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  • 1965-1969  (301)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1920-1924
  • 1965  (301)
  • Chemical Engineering  (301)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 106-112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A random pore model of catalytic pore structure is applied to the determination of the thermal conductivity of porous catalytic solids. The low thermal conductivities reported for such materials are explained by considering the microporous particles to consist of a packed bedlike assembly of smaller particles; heat transfer through the solid fraction occurs by conduction through individual small particles in contact with other particles. An expression for the effective thermal conductivity of a gas in the region between ordinary thermal conduction and free molecule conduction is used in determination of heat conduction through the void volume. Agreement of the theory with experimental data on alumina and silver catalysts over a wide range of conditions is good.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 127-129 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory was developed to relate the average velocity of a fluidized particle to the fluidizing gas velocity and the minimum fluidization velocity. The development of this relationship was based on a model for particle movement caused by gas bubbles rising through the fluidized bed. The diffusivity for lateral solids mixing in a fluidized-packed bed can then be determined from the average particle velocity and the diameter of the fixed packing by the random walk theory.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three general methods are developed for solving moving-boundary problems which are governed by diffusional processes such as heat and mass transfer. Examples of such problems include melting, evaporation, and ablation. A method based upon a Riemann-Volterra integration of the diffusion equation leads to nonlinear integrodifferential equations for the boundary motion that are in terms of definite integrals involving Green's functions. An analytical method, which is more convenient for problems involving phase motion, is based on the method of intermediate integrals. A numerical method based on finite difference approximations is implemented on the differential analyzer (analogue computer).
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  • 104
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 294-303 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The major types of instabilities which can alter a given two-phase flow pattern or lead to the breakup of a liquid film are delineated, and their physical mechanisms are discussed. Existing stability criteria are correlated to these basic types, and their application and limitations with respect to actual problems are indicated. Basic areas requiring further study are outlined.A criterion for determining the breakup length of a liquid film is developed which gives an indication of whether a given instability will lead to low frequency and high amplitude pressure and inventory pulsations. Such phenomena may be undesirable.Two new aspects of importance to the problem of film instability are introduced which have not been previously studied. These are rotation of the fluids and large disturbances in the flow. Their possible influence on the problem is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 319-324 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The foam separation process uses differences in surface activity to separate components of a solution. Stable foams can flow upward countercurrent to liquid to give countercurrent differential separations with stripping, enrichment, or scrubbing similar to solvent extraction.Six- and 24-in. I.D. foam columns were operated with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate solutions to measure height of transfer unit (HTU) values and foam densities and to develop satisfactory gas spargers, liquid feed distributors, foam drainage conditions, and foam condensation equipment. The HTU values for stripping of Sr-89 were about 1 cm. for the best conditions of uniform foams, liquid flows of 100 gal./sq.ft.hr. or less, and uniform liquid feed distribution with low inlet velocities. Variations of countercurrent column lengths within 10 to 28 cm. caused little variation in HTU values. The foams were condensed, with four types of pneumatic or mechanical foam breakers used. A pilot plant was designed for decontamination of a low level radioactive waste.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 324-330 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A major problem in the analysis of complex flows of viscoelastic fluids lies in the development of a suitable constitutive equation relating stresses to the kinematics of deformation. In this paper an equation is developed from successive approximations to a very general theory of viscoelasticity. This equation, which predicts both a non-Newtonian viscosity coefficient and normal stress effects in simple laminar shearing flows, appears to reflect a reasonable compromise between simplicity and useful applicability to real materials.The use of this equation is illustrated by means of a study of rapid flows about submerged objects. The results of this study are compared with the usual boundary-layer theory for Newtonian fluids, and the implications of this comparison are discussed in some detail.
