellen bilden verzweigte Rhabdome vom geschlossenen Typ. Ihr Zytoplasma enthält zahlreiche Vesikel, tubuläre Mitochondrien, kleine Golgiapparate, Mikrotubuli, variable multivesicular und lamellated bodies und Lipideinschlüsse, die von endoplasmatischem Retikulum spiralig umgeben werden. 2. Die Pigmentzellen enthalten dicht gepackte Pigmentkörner, einen gelappten Kern, Mitochondrien vom Cristatyp, wenig endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mikrotubuli, lamellated und vesicular bodies. Gegenüber den rhahdombildenden Anteilen der Sehzellen ist ihre Zelloberfläche glatt, im übrigen bilden sie lange fingerförmige Ausstülpungen. 3. Artemia salina besitzt zwei Arten von Frontalorganen. Die „dorsalen PO“ sind möglicherweise neurosekretorische X-Organe. Das ventrale FO wird als Sehorgan gedeutet. Es besteht aus zwei Gruppen von Sehzellen ventral vom MA, die eigene Nervenfortsätze zum Protocerebrum senden. Die optische Achse ist der des ventralen Augenbechers entgegengesetzt. Zwischen MA und FO verläuft ein Nerv, der wahrscheinlich dem MA angehört. 4. Übereinstimmungen der Feinstruktur von MA, FO und den Retinulazellen der Komplexaugen betreffen insbesondere die Binnenstruktur der Rhabdommikrovilli und Äquivalente unterschiedlicher Funktionszustände (Hell-Dunkel-Adaptation) hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von perirhabdomalen Vakuolen und des Ausmaßes von pinocytotischen Vorgängen an der Basis der Rhabdome.
    Notes: Summary The median eye (MA) and the ventral frontal organ (FO) of Artemia salina L. (adult specimens) have been investigated with the electron microscope. 1. The MA is an inverse cup-shaped eye. A pigment cup, consisting of two pigment cells, surrounds three groups of photosensory cells, which form ramified rhabdoms of the closed type. Their cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, tubular mitochondria, small Golgi fields, microtubules, variable multivesicular and lamellated bodies and lipid inclusions, which are surrounded by spirals of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. The pigment cells contain densely packed pigment granules, an indented nucleus, crested mitochondria, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lamellated and vesicular bodies. Opposite the rhabdomeric surface of the visual cells their cellular surface is smooth, otherwise it bears long fingershaped projections. 3. Artemia salina possesses two types of frontal organs. The “dorsal FOs” are possibly neurosecretory X-organs. The ventral FO is interpreted to represent a photosensory organ. It consists of two groups of sensory cells located ventrally of the MA, which possess own nerve-processes leading to the Protocerebrum. Their optical axis is opposite the one of the ventral eye cup. Between MA and FO a nerve occurs, which presumably belongs to the MA. 4. Considerable finestructural similarities between MA, PO and the retinula cells of the compound eyes exist as far as the internal structure of the rhabdomeric microvilli and the equivalents of different functional stages (Light-Dark-Adaption) are concerned, namely perirhabdomeric vacuoles and the degree of pinocytotic processes at the base of the rhabdoms.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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  • 31
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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  • 32
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1855-1862 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: (Perhalomethylthio)heterocycles, I. (Perhalomethylthio)uracilsReaction of sodium ethyl formylacetate (4) with F3C—SCl leads to ethyl α-(trifluoromethylthio)- (5) and ethyl α.α-bis(trifluoromethylthio)formylacetate (6). 5 condenses with urea yielding ethyl α-(trifluoromethylthio)-β-ureidoacrylate (8). Uracil reacts with F3C—SCl in the presence of pyridine to give 5-(trifluoromethylthio)uracil (7). Under the same conditions the reaction with FCl2C—SCl and Cl3C—SCl gives rise to the formation of 1.3-disubstituted uracils (10 or 9, respectively). Starting with sodium uracil and FnCl3—nC—SCl (n=0, 1, 2), 1-substituted uracils are synthesized. The structures of the compounds are confirmed by spectroscopic methods. 7 does not show inhibition of tumors.
    Notes: Umsetzungen von Natrium-formylessigester (4) mit F3C—SCl führen zu α-Trifluormethyl-mercapto- (5) und α.α-Bis-trifluormethylmercapto-formylessigsäure-äthylester (6). 5 kondensiert mit Harnstoff zu α-Trifluormethylmercapto-β-ureido-acrylsäure-äthylester (8). Uracil reagiert mit F3C—SCl in Anwesenheit von Pyridin zu 5-Trifluormethylmercapto-uracil (7). Mit FCl2C—SCl und Cl3C—SCl erfolgt unter den gleichen Bedingungen Disubstitution in 1- und 3-Stellung am Stickstoff zu 10 bzw. 9. Die 1-substituierten Uracile 12-14 werden aus Natrium-uracil und FnCl3—nC—SCl (n=0, 1, 2) erhalten. Die Konstitutionsermittlung erfolgte spektroskopisch. 7-zeigt keine krebshemmende Wirkung.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1869-1870 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 2-Substituted Indole Derivatives from 3-Oxo-indolin-2-carboxylatesThe 3-Oxo-indolin-2-carboxylates 1a-1d with various substituents in the 2-position can be transformed in good yields into 2-substituted indoles 3a-3d by reduction followed by saponification, decarboxylation and dehydration.
    Notes: Die 2-alkylsubstituierten 3-Oxo-indolin-carbonsäure-(2)-ester 1a-1d lassen sich durch Reduktion, Verseifung, Decarboxylierung und Wasserabspaltung in guter Ausbeute in 2-alkylsubstituierte Indolderivate 3a-3d unwandeln.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1863-1868 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkylation of Indoxyl-2-carboxylates and Claisen Rearrangement of Allyloxyindoles2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)indoxyl (1) reacts with 1,1-dimethylallylchloride (3) to give 3-oxo-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)indoline (4) and 3-oxo-2-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)indoline (6). The corresponding reaction with 5,7-dibromo-2-(methoxycarbonyl)indoxyl (2) yields 5.7-dibromo-3-(3,3-dimethylallyloxy)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)indole (8) in addition to the C-alkylated products. A. Claisen-type rearrangement of this allylether 8 leads to formation of the C-alkylated compound 7.  -  Alkyltosylates react with 1 to yield the O-alkylated products 9-11. The reaction of allyltosylate with 1 gives mainly 3-(allyloxy)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)indole (12), which rearranges on heating to the C-allyl derivative 13.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Indoxyl-carbonsäure-(2)-äthylester (1) mit 1.1-Dimethyl-allylchlorid (3) führt zu 3-Oxo-2-[3.3-dimethyl-allyl]-2-äthoxycarbonyl-indolin (4) und 3-Oxo-2-[1.1-dimethyl-allyl]-2-äthoxycarbonyl-indolin (6). Bei der entsprechenden Umsetzung mit 5.7-Dibromindoxyl-carbonsäure-(2)-ester erfolgt neben C-Alkylierung auch O-Alkylierung zu 5.7-Dibrom-3-[3.3-dimethyl-allyloxy]-2-methoxycarbonyl-indol (8), das sich thermisch in das C-Alkylderivat 7 umlagern läßt. Alkyltosylate reagieren mit 1 zu den O-alkylierten Produkten 9-11. Allyltosylat ergibt mit 1 in der Hauptsache 3-Allyloxy-indol-carbonsäure-(2)-ester 12, der sich beim Erhitzen in die C-Allylverbindung 13 umlagert.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1892-1904 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Chalkogen Compounds. Preparation, Electronic and Vibrational Spectra of Diphenyldithiophosphinate ComplexesThe preparation and properties of the chelate complexes of the diphenyldithiophosphinate ion Sn(dptpi)2, In(dtpi)3, As(dptpi)3, Sb(dptpi)3, Bi(dptpi)3, Co(dptpi)3, Rh(dptpi)3, Ir(dptpi)3, Pd(dptpi)2, Pt(dptpi)2 and Au(dptpi)3 are reported. From the electronic spectra of various compounds the diphenyldithiophosphinate ion can be placed in the spectrochemical series between the diethyldithiophosphate ion (dtp) and the chloride ion.  -  The nephelauxetic effect is greater than in dtp. Metal-sulfur stretching vibrations for all compounds are found between 270 and 329/cm.
    Notes: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der Chelatkomplexe des Diphenyldithiophosphinat-Ions Sn(dptpi)2, In(dptpi)3, As(dptpi)3, Sb(dptpi)3, Bi(dptpi)3, Co(dptpi)3, Rh(dptpi)3, Ir(dptpi)3, Pd(dptpi)2, Pt(dptpi)2 und Au(dptpi)3 werden beschrieben. Die ligandenfeld-theoretische Ausdeutung der Elektronenspektren verschiedener Komplexe ergibt, daß das Diphenyl-dithiophosphinat-Ion für die meisten Zentralatome (Ausnahme IrIII) in der spektrochemischen Reihe zwischen dem Diäthyldithiophosphat-Ion (dtp) und dem Chlorid-Ion steht.  -  Der nephelauxetische Effekt ist größer als im dtp. Die Metall-Schwefel-Valenzschwingung liegt in allen Verbindungen zwischen 270 und 329/cm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1905-1914 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Chalkogen Compounds. Preparation, Electronic and Vibrational Spectra of Diphenyldiselenophosphinato ComplexesThe anion of the diphenyldiselenophosphinic acid (dpspi) as a bidentate ligand forms complexes of the type [(C6H5)2PSe2]nM (M=metal). This ligand and its complexes with CoII, NiII, CuI, CdII, and ZnII are reported for the first time. The ligand field splitting parameters are calculated from the electronic spectra of Ni(dpspi)2 and Co(dpspi)2. The position of dpspi in the spectrochemical series is discussed. Its nephelauxetic effect is extremely high. The PSe stretching vibrations of the diphenyldiselenophosphinato complexes are assigned.
    Notes: Das Anion der Diphenyldiselenophosphinsäure („dpspi“) bildet als zweizähniger Ligand Komplexe des Typs [(C6H5)2PSe2]nM (M=Metall). Über diesen Liganden sowie die entsprechenden Komplexe mit CoII, NiII, CuI, CdII und ZnII wird in dieser Arbeit erstmalig berichtet. Aus den Elektronenspektren von Ni(dpspi)2 und Co(dpspi)2 werden die Ligandenfeldparameter berechnet. Die Einordnung von dpspi in die spektrochemische Reihe wird diskutiert. Der nephelauxetische Effekt ist außerordentlich groß. Die PSe-Valenzschwingungen der Diphenyldiselenophosphinato-Komplexe werden zugeordnet.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1934-1941 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluoro Organic Syntheses, III. MonofluorocarbeneFluorocyclopropanes are obtained by treating a mixture of dibromofluoromethane and an olefin with organolithium compounds.  -  The addition of the monofluorocarbene occurs stereospecifically with retention of the olefin configuration and stereoselectively with preference of the syn-isomeric fluorocyclopropane. Therefore, London dispersion forces seem not to be the origin of the syn-stereoselectivity observed with carbene addition reactions.
