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  • 1985-1989
  • 1955-1959  (749)
  • 1956  (749)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (619)
  • Chemical Engineering  (130)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1955-1959  (749)
Year
Keywords
  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 545-551 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid phase separation and mass transfer studies were made in a 4-in.-diam. cyclone of conventional construction. The cyclone was tested with oil-water volume phase ratios ranging from values of 1/3 to 9/1 and for total flows up to 24 gal./min., although most variables were studied at a feed rate of 10 gal./min. Kerosene or a white oil (vis. 9 centipoises at 77°F.) was used as the oil phase. Valve or line premixing was used to disperse the feed. Valve pressure drops were in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 lb./sq.in., and inlet drop sizes, where determined, were about 1 mm. The optimum cyclone geometry (volume, diameter of inlet, overflow and underflow lines) and the optimum split (overflow/underflow) were determined in terms of a phase-separation efficiency Es.At optimum geometry and split a number of mass transfer runs were made in which monobutylamine solute was transferred from the kerosene to the water phase. These runs indicated that Es decreased but mass transfer efficiency increased as the feed rate or pressure drop across the mixing valve was increased.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 202
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 552-554 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By use of Cp values from the literature and experimentally determined vapor-pressure-temperature and pressure-volume-temperature relationships, a thermodynamic network has been established for tertiary butyl alcohol in the range of 78° to 500°F. and 14.7 to 700 lb./sq. in. abs. The results include tabulated values of p, v, T, H, S, f, and Z, as well as the vapor-pressure-temperature curve, the critical properties, and constants for the Beattie-Bridgeman equation.The original pressure data were accurate to within 0.14% in the high range and to within 4% in the low range. The limits on the experimental volume data were 0.07% for large vapor volumes and 2% for liquid volumes. The temperature was determined to within 0.1 °F., or less than 0.02% of the absolute temperature.Experimentally determined vapor pressures were found to be lower than those reported in the literature in the range above 1 atm. Values previously reported were obtained by extrapolation of a vapor-pressure-temperature relation developed for use at subatmospheric pressures. For pressures below 1 atm. the experimental values agreed with the reported values.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 203
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 555-560 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an investigation of the factors affecting the change in composition with vaporization of a binary-component spray in heated air at atmospheric pressure. The behavior of the system orthodichlorobenzene-tetrachloroethylene was studied in air ranging from 400° to 1,000°F. Initial drop diameters in the sprays were in the 20- to 400-µ range. The experimental data obtained indicated that the rate of change of spray composition during vaporization was affected only by the chamber-air temperature, the initial feed composition, and the nozzle characteristics.Equations are presented which mathematically describe the vaporization process, liquid diffusion being assumed within the drop controls. These equations have been solved by a stepwise procedure for three initial drop sizes. Results of these calculations have been added statistically according to the initial-drop-size distribution in order to predict the vaporization behavior of the spray. Details of this process of statistical combination have been summarized by Culverwell (1).The calculations agreed with the experimental data previously obtained during the first 5 in. of nozzle-to-tray travel. After 5 in. the deviation was great. Future experimental work to determine more precise values of drop-size distribution, initial drop velocity, and liquid diffusion coefficient may result in more complete agreement.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 204
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 560-567 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of oil and gas by pressure depletion involves both the formation of bubbles and the diffusion of gas from the liquid phase into these bubbles. Studies were undertaken to outline in detail the process of bubble formation when the driving force is small. This work shows that the formation of bubbles is a random process which can, however, be described by a simple probability distribution function. Also, calculations have been made to determine how fast gas will diffuse into uniformly distributed gas bubbles.These results make it possible to describe the manner in which a gas phase is established during the pressure depletion process. In this process the rate of pressure decline is the most important factor influencing the total number of bubbles produced. Laboratory tests have substantiated the finding that in certain types of porous media the amount of oil recovered is sensitive to the number of bubbles formed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 205
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 568-571 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for the ignition of single grains of solid propellant in a stream of gas at high temperature. The investigation encompassed gas temperatures from 578° to 1,070°K., gas velocities corresponding to free-stream Reynolds numbers from 156 to 624, a complete range of oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, and a few oxygen-carbon dioxide mixtures. Pyrocellulose and double-base propellants were tested. The grains were approximately 1/8 in. in diameter and extended through the gas stream, so that ignition was forced to take place on the cylindrical surface rather than on the end of the grain. The exposure before ignition was measured for a large number of grains. The data can be represented by an equation that is consistent with the known effect of flow rate on convective heat transfer and the known effect of temperature on chemical reaction rates, an indication that both processes are important in ignition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 206
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 572-573 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactor-unit concept proposed by Hurt is extended in this paper to include fractional-order reactions and to show the effect of volume change on the system. Equations defining the reactor unit for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are derived.The catalytic dehydration of tertiary butanol was chosen as a means of studying the validity of the extended reactor-unit concept. The experimental investigation was conducted over a wide range of flow rates, catalyst bed heights, and temperatures. The result of the application of this modified reactor-unit expression to the correlation of the data was excellent.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 207
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 208
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 577 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 209
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 210
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 211
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 212
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 213
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 578 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 214
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical engineer frequently has to correlate kinetic data for heterogeneous reactions simply and accurately in order to make useful predictions of reaction rates over a range of conditions. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood approach, which is frequently used for this purpose, does not have the theoretical validity commonly attributed to it, and its use leads to unnecessary mathematical complexity. A simpler method of analysis is suggested which is based on power dependencies of the rate on concetrations, the powers being restricted to integral of half-integral values. The data for several reactions are shown to be adquately correlated by the suggested procedure, which is simple and convenient.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 215
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 62-64 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The wide applicability of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood classical kinetics to surfaces which are known to depart strongly from ideal Langmuir behavior is a well-known paradox of surface catalysis. The applicability and limitations of the classical method are illustrated by means of a simple reaction. The generality of the method is demonstrated by its applicability to ammonia synthesis with and without water vapor. The limitations are often more than compensated for by the added insight into reaction mechanism which it can provide without unded complexity. A three-step approach to surface kinetics is suggested and discussed.
