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  • Electronic Resource  (42)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (42)
  • 1973  (42)
  • Life Sciences
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The low density liporpotein from human serum, and derivitives prepared free of neutral lipids and total lipids, have been studied by fluorescence and circular dichorism methods. Removal of the neutral lipids had little effect on the tryptophan fluorescence at neutral pH. However, by the criteria of circular dichroism, over the range of 200 nm to 250 nm, there was a reduction in secondary structure of over 75%. Removal of the remaining phospholipids resulted in a qualitatively different structure by both fluorescence and circular dichroism criteria.Neutral lipids were removed from LDL in a step-wise fashion in order to determine the exact amount of neutral lipid required for the native circular dichroism spectrum. The circular dichroism band intensity was constant until approximately 10% of the total cholesterol (as cholesterol ester) remained. The intensity then abruptly dropped as more cholesterol was removed.We concluded that the two spectroscopic methods report on two distinct aspects of LDL structure. The tryptophan fluorescence appears to be sensitive to the presence of phospholipids. The circular dichroism, however, appears to be sensitive to the binding of a small amount of neutral lipid. These findings suggest that a functional and geometric separation of binding sites may exist for these two classes of lipids. Such a distinction is predicted by the icosohedral model of the quaternary structure of LDL. In this model, the phospholipids are located on the surface of the particle, in the holes of an icosohedrally symmetric surface network of protein subunits; the neutral lipids are located in the particle core.Finally, we suggest that functional significance may be attached to our finding that relatively few cholesterol ester molecles are needed to maintain the native secondary structure of LDL. This provides a mechanism whereby the amount of bound neutral lipid could be raised or lowered (for transport and transfer to cells) without affecting the protein in any structurally significant manner.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 255-255 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Treatment of isolated human erythrocyte membranes with Triton X-100 at ionic strength ⋍0.04 preferentially released all the glycerolipid and glycoprotein species. At low ionic strength, certain nonglycosylated polypeptides were also selectively solubilized. The liberated polypeptides were free of lipids, but some behaved as if associated into specific oligomeric complexes. Each detergent-insoluble ghost residue appeared by electron microscopy to be a filamentous reticulum with adherent lipoid sheets and vesicles. The residues contained most of the membrane sphingolipids and the nonglycosylated proteins. The polypeptide elution profile obtained with nonionic detergents is therefore nearly reciprocal to that previously seen with a variety of agents which perturb proteins. These data afford further evidence that the externally-oriented glycoproteins penetrate the membrane core where they are anchored hydrophobically, whereas the nonglycosylated polypeptides are, in general, bound by polar associations at the inner membrane surface. The filamentous meshwork of inner surface polypeptides may constitute a discrete, self-associated continuum which provides rather than derives structural support from the membrance.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 471-489 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The proteins of washed microsomal membranes from adult rat liver were solubilized by 2% SDS and electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. Confirming earlier reports, a large Coomassie-Blue staining band in the ∼50,000 MW region was identified as cytochrome P450 by four criteria: similar electrophoretic mobility to a purified cytochrome P450 preparation, an increase in this band after in vivo phenobarbital administration, a decrease in this band after in vivo allylisopropylacetamide administration, and direct specific binding of added purified heme to this region of a washed, unfixed gel. Although cyt P450 is not spectrally evident until just at the time of birth of the rats, a large band in this region was detectable in gels of microsomal membrane protein at all times, from three days before birth onward; this band also bound added heme after membrane proteins from fetal rat liver microsomes were electrophoresed on the gels. The conclusion was that apo-cyt P450 is present in microsomal membranes at these times during differentiation, and that, regarding this protein, during differentiation heme is bound to the apo-protein already there, concomitant with a synthesis of more cyt P450 molecules. The process of differentiation of this membrane type is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic membranes of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli have been studied using spin labeled hydrocarbon probes. These studies reveal that the membrane lipids undergo changes of state at critical temperatures which reflect the physical properties of the fatty acid supplement supplied to the cells during growth. The critical temperatures observed in spin labeled membranes correlate with characteristic temperatures in membrane functions. Lipid analysis reveals that fatty acid composition and distribution in membrane phospholipids are primary determinants of the temperatures at which changes of state are observed in membrane lipids. Fatty acid composition and distribution can also produce unique interactions between certain spin label probes and their lipid environment.