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  • 107
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 339-350 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three models of a catalyst particle are examined for existence of multiple steady states depending upon whether intraparticle heat conduction or diffusion is important. The particle with constant temperature but with intraparticle diffusion is examined in detail and a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of the steady state is obtained. Calculations are made for a particle with both intraparticle diffusion and conduction and it is shown that there may be multiple steady states some of which are unstable to small perturbations.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 108
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 365-366 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 109
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 532-538 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution is presented for the nonlinear frequency response of a system in which radiant heat transfer is coupled with conduction. The model is that of an object inside an evacuated enclosure whose wall temperature oscillates about a mean. A perturbation analysis solves the describing equations for oscillatory amplitudes less than one-tent the mean wall temperature. An exact solution to a Ricatti differential equation verifies the perturbation analysis. These solutions show that, contrary to linear experience, the average object temperature over an oscillatory cycle exceeds the mean at the wall.The complete solution for the frequency response can be divided into three regimes. In the first, at low frequencies, all response is truly linear. In the second, higher harmonics become important, but the response remains that of a lumped parameter systems. In the third, response changes with distance from the object surface and the response at the surface dominates. Nonlinearities are important in the second and third regimes. The solution has several applications.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 550-554 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 555-556 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 560-576 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 579-579 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 581-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid phase mass transfer coefficients were determined for streams of bubbles of pure oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide in air, and 10% chlorine in air all rising in water. The results were compared with coefficients predicted by Higbie's equation for unsteady state diffusion into transient films. The observed coefficients for oxygen and carbon dioxide were slightly higher than predicted. The experimental absorption coefficients based on the free chlorine concentrations were in good agreement with the predictions assuming simultaneous irreversible reaction with the transient water film and a pseudo first-order reaction rate constant of 13.7 sec.-1.
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  • 116
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 601-607 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Macroscopic mass and momentum balances have been used to predict the unsteady behavior of gas-liquid slug flow through vertical pipe. Equations have been developed to predict the time-dependent pressure drop along the pipe as well as the time-averaged pressure drop. The results of the analysis indicate that the gas bubble lengths and frequencies of generation must be known before the pressure drop can be predicted as a function of time. In this work the bubble generation was specified in two ways: by experimental measurement of the bubble lengths and frequencies of generation from an optical technique developed for this purpose, and by assuming a periodic generation of gas bubbles of uniform length. The comparisons between predicted and measured pressure drops (both time dependent and time averaged) are satisfactory and appear to support the theoretical model. An extension of the results obtained in light of the published information on solid-gas and immiscible liquid-liquid systems in slug flow permits the introduction of generalized concepts of slug flow behavior in two-phase systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 613-616 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships applicable for the prediction of self-diffusivities of gases and liquids have been developed from available experimental values and an application of dimensional analysis. Separate relationships were found to apply for gases at normal pressures and for gases at elevated pressures. For the liquid state a different dependence on the conditions of temperature and pressure was observed and was taken into account to develop the relationship for this state of aggregation.
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  • 118
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 331-333 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Generalized equations for vapor pressure and PVT behavior are used to develop a functional relationship between latent heat of vaporization and reduced temperature and pressure. This function leads to a graphical correlation which utilizes the slope M of the vapor-pressure curve at the critical point. The correlation gives the latent heat of vaporization at any temperature in the two-phase region for any substance for which the critical point and one vapor-pressure point are known. The correlation is particularly useful for prediction of latent heat of vaporization near the critical point by the use of information for removed from the critical. Included in the study are polar, nonpolar, organic, inorganic, and metallic substances. General predictions of latent heat as a function of temperature are within a few percent wherever comparisons can be made with experimental data.
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  • 119
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 351-355 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The great utility of the effectiveness factor concept to account for intraparticle diffusion lies in its simplicity of application. Unfortunately, the standard formulation leads to a separate relationship for each type of reaction rate form, which greatly complicates practical computations.A general asymptotic solution is given here which leads to the definition of a general modulus somewhat different in form from the standard one. The use of this general modulus tends to approximately bring together all of the various curves.To illustrate its use, a few new exact solutions for simple order reactions are derived and combined with existing solutions for both simple order and adsorption reaction rate forms. It is seen that all of the curves lie within a relatively narrow range. Thus the general modulus permits one to estimate the effectiveness factor for any arbitrary reaction from the existing curves.
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  • 120
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 356-363 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An efficient gas absorption device has been developed based on a stable aqueous foam moving in a horizontal duct, with a gas-liquid interaction that causes only negligible pressure drops.The study of a liquid-phase and a mostly gas-phase-controlled system has indicated that their mass transfer performance can be predicted. This is based on hydrodynamic data for flowing foams, obtained in a preliminary study published elsewhere.The influence of geometry, foaming solution properties, and surfactant-caused interfacial resistance are included in the analysis.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 121
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 367-368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 122
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 370-374 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 123
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 370-384 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 124
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 389-390 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The method for predicting the viscosity of binary nonpolar gaseous mixtures from pure component Lennard-Jones force parameters and composition has been extended to multicomponent mixtures. The 136 mixtures examined contained from three to seven components from sixteen different gases in the temperature range from 5° to 1,014°C. The predicted gaseous viscosities should fall between -0.3 and -6.7° of the actual viscosities 95% of the time. With a slight modification of the constant in the viscosity expression, the viscosity can be predicted to within ±3.2% of the experimental viscosity 95% of the time for mixtures containing three or more components.