    Notes: Die Einwirkung lithiumorganischer Reagenzien auf ein Gemisch von Fluordibrommethan und einem Olefin bietet einen direkten Zugang zu Fluorcyclopropanen.  -  Die Addition des Fluorcarbens vollzieht sich stereospezifisch unter Erhalt der vom Olefin vorgegebenen Konfiguration. Sie verläuft außerdem stereoselektiv unter Bevorzugung des syn-isomeren Fluorcyclopropans. Londonsche Dispersionskräfte scheinen demnach für die syn-Stereoselektivität der Carben-Addition nicht verantwortlich zu sein.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1976-1980 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Di- and Polyamino Sugars, XVI. Synthesis of 2.3.4.6-Tetraamino-2.3.4.6-tetradeoxy-D-galactoseBenzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside was converted into the corresponding allo derivative which was trimesylated and reacted with sodium azide in phosphoric tris-(dimethylamide). After deblocking the free sugar was isolated as its crystalline tetrahydrochloride.
    Notes: Die Synthese der Titelverbindung erfolgte aus Benzyl-2-acetamino-2-desoxy-α-D-glucopyranosid über die entsprechende allo-Verbindung, in die nach Trimesylierung die Stickstoff-Funktionen mit Natriumazid in Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid eingeführt wurden. Nach Entfernung der Schutzgruppen wurde der Zucker als Tetrahydrochlorid kristallin isoliert.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 1967-1975 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Specifically 14C-Labelled 2-AllylpiperidineThe dehydration of 3-(2-piperidyl)propan-1-ol and of 1-(2-piperidyl)propan-2-ol (1 and 4) was reinvestigated. In each case the major product was 2-propenylpiperidine (5). An unequivocal synthesis of 2-allylpiperidine (3) is reported and the preparation of [2-14C]-3 is described.
    Notes: Die Dehydratisierung von 3-[Piperidyl-(2)]-propanol-(1) und 1-[Piperidyl-(2)]-propanol-(2) (1 bzw. 4) wurde erneut untersucht. In beiden Fällen war 2-Propenyl-piperidin-(5) das Hauptprodukt. Es wird eine eindeutige Synthese von 2-Allyl-piperidin (3) beschrieben, die zur Darstellung von [2-14C]-3 benutzt wurde.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enol Ethers, IX. Stereospecific Cycloaddition of Sulfonylisocyanates to Enol Ethers  -  Configuration, Isomerization and Rearrangement of Cycloadducts Primarily FormedN-Tosylazetidin-2-ones 10a-13a and 10b-13b, resp. 2.2-diphenylcyclobutanones 22a-25a and 22b-25b are formed via stereospecific cis-addition upon reaction of enol ethers 6a-9a and 6b-9b with p-tosylisocyanate, resp. diphenylketene. Whereas the cyclobutanones are stable, the sterically pure azetidinones undergo isomerization, slow in the solid state, faster in solution, the trans-compound predominating in the equilibrium mixture. Much slower, by irreversible rearrangement of the azetidin-2-ones, β-alkoxyacrylamides 14-17 are formed. Structure and conformation of the enol ethers, azetidinones and cyclobutanones are discussed, the arguments being based on 1H n.m.r. spectra. In the cyclic compounds, conformational effects seem to have the main influence upon the position of the n.m.r. signals.
    Notes: N-Tosyl-azetidinone-(2) 10a-13a und 10b-13b bzw. 2.2-Diphenyl-cyclobutanone 22a-25a und 22b-25b entstehen unter stereospezifischer cis-Addition bei der Umsetzung von p-Tosylisocyanat bzw. Diphenylketen mit den Enoläthern 6a-9a und 6b-9b. Während die Cyclobutanone beständig sind, isomerisieren die sterisch einheitlichen Azetidione in Substanz langsam, rascher in Lösung zu einem an trans-Verbindung reicheren Gleichgewichtsgemisch. Sehr viel langsamer verläuft die irreversible Umlagerung der Azetidinone zu den β-Alkoxy-acrylamiden 14-17. Anhand der 1H-NMR-Spektren werden Struktur und Konformation der Enoläther, der Azetidinone und der Cyclobutanone diskutiert; bei den cyclischen Verbindungen scheinen primär konformative Effekte die Lage der NMR-Signale zu beeinflussen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2013-2017 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: α-Halo-substituted Amines, XXX. Carbimonium Chlorides Containing Aromatic or Heterocyclic Substitutents in α-PositionThe carbimonium salts 2A-D D and 5A-C which contain an aromatic or heterocyclic substituent, are obtained by cleavage of the corresponding aminals with acetyl chloride. The u.v. spectra of the carbimonium salts are measured and the rates of the hydrolyses leading to the corresponding aldehydes are determined by photometric technique.
    Notes: Die durch aromatische bzw. heterocyclische Reste substituierten Carbimoniumsalze 2A-D und 5A-C wurden durch Spaltung der zugehörigen Aminale mit Acetylchlorid dargestellt, ihre Absorptionsspektren gemessen und die Geschwindigkeiten der zu den entsprechenden Aldehyden führenden Hydrolysen photometrisch ermittelt.
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  • 43
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2023-2024 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 44
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2027-2029 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 45
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2103-2109 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclizations Involving Elimination of HNO2 and Formation of a C—C Bond, II. Synthesis of New Ring SystemsCyclimonium salts with an active N-methylene group react with picrylchloride to produce benz[α]indolizines and analogous compounds. A simplified method of synthesis of such products is described which makes it possible to use a wider selection of cyclimonium salts. The nitro-component can also be varied to a small extent.
    Notes: Aus N-methylen-aktiven Cyclimoniumsalzen und Pikrylchlorid lassen sich Benz[α]indolizine und analoge Verbindungen herstellen. Es wird eine vereinfachte Darstellungsmethode für solche Substanzen angegeben, die eine größere Variation in der Auswahl der Cyclimoniumsalze gestattet. Auch die Nitro-Komponente kann in geringem Umfang variiert werden.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanisms of Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation Reactions, VI. Elimination of Ethylene from Molecular Ions of TetralinFrom the mass spectra of deuterated tetralins it is concluded that loss of ethylene from the molecular ion of tetralin is not a retro-Diels-Alder reaction but involves the formation of ions having the structure of phenylcyclobutane or tetrahydroazulene as intermediates. Metastable ions and heats of formation of the ions in the mass spectra of these compounds have been determined and have been compared with the corresponding values of ions of different origin. The results indicate rearrangement of tetralin ions to tetrahydroazulene ions.
    Notes: Aus den Massenspektren deuterierter Tetraline läßt sich ablesen, daß der Zerfall der Molekül-Ionen des Tetralins unter Verlust von Äthylen nicht wie bisher angenommen durch eine Retro-Diels-Alder-Spaltung erfolgt, sondern daß Ionen mit der Struktur von Phenylcyclobutan oder Tetrahydroazulen als Zwischenstufe auftreten müssen. Die metastabilen Zerfälle und Bildungsenthalpien der -Ionen in den Massenspektren dieser Verbindungen werden untersucht und mit entsprechenden Werten für -Ionen anderen Ursprungs verglichen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine Umwandlung der Tetralin-Ionen in Tetrahydroazulen-Ionen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2412-2419 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chloro-, Bromo- and Iodocyclooctatetraene: Preparation and Some ReactionsThe cis-7.8-dihalocycloocta-1.3.5-trienes which are formed by chlorination or bromination of cyclooctatetraene at -60° in dichloromethane, are dehydrohalogenated in situ by potassium tert.-butoxide at -45°; 85% bromo- and 74-83% chlorocyclooctatetraene are obtained. Iodocyclooctatetraene is accessible from cyclooctatetraenyllithium and iodine. Rational procedures for the preparation of methoxy-, phenoxy-, acetoxy-, methyl- and phenylcyclo-octatetraene are described.
    Notes: Die cis-7.8-Dihalogen-cyclooctatriene-(1.3.5), die aus der Chlorierung und Bromierung des Cyclooctatetraens bei -60° in Methylenchlorid hervorgehen, lassen sich in situ mit Kaliumtert-butylat bei -45° dehydrohalogenieren; man erhält 85% Brom- bzw. 74-83% Chlor-cyclooctatetraen. Jod-cyclooctatetraen entsteht aus Cyclooctatetraenyl-lithium und Jod. Rationelle Darstellungen für Methoxy-, Phenoxy-, Acetoxy-, Methyl- und Phenyl-cyclooctatetraen werden angegeben.
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2427-2429 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The N-(Cyano-tert-butoxycarbonyl) Group (CyOC), a Novel Amino Protective Group, Removable by β-EliminationThe N-(cyano-tert-butoxycarbonyl) residue is a new amino protective group which can be cleaved with weakly basic reagents via β-elimination. The introduction of this N-masking moiety is possible by means of the appropriate chloroformic acid ester. The resulting (cyano-tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino acids can be coupled with amino acids and peptides using the active ester procedure as it is demonstrated by the synthesis of glycyl-L-tryptophan.
    Notes: Als neue, mit schwach basischen Reagenzien durch „β-Eliminierung“ spaltbare Aminoschutzgruppe wurde der N-[Cyan-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl]-Rest erkannt. Die Einführung dieser N-Maskierung gelingt mit Hilfe des entsprechenden Chlorameisensäureesters. Die erhaltenen [Cyan-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl]-aminosäuren lassen sich z. B. nach dem Aktivester-Verfahren peptidsynthetisch umsetzen - dies wird an Hand der gelungenen Synthese von Glycyl-L-tryptophan demonstriert.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2454-2457 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Synthesis of Secretin, III. Preparation of the Sequence 7-11The synthesis of benzyloxycarbonyl- or 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl-O-tert-butyl-L-threonyl-O-tert-butyl-L-seryl-L-glutamyl(γ-tert-butylester)-L-leucyl-O-tert-butyl-L-serine is described. This overall side-chain protected N-acyl fragment 7-11 of secretin is designed for further coupling with fragment 12-27, which is described in the preceding paper.