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 535-544 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of sugar transport as a function of temperature has been compared in two unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs. One of these, the parent strain 30E, can β-oxidize the unsaturated fatty acid supplements, whereas the β-oxidation defective progeny strain 30Eβox- cannot. In a previous study, Arrhenius plots for transport of β-glucosides and β-galactosides by strain 30Eβox- revealed striking departures from linearity at both a lower and an upper characteristic temperatures. By electron spin resonance (esr) these temperatures were shown to correlate with the temperatures where the membrane lipids undergo a transition from a totally solid state to a solid-liquid equilibrium and from a solid-liquid equilibrium to a totally liquid state, respectively (1). In the present study with strain 30E we have made the following observations:1Arrhenius plots for transport rate are usually more complex, often revealing three characteristic temperatures. Two of these correlate with the upper and lower characteristic temperatures observed in strain 30Eβox-. The third characteristic temperature falls between the previously described upper and lower ones.2In cells supplemented during growth with elaidate, the third characteristic temperature was identical within experimental limits for both β-glucoside and β-galactoside transport. indicating that it is likely to arise from some interaction in the bulk lipid phase. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the boundary of a change in physical state is also observed at this temperature by electron spin resonance.3In cells supplemented during growth with oleate, two or three characteristic temperatures were observed depending upon the transport system studied. Although glucoside and galactoside transport had the same lower characteristic temperature, these systems had no common upper characteristic temperature.4In cells supplemented during growth with the lipid density label, bromostearic acid, three characteristic temperatures were observed for β-glucoside transport in both strains 30E and 30Eβox-.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 269-280 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Two lipid environments are detected in membranous cytochrome oxidase, using spin labeling techniques. This model membrane system consists of closed vesicular membranes formed spontaneously when the membrane protein is isolated with its accompanying phospholipids. The data show both an immobilized component, which is constant in amount, and a fluid component. Based on spectral analysis, the interpretation is that the bound component represents a single layer of lipid immobilized on the surface of the protein between the hydrophobic protein complex and the adjacent fluid bilayer regions. Maximal enzyme activity of this functional protein complex is attained when all of the bound sites are occupied, and above this level additional phospholipid (bilayer) has little or no effect on the enzyme activity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 382-384 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Cyclic AMP appears to regulate cell growth. Cyclic AMP levels are high in normal chicken embryo fibroblasts and drop to very low levels when the cells are transformed by the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the virus have normal levels of cyclic AMP at the nonpermissive (nontransforming temperature), but when the cells are shifted to the permissive (transforming) temperature the cyclic AMP levels rapidly fall to values that are found in transformed cells. Studies on the adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in normal and transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts have shown that the adenylate cyclase is greatly decreased in the transformed cells whereas the phosphodiesterase is increased. The decrease in adenylate cylcase activity is the result of an increase in the Km of the substrate and a loss of a magnesium ion activator site. The increase in phosphodiesterase activity is the result of an increase in total phosphodiesterase activity and a decrease in the negative cooperativity of plasma membrane bound phosphodiesterase. Thus the fall in cyclic AMP levels that occurs on transformation can be correlated with changes in the activity of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 417-436 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 545-564 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The subcellular distribution of enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis in E. coli K12 has been studied following various modes of cell disruption and fractionation of the subcellular components. Though most biosynthetic enzymes were found associated with the cytoplasmic membrane fraction regardless of the procédures of disruption or fractionation employed, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of the major lipid of E. coli (phosphatidylethanolamine) and of its precursor (phosphatidylserine) had no distinct localization in extracts. These findings are discussed in the context of current models for the assembly of bacterial membranes.