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  • 125
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a study of flux, film thickness, and velocity profiles in the drainage and withdrawal processes of non-Newtonian fluids on flat plates. The flow equations for the drainage from a vertical plate are solved for a three-constant or Ellis model fluid. The solution is compared with that of the Newtonian fluid.The withdrawal case is solved for the power law fluid. The solution consists of matching of the equation of capillary statics in the liquid bath to the flow equation in the entrained film. Experimental data of coating of an endless belt with a film of a non-Newtonian fluid are presented and discussed in view of the theory developed.
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  • 126
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 755-757 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 127
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 588-595 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the apparent success in the use of the three-constant Ellis model to describe a wide variety of experimental data, a summary is given of analytical and numerical solutions for this model. The solutions include isothermal flow between flat plates, in tubes, in films, in annuli (axial, tangential, and radial) and nonisothermal flow in tubes with constant wall temperature and with constant heat flux at the tube wall.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 128
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 624-635 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study was made in a cocurrent vertical mercury-nitrogen flow of local parameters, including local liquid velocity and gas fraction. In Part I the pertinent quantities are carefully defined and power-law continuity expressions derived. A description is given of the apparatus, including a simple local liquid velocity probe. In Part II experimental velocity and void profiles are given for the mercury-nitrogen flow. The regime is slug flow, but the slugs are not axisymmetrical, on account of the nonwetted walls. Intensities of density and liquid velocity fluctuations are computed for the first time and a comparison made with Levy's mixing-length theory.
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  • 129
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 452-456 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A microinterferometric method was used to measure the diffusion coefficient as a function of concentration in the system dimethylformamide-polyacrylonitrile at 25°C. The diffusion coefficient increases with increasing polymer concentration up to the maximum employed, 17.72% by weight. The theoretical basis for this type of behavior is explained. The diffusion coefficient in the limit as the polymer concentration approaches zero was calculated from theory to be 0.30 × 10-6 sq.cm./sec. This value is consistent with the diffusion coefficients obtained experimentally.
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  • 130
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 474-480 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technique has been developed for finding quantitative regions of asymptotic stability for nonlinear systems by using a known proof of the theorem which substantiates the linearization. In a sense, the method defines a region in which the first-order approximation is dominant from the point of view of stability. While the computations necessary can be somewhat involved, the procedure is essentially identical in all situations, and once established, can easily be used for a vast class of autonomous systems. The practical problems of both reversible and irreversible chemical reactions occuring in a continuous flow stirred vessel have been analyzed. Stability regions were obtained which are sufficiently extensive to be practical from the process viewpoint.
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  • 131
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 706-712 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of isothermal diffusion in a variable molecular-weight binary gas mixture is considered for the case when the process occurs in a laminar boundary layer. Viscosity and diffusion coefficient are assumed constant. Solutions are given for both forced and free convection at large Schmidt numbers and large mass transfer rates toward the surface. Use of the molar average velocity considerably simplifies the results. These results suggest that the constant density solution in terms of mole fractions, evaluated at free stream conditions, may be a good approximation for variable density. This technique, improved by an approximate correction derived herein, is shown to agree reasonably well with the results of exact numerical solutions of the boundary layer equations.
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  • 132
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 695-701 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is proposed for achieving the optimum design, in the sense of minimum plates, for conventional and complex distillation columns for any set of specifications directly dependent on product purity which might be imposed by the designer. The method uses the calculational procedure of Theiele and Geddes, the θ-method of convergence, and sequential-search procedures. Illustrative examples chosen from a large number of design problems solved by this method are presented.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alternating current voltage (60 cycles/sec.) was found to increase boiling heat transfer rates and prevent film boiling for deionized water under forced convection at essentially ambient pressure. Steam was used to supply heat to the interior wall of a 0.292-in. thick annulus, and voltages up to 5,000 v. were impressed across the region of vapor formation. The highest heat transfer rates reached were approximately twice the normal nucleate boiling peak. The application of voltage increased the boiling heat transfer over the entire range tested - mass flow rates up to 5.2 × 105 lb./hr.-sq.ft. and exit qualities up to 4% by weight vapor. Data obtained from tests in which the external wall of the flow annulus was heated indicated an increase in heat flux up to 2,000 v., followed by a decrease in heat flux at voltages above 2,000 v.