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  • 216
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data correlations are presented for equilibrium adsorption of pure hydrocarbon vapors and their mixtures. The systems represented are C1 to C4 hydrocarbons (olefins and paraffins) on gas-adsorbent grades of activated charcoal. The mixture data are limited to binary and ternary gas systems. The adsorption conditions represented among the correlated data cover ranges of 77° to 175°F. temperature and 0 to 100 lb./sq. in. gauge. With the use of empirical adsorption constants, a common correlation of specific adsorption capacity for the various hydrocarbons is presented; it applies for either pure components or their mixtures. A correlation is given also for adsorption relative volatilities. Approximate adsorption heats, a limited amount of high-temperature steam adsorption data, and sample calculations on applications of the correlations are included. The prediction methods are recommended for adsorption conditions up to 250°F. and 250 lb/sq. in. gauge for the particular systems studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 217
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial area in liquid-liquid systems has been measured photographically. Precision and accuracy of the method have been shown to be better than 10%. To avoid tedium of counting drops, a simple light probe of easily reproducible design has been developed to measure the light transmission through the dispersions formed. A correlation of light transmittance with interfacial area is presented and its usefulness and limitations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 218
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Prompt neutron lifetimes and viod coefficients were calculated for research reactors using M.T.R.-type fuel elements, moderators of light and heavy water, and reflectors of light water, heavy water, graphite, and beryllium. Heavy-water-reflected and -moderated research reactors may have neutron lifetimes of the order of 0.001 sec. as compared with about 0.00006 sec. for a light-water-reflected and -moderated research reactor. Lifetime of the light-water core can be improved considerably by use of better reflectors, but at a substantial reduction and even reversal in sign of the void coefficient.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 219
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 226-234 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer was measured for water flowing parallel to 5/8-in. rods in a triangular lattice (0.914-in. spacing). Velocity was varied from 5 to 20 ft./sec., temperature from 150° to 325°F., and heat flux from 50,000 to 200,000 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.). Reynolds numbers ranged from 70,000 to 700,000. Coefficients were 40% higher than predicted from the Colburn equation for flow in pipes by use of the equivalent diameter. The effect of heated length was studied. No variation in local coefficient around the rod periphery was found. Pressure drops were 65% higher than predicted by the Fanning equation (by use of De).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 220
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The advantages of factorial design are first illustrated by a simple experiment devoted to the effect of two pH factors and an iron-concentration factor on the efficiency of a decontamination process employing iron sulfide as a scavenging agent. The broadening of the base of an investigation by the expansion of a factorial is illustrated by addition of the sulfide concentration as a factor. Finally the principle of expanded factorials is further utilized in the later phases of the study, in which additional levels are assigned to the pH factors in order to arrive at a closer estimate of the optimum conditions for the process.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 221
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the proposed system for counting variables in separation processes the processes are resolved into their simpler component classes, e.g., theoretical plates, heat exchangers, reboilers, distillation columns, etc., and a distinction is made between those variables which are inherent in the systems and those which may be specified for design. Results are presented for the most commonly occurring component classes, and all possible process relations existing among these classes are expressed by a set of generalized equations [(16) to (19)]. The procedure of counting variables is therefore reduced to compositon from variables for the component classes by use of the generalized equations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 222
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Natual and forced convection have always been correlated on different bases although the two phenomena have much in common. Accordingly, a method for correlating both types of convection on the same basis, at least for heat transfer outside horizontal cylinders, would be of interest.A tentative method of accomplishing this for transverse convection is presented, involving certain simplifying assumptions relating to drag and buoyancy, from which an “effective velocity” for natural convection is calculated (by means of the well-known drag correlation) and incorporated in a Reynolds number. The Nusselt number for natural convection is then correlated in terms of the Prandtl number and this Reynolds number in much the same manner as that for McAdams's well-known correlation for forced convection. For 150 different combinations of independent variables covering seven different fluids and wide ranges of diameter, surface temperature, and bulk fluid temperature, the transformed natural-convection data agree with Douglas and Churchill's recent refinement of McAdams's relationship for forced convection with an average deviation of about ±10%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 223
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 224
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because little information is available concerning the behavior of hydrocabons under conditions far from equilibrium, it appears desirable to obtain data for the diffusion coefficients of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase.The Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n-heptane in the gas phase of the ethane-n-heptane and propane-n-heptane systems were measured at temperatures from 100° to 220° F. and for pressures up to 60 lb./sq. in. The fick diffusion coefficient was calculated as a function of state from these measurements.The experimental results indicate that the interfacial resistance between the liquid and the gas phases into which the transport was taking place is small. It was found that pressure exerted a significant influence upon the Maxwell diffusion coefficient for both of the binary systems investigated. There is a marked decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in molecular weight of the stagnant component.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 225
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 280 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 226
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 307-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The internal structure of various types of filter media and the nature of fluid flow through them are examined. Methods of characterizing the internal pore structure of filter media are reviewed, and the permeability, bubble-pressure, and mercury-intrusion methods are applied to ten typical media, with resulting values of average and maximum pore radius and pore-size distribution being reported. These data on internal pore structure are related to the construction variables characteristic of the media examined, in particular the effect of yarn construction, yarn twist, fabric weave, and fabric finish on textile-type filter media.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 227
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 10S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 228
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 463-467 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for estimating adsorption equilibria based on a modification of the Polanyi adsorption-potential theory was developed for use in the investigation described in Part I of this article. In addition, the recently published correlation method of Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Cadogan, suitably modified for the present application, was successfully employed in the correlation and extrapolation of the ternary equilibrium data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 229
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 456-463 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a pilot-scale-moving bed adsorber to separate the various components of a gas mixture using activated carbon as the preferential adsorbent are described. A binary system, methane-acetylene, and a ternary system, methane-carbon dioxide-acetylene, were studied. The performance of the unit was analyzed by means of the transfer-unit-height (H.T.U.) concept based on the observed changes in gas composition during tower operation. For both the binary and ternary systems the transfer-unit height was independent of feed-gas composition but was found to vary linearly with the ratio of feed gas to carbon flow. The over-all transfer-unit-height values based on either the gas or the adsorbed phase were observed to vary from 6.5 in. at 1.39 std. cu. ft./lb. carbon to 36.9 in. at 4.81 std. cu. ft./lb. carbon.
