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  • 1980-1984  (11)
  • 1965-1969  (5)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1920-1924
  • 1984  (11)
  • 1965  (5)
  • 1923
  • Synthetic methods
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 539-556 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cycloaddition ; Synthetic methods ; Cobalt catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dicarbonyl (η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt functions as a matrix on which a variety of unsaturated organic substrates undergo mutual bond formation. In this way α,ω-diynes cocyclize with monoalkynes to give annelated benzenes, while o-diethynylbenzenes furnish biphenylenes, and α,ω-enynes lead to the formation of complexed bi-and tricyclic dienes. Nitriles cocyclize with two alkynyl groups to give pyridines and other heterocycles, isocyanates allow access to annelated 2-pyridones, and incorporation of carbon monoxide provides complexed cyclopentadienones. In many cases remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity are observed, partially facilitated by use of the trimethylsilyl substituent as a controlling group. The scope and level of maturity of the method are demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of hitherto inaccessible, novel, and theoretically interesting molecules, and by its utilization in several unique approaches to a variety of natural products, e.g. protoberberines, steroids, vitamin B6, and camptothecin.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 556-569 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Addition ; Alkoxy carbonyl compounds ; Synthetic methods ; Chelates ; Stereoselectivity ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of C-nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents or enolates to chiral α- or β-alkoxy aldehydes or ketones creates a new center of chirality and is therefore diastereogenic. In order to control stereoselectivity, two strategies have been developed: (1) Use of Lewisacidic reagents which form intermediate chelates, these being attacked stereoselectively from the less hindered side (chelation control); (2) use of reagents incapable of chelation, stereoselective attack being governed by electronic and/or steric factors (non-chelation control). Generally, the two methods lead to the opposite sense of diastereoselectivity. It is possible to predict the outcome by careful choice of organometallic reagents containing elements such as Li, Mg, B, Si, Sn, Cu, Zn, or Ti.For corrigendum see DOI:10.1002/anie.198407461
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 579-586 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rearrangement ; Synthetic methods ; Mercury ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mercury(II) and palladium(II) salts have found broad applications as catalysts for [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements leading to formation of C—O, C—N, C—S, and C—C σ bonds. Increases in reaction rate are often very large (1010 - 1014 at 1 M catalyst concentration) and allow many previously difficult transformations to be conducted at or near room temperature, often with attendant increases in stereoselectivity and decreases in by-product formation. The mechanism of these catalyzed transformations is briefly discussed, and evidence is summarized to suggest that many follow a cyclization-induced rearrangement mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 570-578 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Reduction ; Ketones ; Synthetic methods ; Biotechnology ; Alcohols ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microbial asymmetric reduction of ketones is a method widely used for the preparation of chiral alcohols. The present progress report deals with the basic concepts that govern enantioselectivity of enzymes and intact cells. Strategies to control the stereochemical course of microbial reductions of carbonyl compounds and the relationship of substrate structure to enantioselectivity are considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 587-608 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Carbene ligands ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transition metals are finding increasing use in organic synthesis on the borderline between “organic” and “inorganic” chemistry. Advantage is taken thereby of the fact that metal-induced CC bond formation often takes place with remarkable selectivity. The rapid development that has taken place in this area of chemistry is clearly demonstrated by the carbene complexes, examples of which are now known for almost all transition elements, and which have transformed from organometallic curiosities into synthetically useful reagents in less than two decades since the first studies of E. O. Fischer. They are not only suitable as carbene-transfer agents but also undergo interesting cycloadditions with other ligands in the co-ligand sphere. Their manipulation requires techniques no more complicated than those for Grignard reactions. Thus, carbene complexes can also be used in the synthesis of natural products such as vitamins or antibiotics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cycloaddition ; Allyl cations ; Cations ; Synthetic methods ; Cycloheptanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of allyl cations and 1,3-dienes affords seven-, five-, and six -membered rings as well as products of electrophilic substitution and linear 1:1-adducts. In this review article, preparative and mechanistic advances are summarized with special emphasis on the synthesis of seven-membered carbocycles. For the first time, a comprehensive mechanistic description is presented: Three classes A, B, and C correlate product type and stereochemistry with the nucleophilicity of the diene, the electrophilicity of the allyl cation intermediate, and the donor capacity of the group Y attached to the central carbon of the allylic moiety. The problem “allylic resonance versus nucleophilic participation of Y” is discussed and experimental evidence is adduced for some participation of Y as a function of its nucleophilicity. For cyclopentenyl cations, enhanced charge separation and electrophilicity are postulated, even when Y is a good donor, due to the structurally enforced polarity of the π-allyl system.