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  • 134
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 720-723 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of surface wetting during the application of voltage to the boiling process for isopropanol and water was made using current and voltage measurements from previous work. In the normal film boiling region, surface wetting initially contributes strongly to the increased heat transfer and, at higher voltages other factors such as local mixing and bubble characteristics appear to predominate. Based on this model, it was shown that the ratio of heat transfer increases per unit applied voltage for an annulus heated internally and heated externally (4.3 to 1) corresponded to a bubble radius of 0.052 in., assuming a linear relationship between the calculated net electrostatic force and the heat transfer increase.
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  • 135
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 733-739 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for numerical solution of boundary-layer problems has greater applicability as well as greater speed and accuracy than the several previously proposed methods. The method uses the Goertler-transformed equations and a nonlinear finite-difference procedure. In most earlier work on difference methods the equations have been linearized at each step parallel to the boundary. The method of treatment of the boundary conditions on the equation of change for energy or mass transfer is shown to have an important influence on accuracy, and a new, more accurate method of treating boundary conditions involving the normal derivative is presented.Typical complete solutions are compared with the several methods. The solutions include both similar and more general flows up to separation, as well as coupling between the momentum and energy-balance equations.
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  • 136
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 578-755 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 137
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 757-757 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 138
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 595-600 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flash X-ray radiography was used to study the internal structure of fluidized beds. Basic data were obtained on the density distribution and on void shapes, sizes, and velocities within an air-sand bed. The data obtained, in general, support the view of fluidized beds as consisting of liquidlike emulsions through which voids rise. Density measurements and void characteristics were in agreement with the two-phase flow theory and with more recent theories of fluid bed flow. Void velocities and shapes agreed with recent predictions that the dense phase behaves as a liquidlike emulsion of zero viscosity and surface tension.
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  • 139
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 607-612 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solutions are obtained for three illustrative cases of unsteady heat transfer to slug flows, taking axial conduction into account. The magnitude of the correction to the solutions neglecting this effect is shown to be quite appreciable near the leading edge. In agreement with previous steady state estimates, the axial conduction correction becomes negligible for Peclet numbers in excess of 100.
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  • 140
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 1156-1156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 141
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 1156-1157 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 142
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 971-980 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The system consists of a thin, transversely infinite horizontal fluid layer initially in mechanical but not thermostatic or speciestatic equilibrium. The top and bottom surfaces of the layer are assumed to be unconstrained, and the stability of the system to buoyancy driven finite amplitude roll cell disturbances is investigated. The system is capable of exhibiting both a subcritical stationary and oscillatory instability. The average vertical transport of heat and mass is computed and it is found that the convective transport associated with a stationary type of instability is much greater then that corresponding to an oscillatory instability.
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  • 143
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 1000-1005 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations which describe the performance of a continuous tubular photochemical reator have been formulated and analyzed by dimensional analysis. Experimental data obtained in a study of the decomposition of hexachloroplatinic acid in water were correlated as suggested by the dimensional analysis, thus partially confirming the validity of the approach.
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  • 144
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 1012-1019 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Expressions are derived for an effective wall heat transfer coefficient useful in one-dimensional representations of heat transport in packed beds. These expressions are obtained with two mathematical models of a cylindrical packed bed: a partial differential model and a finite stage model. These expressions relate the effective wall heat transfer coefficient, which is a local coefficient, to the actual wall heat transfer coefficient and the bed diameter (and the radial Peclet number in the partial differential model) in regions of the bed where similar temperature profiles obtain. These relations involve a single dominant root of an equation characteristic of the heat balance equations of each model.From these relations, expressions for an effetive thermal resistance of the bed are obtained. For each model, this bed resistance is found to be an approximately linear function of the bed diameter and to be rather insensitive to the actual wall heat transfer coefficient. For each model, an approximate bed resistance is found that is not dependent upon the actual wall heat transfer coeficient and with which the effective wall heat transfer coefficient can be estiamted with an error of less than 7%.
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  • 145
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 678-685 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the determination of the plate efficiencies for existing conventional and complex columns is presented. Information, such as any combination of product distributions, plate temperatures, and plate compositions, which is in addition to that required to solve a problem for a fixed column is used to determine efficiencies.
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  • 146
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 686-689 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is developed for the treatment of data obtained from flow systems whose performance is unsteady and periodic. Experimental results from a study of axial dispersion in pulsating turbulent flow in an open, round pipe are presented; they show that pulsations can greatly increase axial mixing.