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  • 230
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 477-481 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theoretical-plate concept in chromatography has been treated on the basis of continuous flow of eluent through the plates of the column. A treatment more precise in principle than the previous treatments is presented. General elution and deposition equations have been derived and applied to special cases of practical interest. The derived formulas have the advantage of precision, generality, and simplicity.The theory was found adaptable to the treatment of gradient elution and also to the calculation of the fraction of solute which has been eluted or still-adsorbed on the column during the elution process.A method for the determination of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatographic column is also described.
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  • 231
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 471-476 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The photographic method was used to measure bubble sizes and frequencies for methanol boiling at atmospheric pressure outside a 3/8-in. O.D., steam-heated, horizontal copper tube. The average temperature of the tube was measured by use of the tube as a resistance thermometer. For nucleate boiling at heat fluxes up to 80% of the maximum, the product of bubble diameter and frequency was constant at 4 in./sec. In this region both the Rohsenow equation and the Forster-Zuber equation gave good predictions of the heat transfer. At higher fluxes the product f × D increased and the equations were much less suitable. The critical temperature difference for copper to methanol was not a single value but was a region extending from 52° to 62°F. The heat flux was nearly constant throughout this range at a maximum of 115,000 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.). For film boiling, f × D was nearly constant at 11 sec.-1 Bromley's equation was unsuitable for ΔT values less than 180°F., but it became applicable at this ΔT. The use of Nusselt's equation for steam condensing inside the tube was found to be satisfactory, proof that the slight slope of the tube was sufficient to permit adequate condensate drainage.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 232
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 482-488 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fluidized-bed heat transfer mechanism is proposed that assumes that the chief resistance to heat exchange between a confining wall and a fluidized bed is in the laminar film at the vessel boundary. Heat flow through the film is by conduction. As the solids-particle velocity along the wall will modify film thickness, correlation of film coefficients in terms of particle velocities or the equivalent suggests itself. That heat transport from the boundary of the heating element to the fluidized core proceeds by way of turbulent solids mixing seems indicated by the considerable effect that the solids heat capacity appears to exert on over-all coefficients.The resulting correlation is examined critically in relation to pertinent literature data. The effect of fluidized-bed parameters on heat transfer coefficients is considered, and applicability and limits of the correlation are ascertained.
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  • 233
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect on point and integral average conversion of chemical reaction, coupled with radial diffusion and radial distribution of reaction times in viscous-flow tubular reactors, is reported. Solutions are given for first-order reaction over an extensive range of dimensionless rate and time variables. An expression is given for a criterion of the conditions when the contribution of diffusion is so small that it may safely be disregarded as a variable. Another criterion also is given for the situation when diffusivity is so large, in comparison with other system constants, that the simple plug flow solution may be used without incurring more than a specified error.The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride was studied in 1/4- and 1/2-in.-diam. reactors in 10- and 15-ft. lengths. Reynolds numbers were between 40 and 400 and temperatures between 25° and 35 °C. It was found that the derived equations form a proper description of experiments in the smaller tube. Deviations from theory in the larger tube are explained in terms of free convection arising from nonisothermal conditions and from concentration gradients in the tube. Grashof criteria for initiation of convection in the system are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 514-517 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermodynamic properties of n-hexane have been calculated over a temperature range of 32° to 540°F. and up to a pressure of 600 lb./sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor pressure, volumetric, heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporization data through the application of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data have been found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate to within 0.5 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to 0.0005 B.t.u./(lb.)(°R.).
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  • 235
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A problem arose as to what would happen if there were sudden failures of power to one or more pumps of a large-scale complex pumping circuit composed of several individual pumping systems. This paper describes the application of several published methods of hydraulic transient analysis to the problem. The performance of the system computed under several assumptions is discussed, and a comparison is made with experimentally determined values.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in purity control in sodium systems are covered. Emphasis is placed on results from the prototype S.I.R. system as well as other unpublished data. Included are chemical and nuclear activation analyses of sodium, filtration data, and details and operation of cold traps and plugging indicators.
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  • 237
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plutonium and the fission products can be removed from irradiated uranium by liquidmetal extraction by use of another metal immiscible with uranium. Metals studied have been silver, cerium, and lanthanum. Plutonium removal by silver is high, by the rare-earth metals moderate. In all cases volatile elements, including cesium, strontium, and barium, are removed. Rare earths are efficiently removed. Ruthenium and molybdenum are largely unaffected. Experiments with synthetic fuels corresponding to long burn-up periods show improved removal of most elements. Repeated batch extractions indicate that a continuous process separating the fuel into uranium, plutonium, and fission-product fractions could be developed.
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  • 238
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 215-218 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a windowed autoclave suitable for studying corrosion of materials by pressurized hot water are described. The technique for taking time-lapse motion pictures of a specimen from the instant of contact with the high-temperature water until the corrosion is complete is explained, and a set of typical pictures is presented showing the progress of the attack. Pressure and temperature measurements provide a means for rough computation of corrosion rates, as is shown by the results of two tests of uranium specimens subjected to pressurized hot water.