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 413-419 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: α-Arylalkanoic acids ; 1,2-Aryl shift ; Synthetic methods ; Anti-inflammatory agents ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: α-Arylalkanoic acids have acquired importance as anti-inflammatory agents and are now in great demand on the pharmaceutical front. Hence, the need has arisen for new and improved, economical synthetic procedures suitable for their preparation and manufacture on an industrial scale. For many years the synthetic approach to this class of compounds was restricted to the Willgerodt and Darzen reactions. More recently, several methods have been developed which are based on the 1,2-aryl shift in acetals of α-functionalized alkyl aryl ketones. This new approach starts from the oxythallation of alkyl aryl ketones first described by Taylor and McKillop in 1971. Asymmetric syntheses of some important arylakanoic acids have also been developed on this basis. The highly toxic thallium salts may be replaced, inter alia, by catalytically effective metal salts.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Pyrylium salts ; Pyridinium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Amines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first pyrylium salt was isolated some 80 years ago, yet up to the 1950s only moderate interest was taken in the preparation, properties and uses of such salts. However, the past thirty years has seen a phenomenal growth in the literature pertinent to this area of chemistry: the importance of pyrylium salts as intermediates has been realized. They are readily prepared by a variety of generally applicable routes, and they are highly reactive towards nucleophiles. Together, this enables the convenient synthesis of a great variety of acyclic and heterocyclic compounds. We have used highly substituted pyrylium salts for the two-step conversion of the amino group in alkylamines RNH2 into numerous other functionalities. In the first step, the pyrylium salts are converted with the amines into N-substituted pyridinium salts, which, in the second step, react with Nu⊖ to give the desired products RNu. In some cases the R moiety is also changed, e.g. by elimination. Studies of the reactions of these pyridinium salts have allowed interesting insights into the mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution, in addition to rendering aliphatic amines important synthetic intermediates. Thus, the method complements the diazotization procedure for the transformation of arylamines.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 847-876 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Prostaglandins ; Three-component coupling ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The role played by prostaglandins (PGs) in the human body is bewitching. Following the elucidation of their structures in the early 1960s, tremendous efforts were made for the realization of an efficient chemical synthesis, since a sufficient supply of such very rare, naturally occurring local hormones relies solely on their total synthesis. Of the many synthetic routes described in the literature, the majority of which are linear or sequential in nature, the Corey synthesis is perhaps the most versatile; so far more than 5000 prostaglandin analogues have been prepared and have been tested biologically. Some natural prostaglandins and their analogues are already in clinical use. In view of the continuing expansion of this field, we have been fascinated with the concept of developing a highly convergent entry to prostaglandins based on a new strategy. The discovery of a highly enantioselective method for the reduction of prochiral ketones and the elaboration of a procedure for double vicinal CC-coupling with enones have enabled a one-pot synthesis of the complete prostaglandin skeleton by linking a chiral 4-oxygenated 2-cyclopentenone unit and two side-chain blocks. This approach is efficient and flexible and allows the direct production of all the naturally occuring prostaglandins and a wide spectrum of analogues.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 876-889 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Synthetic methods ; Cycloaddition ; Diels-Alder reaction ; Ene reaction ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rapidly accumulating evidence shows the value of asymmetric Diels-Alder and ene reactions for the syntheses of enantiomerically pure molecules. This article presents a systematic and critical treatment of various stereoface-differentiating principles, including very recent spectacular advances. The chiral information is mainly provided by covalently bound auxiliaries, some of which are crystalline, inexpensive, and readily available from naturally occurring monoterpenes, hydroxy acids, amino acids, steroids, and sugars. Non-destructive transfer of chirality leads to the efficient creation of up to four chiral centers with predictable relative and absolute configurations. Regenerative cleavage of the auxilary group from the diastereomerically pure adducts furnishes a range of polyfunctional, optically pure building blocks. Their synthetic potential is illustrated by strategic applications to the syntheses of physiologically interesting, chiral natural products such as prostaglandins, antibiotics, terpenoids, shikimic acid, alkaloids, and kainoids.