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 565-587 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: A P-HPr:β-glucoside phosphotransferase (enzyme IIbgl)The nomenclautre of the enzymes II is that suggested by Lin (1) has been extracted from membranes of a β-glucoside fermenting strain of Escherichia coli K 12 using the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. The extracted enzyme was rendered virtually free of both lipid and detergent by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. At this stage, the partially purified enzyme had negligible activity, but activity was restored effectively by the addition of (1) nonionic detergents of the Tween or Triton series and (2) crude E. coli phospholipids or an anionic lipid enriched fraction, but not phosphatidylethanolamine. Detergent activators were most effective at or near the critical micelle concentration, but were inhibitory when added at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration.In order to obtain maximal initial rates of phosphotransferase activity, it was necessary to incubate the extracted, partially purified enzyme with detergent activator and HPr prior to the addition of the other assay system components. High detergent concentration inhibited the initial rate of phosphorylation by interfering with an essential step (or steps) that occur during this preliminary incubation. The activation occuring during the preliminary incubation was also highly temperature dependent; a precipitous decrease in activation was detected below 16° when Tween 40 was employed as the detergent activator.Phosphorylation mediated by the membrane associated form of the phosphotransferase was not influenced by the physical state of the lipid components of the membrane. This is in marked contrast to the properties of the phosphorylation reaction mediated by the phosphotransferase in intact cells.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of particulate and solubilized brain microsomes are reported. The corrected molar ellipticity for the membrane suspension was -1.1 × 10+4, between the values of axonal and oxyntic cell membranes and those for sarcotubular vesicles. No conformational change was detected which correlated unambiguously with the active cation transport function of these microsomes. Divalent cations, however, elicited a significant change in the membranes' ultra structure. Correction of suspension data for the NaI microsomes with and without sonication gave virtually identical values providing optimism for the corrections used and validating the difference in corrected values for ths suspension with and without magnesium. This indicates that, in addition to causing a change in the state of aggregation, 2 mM magnesium ion may reasonably be considered to effect a change in protein conformation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Lateral phase separations of phospholipids in both bacterial membranes and model membrane systems (phospholipid bilayers) can be studied using spin labels. Temperature-composition phase diagrams have been determined for binary mixtures of lipids dispersed in excess water by measurements of changes in the fluidity of the membranes as a function of temperature. These results have been used to interpret similar fluidity changes in bacterial membranes. There is evidence that the coexistence of fluid and solid lipid domains facilitates transport through membranes.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 354-354 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: If the rhodopsin on one side of an isolated rod outer segment is suddenly bleached, the rhodopsin on the other side can be observed with a microspectrophotometer to diffuse rapidly across the width of the rod. Uniform distribution is approached exponentially with a half-time at 20°C of 23 ± 3 sec in rods isolated from mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) retina and 35 ± 3 sec in rods isolated from frog (Rana catesbeiana) retina. These rods are 12 and 8 μ in diameter, respectively. Taking the geometry of the rod disk membranes into account, we obtain a lateral diffusion constant for rhodopsin in the disk membrane of (4.0 ± 1.5) × 10-9 cm2/sec for both mudpuppy and frog. No diffusion was observed if rods were first fixed with glutaraldehyde. The diffusion constant increased with temperature with a Q10 between 2 and 4 in the temperature range near 20°C. If the effective diameter of rhodopsin is assumed to be about 50 Å, the Stokes-Einstein relationship implies the effective viscosity for lateral diffusion of rhodopsin is about 2 poise. This value, as well as the Q10, are essentially the same as indicated by the rapid rotational diffusion of rhodopsin previously observed by flash photometry in frog rods.Cone, R. A., Rotational Diffusion of Rhodopsin in the Visual Receptor Membrane, Nature (London) New Biology, 236:39 (1972).