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  • 239
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixtures of ethylene and oxygen dissolved in water under pressures ranging from 200 to 700 lb./sq. in. were irradiated with Co60 gamma rays at a dose rate of 180,000 r./hr. G values (molecules/100 ev.) for aldehyde production as high as 200 were observed. Increasing total pressure and dose were found to decrease these G values. Alcohol, acids, hydrogen peroxide, and organic peroxide are also products of the reaction; however, the yields are much smaller.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 251-258 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interest in the course of chemical reactions in turbulent flow has made desirable detailed knowledge of the temperature distribution in flowing streams. One method of predicting the temperature distribution under a variety of conditions is reviewed here, the approach being limited to conditions of local uniform transport of momentum. A discussion of some of the aspects of eddy conductivity is included along with a brief review of the velocity distribution in uniform flow.The results serve to illustrate the relation of microscopic conditions of flow to the temperature distribution in a turbulently flowing stream. The importance of the molecular Prandtl number upon the transfer process is stressed.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 16J 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 242
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18J 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 243
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 17J 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 244
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 354-359 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The existence of a single generalized compressibility-factor relationship for univariant systems has long been denied because reduced variables do not provide a generalized vapor-pressure relationship. The present study demonstrates that a saturation curve depends on the ability of the theorem of corresponding states to correlate the reduced temperature as a function of reduced, pressure and the critical compressibility factor. Saturation curves for both the liquid and the vapor phases are established from compressibility data on a variety of systems, substantiating this conclusion.The compressibility factors of saturated mixtures are correlated with pseudoreduced properties based upon Kay's pseudocritical concept. The results indicate that the compressibility factors of saturated liquid mixtures can be predicted with reasonable precision over the entire two-phase region. For pseudoreduced isotherms of unity and above, the same isotherms apply to both phases and are approximately consistent with published compressibility charts for pure gases.
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  • 245
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Visual observations by Fage and Townend of the behavior of a turbulent-flow strean near a boundary and experimental data by Lin, Moulton, and Putnam of concentratiol profiles near a boundary contradict the commonly held concept of the “laminar sublayer.” A model developed by Higbie and Danckwerts which is consistent with the visual obser vations of Page and Townend is used to describe the exchange of mass and heat between a turbulent fluid and a solid surface. It is postulated that masses of fluid are contiuously moving to and from the wall. The exchange process then depends on the average contact time of these fluid masses with the wall.The agreement of the concentration profile predicted on the basis of the proposed model with experimental mass transfer data where the exchange process is rate controlling lends support to the usefulness of the model. No equivalent data are available for velocity profiles. Velocity data represent a condition where the transport process within the fluid is playing an important role; however, in the immediate vicinity of the wall the proposed model might serve as a rough approximation of the profile. Such an approximation is made in this paper, and the agreement obtained is much better than should be expected.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 247
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 363-371 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partial condensers of the reflux type are capable of producing substantial fractionation of vapor mixtures. For vapor products having low dew points they may be preferred to conventional equipment for adiabatic distillation plus total condensation.Experimental studies of a condenser used to fractionate mixtures of ethylene dichloride and toluene show that observed mass transfer effects are in agreement with the Colburn-Drew film theory, which accounts for the influence of the net mass exchange on the relative mass transfer rates of the components. In an adaptation of the transfer-unit concept to partial condensation, new equations are derived relating the number of transfer units to liquid- and gas-phase resistances, surface area, and amount of condensation. Observed resistances to mass transfer agree qualitatively with values independently measured; the diffusional resistance of the liquid phase has a pronounced effect on the fractionation, which does not conform to the Rayleigh theory of equilibrium differential condensation.Partial condensers appear, to require more interracial area than adiabatic distillation equipment in order to produce the same fractionation at the same heat load; for the same interfacial area condensers require more heat removal.Although only the system ethylene dichloride-toluene was investigated here, the results of this work are believed pertinent binary liquid mixtures also. Knowledge of the vapor-liquid equilibrium relationship of the new system and of the liquid and vapor-phase transfer coefficients is required in order to employ the calculation methods introduced here.
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  • 248
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various methods are known for interpreting experimental data for linear-equilibrium cases or constant-pattern break-through curves where either external or internal diffusion alone controls the rate in the ion exchange column. The present paper provides interpretive techniques for nonlinear equilibrium cases where the rate is controlled by a combined diffusion mechanism. The techniques can be applied whether or not the value of the equilibrium constant is known.A completely general correlational method is derived for adding the mass transfer resistances under conditions of nonlinear equilibrium. Published break-through results from numerous sources and from new measurements, evaluated by the techniques described, are used to determine the numerical constants for the general correlation.
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  • 249
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 420-425 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The terminal velocity of air bubbles rising through distilled water, 61% glycerine, diethylene glycol, and a solution of a surface-active agent was measured in vertical cylindrical tubes of 2.09, 3.64, 4.91, 6.90, 9.50, and 15.25 cm. avg. I.D. An equation was developed to express a velocity-correction factor in terms of the ratio of bubble diameter to tube diameter and an empirical constant. The constant was a function of tube diameter and of the surface tension of the liquid. It seemed to be independent of liquid viscosity.
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  • 250
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 412-419 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of rates of dissolution of organic solid from a flat surface into turbulent liquid in a mixing tank of 6 in. I.D. is reported for five systems - benzoic acid-n-water, salicylic acid-water, salicylic acid-benzene, succinic acid-n-butanol, and succinic acid-acetone. Previous theories for the rates of mass transfer are reviewed and compared, and experimental results analyzed and correlated by an equation in terms of dimensionless groups similar to that of Hixson and Baum, Sherwood and Gilliland, and Rushton and Oldshue. The close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the exponent of the Schmidt number in this equation may provide new and significant evidence for the applicability of the surface-renewal theory to mass transfer from a flat solid surface into a turbulent liquid.For free rotational agitation, a local mass transfer coefficient with respect to the position of a cast solid was detected quantitatively. However, the insertion of four baffles into the tank gave a uniform mass transfer coefficient regardless of the position of the cast solid. A decrease in the mass transfer coefficient was observed when baffles were used.The advantages of the constant and stationary interface, the stability and simplicity of the apparatus, the possibility of duplicating experimental results, and the success of the detection of a local mass transfer coefficient suggest that the present apparatus and procedures could be used for the study of the theory of mass transfer rates from flat surfaces.