    Notes: Die Synthese von Benzyloxycarbonyl- bzw. 2-Nitro-phenylsulfenyl-O-tert.-butyl-L-threonyl-O-tert.-butyl-L-seryl-L-glutamyl(γ-tert.-butylester)-L-leucyl-O-tert.-butyl-L-serin, eines zur Verknüpfung mit der früher synthetisierten Sequenz 12-27 als Kopfkomponente geeigneten Teilstücks des Sekretins mit der Aminosäurefolge 7-11, wird beschrieben.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2467-2474 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Optical Active Transition Metal Complexes, V. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Configurational Change at the Asymmetric Manganese AtomThe racemisation of the enantiomers 2a and 2b as well as the epimerisation of the diastereomers 1a and 1b was studied by means of polarimetry. The reactions were only slightly solvent dependent and proceeded by 1st-order kinetics. In benzene at 30° the half-life for the racemisation of the enantiomers 2a and 2b is 170 minutes. The activation energy for the racemisation of 2a is 31,1 kcal/mole. The rate determining step for the configurational change at the manganese atom in 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b is the dissociation of triphenylphosphine from these complexes. The size of the alkyl substituent in the ester group has only a small influence on the rate of the cleavage of the manganese-phosphorus bond.
    Notes: Die Racemisierung der Enantiomeren 2a und 2b sowie die Epimerisierung der Diastereomeren 1a und 1b wurden polarimetrisch verfolgt. Die nur wenig lösungsmittelabhängigen Reaktionen verlaufen nach 1. Ordnung. In Benzol bei 30° ist die Halbwertszeit für die Racemisierung der Enantiomeren 2a und 2b 170 Minuten. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Racemisierung von 2a beträgt 31.1 kcal/Mol. Der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt für die Konfigurationsänderung am Mangan-Atom in 1a, 1b, 2a und 2b ist die Abdissoziation von Triphenylphosphin. Dabei hat die Größe des Alkylsubstituenten in der Estergruppe nur einen geringen Einfluß auf die Geschwindigkeit der Spaltung der Mangan-Phosphorbindung.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2458-2466 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Synthesis of Substituted 2-Buten-4-olides and 3-Amino-1-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-oneα-Azido-γ-lactones (2a-c) in ethanol eliminate with catalytic amounts of sodium ethoxide 1 mole of nitrogen and rearrange to yield 2-amino-2-buten-4-olides (5a-c). Analogously, 3-azido-1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (7d) is converted into 3-amino-1-methyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one (8d). Under these conditions α-benzylidenamino-γ-lactone 11a undergoes rearrangement to give 2-benzylamino-2-buten-4-olide 14.
    Notes: α-Azido-γ-lactone (2a-c) eliminieren in Äthanol mit katalytischen Mengen Natriumäthylat Stickstoff und lagern sich in die 2-Amino-buten-(2)-olide-(4.1) 5a-c um. Entsprechend entsteht aus 3-Azido-1-methyl-pyrrolidon-(2) (7d) das 3-Amino-1-methyl-Δ3-pyrrolon-(2) (8d). Das α-Benzylidenamino-γ-lacton 11a lagert unter diesen Bedingungen in das 2-Benzyl-amino-buten-(2)-olid-(4.1) 14 um.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2475-2482 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method for the Preparation of 1.2-Dicarbonyl CompoundsThe dehydrogenation of α-aminoketones with mercuric acetate or mercuric complexes gives 1.2-dicarbonyl compounds in mostly good yields.
    Notes: Die Dehydrierung von α-Aminoketonen mit Quecksilber(II)-acetat bzw. Quecksilber(II)-Komplexen führt in meist guten Ausbeuten zu 1.2-Dicarbonylverbindungen.
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2489-2516 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phenyl Substituted Quadricyclane Esters - Synthesis, Thermolysis, CycloadditionsThe 1.4- and 1.5-diphenyl substituted norbornadiene esters 6a, b, 9a, b and some dihydro derivatives (18, 19) are synthesized. The corresponding quadricyclanes 7a, b, 10a, b are obtained upon direct irradiation. Depending on the position of the phenyl substituents the thermal stability of the quadricyclanes varies considerably; the course of their pyrolysis reaction and approximate half-lives are determined. The sensitized (acetone) photolysis of 6a, b leads to the tricyclo[3.2.0.02.7]heptene derivatives 31, and 25, 27, resp. Judged by preliminary results the di-π-methane transformation is also the favorite pathway in the case of 9a, b. Cycloaddition reactions between 7a, 10b, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or methyl propiolate yield the 1:1 adducts 33a, b and 38.
    Notes: Die 1.4- und 1.5-Diphenyl-norbornadienester 6a, b und 9a, b sowie einige Dihydroderivate (18, 19) werden synthetisiert. Durch direkte Lichtanregung erhält man die entsprechenden Quadricyclane 7a, b und 10a, b, deren thermische Beständigkeit je nach der Stellung der Phenylreste beträchtlich variiert (Pyrolyserverlauf und angenäherte Halbwertszeiten werden bestimmt). Die durch Aceton sensibilisierte Photolyse von 6a, b liefert die Tricyclo[3.2.0.02.7]-hepten-Derivate 31, bzw. 25, 27. Nach vorläufigen Befunden ist die Di-π-Methan-Umlagerung auch im Falle von 9a, b bevorzugt. Bei der Umsetzung von 7a, 10b mit Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethylester oder Propiolsäure-methylester werden die 1:1-Addukte 33a, b bzw. 38 erhalten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2517-2525 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Derivatives of Methylenedioxybenzene, 32. On the Preparation of N-Methyl-(3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl)alkylaminesThe preparation of the N-Methyl derivatives of piperonylamine (1a), methoxy and methylenedioxy substituted β-phenylethylamines (5a-g), 3-(3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propylamine (6), 3-methyl-4-(3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl)but-3-enylamine (7c), and 5-(3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl)- (8i) or 5-(2-methoxy-3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-pentylamine (9i) is described.
    Notes: Es wird die Darstellung der jeweils am Stickstoff methylierten Derivate von Piperonylamin (1a), methoxy- und methylendioxy-substituierten β-Phenyl-äthylaminen (5a-g), 3-[3.4-Methylendioxy-phenyl]-propylamin (6), 3-Methyl-4-[3.4-methylendioxy-phenyl]-buten-(3)-ylamin (7c) und 5-[3.4-Methylendioxy-phenyl]- (8i) bzw. 5-[2-Methoxy-3.4-methylendioxy-phenyl]-pentylamin (9i) beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2688-2693 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Constituents of Piper methysticum Forst., IV Gaschromatographic Separation of Kawa-Lactones  -  (+)-5.6.7.8-Tetrahydroyangonin, a New Kawa-Lactone from Piper methysticum Forst.Conditions have been elaborated for the gaschromatographic analysis of kawa-lactones. From fractions of the column chromatography of kawa-extracts a new lactone was isolated by GC, which could be shown to be (+)-5.6.7.8-tetrahydroyangonin (1).
    Notes: Es wurden Bedingungen für die gaschromatographische Analyse von Kawa-Lactonen ausgearbeitet. Aus Fraktionen der Säulenchromatographie von Rauschpfeffer-Extrakten konnte durch präparative GC ein neues Kawa-Lacton isoliert werden, dem die Struktur des (+)-5.6.7.8-Tetrahydro-yangonins (1) zukommt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2670-2680 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tropylium Ions and Tropilidenes, III, The Reaction of Chlorotropylium and Alkoxytropylium Salts with MalononitrileAlkoxytropylium ions show ambident behaviour in the reaction with malononitrile/triethylamine. With 1 molar equivalent of methoxytropylium tetrafluoroborate (2b-BF4) below 0° a mixture of (2-, 3- and 4-methoxycyclohepta-2.4.6-trien-1-yl)malononitrile (1Ab + 1Bb + 1Cb) is formed. In boiling 1.2-dichloroethane in the presence of triethylammonium chloride this mixture of isomers is converted to 8.8-dicyanoheptafulvene (3); in boiling dichloroethane 3 is formed also directly from 2b-BF4 and malononitrile/triethylamine. With 2 molar equivalents of 2b-BF4 malononitrile forms the position isomeric bis(methoxycycloheptatrienyl)malononitriles 4Ab + 4Bb + 4Cb. At 140-150° these are converted to a mixture of 2-, 3-, and 4-methoxy-8.8-dicyanoheptafulvenes (7Ab + 7Bb + 7Cb).  -  An analogous reaction is observed between ethoxytropylium tetrafluoroborate (2c-BF4) and malononitrile.  -  In the corresponding reaction with chlorotropylium chloride we could isolate bis(4-chlorocyclohepta-2.4.6-trien-1-yl)malononitrile (4Ca) apart from small amounts of 3; thermolysis of 4Ca yields 3.
    Notes: Alkoxytropylium-Ionen zeigen bei der Reaktion mit Malodinitril/Triäthylamin ambidentes Verhalten. Mit 1 Moläquivalent Methoxytropyliumtetrafluoroborat (2b-BF4) entsteht unterhalb 0° ein Gemisch von [2-, 3- und 4-Methoxy-cycloheptatrien-(2.4.6)-yl]-malodinitril (1Ab + 1Bb + 1Cb). Dieses Isomerengemisch setzt sich in siedendem 1.2-Dichlor-äthan in Gegenwart von Triäthylammoniumchlorid zum 8.8-Dicyan-heptafulven (3) um; in siedendem Dichloräthan bildet sich 3 auch direkt aus 2b-BF4 und Malodinitril/Triäthylamin. Mit 2 Moläquivalenten 2b-BF4 reagiert Malodinitril zu den stellungsisomeren Bis-[methoxycycloheptatrienyl]-malodinitrilen 4Ab + 4Bb + 4Cb. Werden diese auf 140-150° erhitzt, so entsteht ein Gemisch von 2-, 3- und 4-Methoxy-8.8-dicyan-heptafulven (7Ab + 7Bb + 7Cb).  -  Äthoxytropyliumtetrafluoroborat reagiert mit Malodinitril analog.  -  Bei der entsprechenden Umsetzung mit Chlortropyliumchlorid wurde neben wenig 8.8-Dicyan-heptafulven (3) Bis-[4-chlor-cycloheptatrien-(2.4.6)-yl]-malodinitril (4Ca) isoliert; dessen Thermolyse führt zu 3.