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 368-379 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1In the stimulation of rat hepatic adenylyl cyclase by glucagon or epinephrine we observe an abrupt change in the energy of activation at 32°C (seen as an increase in the slope of the Arrhenius plot). The energy of activation for the cyclase reaction above 32°C is about 1.7 times that found below this temperature. Cyclase activity stimulated by fluoride, prostaglandin E1, or 1-propanol, or activity in the absence of added stimulators does not show this change. The structural differences between the hormones suggest that they interact with the cyclase system at different loci. But the mechanism by which they stimulate cyclase activity appears to involve a common, temperature-dependent step.2In the presence of 1-propanol the change at 32°C in the energy of activation of the hormone-stimulated activity is not observed.3In view of the relatively large mole fraction of cholesterol present in the rat liver plasma membrane (which appears to inhibit phase transitions in bulk membrane lipids), it is suggested that this thermal sensitivity resides in protein rather than lipid components or that the cyclase is restricted to cholesterol-poor membrane regions.4The occurrence of anomalous Arrhenius plots of enzyme activities (with abrupt changes of slope) for both membrane-bound and soluble enzymes is reviewed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 410-416 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The topographic distributions of cell surface components can be modified by perturbations from the cell membrane exterior (cis-membrane effect) or by perturbations from the cell interior that are transferred across the membrane (trans-membrane effect). Using the human erythrocyte ghost as a model system, cis-membrane effects on the topography of anionic sites were produced in B+ ghosts with anti-B sera (but not with anti-A), R. communis agglutinin and concanavalin A (but not with D. biflorus agglutinin). Cis-membrane linkage was monitored by the state of aggregation of membrane-bound colloidal iron hydroxide particles which bind almost exclusively to neuraminidase-sensitive N-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the outer surface. Trans-membrane effects were observed when purified antibodies against an inner surface membrane protein, spectrin, were sequestered inside the ghosts. The sequestered antispectrin bound to spectrin at inner membrane surface and caused aggregation of the anionic sites on the outer membrane surface. The trans-membrane effects of antispectrin required intact γG antibodies (Fab would not substitute) and was time- and concentration-dependent.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 208-219 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The specific binding of 125 Iodine labelled colicin Ia and Ib to Escherichia coli cell envelopes and partially purified cell walls is demonstrated. Neither partially purified cytoplasmic membranes isolated from a wild type sensitive strain nor envelopes or cell walls prepared from an E. coli mutant known to be defective in the colicin I receptor could bind the colicins. Competition studies suggest that colicins Ia and Ib have a common bacterial receptor which resides in the bacterial cell wall.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Conformational rearrangements of membrane-active peptide and depsipeptide antibiotics such as enniatin B, valinomycin, and valine-gramicidin A have been studied as a function of solvent polarity employing ultrasonic absorption methods. The results provide information about the number of occupied conformational states and their respective rates of interconversion. The interpretation of the results from kinetic measurements was confirmed by spectroscopic studies.The remarkable differences in the stabilities of the various cation complexes of depsipeptide antibiotics bound to lecithin vesicles as well as in homogeneous solution were related to different conformations of the ligands in these complexes as characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Kinetic studies by relaxation methods led to the elucidation of the mechanism of complex formation. Complexation of cations follows a multistep reaction. For valinomycin the rate-limiting step of cation complexation is a ligand conformational change which occurs during the stepwise substitution of solvent molecules from the cation.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 336-347 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The (Na + K)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (NaK ATPase) has been purified from Lubrol extracts of membranes from the rectal glands of Squalus acanthias. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is 2 to 3 times that previously reported by others after correction of their specific activities for detergent activation. The yield of the enzyme from the membranes is 70%. The enzyme is highly stable both at 0° and in the frozen state. Ninety-five percent of the enzyme consists of two subunits-the catalytic subunit with a MW of 97,000 and a glycoprotein with a MW of 55,000. At the last stage of purification the enzyme reverts to various membranous forms: the thickness of the membrane is about 80 Å; projections (probably the glycoprotein) of about 40 Å in diameter are seen at regular intervals.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The addition of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 to aqueous phosphatidyl-choline dispersions converts the bilayer structures to mixed micellar structures containing Triton X-100. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 220 MHz was used to follow this conversion, and the general spectral characteristics of the mixed micelles are presented. The results are discussed in terms of the precise change in structure which occurs as Triton is mixed with the phospholipid bilayers, and it is concluded that, above a molar ratio of about 2:1 Triton to phospholipid, most or all of the phospholipid is in mixed micelles. The relevance of these results to the study of enzymes which require substrate in the form of micelles is discussed.
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: A sporulation mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 was isolated and characterized. The mutant, designated SB-23, releases viable forespores at the end of the developmental period. Forespores were isolated on linear Renografin gradients and used as a source of forespore membranes. The protein composition of forespore membranes was found to differ from the protein composition of vegetative cell membranes by discgel electrophoresis. The results are discussed in relationship to morphological and physiological differentiation during bacterial sporulation.