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  • 251
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 428 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 252
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  • 253
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 429-429 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 255
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemical equilibrium in this reaction has been determined experimentally by a static or nonflow method at temperatures of 400° and 450°C. and at pressures of 1,000 to 3,500 atm. Equilibrium was approached from both sides and the two reacting gases were always in the stoichiometric ratio. The results are presented both as mole percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture and as the equilibrium constant Kp. The constant, Kp, which is a function of pressure, was calculated from Kp°, its value at p = 0, by five different methods and from them the corresponding mole percentages of ammonia were derived for comparison with the experimental results. All such calculations involve assumptions of varying degrees of validity, and no calculated value can be considered accurate. However two of the calculation methods give values which agree reasonably well with the experimental values.
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  • 256
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 444-447 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of the terminal velocity of liquid drops immersed in an insoluble liquid were made for eleven liquid systems, covering a wide range of physical properties: continuous-phase density 0.960 to 1.145 g./cc., viscosity 0.93 to 1.56 centiposes; dispersed-phase density 0.807 to 1.674 g./cc., viscosity 0.59 to 72.1 centipoises; interfacial tension 0.3 to 42.4 dynes/cm. A correlation of the data was developed for each of the two velocity-drop-diameter regions which permits easy computation of the drop velocities. The correlations are shown to reproduce the present data and much of the published data very satisfactorily. Photographs permitted measurement of the drop eccentricities, which are shown to be a function of the drop diameter, density difference, and interfacial tension.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The film theory of liquid-side resistance to gas absorption, embodying the assumption of a thin stagnant liquid film adjacent to the interface in which steady state diffusion occurs, has long been open to question, particularly in packed columns. Higbie's penetration theory, believed to be more reasonable, pictures the liquid as flowing over a piece of packing for a very short period of time before being mixed as it flows to the next piece of packing. In the penetration model absorption occurs during a series of brief contacts, and unsteady state mass transfer conditions prevail in the liquid.Several short glass-wetted-wall columns 1.9 to 4.3 cm. long were constructed to simulate the assumptions of the penetration theory. Because of the short length ripples were absent except when the gas rate was higher than ReG = 2,200. The desorption of carbon dioxide from water and of chlorine from dilute hydrochloric acid (0.16 to 0.18 N) was studied. The desorption rate of carbon dioxide was unaffected by gas velocity up to ReG of 2,200 and increased 1.1%/°C. over the temperature range of 22° to 31°C.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 448-450 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 451-455 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the effect of physical properties and of geometrical and dynamical characteristics of several liquid-liquid extraction systems on the mass transfer coefficients. The two-component systems studied consisted of the following solvents with water: cyclohexanol, methyl ethyl ketone, furfural, normal butanol, and nitromethane. The transfer studies were made in a horizontal glass pipe with the phases flowing counter-currently at velocities from 1,000 to 15,000 lb./(hr.)(sq. ft.). The transfer of solvents into the water phase and of the water into the solvent phase was measured. The film coefficients of mass transfer for a solvent through the water film and for water through the solvent film were correlated by new dimensionless equations which include interfacial tension and diffusivity.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 536-538 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semirigorous equations are developed for flow of flashing liquids in pipe lines. These relations are applied to the flow of hydrogen, and computed correlations are presented for the pressure drop and vapor fraction. The calculations have been carried out as functions of the parameters: diameter, 3/8 to 4 in.; mass rate per unit area, 0.0528 to 682 lb./(sq. ft.) (sec.); pressure, 14 to 30 lb./sq. in. abs.; vapor fraction, 0.005 to 0.65; and heat leak, equivalent to 0 to 0.0224 B.t.u./(sq. ft.) (sec.) for a 3/4-in. line.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 525-528 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An empirical method is suggested which permits the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for binary hydrocarbon mixtures at various total pressures on the basis of equilibrium data at one constant pressure. This method has been tested with the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of six nonideal systems measured at twenty-one different experimental conditions. The total pressure range varies from 50 mm. of mercury to 4 atm. In all cases the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 264
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on liquid entrainment are reported for rectangular-cap bubble trays on 24-in. tray spacing for an air-water system. Several tray variations were studied, and entrainment is given for trays containing eight, twelve, and sixteen caps a tray. Some hydraulic characteristics (pressure drop, liquid backup, minimum vapor velocity, and downflow froth height) are also reported. It was found in this study that decreasing liquid path lenght increased the entrainment from a bubble-cap tray and increasing tray bubbling area decreased entrainment. It was also found that decreasing slot area generally had no effect on liquid entrainment over the range investigated.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 74-78 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Internally agitated extraction columns generally require increasing heights for a theoretical state for the larger column diameters. The present work describes a design developed to minimize this objection and presents the performance data on a system considered easy to extract and on systems considered difficult to extract. H.E.T.S. values as low as 3 in. on the first system and 4 in. on the second type of system were obtained in an 11½ in I.D. glass column. The stage efficiencies were correlated as a function of power input per unit volume of solvent throughput and the ratio of the flow rate of the dispersed phase to that of the continous phases. The supplementary effect of packing was studied and found to be most beneficial in the system which has a low interfacial tension and is considered easy to extract. By the use of this particular arrangement of internal baffles, it is believed possible, in the larger diameter columns, to reduce the height to a ratio of H.E.T.S. to diameter below the value of ¼ obtained in the present column.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 82-87 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 148-152 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation using the hexone-water system was made of flooding in a 1-in.-diam. ten-plate pulse column. An analysis of column operation led to the derivation of an equation for predicting conditions of inadequate pulsation and for establishing the amount of liquid recycled under any operating conditions.