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2702-2708 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses with Heterocyclic Amines, VI Additional Syntheses of 7-Oxo-7.8-dihydro-s-triazolo[4.3-a]pyrimidines7-Oxo-5-phenyl-7.8-dihydro-s-triazolo[4.3-a]pyrimidine (3b) was prepared from methyl phenylpropiolate and 3-amino-1.2.4-triazole (1). The isomerization of 3b gave 5-oxo-7-phenyl-4.5-dihydro-s-triazolo[1.5-a]pyrimidine (4b). For the comparison of the spectra the two isomers 7 and 8 have been prepared starting with 2-hydrazino-4-hydroxy-6-phenylpyrimidine (5). The reaction of 1 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate yielded the methoxycarbonyl derivatives 9 and 10a of the isomeric oxo-dihydro-s-triazolopyrimidines besides a small amount of the 1 : 1 adduct 11. The structures were proved by spectral data.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von 3-Amino-1.2.4-triazol (1) mit Phenylpropiolsäureester entstand das 7-Oxo-5-phenyl-7.8-dihydro-s-triazolo[4.3-a]pyrimidin (3b) und daraus durch Isomerisierung das 5-Oxo-7-phenyl-4.5-dihydro-s-triazolo[1.5-a]pyrimidin (4b). Zum Spektrenvergleich wurden ausgehend von 4-Hydroxy-2-hydrazino-6-phenyl-pyrimidin (5) die beiden Isomeren 7 und 8 bereitet. Die Reaktion von 1 mit Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethylester lieferte die beiden Methoxycarbonyl-Derivate 9 und 10a isomerer Oxo-dihydro-s-triazolo-pyrimidine, neben wenig 1 : 1-Addukt 11. Die Strukturen wurden mit Hilfe der Spektren gesichert.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2743-2750 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Solvent Effect on the Isomerization Reaction of the trans-Diaquo-dioxalatochromium(III) AnionThe isomerization reaction of the trans-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]— ion was investigated in aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, acetone, and dioxane with up to 50% of the organic component. The distinct solvent effect on the rate constant cannot be described by a parameter characterising the solvent system. By analogy to the use of the empirical Y-parameter of Grunwald and Winstein the isomerization of the complex ion is compared with the formation reaction of epoxide from ethylenechlorohydrin. From the obtained correlation conclusions are drawn with respect to the mechanism of the isomerization reaction.
    Notes: Die Isomerisierung des trans-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2] -Ions wurde in wäßrigen Mischungen von Methanol, Äthanol, Isopropylalkohol, tert.-Butylalkohol, Aceton und Dioxan mit bis zu 50 Gew.-% organischer Komponente untersucht. Der deutliche Lösungsmitteleffekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante kann nicht anhand eines die Eigenschaften des Lösungsmittel-systems charakterisierenden Parameters quantitativ beschrieben werden. Analog der Verwendung des empirischen Y-Parameters von Grunwald und Winstein wird die Isomerisierungs-reaktion des Komplex-Ions mit der Reaktion der Epoxidbildung aus dem Äthylenchlorhydrin-Anion verglichen. Aus der gewonnenen Korrelation werden Schlüsse auf den Mechanismus der Isomerisierung gezogen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Actinomycins, XXXVI; Syntheses of Actinomycins and Actinomycin-like Chromopeptides, IX 4.6-Didemethylactinomycin C1 and its 4.6-Dimethoxy, 4.6-Diethyl and 4.6-Di-tert-butyl DerivativesThe actinomycin C1 derivatives 6a-d have been synthesized using the actinomycin C1 acid derivatives 5a-d as intermediates. Biological tests show the following results of substituting the chromophore 4.6-methyl groups in actinomycin C1 (6e): Replacement by ethyl groups decreases the antibiotic activity by a factor of two, substitution by hydrogen or methoxy residues (as shown in 6a and 6b) decreases the activity by two orders of magnitude, and tert-butyl groups cause the activity to desappear. In contrast to the corresponding esters 28a - c and 28e with smaller substituents at the C-4 position, oxidative condensation of methyl-2-amino-4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxybenzoate (28d) with potassium ferricyanide leads to the formation of 2-amino-phenoxazin-3-one derivative 29d and also to the N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine derivative 24c. Under the same conditions N-(2-amino-4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxybenzoyl)-L-threonin methyl ester (14d) and 4d form only the N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine derivatives 24d and 24e, respectively. Ring closure of 24c, d and e was accomplished employing trifluoroacetic acid to yield 26c ≡ 29d and 26d, 26e ≡ 5d, respectively. Treatment of 30 with potassium ferricyanide does not result in oxidative condensation but leads to 3.6-di-tert-butyl-1.2-benzoquinone (33) as the main product. A red oxidation product of 2-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid, previously formulated as 34 or 35, was demonstrated to have the structure shown in formula 40a.
    Notes: Über die Actinomycin C1-säure-Derivate 5a-d werden die Actinomycin C1-Derivate 6a-d synthetisiert. Austestung zeigt: Äthyl anstelle der 4.6-Chromophor-Methylgruppen von Actinomycin C1 (6e) verringert die antibiotische Wirksamkeit um etwa die Hälfte, Wasserstoff oder Methoxyl wie in 6a bzw. 6b erniedrigen sie um zwei Zehnerpotenzen, tert.-Butyl hebt sie auf. Aus 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-tert.-butyl-benzoesäure-methylester (28d) entsteht mit Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(III)  -  im Gegensatz zu den entsprechenden Estern 28a - c und 28e mit kleineren Substituenten an C-4  -  neben dem 2-Amino-phenoxazon-(3)-Derivat 29d das Benzochinon-anil 24c. Unter gleichen Bedingungen geben N-[2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-tert.-butyl-benzoyl]-L-threonin-methylester (14d) und 4d nur die Benzochinon-anile 24d bzw. 24e. Trifluoressigsäure cyclisiert 24c, d und e zu 26c ≡ 29d bzw. 26d und 26e ≡ 5d. Beim Umsetzen von 30 mit Kaliumhexacyanoferrat(III) bleibt oxydative Kondensation aus; als Hauptprodukt entsteht 3.6-Di-tert.-butyl-benzochinon-(1.2) (33). Für ein rotes, bisher nach 34 bzw. 35 formuliertes Oxydationsprodukt der 2-Amino-3-hydroxy-benzoesäure wird die Konstitution 40a bewiesen.
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  • 60
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2786-2792 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of 3-Phenyl-2H-azirine with Cumulated Double BondsCycloadditions of keteneimines or ketenes to 3-phenyl-2H-azirine (2) to form a four-ring system are not symmetry-allowed. Cyclizations or cycloadditions via non-isolable intermediates take place, however, leading in the case of diphenylketene-p-tolylimine to a mixture of benzophenone, 7-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxo-2.3-dihydro-1H-1.3-benzodiazepine (11), and a tricyclic system 10, the latter is transformed irreversibly into 11 on warming. 2 reacts with diphenylketene to give 2.4-bis(diphenylmethylene)-6-phenyl-3.5-dioxa-1-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]-heptane (19). The structures are assigned with the aid of spectra and, in some cases, by degradation reactions.
    Notes: Die Cycloaddition eines Ketenimids oder Ketens an 3-Phenyl-2H-azirin (2) zum Vierring ist nicht symmetrieerlaubt. Über nicht isolierbare Zwischenstufen verlaufen jedoch Cyclisierungen bzw. Cycloadditionen, die im Falle des Diphenylketen-p-tolylimids bei gleichzeitiger Oxydation zu einem Gemisch aus Benzophenon, 2-Oxo-7-methyl-5-phenyl-2.3-dihydro-1H-1.3-benzodiazepin (11) und einem tricyclischen System 10 führen, das beim Erwärmen irreversibel in 11 übergeht. 2 reagiert mit Diphenylketen zum 6-Phenyl-2.4-bis-diphenylmethylen-3.5-dioxa-1-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan (19). Die Strukturen werden mit Hilfe der Spektren und z. T. durch Abbaureaktionen zuerteilt.
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Condensed Triazines, II The Reaction of N-(Dichloromethylene)benzamide with Amidines. Syntheses of Oxo-s-triazinesN-(Dichloromethylene)benzamide (1) reacts with cyclic and open chain amidines to give the corresponding oxo-s-triazines. A structure proof is given for 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-s-triazino-[2.1-a]isoquinoline (3) and for 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-pyrido[1.2-a]-s-triazine (10) by independent synthesis.
    Notes: N-Dichlormethylen-benzamid (1) reagiert mit cyclischen und offenkettigen Amidinen zu den entsprechenden Oxo-s-triazinen. Durch unabhängige Synthese wird die Struktur des 4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-s-triazino[2.1-a]isochinolins (3) und des 4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-pyrido[1.2-a]-s-triazins (10) bewiesen.
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  • 62
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2813-2820 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Iodinemonofluoride to Halogenated OlefinesIodinemonofluoride IF reacts with halogenated olefins by electrophilic addition to the double-bond. In the absence of catalysts and solvents the reaction of IF with F2C=CF2, F2C=CFH, F2C=CH2, F2C=CCl2, FClC=CCl2 and F2C=CFCF3formed CF3CF2I, CF3CHFI, CF3CH2I, (CF3CCI2I + CF2ICCI2F), CF2ClCCl2I), and CF3CFICF3 respectively in decreasing yield. CF3CF = CFCF3 did not react with IF. Reaction of IF5/I2 mixtures with F2C=CF2 and F2C=CFCF3 involves addition of I2 to the double bond of the olefin followed by substitution of one fluorine for one iodine atom, thus giving the same addition products CF3CF2I and CF3CFICF3. In the exchange reaction IF5 could be replaced by SbF5.
    Notes: Jodmonofluorid ist zur elektrophilen Addition an halogenierte Olefine befähigt. In Abwesenheit von Katalysatoren und Lösungsmitteln führte die Reaktion von JF mit F2C=CF2, F2C=CFH, F2C=CH2, F2C=CCl2, FClC=CCl2 und F2C=CFCF3 in abnehmender Ausbeute zu CF3CF2J, CF3CHFJ, CF3CH2J, (CF3CCl2J + CF2JCCl2F), CF2ClCCl2J und CF3CFJCF3, während CF3CF=CFCF3 nicht mehr mit JF reagierte. Reaktionen von JF5/J2-Gemischen und F2C=CF2 und F2C=CFCF3 wurden auf Anlagerung von J2 an die Doppelbindung und anschließenden Austausch eines Jodatoms gegen Fluor unter Bildung des formal gleichen Anlagerungsproduktes CF3CF2J und CF3CFJCF3 zurückgeführt. JF5 konnte als Austausch-Agens durch SbF5 ersetzt werden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2847-2851 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imides and Imide-like Systems, XI A Simple Synthesis of 2.5-Bis(cyanomethyl)pyrrolesThe synthesis of 2-(cyanomethylene)-5-pyrrolidones (1) and 2.5-bis(cyanomethyl)pyrroles (2) from succinimides and (cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane is described.