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 295-306 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 356-359 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 380-381 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 194-207 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Proteolytic enzymes, pronase and trypsin, digest protein in ETP and in SU-particles (devoid of the soluble ATPase) at similar rates and to the same extents for intact and lipid-depleted membranes, showing that lipids do not constitute a barrier to the action of the proteases. The rates and extents of hydrolysis are slightly depressed when membranes are reconstituted from lipid-depleted particles and phospholipids. The hydrolysis rates for the various particles are not greatly enhanced by detergent solubilization nor by other denaturing treatments, indicating that the rates measured in absence of treatments are maximal under the conditions used. The circular dichroism spectra of pronase treated ETP are noticeably altered showing modification of the original conformation. Moreover, enzymic activities of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles are progressively affected by proteases according to their localization at, or near to, a given surface of the membrane. The matrix enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, is not apparently released from mitochondria during the initial incubation period. The results are tentatively discussed in terms of organization of lipids and proteins in the mitochondrial membrane.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 449-460 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Ethidium bromide (3, 8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide) and euflavine (3, 6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride) are superficially similar in structure and ability to intercalate into DNA. However, they exhibit qualitative differences in their ability to bring about a mitochondrial mutation (ρ+ → ρ-) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This investigation tried to establish and compare the essential structural prerequisites in three series of planar, heterocyclic dyes: the phenanthridines (P series), the acridines (A series), and molecules with different heteroatoms related to acridines (X series). Compounds capable of bringing about the mutation in the complete absence of growth and energy sources are restricted to di-primary amines in the P series: quaternization of the ring nitrogen, and an aromatic side chain at C-6 also appear essential. Compounds in the A series are mutagenic only with growing cells; quaternization (C1 through C4) is essential. The 10-allyl derivative is unusual; it is highly effective even in buffer supplemented only with an energy source. The results are interpreted in terms of a model that requires interaction of the mutagen with the mitochondrial inner membrane as well as with its DNA.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 498-522 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 220-232 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Isolated human erythrocyte membranes were exposed to a series of reagents known to modify or perturb proteins; these included sodium hydroxide, lithium diiodosalicylate, acid anhydrides, and organic mercurials. Each reagent liberated the same set of relatively polar polypeptides from the membrane, while the other, more hydrophobic species invariably remained associated with the membrane residue. The selective elution pattern was precisely that seen previously with 6 M guanidine hydrocloride. The released polypeptides, comprising half of the membrane protein mass, contained no carbohydrate; current evidence indicates that all of these components are confined to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. The residue contained all the lipids and all the glycoproteins. The latter are accessible to the outer membrane surface and, in at least two cases, seem to extend asymmetrically across the thickness of the membrane. Thus, the distinctive elution behavior which defines these two groups of polypeptides relates both to their chemical composition and their organizational disposition in the membrane.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 33
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Seven closely related protease inhibitors were isolated from commercial bromelain acetone powder in electrophoretically pure form by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex at pH 7.55. The inhibitors are proteins of MW 5000-6000, which inhibit competitively the bromelaincatalyzed hydrolysis of CLN (Ki ≈ 10-7 M). This inhibition is optimal at pH 3 to 4,. and it depends upon the ionization of two acidic residues of pK = 4.5 and 5.0. In the acidic pH range the inhibitors are also effective toward papain, ficin and trypsin.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 490-497 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 was purified from commercial pancreatin by a method involving heat denaturation, trichloroacetic acid precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Assaying the eluate of the chromatography step by a new titrimetric method using vegetable lecithin-albumin emulsion as the substrate, several species of phospholipase A were found. Some of these went undetected when the conventional egg yolk emulsion assay was used. Two phospholipases A2 were isolated in a homogeneous form and shown to have similar chemical and physical properties. Catalytic specificity of the two enzymes differs remarkably toward lecithins in different emulsified states.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 35