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  • 147
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 1063-1072 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Since 1953, when G. I. Taylor first considered the problem, numerous studies of the miscible displacement of fluids in capillaries have produced several approximate mathematical solutions which are purported to be valid under different conditions. Their form and ranges of applicability have been in conflict to some extent, since no exact solution is available to check these expressions.This study has resulted in exact numerical solutions to this problem with both axial and radial molecular diffusion accounted for. The range of parameters investigated is wide enough for comparison with all known analytical and empirical results and covers τ from 0.01 to 30 and NPe from 1 to 23,000. It is shown that for sufficiently large values of τ the Taylor-Aris theory is valid and thus results for all τ and NPe of any practical interest are now known.Axial molecular diffusion is significant at lower values of the Peclet number but the magnitude of NPe at which this occurs depends on the value of τ. In general, axial molecular diffusion is important for Peclet numbers less than about 100.Present results show that there is no justification for Bailey and Gogarty's empirical modification which yields an exponent of 0.541 rather than 0.50 for τ in Equations (35) and (36). Also, for the system studied here, no justification was found for the conjecture of Bournia et al. that Aris' low NPe modification may not account for axial diffusion properly.Simple expressions given by Equations (48) and (50) were developed empirically and they give with good accuracy the average concentration distribution over wider ranges of NPe and τ than previously reported expressions.
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  • 148
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 728-733 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory continuous mixed suspension salting out crystallizer was designed and constructed to test the dynamic crystallization model proposed by Randolph and Larson. The model relates the crystal size distribution to nucleation and growth kinetics and operating conditions. The ammonium alum-ethanol-water system was selected because of its ease of operation and control.The results of this work were in agreement with the steady state model. Under the conditions of these experiments, it was found that the nucleation rate dNo/dt was related to the growth rate r by dNo/dt = k1r2. The crystallizer was also operated under unsteady state conditions which resulted from variations in the production rate. The theoretical model with experimentally determined parameters was simulated on an analog computer and solved for production rate changes. The results indicated that the model was in agreement with the dynamic data for production rate upsets.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 740-741 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 745-745 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 748-759 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 152
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 752-768 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 153
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 753-754 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 154
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 770-955 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 155
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 771-771 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 156
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 790-793 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical method is developed for calculation of the temperature field in a material that freezes outside an isothermal cylinder. Numerical values are presented for the freezing front location and for the rate of heat transfer to the cylinder. The computed values are compared with the analytical solutions for the limiting cases of zero latent hear, negligible heat capacity, and freezing adjacent to a flat plate. The results have many applications, including the freezing of wet soil outside underground pipes or storage tanks for cryogenic fluids.
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  • 157
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 965-971 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previous study (3) revealed a discrepancy between the actual shape of a spheroidal filter cake formed on a laterally unconfined circular test leaf, and that predicted from theory. This discrepancy was tentatively attributed to either cake compressibility or filter cloth resistance that was neglected in the mathematical model and not controlled in the original experiments. More extensive and systematic experiments reported in the present paper, employing incompressible cakes and filter media of negligible resistance, display similar behavior. (Cake incompressibility and negligible septum resistance were quantitatively established by conventional one-dimensional experiments.) It is speculated that the observed departure from theory may be due to the inapplicability of Darcy's law, especially in the early stages of cake formation.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 820-824 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation is presented of the flotation of dichromate ion from aqueous solution with a cationic surfactant, ethylheaxadecyldimethylammonium (EHDA) bromide. Dichromate forms a colloidal complex with EHDA ion in a molar ratio of approximately 1 : 2. Excess surfactant causes the formation of a stable foam to which the complex is adsorbed, providing the separation of dichromate from aqueous solution. Batch flotation studies were conducted utilizing approximately 2-liter solutions containing from 10 to 200 mg. of dichromate ion (4.8 to 96.3 mg. of hevavalent chromium), with masses of EHDA-Br ranging from 400 to 800 mg. The effects of mass of surfactant added, dichromate concentration, pH, and possible interfering anions were determined. A comparison is made with pure surfactant solutions, and the mechanism of the process is discussed.Most efficient operation is achieved with a molar feed ration of EHDA ion to dichromate ion from 2.1 to 3.0, and removal ratios ranging from 80 to 95% are obtained. Reduction of the residual dichromate below 10% of the feed concentration requires additional surfactant and produces excessive foam, which could be overcome by modifications in operating conditions.