    Notes: Succinimide reagieren mit Triphenylphosphin-cyanmethylen zu 2-Cyanmethylen-pyrrolidonen-(5) (1) und Pyrrol-diessigsäure-(2.5)-dinitrilen (2).
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  • 64
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2831-2837 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organogold Chemistry, VII N.M.R Studies of Ligand Substitution Processes at Two- and Four-coordinate GoldThe system (CH3)3PAuCH3/(CH3)3P has been studied by n.m.r. spectroscopy as a function of concentration of reactants and of temperature. The results confirm an associative mechanism for the ligand substitution process and provide data for an estimation of the activation energy and the frequency factor. The dependence of the absolute value of the coupling constant 2j(HCP) yields information as to the relative (and absolute) signs of J in the complex and in the free ligand. The values found under rapid exchange conditions obey a linear relation J = cAJA + cBJB, J representing the sum of the individual constants weighted according to the mole fractions. Substitution reactions in the system (CH3)3PAu(CH3)3/(CH3)3)P are too slow in relation to the n.m.r. time scale to be followed by this technique.
    Notes: Das System Trimethylphosphin-methylgold/Trimethylphosphin wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration der Reaktanten und von der Temperatur NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse beweisen einen assoziativen Mechanismus der Ligandensubstitution und ermöglichen eine Abschätzung der freien Aktivierungsenergie und des Häufigkeitsfaktors der Reaktion. Der Verlauf des skalaren Wertes der Kopplungskonstanten 2j(HCP) gibt Auskunft über die relativen (und absoluten) Vorzeichen von J in Komplex und freiem Liganden. Die unter den Bedingungen des raschen Austausches gefundenen Werte gehorchen als nach den Molenbrüchen gewichtete Summen der Einzelkonstanten der linearen Beziehung J = cAJA + cBJB. Die Substitutionsreaktionen im System Trimethylphosphintrimethylgold/Trimethylphosphin verlaufen  -  bezogen auf die gleiche Zeitskala  -  zu langsam, um mit dieser Methode verfolgt werden zu können.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2852-2855 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imides and Imide-like Systems, XII Wittig Olefinations of N-Bridgehead Bicyclic ImidesN-Bridgehead bicyclic imides 1 and 2 react with (ethoxycarbonylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane or (cyanomethylene)triphenylphosphorane to form mono- and diolefins (3-6). The reaction takes place preferentially at 5-membered-ring carbonyl groups. The configurations of the products are proved by their spectra.
    Notes: Die N-brückenkopf-bicyclischen Imide 1 und 2 reagieren mit Triphenylphosphin-äthoxycarbonylmethylen und Triphenylphosphin-cyanmethylen unter Mono- und Bis-olefinierung (3-6). Die Umsetzung gelingt bevorzugt an 5-Ring-Carbonylgruppen. Die Konfigurationen der synthetisierten Verbindungen werden durch ihre Spektren bewiesen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2856-2863 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Nitroenamines, IX Introduction of the Nitrovinyl Group into Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and ketones containing a methylene group at the α-position react with 1-(dimethyl-amino)-2-nitroethylene (2) to give 2-aci-nitroethylidene derivatives. Ketones with two active methylene groups can react with one or two equivalents of 2. Treatment of derivatives of 4-aci-nitrocrotonaldehyde with nitroacetaldehyde produces the corresponding derivatives of 1.3-dinitrobenzene.
    Notes: Aldehyde und Ketone mit α-ständiger Methylengruppe lassen sich mit 2-Nitro-1-dimethylamino-äthylen (2) zu 2-aci-Nitro-äthyliden-Derivaten umsetzen. Ketone mit zwei aktiven Methylengruppen können mit einem oder zwei Åquivalenten 2 reagieren. Die erhaltenen 4-aci-Nitro-crotonaldehyd-Derivate reagieren mit Nitroacetaldehyd zu den entsprechenden Derivaten des 1.3-Dinitro-benzols.
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  • 67
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2873-2884 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Base-induced Eliminations, IV Reaction of Metal Alcoholates with cis- and trans-Styryl ChloridePossibly the dehydrochlorination of styryl chloride under the influence of an alcoholate occurs by three different, competing mechanisms: E2, Elcb and Elcb-HBA (a modification of the Elcb-mechanism). This conclusion is in accord with the following criteria: H/D-exchange, isotope effects, order of reaction and relative reaction rates as a function of substrate configuration (cis or trans) as well as nature of base (NaOC2H5 or KOC(CH3)3).
    Notes: Die alkoholat-induzierte Chlorwasserstoff-Abspaltung aus Styrylchlorid betätigt möglicherweise drei verschiedene Reaktionsmechanismen nebeneinander: E2, E1cb und E1cb-HBA (ein modifizierter Elcb-Mechanismus). Diese Schlußfolgerung stützt sich auf die folgenden Kriterien: H/D-Austausch, Isotopeneffekte, Reaktionsordnung sowie relative Eliminierungs-geschwindigkeiten in Abhängigkeit von der Konfiguration des Substrates (cis oder trans) und der Art der Base (NaOC2H5 oder KOC(CH3)3).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2896-2900 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Cyclobutenediones, XXI Reaction of Phenylcyclobutenedione with C - H-acidic CompoundsPhenylcyclobutenedione (1) reacts with C - H-acidic compounds in the presence of bases to yield either alkyl(hydroxy)phenylcyclobutenones 3 or hemiacetals 4, depending on the bases used. In the presence of Lewis acids only alkyl(hydroxy)phenylcyclobutenones 3 are formed.
    Notes: Phenylcyclobutendion (1) reagiert mit C - H-aciden Verbindungen in Abhängigkeit von den zugesetzten Basen entweder zu Hydroxy-alkyl-phenyl-cyclobutenonen 3 oder Halbacetalen 4. In Gegenwart von Lewis-Säuren entstehen nur die Hydroxy-alkyl-phenyl-cyclobutenone 3.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2901-2907 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbonylation Reactions of Isocyanato- and Azidopalladium(II) and -platinum(II) ComplexesIsocyanato complexes (Ph3P)2M(NCO)2 (M = Pd, Pt) react with CO and alcohols (MeOH, EtOH) to give carbamic ester and alkoxycarbonyl complexes [(Ph3P)2M(NCO)(CO2R). The reaction of the azide and isocyanate bridged complexes [(Ph3P)2PtX2Pt(PPh3)2]2+[BF4-]2 (X= N3 NCO) with CO in CH2Cl2 yields [(Ph3P)2Pt(CO)(NCO)]+BF4-; this complex affords with CO and alcohol [(Ph3P)2Pt(CO)(CO2R)]+BF4-. Some reactions of the cation [(Ph3P)2Pt(CO)(CO2R)]+ are reported.
    Notes: Die Isocyanato-Komplexe (Ph3P)2M(NCO)2 (M = Pd, Pt) reagieren mit CO und Alkoholen (MeOH, ÄtOH) unter Bildung von Carbamidsäureester zu Alkoxycarbonyl-Verbindungen (Ph3P)2M(NCO)(CO2R) (R = Me, Åt). Bei der Umsetzung der azid- bzw. isocyanat verbrückten Komplexe [(Ph3P)2PtX2Pt(PPh3)2]2+[BF4-]2 (X = N3, NCO) mit CO entsteht [(Ph3P)2Pt(CO)(NCO)]+BF4-; dieser Komplex setzt sich mit CO und Alkohol zu [(Ph3P)2Pt(CO)(CO2R)]+BF4- um. Einige Reaktionen des Kations [(Ph3P)2Pt(CO)(CO2R)]+ werden beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2908-2922 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanisms of Ring Closure Reactions Forming Phenazines, I On the Mechanism of the Formation of the Phenazine Dye Phenylrosinduline from 2-Anilino-1.4-naphthoquinone DianilIn solution 2-anilino-1.4-naphthoquinone dianil (5) gives the phenazine dye phenylrosinduline (7) and 1.2.4-trianilinonaphthalene (8) in quantitative yield. A reaction mechanism based on kinetic measurements is suggested. The reaction is of first order and catalysed by acids and bases in some solvents. In these solvents the deuterium labelled compound 5a exhibits a kinetic isotope effect.
    Notes: 2-Anilino-naphthochinon-(1.4)-dianil (5) reagiert in Lösung vollständig zu dem Phenazinfarbstoff Phenylrosindulin (7) und 1.2.4-Trianilino-naphthalin (8). Ein Reaktionsmechanismus wird aufgestellt und durch kinetische Messungen gestützt. Die Reaktion läuft nach erster Ordnung ab. Sie wird in einigen Lösungsmitteln durch Säuren und Basen katalysiert. In diesen Lösungsmitteln wird an deuteriertem 5a ein primärer Isotopieeffekt beobachtet.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2964-2966 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2972-2974 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2937-2959 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina-Alkaloids, XX Synthesis of 15.16-Dimethoxy-trans-erythrinane and its Degradation to trans-ErythrinaneCatalytic hydrogenation of the Δ1.6-dien-lactam 13 on platinum in acetic acid yields the stereoisomeric lactams 14 and 15. Reduction with LiAlH4 affords the cis- and trans-bases 8 and 5, respectively. On palladium/carbon in methanol, the Δ1.6-diene-base 12 is hydrogenated only partially to give the Δ1(6)-base 19 which, on platinum in acetic acid, can be further hydrogenated to a mixture of isomers 8 and 5. For the first step. this result is in agreement with Prelog's rules concerning catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic Erythrina alkaloids, whereas the second step is non-stereospecific.8 and 5 are cis/trans-isomers according to their spectra and Hofmann degradation to the same product 27. Resolution of 5 yields the antipodes. The (+)-compound has 5S, 6R configuration.The trans-crythrinane (6) was prepared by degradation of 5 for purposes of comparison with Belleau's cis-crythrinane (7).