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 461-470 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous work has shown that the dynein from axonemes of sea urchin sperm consists of two distinct fractions which differ substantially in their extractability by salt. Upon gel electrophoresis of whole demembranated axonemes solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the dynein fraction shows two closely spaced bands with apparent molecular weights of 520,000 and 460,000; the proteins in these bands are termed the A and B components of the dynein. Similar electrophoresis of the soluble fraction obtained by extracting the axonemes with 0.5 M NaCl shows a single prominent band containing approximately half of the A component of the dynein (A1 component). The residue of extracted axonemes contain the other half of the A component of the dynein (A2 component) and all the B component. Densitometry of the bands indicates that the A1, A2 and B components of the dynein are present in approximately equal molar quantity. Electron microscopic studies show that the A1 component of the dynein constitutes the outer arms on the doublet tubules. Assay of ATPase activity in 0.05 M KCl and l mM ATP indicates about 65% of the total ATPase activity becomes soluble when the A1 component of the dynein is extracted with salt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 36
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 588-588 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 37
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 257-258 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 38
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 348-353 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: We have used two experimental approaches - fluorescence spectroscopy and lectin binding - to obtain information about the structure of rhodopsin and its position in retinal disc membranes. Energy transfer was used as a spectroscopic ruler to deduce proximity relationships in rhodopsin and in disc membranes. Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin served as specific macromolecular probes of the accessibility of the carbohydrate unit of rhodopsin in disc membranes. We infer from these studies that: (1) The rhodopsin molecule is at least 75 Å long and has an elongated shape. (2) There may be distinct hydrophobic and hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains in rhodopsin. (3) The carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin is on the surface of the disc membrane, probably only on the external face. (4) The disc membrane has an asymmetric structure. (5) The external surface of the disc membrane is closer to site A (a sulfhydryl residue on rhodopsin) than to 11-cis retinal.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 355-355 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Purified, lipid-free rhodopsin has been incorporated into bilayers of natural and synthetic phosphatidyl cholines and a natural digalactosyl diglyceride. Successful incorporation and high regenerability of rhodopsin appears to depend on the nature of the hydrocarbon chains and not specifically on the type of polar head group of the lipids.Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of recombinant membranes containing small amounts of spin labeled phosphatidyl cholines reveals that rhodopsin interacts directly with the hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipids in the bilayer, resulting in a dramatically decreased motional freedom of the chains.In studies of the recombinant membranes using freeze-fracture electron microscopy, the presence of rhodopsin is detected as discrete particles in the plane of fracture. The particle distribution is dependent on the nature of the lipid hydrocarbon chains and whether or not the rhodopsin has been photolyzed.From these studies, it is concluded that the rhodopsin-bilayer structure is stabilized primarily by direct interaction of the hydrocarbon chains with the protein molecule, and that structural parameters in this model system are subject to modulation by visible light.
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  • 41
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 385-409 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Aggregation of normal and neuraminidase-treated human red blood cells (RBC) by dextrans of various molecular sizes and concentrations was quantified by microscopic counting and light reflectometry. The influences of variations in the ionic strength and the cationic valency of the dextran solution on RBC aggregation were also investigated. The data on RBC aggregation were correlated with measurements of the zeta potential by cell electrophoresis and the intercellular distance in the rouleaux by electron microscopy. With the use of the classical equations and newly developed knowledge in colloid chemistry, the electrostatic repulsive force between adjacent cell surfaces (Fe) was calculated from the experimental data. The macromolecular bridging force causing RBC aggregation (Fb) has also been derived as a function of dextran concentration. Other forces that cause RBC disaggregation are the mechanical shearing force (Fs) and the RBC membrane bending force (Fm). The net force for RBC aggregation is equal to Fb - Fe - Fm - Fs. This model of aggregation involving force balance at the surface can explain known experimental results on factors influencing cell aggregation. It is proposed that such force balance between cell surfaces may be applicable in other cell or particulate systems and that it may be of fundamental importance in many physiological functions.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 42
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    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 1 (1973), S. 437-447 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The electrokinetic procedures used for investigation of the nature and distribution of cellular surface charge groups are outlined. The application of ion binding studies, the action of enzymes, and the effects of specific functional group reagents are illustrated by discussion of the results obtained for erythrocytes and thrombocytes. The human erythrocyte has been shown to be a macropolyanion possessing about 107 charged groups per cell of which more than 60% are the carboxyl group of N-acetylneuraminic acids; some of the remaining groups at least are the α-carboxyl groups of protein-bound amino acids. The electrokinetic constitution of the human blood platelet is more complex and includes sialic acid carboxyl groups and phosphate groups and at least one other species of unidentified anionogenic groups as well as amino groups. Lastly the effects of neutral and charged polymer adsorption on the electrokinetic properties of blood cells are briefly considered.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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