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  • 159
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 1026-1032 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Birefringent studies have been carried out on a viscoelastic fluid (polystyrene in Aroclor) flowing in straight, converging, and diverging channels, for the purpose of obtaining point-by-point stress data (the shear stress and the difference in normal stresses). A preliminary analysis in terms of the Coleman-Noll second order theory for viscoelastic fluids shows good agreement.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 959-959 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 161
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 963-963 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 162
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 981-988 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solutions to the creeping motion equations for a cylinder and particles in an infinite media were superimposed to calculate the first-order correction to the Stokes settling velocity for a particle inside a cylindrical container and for various models used to approximate the settling characteristics of dilute suspensions. The models were based on an assumed disribution of translating particles subject only to the hydrodynamic forces produced by their motion. Particle interactions and wall effects for ordered and random arrangements of spherical particles in a cylinder were calculated on a digital computer and used to devlop equations for settling velocity as a function of concentration.The equations developed for the models containing spherical particles were modified to apply to nonspherical particles by considering each particle as a point force with regard to the fluid motion it produces at neighboring particles. As an application of these equations, a model of a dilute fiber suspension was studied in which prolate spheroide settle perpendicular to their symmetry axes.The correction to Stokes' law for ordered arrangements of spheres is close to that obtained by earlier investigators working with similar models. However this correction leads to lower settling rates than the bulk of reported experimental data at any given particle concentration in the dilute range of less than 5% solids. The authors have shown that this discrepancy may be eliminated by assuming an alternate model composed of doublets in place of uniformly distributed particles. It may be concluded that in the dilute concentration range a model of a sedimenting suspension must include terms which reflect its tendency toward cluster formation and the consequent effect on settling rate. In order to accomplish this, forces other than hydrodynamic may have to be considered, for example, electrostatic forces.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 989-995 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of viscoelastic fluids in the inlet region of a channel formed by two parallel flat plates has been analyzed with a Rivlin-Ericksen approximation to describe the fluid properties. It was found that viscoelasticity changed the entry length; both the magnitude and direction of this change predicted to depend upon the detailed fluid properties. These predictions of the change in the entry length were seen to find some qualitative support in available experimental evidence.The directions for further analysis, based primarily on the important observation that these materials may exhibit solidlike behavior in the immediate vicinity of the entrance, are indicated. This solidlike behavior is seen to be closely related to “melt fracture” and similar instability phenomena common to these materials; it serves to explain directly the otherwise perplexing observations concerning the similarity of such fluid fracture phenomena in materials as divergent in their properties as viscoelastic polymeric systems and inelastic dilatant slurries.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stability criteria are formulated for displacement of a fluid from an infinite porous medium by a second more dense fluid miscible with the fluid being displaced. Pure displacing fluid is separated from pure displaced fluid by a region of constant thickness in which the two fluids interpenetrate. The steady displacement process takes place at a constant velocity in the direction of gravity. It is shown that appreciable differences in pure-component densities, viscosity variation within the zone of interpenetration, and the displacement velocity can have a major effect on the stability criteria of such a flow.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple technique is described for calculating the adsorption equilibria for components in a gaseous mixture, using only data for the pure-component adsorption equilibria at the same temperature and on the same adsorbent. The proposed technique is based on the concept of an ideal adsorbed solution and, using classical surface thermodynamics, an expression analogous to Raoult's law is obtained. The essential idea of the calculation lies in the recognition that in an ideal solution the partial pressure of an adsorbed component is given by the product of its mole fraction in the adsorbed phase and the pressure which it would exert as a pure adsorbed component at the same temperature and spreading pressure as those of the mixture. Predicted isotherms give excellent agreement with experimental data for methane-ethane and ethylene-carbon dioxide on activated carbon and for carbon monoxide-oxygen and propane-propylene on silica gel. The simplicity of the calculation, which requires no data for the mixture, makes it especially useful for engineering applications.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 112-120 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The θ method of convergence has been applied to conventional and complex columns at unsteady state operation. A different holdup for each stage may be specified in terms of molal, mass, or volumetric units. Plate efficiencies were used, and the K values and enthalpies were taken to be polynomials in temperature.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 130-132 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effective thermal conductivities for lateral heat transfer were measured in a fluidized-packed bed. An analysis of the mechanism of heat transfer was made by comparison with previously determined rates of solids mixing. A general correlation was made of the fluidized-packed bed thermal diffusivities with the size of the fixed packing and the minimum fluidization velocity in a manner similar to the correlation for lateral solids mixing diffusivities in a fludizied-packed bed.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Terminal velocity drag coefficients CD were determined for cylinders, prisms, disks, and spheres in air and water at NRe from 1,000 to 300,000, the regime where particles rotate and/or oscillate. These and other similar data show that CD is a function of particle and fluid densities ρp and ρf, as well as shape and NRe.By considering CD a function of particle moment of inertia and the rotational moment generated by circulation (or alternatively the field force and the lift), one can deduce that \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm C}_{\rm D} = {\rm f}\left({\frac{{\rho {\rm p}}}{{\rho {\rm p}}}\,{\rm or}\,\frac{{\rho {\rm p} - \rho {\rm f}}}{{\rho {\rm f}}},\hbox{a length ratio, N}_{{\rm RE}}} \right) $\end{document}. This relationship correlates the data for ρp = 1.2 to 8.3 and ρf = 0.1 to 1.3 g./cc. to within ± 10%.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 158-163 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present work is concerned with an experimental study of the influence of mass transfer on the holdup of countercurrent liquid-liquid fluidized systems and the effect of solute on droplet coalescence. Of particular importance in the results obtained is the dramatic demonstration that mass transfer greatly influences the holdup when solute is being extracted from the discontinuous phase loading to strong coalescence.