    Notes: Die katalytische Hydrierung des Δ1.6-Dien-lactams 13 mit Platin in Eisessig führt zu den stereoisomeren Lactamen 14 und 15, aus denen durch Reduktion mit Lithiumalanat die cis-und trans-Basen 8 und 5 erhalten werden. Die Δ1.6-Dienbase 12 läßt sich mit Palladium-Kohle in Methanol nur partiell zur Δ1(6)-Base 19 hydrieren, deren Weiterhydrierung mit Platin in Eisessig ein Gemisch von 8 und 5 liefert. Die Regeln von Prelog für die katalytische Hydrierung der aromatischen Erythrina-Alkaloide gelten daher für den ersten Hydrierungsschritt, aber nicht für den zweiten, der nicht mehr stereospezifisch verläuft.Die cis/trans-Isomerie von 8 und 5 ist durch die Spektren und den Abbau beider Isomeren nach Hofmann bis zum gemeinsamen Endprodukt 27 bewiesen. Durch Spaltung von 5 werden die optischen Antipoden gewonnen, von denen der rechtsdrehende die 5S, 6R-Konfiguration besitzt.Um einen Vergleich mit dem cis-Erythrinan (7) von Belleau durchzuführen, wird 5 zum trans-Erythrinan (6) abgebaut.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2967-2971 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 2975-2983 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Vinylogous Formamidinium Salts with Nucleophiles, I A Variance of the Pyrimidine SynthesisTreatment of bis(dimethylamino)trimethinium salts 1 with amidine or guanidine bases 2 led by elimination of dimethylamine to substituted pyrimidines 3 in yields from 62-97%.
    Notes: Die Einwirkung von Amidin- bzw. Guanidinbasen 2 auf verschiedene Bis-dimethylamino-trimethinium-Salze 1 führt unter Abspaltung von Dimethylamin in Ausbeuten von 62-97% zu substituierten Pyrimidinen 3.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3252-3260 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organosilicon Compounds of Sulfur Ylids, II Silylated Alkyl(alkylidene)(dialkylamino)oxosulfuranes and their Germanium and Tin AnaloguesSilylated sulfur ylids (1a-e) of the type C have been prepared for the first time via two different routes and in good yields and in a pure state. Some physical and chemical properties of these compounds, which are surprisingly stable, are reported. Their n.m.r. spectra show the existence of a center of chirality in these molecules. A „silicon effect“ stabilising the carbanionic function of the ylids is again detected.
    Notes: Nach zwei verschiedenen Verfahren wurden erstmals silylierte Schwefel-Ylide des Typs C (1a-e) dargestellt. Einige physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften dieser leicht und in guten Ausbeuten rein erhältlichen, erstaunlich stabilen Ylide werden beschrieben. Die NMR-Spektren beweisen das Vorliegen eines Chiralitätszentrums in diesen Molekülen. Wieder ergeben sich insgesamt Hinweise auf einen ausgeprägten „Silicium-Effekt“, der zur Stabilisierung des ylidischen Carbanions führt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3272-3288 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Intramolecular Interactions of Triple Bonds, VIIIThe Crystal and Molecular Structure of 1.8-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthaleneThe structure of 1.8-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthalene was solved from 4354 (incl. 1926 „unobserved“) reflections (AED diffractometer, MoKα, balanced filters, sinθ/λ ≤ 0.65 Å-1 and additional 285 reflections with 0.65 ≤ sinθ/λ ≤ 0.86 Å-1) by the SEARCH method and refined with a block matrix procedure to R = 0.060 (0.066 incl. all reflections). The analysis of the thermal vibration parameters did not lead to significant changes in bond parameters. „Bond scatter“ of equivalent bonds is 0.003 Å. The overcrowding by the peri-substituents splayes the 11 - 1 - 9 and 19 - 8 - 9 angles to 123.6 ± 0.1° and the 1 - 9 - 8 angle to 125.1°. The distance between the 1.8-substituents reaches 2.86 Å. The nonlinear triple bonds display a trans-configuration.
    Notes: Die Struktur von 1.8-Bis-phenyläthinyl-naphthalin wurde auf Grund von 4354 (einschließlich 1926 „unbeobachteten“) Reflexen (AED, MoKα-Strahlung, Ross-Filtermethode, sinθ/λ ≤ 0.65 Å-1 und 285 zusätzliche Reflexe 0.65 ≤ sinθ/λ ≤ 0.86 Å-1) mittels des SEARCH-Verfahrens gelöst und im Block-Matrix-Verfahren auf R = 0.060 (0.066 einschließlich aller Reflexe) verfeinert. Eine Rigid Body Motion(R.B.M.)-Analyse führte zu nichtsignifikanten Veränderungen der Bindungsparameter. Die Streubreite chemisch äquivalenter Bindungen beträgt 0.003 Å.  -  Die sterische Wechselwirkung der peri-Substituenten führt zu einer Aufspreizung der 11 - 1 - 9- und 19 - 8 - 9-Winkel auf 123.6 ± 0.1° und des Winkels 1 - 9 - 8 zu 125.1°; der Abstand der 1.8-Substituenten beträgt 2.86 Å. Die nichtlinearen Acetylen-bindungen von 1.191 Å zeigen eine transartige Konfiguration.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3350-3353 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: α-Halogenated Amines, XXXV Bis-carbiminium- and Carbiminium-amidinium-halidesWith acyl halides dialdehyd-bis-aminals 1, 3 or 5 undergo cleavage to bis-carbiminium halides 2, 4 and 6. Reaction of bromine with 1.1.2-triaminoethenes 8 affords carbiminium-amidinium bromides 9.
    Notes: Dialdehyd-bis-aminale, wie 1, 3 oder 5, werden durch Carbonsäurehalogenide unter Bildung der Bis-carbiminium-halogenide 2, 4 und 6 gespalten. Aus 1.1.2-Triamino-äthenen 8 und Brom entstehen Carbiminium-amidinium-bromide 9.
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  • 81
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3361-3377 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Structure of Thioamides and their Derivatives, XV. Separation of Geometric Isomers and Determination of Rotational Barriers in N-Alkyl-thioformamidesN-Methyl- (1a), N-neopentyl- (1b), and N-benzylthioformamide (1c) as well as N-methyl-thioacetamide (2) were separated into the geometric isomers by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The i.r. spectra of the isomers differ largely. The u.v. maxima of the E-configurations are shifted bathochromically by more than 10 nm compared with the Z-isomers. Isomerization of the rotamers was pursued by n.m.r. and i.r. spectroscopy. The rate constants obtained by equilibration in o-dichlorobenzene could be correlated with coalescence results. The free enthalpies of activation of hindered rotation are depending on the concentration and the solvent. The rotational barriers are higher for 1a-1c than for 2, but lower than in N.N-dialkylthioformamides. The isomerization is acid-catalyzed.
    Notes: N-Methyl- (1a), N-Neopentyl- (1b) und N-Benzyl-thioformamid (1c) sowie N-Methyl-thioacetamid (2) wurden durch präparative Schichtchromatographie in die geometrischen Isomeren aufgetrennt. Die IR-Spektren der Isomeren unterscheiden sich deutlich. Das UV-Maximum der E- ist gegenüber dem der Z-Konfiguration jeweils um mehr als 10 nm bathochrom verschoben. Die Isomerisierung der Rotameren wurde NMR- und IR-spektroskopisch verfolgt. Die durch Äquilibrierung in o-Dichlorbenzol erhaltenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und aus Koaleszenzmessungen erhaltene Werte ließen sich korrelieren. Die freien Aktivierungsenthalpien der Rotation sind konzentrations- und lösungsmittelabhängig. Die Rotationsbarriere ist bei 1a-1c höher als bei 2, aber niedriger als bei N.N-Dialkyl-thioformamiden. Die Isomerisierung ist säurekatalysiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3406-3417 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bridged Bishomotropylium Ions from Bicyclo[4.3.1]decatrienesThe 1.6-methano-bridged bishomotropylium ions 8 and 14 are stable in FSO3H/SO2/CD2Cl2 solution. 8 and 14 contain the bicyclo[4.3.1]decatrienyl skeleton which can be synthesized quite easily starting from bullvalene (3). 3 and lead tetraacetate generate the 7.10-diacetoxybicyclo[4.3.1]decatriene 4 which can be transformed into 11-13. Mercury dibromide transforms 3 into the bicyclo[4.2.2]decatetraene 5. Addition of the corresponding electrophiles to 5 leads to the bicyclo[4.3.1]decatrienes 6, 7 and 9. The mechanism of the electrophilic addition reactions with rearrangement is discussed. The crucial intermediate is the bridged bishomotropylium ion 8.
    Notes: Den in FSO3H/SO2/CD2Cl2 stabilen 1.6-methano-überbrückten Bishomotropylium-Ionen 8 und 14 liegt das Bicyclo[4.3.1]decatrien-Skelett zugrunde, das, letztlich ausgehend von Bullvalen (3), leicht dargestellt werden kann. So bildet 3 mit Blei(IV)-acetat das 7.10-Diacetoxybicyclo[4.3.1]decatrien 4, aus dem 11-13 erhalten werden können. Mit Quecksilberdibromid gibt 3 das Bicyclo[4.2.2]decatetraen 5. Die Bicyclo[4.3.1]decatriene 6, 7 und 9 entstehen bei der Addition der entsprechenden Elektrophile an 5. Der Mechanismus der unter Umlagerung ablaufenden elektrophilen Additionsreaktionen wird diskutiert. Das entscheidende Zwischenprodukt ist das überbrückte Bishomotropylium-Ion 8.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3418-3424 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydroformylation of Olefins with Rhodium Carbonyls as Catalysts, III. On the Mechanism of the ReactionSamples taken from the reaction mixtures of olefin hydroformylation with rhodium as catalyst contained carboxylatorhodiumcarbonyl complexes of the type [Rh(CO)2(O2CR)]2. The alkyl group R was furnished by the olefin used. The carboxylato complexes were probably formed from acylrhodiumcarbonyls through oxidation caused by traces of oxygen. This provides indirect evidence for the formation of acylrhodiumcarbonyls as labile intermediates of the catalytic reaction.
    Notes: Carboxylato-rhodiumcarbonyl-Komplexe vom Typ [Rh(CO)2(O2CR)]2 konnten im Reaktionsgemisch einer rhodium-katalysierten Hydroformylierung von Olefinen nachgewiesen werden. Die Gruppe R des Carboxylato-Liganden stammt von der dem eingesetzten Olefin entsprechenden Alkylgruppe. Die Carboxylato-Komplexe entstehen wahrscheinlich bei der durch Sauerstoffspuren verursachten Oxydation von Acylrhodiumcarbonyl-Komplexen, die während der katalytischen Reaktion als sehr labile Zwischenprodukte gebildet werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3463-3474 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Disproportionation of Arylsemicarbazides1-Arylsemicarbazides, when activated with strong electron donating substituents in o- or p-position, are disproportionated by acids to form quinone imines and ureas. Dependent on their substitution the quinone imines are either hydrolized or they oxidize a second molecule of semicarbazide. This reaction shows specific acid catalysis and is of first order in H⊕ ions and semicarbazide.  -  Similarities to the disproportionation of hydrazobenzenes and to the osazone reaction are discussed.