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  • 268
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A natural-circulation loop with water as the circulating fluid was studied for a range of operation covering two-phase flow. The work reported in this paper is concerned with the periodic oscillations of the flow rate and fluid temperature. The oscillations occurred even with constant heat input and constant cooling-water properties for the heat exchanger. The analytical approach includes a theoretical analysis of an open-ended system and numerical solutions obtained with an analogue computer for a simplified loop system. Also presented are the equations of motion, continuity, and energy, which were developed for a transient two-phase flow model for adaptation to more detailed numerical evaluations.
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  • 269
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 173-176 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The attractive nuclear properties of zirconium make it a highly desirable core material for sodium-cooled reactors. The elevated temperature strength while low is sufficient for certain applications. Development of higher strength alloys is underway. Sodium in itself is completely compatible with zirconium; however, the nonmetallic contaminants, namely oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, can effect serious damage. The primary problem in the use of zirconium in a sodium system, then, lies in controlling these impurities in the sodium.
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  • 270
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operating characteristics of a Podbielniak model 5,000 centrifugal extractor, having a combined-stream capacity of 450 cc./min. at 5,000 rev./min. and a rotor holdup of 529 cc., were investigated. Variables studied were density difference, rotor speed, light-liquid-out pressure, flow rates, holdup, and number of stages.A technique for holdup determination that comprises displacing either phase in the extractor with the other phase is described and experimentally demonstrated. An equation useful in predicting flooding limits is verified. It is suggested that the effective values of the rotor dimensions in this equation be determined by the behavior of the extractor.A relationship among number of stages, light-liquid-out pressure, and flow-rate ratio is demonstrated by extracting boric acid from isoamyl alcohol with water. With only a few runs this relationship should permit one to map in a family of curves for a particular system and thus rapidly to estimate optimum operating conditions.A procedure is outlined for applying the methods to other systems using similar extractors. First the constants in an equation are estimated from holdup measurements in order to predict flooding limits. Then a few extraction runs are made to estimate optimum operating conditions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 271
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the rate of flow and mechanics of bubble formation from single submerged orifices 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, and 1/8 in. in diameter installed in an 8-in. I.D. column operating in the air-water system. The coefficients of discharge obtained for sharpedged orifices operating with this system indicate that the effective orifice discharge area for this type of operation is greater than that for an orifice of the same size and type operating at the same pressure ratio in the air-air system. The effective orifice discharge areas for a round-edged orifice operating in either the air-water or air-air systems appear to be identical at the same pressure ratio. The thick-plate orifice operating in the air-water system exhibits a constancy of discharge coefficient at ratios of the downstream to upstream pressures less than 0.33. Inasmuch as bubble formation occurring close to the downstream face of a sharp-edged orifice operating in the air-water system influences the effective orifice discharge area, liquid physical properties may be expected to be important in determining the rate of flow from this type of orifice for other gas-liquid systems.In Part II photographic studies of bubble formation reveal that nonuniformity of bubble size is initiated by the onset of turbulence in the air stream flowing through the orifice. In the section of the laminar-flow range studied in this investigation (200 〈 NRe 〈 2,100) the frequency of bubble formation is nearly constant with respect to Reynolds number. The bubble size is relatively uniform at a given Reynolds number and depends markedly upon orifice diameter. Stroboscopic examination reveals that as turbulence is fully developed for the air flow through the orifice, a counterclockwise spiraling, swirling motion of the air jet is initiated. In the turbulent-flow range the bubblesize-distribution data are fitted reasonably well by a logarithmic-normal-probability distribution. More data for bubble formation in other liquids (particularly liquids of low surface tension) are necessary before a general correlation for bubble size in gasliquid systems can be developed.
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  • 272
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 316-336 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of nine typical filter media of previously determined pore structure has been determined by the filtration of very dilute suspensious containing spherical particles of known size distribution. The mechanisms of filtration prior to the formation of a macroscopic cake are considered, and the applicability of various filtration laws proposed by Hermans and Bredée to describe these regious of filtration are examined. Regions of “standard-blocking” filtration are found to occur with each of the filter media examined. The clogging values for the various media over the region of standard blocking are shown to be related quantitatively to the modal value of interfiber pore radius of the media, as measured by the mercury-intrusion method.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 273
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 372-380 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measuring the spreading of a tracer dye from a point source yields information on diffusion in glass-sphere beds fluidized in water. Particulately fluidized beds, which are here formed, are well described by the statistical turbulence equations of Taylor. Mixing parameters - eddy diffusivity, scale, and intensity of turbulence - are established. Transition of these variables is traced from fixed beds through fluidized beds in different degrees of bed expansion.Mixing characteristics of these “ideal” types of fluidization may provide a frame of reference for consideration of more complex systems.
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  • 274
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 384-388 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to study the process of heat transfer to a liquid drop rising through another liquid. In experimental runs various-sized drops of S.A.E.-10 lubricating oil, kerosene, and xylene were heated with water; also, water drops were heated with various organic liquids. Theoretical calculations of temperature change were made, various mechanisms of heat transfer being assumed. The temperature change predicted with each mechanism was compared with the experimental results and the controlling mechanism thus determined for each system studied.
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  • 275
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The removal of a trivalent ion (Fe+++) from acidic nitrate solutions by a fixed bed of Dowex-50 cation-exchange resin was studied at entering iron concentrations from 14 to 4 meq./liter, flow rates of 0.073 to 1.20 liters/(hr.)(sq. cm.), and bed sizes from 3.7 to 5.4 g. of dry resin/sq. cm. Acid strengths were below 0.45 N. The results were correlated is a relatively simple break-through equation based on the assumptions of an equilibrium extremely favorable to iron adsorption and liquid-film diffusion being the rate-controlling factor. The capacity of the resin for iron was dependent upon the acid concentration of the sulation.The results provide a design equation requiring a minimum of experimental work.