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  • 172
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 176-192 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 173
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 174
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 202-204 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The object of this paper, first in the series dealing with the generalized thermodynamic properties of real gases, is to present generalized compressibility charts in the reduced temperature range of 1.0 to 15.0 and a reduced pressure range of 0 to 40.0. A detailed summary of deviations of the present charts with PVT values of different gases is presented. A summary of the comparison of the present charts with the existing charts is also given.
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  • 175
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    Notes: The friction factor and Reynolds number were measured for sodium carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) flowing through a rectangular duct. Measured values were compared with values calculated in Part I of this paper. Both a pipe viscometer and a Couette viscometer were used to evaluate the rheological parameters for the fluids. Calculations were based on a power law model. The agreement between theoretical and experimental values was excellent.
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  • 176
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    Notes: In Part I (1) three general methods of solving moving-boundary problems were developed, and in Part II (2) the three methods were applied to the problem of evaporation from a flat surface into a gas of infinite depth. In this final paper, more challenging problems in cylindrical and spherical coordiates are considered, and new solutions to these are presented.
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  • 177
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dependence of the dynamic characteristics of distillation column sections on the shape of the equilibrium relationship and the number of plates comprising the section is discussed. Dynamic characteristics, valid near the steady state operating condition, were obtained for simple column sections separating binary mixtures by a straightforward calculation with a digital computer. Sections with concave downward equilibria respond significantly more slowly than comparable sections with linear equilibria. Sections with concave upward equilibria respond faster. This behavior is explained in terms of the internal recycle within the section. The rate of propagation of a disturbance from end to end in the section is only weakly influenced by the shape of the equilibrium relationship.
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  • 178
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 268-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The motion of individual air bubbles in a water stream flowing turbulently in a 4 in. × 4 in. vertical conduit is investigated by photographic means. The bulk water velocity ranges from 40.8 to 267 cm./sec., corresponding to a system Reynolds number range of 48,600 to 386,000. Both tap and demineralized water were used at or near room temperatures. Air bubbles range from 0.038 to 0.70 cm. in equivalent radius and the corresponding bubble Reynolds number based on relative velocity ranges from 58 to 4,500.The results indicated that the bubble relative velocity in a turbulent water stream is similar to the rise velocity of single bubbles through a quiescent liquid. It was found to be practically independent of the system Reynolds number for bubbles having an equivalent radius above 0.3 cm. Large fluctuations in the bubble velocities were noted in all cases. The drag coefficient is, in general, lower for the demineralized water tests than for tap water when the bubble Reynolds number is below 2,000. Above this value, a mergence of the drag coefficients for all tests occur with a peak of approximately 2.0 at a bubble Reynolds number of 3,000, which is lower than the nonflow value of 2.6.
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  • 179
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 151-154 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an earlier paper (1), three general methods of approaching the moving-boundary problems were developed. In the present work, these three methods are applied in detail to the solution of the problem of evaporation from a flat surface into a vapor phase of infinite depth. While this particular problem has been solved before (2,3), it has been chosen as an example here because all three methods apply directly.
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  • 180
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 174-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 181
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified thermistor anemometer probe was used to measure solid particle flow patterns in a 9.5-in. diameter fluidized bed. The probe was calibrated and found to measure the direction and mass velocity of the silica-alumina cracking catalyst used. Flow patterns were determined at heights of 6.5, 12.5, 18.5, and 24.5 in. above the support plate with superficial air velocity from 0.25 to 1.00 ft./sec. and bed depths of 14 to 30 in.Radial flow patterns were found not to be symmetrical about the axis of the bed but were similar at angles of 60 deg. This indicated that there were six similar particle flow pattern sections around the column axis.The percentage of the cross-sectional area of the fluidized bed through which the particle flow is upward was found to be approximately 60%. There was no definite dependence of this area on any of the variables studied.The catalyst bulk circulation rate, defined as the average mass velocity of the particles at a given cross section in a fluidized bed without regard to the direction of flow, was determined for each fluidization condition and correlated as a function of the superficial air velocity and the ratio of the distance above the support plate to the height of the fluidized bed.