    Notes: 1-Aryl-semicarbazide, die durch starke Elektronendonatoren in o- und p-Stellung des Arylrestes substituiert sind, werden durch Säuren zu Chinoniminen und Harnstoffen disproportioniert. In Abhängigkeit von ihrer Substitution werden die Chinonimine entweder hydrolysiert oder sie oxydieren ein zweites Molekül Arylsemicarbazid. Die Reaktion ist spezifisch säurekatalysiert und folgt in allen Fällen einem Gesetz 1. Ordnung bezüglich H⊕-Ionen und Substrat.  -  Analogien zur Disproportionierung von Hydrazobenzolen und zur Osazon-Reaktion werden aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 85
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3498-3509 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: s-Triazinethiones, IV. Synthesis from Imidoyl Isothiocyanatess-Triazinethiones were synthesized from imidoyl isothiocyanates and amidino or imino compounds by two principles. The first is characterized as a 3+3-procedure (the imidoyl group of the isothiocyanate is eliminated during cyclization), the second as a 4+2 synthesis (an electronegative group of the amidine or imine is eliminated). The first method is valuable in those cases in which acyl isothiocyanates give poor yields. The second affords N-substituted s-triazinethiones, which cannot be obtained from acyl isothiocyanates.
    Notes: Aus Imidoylsenfölen und Verbindungen mit Amidino- oder Iminogruppen wurden s-Triazinthione nach zwei Prinzipien gewonnen. Das erste ist charakterisiert als 3+3-Synthese (beim Ringschluß wird die Imidoyl-Gruppe des Senföls eliminiert), das zweite als 4+2-Synthese (es wird eine geeignete Gruppe des Amidins oder Imins eliminiert). Das erste Verfahren ist insbesondere dort vorteilhaft, wo Acylsenföle schlechte Ausbeuten geben. Das zweite liefert N-substituierte s-Triazinthione, die aus Acylsenfölen nicht zu erhalten sind.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3519-3524 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus, 41. Synthesis and Reactions of Phenyl-trimethylsilyl-phosphineThe trimethylsilylation of potassium phenylphosphide with trimethylchlorosilane leads in 60% yield to the mixed-substituted secondary phosphine 1, not described before. It reacts with potassium in polar or non-polar solvents to give the salt 2 that forms an adduct 2·2 CS2 with carbon disulphide. The reaction of 1 with equimolecular amounts of bromine or N-bromosuccinimide does not lead to the silylated halogenophosphine 4. The P—Si-bond being quantitatively cleaved, trimethylbromosilane and „phenylphosphorus“ of various molecular weight are formed.
    Notes: Bei der Trimethylsilylierung von Kaliumphenylphosphid mit Trimethylchlorsilan entsteht in 60proz. Ausbeute das bisher nicht bekannte gemischt-substituierte sekundäre Phosphin 1. Es reagiert mit Kalium in polaren oder unpolaren Solventien zu dem Salz 2, das mit Schwefelkohlenstoff ein Addukt 2·2 CS2 bildet. Die Umsetzung von 1 mit äquimolaren Mengen Brom bzw. N-Brom-succinimid führt nicht zu dem silylierten Halogenphosphin 4. Unter quantitativer Spaltung der Phosphor-Silicium-Bindung werden Trimethylbromsilan und „Phenylphosphor“ unterschiedlicher Molekülgröße gebildet.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3525-3534 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclisation of Trichloroacrylic AnhydrideTrichloroacrylic anhydride 1 rearranges at 180° into perchloro-α-methyl-itaconic anhydride (2). At 240° in the presence of sulfuric acid perchloro-ethylmaleic anhydride (3) is formed from both anhydrides 1 and 2. Chlorination of 2 and 3 gives the anhydrides 7 respectively 19. 2 is converted by dechlorination into 4 and by action of alkali into perchloro-butadiene-(1.3)-carboxylic acid-(2) (5). The structure of this acid is proven by chlorinolysis to 8 and 9, decarboxylation to 10 and fragmentation to 11. Some 2-substituted pentachlorobutadienes-(1.3) (14) are prepared from 5.  -  Assignment of structure 3 is based on catalytic hydrogenation to 17, dechlorination to perchloro-vinylmaleic acid (20) and quantitative alkali degradation to oxalic acid, acetylene and CO2. The u.v. spectrum rules out the alternative structure 23. A possible mechanism for the rearrangement of 1 into 2 and 3 is discussed.
    Notes: Trichloracrylsäureanhydrid (1) lagert sich bei 180° in Perchlor-α-methyl-itaconsäureanhydrid (2) und bei 240° unter Mitwirkung von Schwefelsäure in Perchlor-äthylmaleinsäureanhydrid (3) um. 3 ist unter den gleichen Bedingungen auch aus 2 erhältlich. Beide Anhydride addieren Chlor zu 7 resp. 19. 2 läßt sich zu 4 dechlorieren. In alkalischer Lösung wandelt sich 2 in die Pentachlorbutadiencarbonsäure 5 um, deren Struktur durch Chlorolyse zu 8 und 9, Decarboxylierung zu 10 und Fragmentierung zu 11 bewiesen wird. Aus 5 werden verschiedene in 2-Stellung substituierte Pentachlorbutadiene-(1.3) (14) dargestellt.  -  Die Konstitution von 3 wird durch katalytische Hydrierung zu 17, Dechlorierung zu Perchlor-vinylmaleinsäure (20) und den quantitativen Alkaliabbau zu Oxalsäure, Acetylen und CO2 erhärtet. Struktur 23 wird durch das UV-Spektrum ausgeschlossen. Ein möglicher Mechanismus für die Umlagerung von 1 in 2 und 3 wird diskutiert.
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3556-3566 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Configuration of the Jaborosalactones, a New Degradation Scheme for WithanolidesThe 14α.17αH.20S-configuration in the Jaborosalactones was demonstrated by the degradation of Jaborosalactone D (4a) to known steroids. A new degradation scheme was used, the crucial steps of which were the hydrogenation of 6 to give 7, the hydrogenolysis of 9, and the ether cleavage in 15.
    Notes: Die 14α.17αH.20S-Konfiguration der Jaborosalactone wurde durch Verknüpfung von Jaborosalacton D (4a) mit bekannten Steroiden bewiesen. Es wurde ein neuer Withanolid-Abbau entwickelt, dessen entscheidende Schritte die Reduktion von 6 zu 7, die Hydrogenolyse von 9 und die Ätheröffnung bei 15 sind.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Glycosides with Lactone-forming Aglycones, IV. On Mevaloside, the Glucoside of (-)(R)-Mevalonic Acid Lactone from the Leaves of the Medlar and a Simple Preparation of (-)(R)-Mevalonic Acid LactonFrom fresh leaves of the medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) mevaloside (3), the glucoside of (-)(R)-mevalonic acid lactone (1) was isolated in a yield of 1.75%. The structure could be secured as (3R)-3-methyl-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)pentan-5-olide. Acid and alcaline hydrolysis delivered 3-methyl-2-penten-5-olide (2) under loss of water. Suitable enzymatic hydrolysis yielded lactone 1. In this manner it is possible to gain (-)(R)-mevalonic acid lactone from the leaves in a simple way in a yield of 0.63%.
    Notes: Aus frischen Blättern der Mispel (Mespilus germanica L.) wurde Mevalosid (3), das Glucosid des (-)(R)-Mevalonsäurelactons (1) in 1.75 proz. Ausbeute isoliert. Als Struktur für 3 konnte (3R)-3-Methyl-3-[β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-pentanolid-(5.1) gesichert werden. Die saure und alkalische Hydrolyse ergab unter Wasserabspaltung nur 3-Methyl-penten-(2)-olid-(5.1). Geeignete enzymatische Hydrolyse dagegen lieferte Lacton 1. Es läßt sich so (-)(R)-Mevalonsäurelacton in einfacher Weise aus den Blättern zu 0.63% gewinnen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 90
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3582-3586 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Directed Synthesis of Catenanes, XIII. Structure of Bis-diansa CompoundsCyclization of diamine 1 under high dilution conditions afforded compound 2 with bis-diansa structure as the main product. The two bridged cis-trans isomeric compounds 8 and 13 could be isolated as byproducts. The structure of these compounds was determined by mass spectrometry and confirmed by preparing the tetraacetates 4 and 10. Rupture of the bonds between the aromatic nuclei and the bridged system in compound 2 resulted in the formation of the 22-membered macroheterocycle 6. In an analogous manner the 44-membered macroheterocycle 12 was prepared from one of the bridged compounds (8 or 13).
    Notes: Die Cyclisierung des Diamins 1 unter Verdünnungsbedingungen liefert als Hauptprodukt die Bis-diansa-Verbindung 2. Als Nebenprodukte werden die überbrückten cis-trans-isomeren Verbindungen 8 und 13 isoliert. Die massenspektrometrisch getroffenen Strukturzuordnungen wurden durch Darstellung der Tetraacetate 4 und 10 bestätigt. Nach Lösen der Bindungen zwischen den aromatischen Kernen und den doppelhenkligen Systemen konnte aus 2 weiterhin der 22-gliedrige Makroheterocyclus 6 erhalten werden, aus der überbrückten Verbindung (8 oder 13) dagegen der 44-gliedrige Makroheterocyclus 12.
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  • 91
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3711-3713 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 92
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3704-3710 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Substituted Succinic Acids, III. The Absolute Configuration of the 2-Methyl-3-ethylsuccinic AcidsOptically active threo- and erythro-2-methyl-3-ethylsuccinic acid (-2a and -3a) are reduced to (-)-2.3S-dimethylpentane (10) via the diols 8a and 9a. The bis-p-bromophenacyl esters of +2a, -2a, +3a and -3a are described.
    Notes: Optisch aktive threo- und erythro-2-Methyl-3-äthyl-bernsteinsäure (-2a und -3a) werden über die Diole 8a bzw. 9a zu (-)-2.3S-Dimethyl-pentan (10) reduziert. Die Bis-P-bromphenacylester von +2a, -2a, +3a und -3a werden beschrieben.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Hydrazine and its Derivatives, XXIX. Synthesis and Properties of the tert-Butyloxycarbonyl Derivatives of Cyclohexasulfurhydrazide, Cyclotetrasulfurdihydrazide and DihydrazinodisulfanePreparation and properties of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl derivatives of cyclohexasulfurhydrazide (2), cyclotetrasulfurdihydrazide (4) and dihydrazinodisulfane (5) are described. Attempts to split off the ester groups from 2 and 4 by reaction with acid or by pyrolysis did not lead to the isolation of the unsubstituted sulfur-nitrogen compounds.