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  • 276
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 468-470 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of both the liquid-phase mass transfer and the internal-diffusion steps in ion exchange were studied by means of shallow-bed experiments. The mass transfer coeffcients obtained fitted the general correlations for other packed-bed operations when the Schmidt group was evaluated with experimentally determined ionic counterdiffusivities. An incremental calculation of the diffusion rates within the particles yielded a value of the counterdiffusivity in the resin phase. A general design procedure based on these findings is proposed.
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  • 277
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 518-524 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reports a direct experimental comparison of the cracking of cumene in a fluidized bed of silica-alumina catalyst with the same reaction in a fixed bed. The effects of fluidization on the kinetics of this reaction are interpreted in terms of an empirical approach using effectiveness factors and by a simplified mathematical model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 278
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 508-513 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Group-contribution values are presented and, together with those already developed for the aliphatic hydrocarbons (10, 11), make possible the evaluation of both van der Waals' constants for the naphthenic hydrocarbons. These constants can be used to produce the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes of these compounds entirely from a knowledge of their chemical structure.Critical constants have been calculated for several naphthenes, and from a comparison of them with the constants resulting from the methods of Riedel (5, 6) and Lydersen (3) it was found that the critical constants calculated by these three methods were in fair agreement for naphthenes having short alkyl side chains and progressively deviated from each other as the chains were permitted to lengthen. An appraisal has been made on five naphthenes along the lines proposed by Sondak and Thodos (9) in order to see whether these calculated critical constants properly represent the vapor-pressure function resulting from vapor-pressure data found in the literature for these hydrocarbons.Critical constants have been produced for more than fifty naphthenes, for which vapor-pressure data are available in the literature, and will be used in a separate, comprehensive vapor-pressure study for hydrocarbons of this type.
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  • 279
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 498-507 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Direct enthalpy measurements were carried out for the methanol-benzene system as a function of composition, temperature (250° to 500°F.), and pressure (30 to 1,400 lb./sq. in. abs.). From these data pressure-enthalpy diagrams were prepared to show the enthalpy and entropy above a reference state of saturated liquid at 77°F. Similar results were obtained for a single binary system of methanol and n-hexane and a single ternary mixture.The conventional generalized correlations were not satisfactory for predicting vapor-phase enthalpies for mixtures involving methanol. A new method requiring a knowledge of the heat of dimerization, the equilibrium constant for the reaction, and the interaction constant, is proposed for such polar-nonpolar systems based upon association of the polar component.The most striking feature of the data for mixtures was the large heat of mixing in the vapor phase for the systems containing methanol. The same type of equation found suitable for the heat of mixing in the vapor phase was applicable to the liquid data.From the enthalpy data across the two-phase region, it was possible to predict a limited amount of information on the compositions of the liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium. An azeotrope exists in the methanol-benzene system, which at 325°F. contains 75 mole % methanol.
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    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 539-544 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 281
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 282
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 283
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 284
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics in the Chemical IndustryThe Materials, production and properties of glass fiber reinforced plastics which are gaining increasing application as semifinished products and molded bodies in numerous branches of chemical technology and which are distinguished by their extraordinary mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, are exactly re- viewed. The common and well known methods and especially the modern special processes of production (enveloping of molds with straightened glass semipro- ducts under mechanic tension, production of semifinished products under preliminary stretching during the hardening of the resin, use of special synthetic resins which shrink at cooling very little, use of soft deformable interlayers) are described as frankly as in detail. Numerous phothographs of smaller and bigger establishments are'telling of the achieved success of glass fiber reinforced plastics in the USA.
    Notes: Es wird ein ausführlicher Überblick über Aufbaustoffe, Herstellung und Eigenschaften der glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffe gegeben, die in den verschiedenen Zweigen der chemischen Technik in Form von Halbzeug und Formkörpern zunehmende Verwendung finden und sich durch besondere mechanische, thermische und chemische Eigenschaften auszeichnen. Neben den üblichen und bekannten Herstellungsverfahren erfahren auch die modernen Spezialverfahren (Bewickeln der Form mit gerichtetem Glas-Halbzeug unter mechanischer Spannung, Herstellung von Halbzeug unter Vorreckung der Fasern während der Aushärtung des Harzes, Verwendung spezieller Kunstharze, die beim Abkühlen nur in geringem Maße schrumpfen, Verwendung weicher deformierbarer Zwischenschichten) eine ebenso ausführliche wie offene Darstellung. Für die in USA auf dem Gebiete der glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffe erzielten Erfolge sprechen zahlreiche im Bild wiedergegebene kleinere und größere Anlagen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 247-248 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 254-255 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Organic Materials in Food IndustryBecause of their favorable corrosive behavior the synthetic materials of organic nature, the so called plastics, are gaining increasing use for the construction of containers and pipelines as well as for packing in food industry. In contrary to the metals the corrosion of plastics is not a pure surface phenomenon as it is influenced by diffusion as well as by penetration effects. The complicated composition of most victuals suggests to judge the possibilities of use of plastics not only by their behavior upon the most important chemical agents but by the reactions taking place between the plastic and the food concerned in its original composition. The results o f such series of tests which have been carried out to a great extent in the institute are represented in chart form.