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Homoaldol reaction ; Stereoselectivity ; Synthetic methods ; Regioselectivity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Even today, there are conspicuous gaps in the register of organic synthetic methods. Thus, numerous types of homoenolate reagents are listed; yet no generally applicable method for the homologue of the aldol addition, viz. the homoaldol addition, is to be found. The methods documented up to 1980 offer only singular solutions, and, moreover, are not stereoselective. The present article gives an overview of the existing possibilities and then describes how the gap can be closed by using a new class of homoenolate reagents: 2-alkenyl esters of N,N-diisopropylcarbamic acid are lithiated and the resulting allyllithium compounds tailored to high regio- and diastereoselectivity in addition reactions to the carbonyl group via metal exchange. Altogether, the homoaldol reactions now offer a general and reliable, highly stereoselective entry to γ-hydroxycarbonyl compounds, whereby the C(β)—C(γ) bond is formed. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how problems associated with the application of allyl anions as synthetic reagents can be solved today.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 472-484 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Formamides ; Synthetic methods ; Isocyanides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In spite of the large number of reactions which involve the formation of isonitriles, the only preparative routes to these compounds, until recently, were the classical isonitrile syntheses discovered about one hundred years ago by Gautier and Hofmann. These methods are not generally applicable, and give satisfactory yields only in exceptional cases. Isonitriles have recently become readily available by the elimination of water from N-substituted formamides, using acyl halides of Group IV-;VI elements in the presence of bases as dehydrating agents. A dehydrating system with a particularly wide range of application consists of phosgene with tertiary amines. This system generally provides the easiest and most productive route to isonitriles, particularly where large quantities (〉 1 mole) are to be prepared.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 583-587 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkylidenephosphoranes ; Phosphonium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Phosphoranes ; Ylides ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phosphonium salts may be regarded as Bronsted acids, and alkylidenephosphoranes as the conjugate bases. Compounds of the two classes exist in equilibrium with each other. Phosphonium salts and alkylidenephosphoranes can be obtained by this “transylidation”. Other methods are also given for the preparation of members of both classes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkylidenephosphoranes ; Phosphonium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Phosphoranes ; Ylides ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of alkylidenephosphoranes with compounds containing halogens can be used to prepare ylides, which can be converted in to useful products, e.g. by hydrolysis, by thermal decomposition, or by other reactions. Examples of such products are ketones including cyclic, unsaturated, and branched-chain ketones (including cyclic, unsaturated, and branched-chain ketones), carboxlic esters (including those of unsaturated, branched- chain, polyenecarboxylic, acetylenecarboxylic, and allenecarboxylic acids), and aldehydes.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Alkylidenephosphoranes ; Phosphonium salts ; Synthetic methods ; Phosphoranes ; Ylides ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A few examples of preparatively useful syntheses using alkylidenephosphoranes and substances containing a C—N or C—C double bond are the preparations of olefins, allenes, pyran derivatives, and cyclopropane derivatives. Olefins, ketones, and monocyclic compounds can be obtained by autoxidation of alkylidenephosphoranes; α, β-dioxo compounds (including cyclicones) can be prepared by oxidation with peroxy-acids. Alkylidenephosphoranes can also be used for the synthesis of azines and Schiff bases. Of the many possibilities offered by the Wittig reaction, only the preparation of tritiated aldehydes and olefins will be considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Silylation ; Synthetic methods ; Trimethylsilyl group ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The term silylation is used to denote the introduction of a triorganosilyl moiety, especially the trimethylsilyl species, into organic compounds. - Silylated amino acids and sugars are particularly suitable for the syntheses of peptides and saccharides, respectively, since the silyl group can be cleaved off readily under mild conditions. Many diamines undergo ring closure, e.g. with phosgene, only after silylation. - O-silylated lactim ethers (i.e. cyclic imino ethers) are converted into N-alkyl derivatives by alkyl halides. Compounds with a strongly polarized Si—C bond may be used for chain extension. Silyl esters of halogeno fatty acids yield lactones with silver cyanate. - Trimethylsilyl azide is thermally very stable and behaves like organic azides. It reacts with acetylenic compounds, trialkylphosphines, and triarylphosphines to yield silylated triazole derivatives, trialkylphosphines N-silylimines, and triarylphosphines to yield silylated triazole dervatives, trialkylphosphine N-silylimines, and triarylphosphine N-silylimines, respectively, from which the silyl groups can be removed under mild conditions.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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