    Notes: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der tert.-Butyloxycarbonylderivate von Cyclohexaschwefelhydrazid (2), Cyclotetraschwefeldihydrazid (4) und Dihydrazinodisulfan (5) werden beschrieben. Versuche zur Abspaltung der Estergruppen durch Umsetzung von 2 und 4 mit Säure oder durch Pyrolyse führten nicht zur Isolierung der unsubstituierten Schwefel-Stickstoff-Verbindungen.
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  • 94
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3740-3749 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation of Phosphoric Acid Esters and α-Hydroxyphosphonic Acid. Esters by Treatment of Dialkyl Phosphites with Aromatic KetonesIn contrast to some reports in the literature, treatment of dialkyl phosphites with aromatic ketones in the presence of strong bases yields dialkyl diarylmethyl phosphates in a strongly exothermal reaction. When, however, the reaction is carried out in the presence of very small amounts of base (e.g., 0.01 mole sodium ethoxide per mole ketone) at temperatures below 30°, dialkyl (diarylhydroxymethane)phosphonates are obtained in good yield, which rearrange to the corresponding phosphates at higher concentrations of base even at room temperature.
    Notes: Im Gegensatz zu anderslautenden Literaturangaben entstehen bei der Umsetzung von Dialkylphosphiten mit aromatischen Ketonen in Gegenwart starker Basen in exothermer Reaktion Phosphorsäure-diarylmethylester-dialkylester. Wenn hingegen diese Reaktion in Gegenwart sehr geringer Menge Base (z. B. 0.01 Mol Natriumäthylat pro Mol Keton) bei Temperaturen unter 30° ausgeführt wird, erhält man [Hydroxy-diaryl-methan]-phosphonsäure-dialkylester in guter Ausbeute, die durch weitere Alkoholatmengen schon bei Raumtemperatur in die Phosphorsäureester umgelagert werden.
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  • 95
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3750-3756 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleophilic Substitution by Exchange of the Carbamoyloxy Group, III. Synthesis of 9-Xanthenyl- and 9-Thioxanthenyl Esters, Ethers and AminesThe O-carbamoyl derivatives 5a, b of xanthydrol and thioxanthydrol undergo displacement of the carbamoyloxy group by nucleophilic groups under mild conditions to give the hitherto unknown esters, ethers, amine and pyrrole derivatives 5c-f, j-n, w-z; 7a, b. Under similar conditions xanthydrol affords only 5y and z in addition to di-9-xanthenylpyrrole 8. Xanthydrol and thioxanthydrol condense with ethoxycarbonyl isocyanate with elimination of CO2 to give the carbamates 5s, t; these on hydrolysis yield the primary 9-(thio)xanthylamines 5u, v, which have not yet been described.
    Notes: Die O-Carbamoylderivate 5a, b von Xanthydrol und Thioxanthydrol tauschen unter milden Bedingungen die Carbamoyloxygruppe gegen Nucleophile aus, wobei die bisher noch unbekannten Ester, Äther, Amin- und Pyrrol-Derivate 5c-f, j-n, w-z; 7a, b gebildet werden. Xanthydrol liefert unter ähnlichen Bedingungen nur 5 y, z letzteres im Gemisch mit Dixanthylpyrrol 8,. Xanthydrol und Thioxanthydrol bilden mit Äthoxycarbonylisocyanat unter Eliminierung von CO2 die Carbamidsäureester 5s, t; durch deren Verseifung entstehen die noch nicht beschriebenen primären (Thio)Xanthylamine (5u, v).
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3782-3793 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Chalkogen Compounds. Preparation, Electronic and Vibrational Spectra of Potassiumdiphenyldithioarsinate and Diphenyldithioarsinato ComplexesThe diphenyldithioarsinato complexes of NiII, CoII, ZnII, InIII, CrIII and VIII were prepared from potassiumdiphenyldithioarsinate (3). 3 was prepared from the chloride 2 with KHS or from the arsinate 4 with H2S. The structure of the transition metal complexes was determined from electronic spectra and magnetic measurements. The position of the ligand in the spectro-chemical and nephelauxetical series is reported. The region for the v(AsS)-vibrations is between 400 and 500/cm.
    Notes: Die Diphenyldithioarsinato-Komplexe von NiII, CoII, ZnII, InIII, CrIII und VIII wurden aus Kaliumdiphenyldithioarsinat (3), dieses aus dem Chlorid 2 mit KHS oder aus dem Arsinat 4 mit H2S gewonnen. Aus Elektronenabsorptionsspektren und magnetischen Messungen konnte die Struktur der Übergangsmetallkomplexe abgeleitet werden. Der Ligand wird in die spektrochemische und nephelauxetische Reihe eingeordnet. Die v(AsS)-Valenzschwingungen liegen zwischen 400 und 500/cm.
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  • 97
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3804-3809 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Reaction of N.N′-Bis(trichlorophosphoranylidene)sulfamideSO2(NPCl3)2 reacts with silylamines (CH3)3SiNR2 (R=CH3, C2H5) in a molar ratio of 1 : 2 to give 1 and 2, in a molar ratio of 1 : 4 to give 3. From 1 and disilylamines the cyclic compounds 6 and 7 can be obtained as a mixture of cis.trans-isomers. The reaction of SO2(NPCl3)2 with [(CH3)3Si]2 NC2H5 yields the heterocyclic compound 5.  -  The i.r., mass, 1H and 31P n.m.r. spectra of the above mentioned compounds are reported.
    Notes: SO2(NPCl3)2 reagiert mit Silylaminen (CH3)3SiNR2 (R=CH3, C2H5) im Moleverhältnis 1 : 2 zu 1 und 2, im Molverhältnis 1 : 4 zu 3. Aus 1 und Disilylaminen sind die cyclischen Verbindungen 6 und 7 als cis.trans-Isomerengemisch zugänglich. Schließlich konnte aus SO2(NPCl3)2 und [(CH3)3Si]2NC2H5 der Heterocyclus 5 gewonnen werden.  -  Die IR-, Massen- und 1H- bzw. 31P-NMR-Spektren dieser Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3884-3897 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1H-n.m.r. Studies on the Rotational Isomerism in the Vinylcyclopropane System, I A Modified Karplus-CurveUsing model compounds, a modified Karplus-curve for the angular dependence of the vicinal H,H coupling constant over the single bond between three membered ring and double bond in vinylcyclopropane is derived. The relation\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 3J\; = \;5.0\; - \;1.8\;{\rm cos}\;\Phi \;{\rm + }\;{\rm 4}{\rm.3}\;{\rm cos}\;{\rm 2}\;\Phi $$\end{document}fits the experimental data best. CNDO/2 calculations confirm this result.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von Modellverbindungen wird eine modifizierte Karplus-Kurve für die Dieder-winkel-Abhängigkeit der vicinalen H,H-Kopplungskonstanten über die C—C-Einfach-bindung zwischen Dreiring und Doppelbindung im Vinylcyclopropan abgeleitet. Die Beziehung\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 3J\; = \;5.0\; - \;1.8\;{\rm cos}\;\Phi \;{\rm + }\;{\rm 4}{\rm.3}\;{\rm cos}\;{\rm 2}\;\Phi $$\end{document}wird den experimentellen Befunden am besten gerecht. CNDO/2-Rechnungen bestätigen dieses Ergebnis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Condensed Isoquinolines, III. Studies on the Reactivity of s-Triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinolinesHMO-Calculations of s-triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinoline (1) reveal a high doublebond character of the C-5/C-6 bond. Halogenaddition, catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation reactions are in experimental agreement. It appears from oxidation reactions of derivatives of 1 that unsaturated side chains are also oxidatively degradated at the same time under the same conditions.
    Notes: Aus HMO-Berechnungen des s-Triazolo[3.4-a]isochinolins (1) geht u. a. ein hoher Doppelbindungscharakter der C-5/C-6-Bindung hervor, was auch experimentell bei Halogenaddition, katalytischer Hydrierung und Permanganat-Oxydation beobachtet wird. Oxydationsreaktionen der Derivate von 1 zeigen, daß ungesättigte Seitenketten unter gleichen Bedingungen gleichzeitig oxydativ abgebaut werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 104 (1971), S. 3940-3946 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Condensed Isoquinolines, IV. Syntheses with 3-Bromo- and 3-Hydrazino-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinoline3-Bromo-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinoline (2) or the unsubstituted s-triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinoline react with butyl lithium to afford the 3-lithio compound 4, which is stable at -70° and decomposes like the MgBr-salt at room temperature with cleavage of the triazolo ring to form l-aminoisoquinoline. From 2 and anthranilic acid 13-oxo-13H-isoquino[1′.2′ : 3.4]-s-triazolo[5.1-b]quinazoline (13) is obtained. N-acyl derivatives of 3-hydrazino-s-triazolo[3.4-a]iso-quinoline (14) cannot be cyclocondensed. 14 reacts with ethyl pyruvate to give via hydrazone 19 11-oxo-10-methyl-11H-as-triazino[4′.3′ : 1.5]-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinoline (20). The thermal decomposition of 3-azido-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isoquinoline (22) in aniline leads to the phenylazo-derivative 23.
    Notes: Aus 3-Brom-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isochinolin (2) oder dem unsubstituierten s-Triazolo[3.4-a]isochinolin und Butyllithium entsteht die bei -70° stabile 3-Lithium-Verbindung 4, die wie das MgBr-Salz 3 bei Raumtemperatur unter Spaltung des Triazolringes in 1-Amino-isochinolin übergeht. Aus 2 und Anthranilsäure wird 13-Oxo-13H-isochino[1′.2′ : 3.4]-s-triazolo[5.1-b]-chinazolin (13) bereitet. N-Acyl-Derivate von 3-Hydrazino-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isochinolin (14) lassen sich nicht cyclokondensieren. 14 liefert mit Brenztraubensäureester via Hydrazon 19 das 11-Oxo-10-methyl-1 1H-as-triazino[4′.3′:1.5]-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isochinolin (20). Der thermische Zerfall von 3-Azido-s-triazolo[3.4-a]isochinolin (22) in Anilin führt zum Benzolazo-Derivat 23.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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