    Notes: Infolge ihres günstigen Korrosionsverhaltens finden die künstlichen Werkstoffe organischer Natur, die sogenannten Plaste oder Kunststoffe, steigende Verwendung beim Bau von Behältern und Rohrleitungen sowie als Verpackungsmaterialien in der Lebensmittelindustrie. Im Gegensatz zu den Metallen ist jedoch hier der ablaufende Korrosionsvorgang keine reine Oberflächenerscheinung, sondern er wird durch Diffusions- und Penetrationserscheinungen beeinflußt.Die komplexe Zusammensetzung der meisten Lebensmittel läßt es geraten erscheinen, sich bei der Beuteilung der Einsatzmöglichkeiten nicht auf das Verhalten gegenüber den wichtigsten chemischen Agenzien zu beschränken, sondern vielmehr die Veränderungen im Kontakt mit den betreffenden Lebensmitteln in der originalen Zusammensetzung zu registrieren. Eine Tabelle gibt die Resultate solcher Versuchsreihen, die zum großen Teil im Institut für Kunststoffe durchgeführt wurden, wieder.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 305-307 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 338-341 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 322-330 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion by Sulfuric AcidCorrosion tests over the whole range of concentration and temperature up to the atmospheric boiling point have been carried out on high alloyed Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu-steels, recommended because of their sulfuric acid resistance, and modern Mo-containing nickel alloys. The corrosion data are represented in chart form. The corrosion resistance regions are delineated by isocorrosion lines.All the Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu-steels show about the same behavior in more than 50 percent sulfuric acid solutions. In this region they are of limited use but in solutions of lower concentrations they are technically applicable even up to higher temperatures. The limits of use depend in general on their content of nickel.The high alloyed nickel alloys prove generally increased sulfuric acid resistance. In contrary to all the other tested materials the Ni-Mo-alloy 70/30 (Euzonit 70) shows its best sulfuric acid resistance in the concentration region of about 80 percent even up to relatively high temperatures. This behavior is explained as to be caused by the low content of iron. The effect of chrome in alloys is obviously very similar to that of iron.
    Notes: Mit den hochlegierten Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu-Stählen, welche insbesondere bei Schwefelsäureangriff empfohlen werden, und mit modernen Mo-haltigen Nickellegierungen wurden Korrosionsversuche über das gesamte Temperatur-Konzentrations-gebiet bis zu den atmosphärischen Siedepunkten durchgeführt. Die Resultate wurden in Form won Korrosionsdiagrammen dargestellt, wobei die Beständigkeitsgebiete durch Isokorrosionslinien abgegrenzt wurden. Die Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu-Stähleverhalten sich korrosionschemisch in Lösungen über 50% sehr ähnlich und sind in diesem Gebiet nur sehr beschränkt verwendbar. Dagegen sind sie bei niedrigeren Konzentrationen bis zu höheren Temperaturen technisch gut verwendbar, wobei sich die Grenzen der Verwendbarkeit im wesentlich nach dem Nickelgehalt richten.Die hochlegierten Nickellegierungen weisen im allgemeinen eine erhöhte Schwefelsäurebeständigkeit auf, wobei für die Ni-Mo-Legierung 70/30 (Euzonit 70) im Gegensatz zu allen anderen untersuchten Werkstoffen gerade in dem Konzentrationsgebiet um 80% die beste Korrosionsbeständigkeit bis zur relativ hohen Temperaturen gefunden wurde. Diese Erscheinung wird mit dem geringen Eisengehalt der Legierung erklärt, die Gegenwart von Chrom hat in den Legierungen offenbar eine ähnliche Wirkung wie der Eisengehalt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 359-359 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 363-365 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 428-431 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 427-427 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 296
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 432-432 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 297
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 570-572 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Progress in Electric arc weldingWelding of powder electrodes, the I2-RT-process and the modern arc cutting under oxygen are discussed. The article shows that development of electric arc welding has not come to a stand still.
    Notes: Es werden das Verschweißen von Elektroden unter Pulver, das I2RT-Verfahren und das neue Lichtbogen-Sauerstoff-Schneiden behandelt. Die Ausführungen sollen zeigen, daß in der neuzeitlichen Elektrolichtbogenschweißung keinesfalls ein Stillstand eingetreten ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 298
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 431-431 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 299
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 300
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 7 (1956), S. 560-566 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Overvoltage Effects on Bimetallic ElectrodesAfter a determination of the hydrogen overvoltages, on mercury, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel and platinised platinium in acetate buffer solutions the hydrogen overvoltages of bimetallic electrodes as zinc - copper, lead - copper and lead - platinised platinium were investigated under varying surface conditions. For the first and the second systems mentioned the overvoltages are different from those of the pure metals while lead almost assumes the potential of the platinised platinium.The alteration of overvoltages on bimetallic electrodes can be discerned quantitatively from the inhomogeneous current intensity distribution whereby it becomes evident that the metal of the lower overvoltage attracts more current density lines. Differences in potential between the centre and the boundary of the electrode metals as well as temporal effects might disturb the simple current intensity distribution expected.
    Notes: Die Wasserstoff-Überspannungen an Quecksilber, Zink, Blei, Cadmium, Nickel und platiniertem Platin in Acetat-Pufferlösungen wurden bestimmt. Dann wurden die Überspannungen des Wasserstoffs an bimetallischen Elektroden: Zink-Kupfer, Blei-Kupfer und Blei-platiniertes Platin mit verschiedenen Oberflächenverhältnissen untersucht. In den beiden erstgenannten Systemen sind die Überspannungen verschieden von denen der reinen Metalle, während das Blei fast das Potential des Platins annimmt.Die Änderungen der Überspannung in bimetallischen Elektroden lassen sich quantitativ durch die ungleichmäßige Stromstärkeverteilung erklären, wobei sich zeigt, daß das Metall mit der kleineren Überspannung mehr Stromlinien auf sich zieht. Potentialdifferenzen zwischen Zentrum und Begrenzung der Elektrodenmetalle sowie Zeiterscheinungen in der Potentialausbildung können die einfache, zu erwartende Stromstärkeverteilung stören.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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