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  • 182
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 194-371 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 183
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study in the behavior of nitrogen and neon pool boiling was performed. The test section consisted of a vertical pipe 3 in. O.D. × 7½ in. long. The variables studied are: heat input, submergence, and surface finish. Several copper heaters were tested, in addition to nickel and cadmium plated heaters. The results were correlated for nitrogen by an equation which gave an average deviation of ± 16% for all the heaters except the cadmium plated heater. The paper describes the experimental equipment and technique, summarizes the data, and compares them to literature values and equations.
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  • 184
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By use of a least-squares technique, a set of parameters for the generalized Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation is determined. The generalization of the equation is based on the modified theorem of corresponding states. The generalized equation shows a grand average absolute deviation of 1.6% in predicting the observed values of reduced pressure. The set of constants has been determined for densities up to twice the critical density in the reduced pressure range of 0 to 40.0 and a reduced temperature range of 1.0 to 15.0. The recommended generalized constants are Ao′ = 0.24180980, ao′ = 0.04407059 a′ α′ = 0.11369478 × 10-3, Bo′ = 0.07643101, b′ = 0.03715171, Co′ = 0.21217005, c′ = 0.06448001 and γ′ = 0.06.
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  • 185
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixing and a rapid, second-order irreversible chemical reaction were studied in a turbulent chemical flow reactor, with a point conductivity probe used to detect changes in concentration. From the mathematical theory of Toor, it is shown experimentally that data on the mixing of a passive scalar additive in a nonreactive system may be used accurately to predict the yield of a rapid, irreversible second-order reaction when the hydrodynamics and initial conditions on mixing for the reactive system are identical to those of the nonreactive system. Increasing the bulk average concentration of one reactant is shown to have a strong effect on the overall reaction yield.
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  • 186
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism whereby surface-active agents cause stagnation in a fluid interface has been extensively studied for water flowing in a horizontal channel. Known surface-active contaminants exhibiting varied surface behavior were added to the water. Distinctly different phenomena were observed with compressible and incompressible films.
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  • 187
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental coalescence time and time distribution studies of the coalescence of a single droplet at a plane interface are presented for four two-component-two-phase systems. The results have been analyzed by dimensional analysis and statistical analysis, and a correlation of coalescence time and coalescence time distribution with the physical properties of the system is proposed.
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  • 188
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 431-435 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The technique of bounding, that is of constructing general solutions for all ranges of the variables and parameters from solutions for a few limiting and special cases, is outlined and illustrated for problems in conduction and convection. The technique of patching, that is of constructing approximate solutions for multiphase media by the combination of pseudo solutions for the different regions, is also outlined and illustrated for problems in conduction and freezing. The shortcomings and possible inaccuracies of these two techniques are indicated as well.
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  • 189
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 288-294 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The viscoelasticity of a number of polymer solutions was studied by subjecting the solutions to simple harmonic displacements in a pipe. Both water-based and organic-based solutions were used. Results were analyzed in terms of a modification of the operator equation of linear viscoelasticity. A three-constant model used earlier was found to correlate most of the data. Further experiments to verify the model are suggested.
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  • 190
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 304-310 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed study has been made of the excess viscosity of dense-phase aragon, deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, para and normal hydrogen, neon, and nitrogen and of the excess thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen. A definite temperature dependence for the excess viscosity vs. density has been shown to exist for argon, helium-4, hydrogen, and nitrogen and to be indicated for deuterium. The existing thermal conductivity data for hydrogen have been examined. A theoretical analysis for the qualitative behavior of excess thermal conductivity is given. The critical point viscosity values for all the species are given. Graphs, together with references to 1-atm. data, are presented for computation of the transport properties.
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  • 191
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 644-650 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis is presented of the liquid film flowing around long, bullet shaped, gas bubbles which characterize the slug-flow regime in two-phase flow through vertical pipe. Integral mass and momentum balances on the liquid film allow the prediction of gas bubble shape, liquid holdup around the bubble, wall shear stress acting on the liquid film, and velocity profiles in the liquid film. These predictions are in good agreement with data available in the literature.
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  • 192
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 481-487 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The local mass transfer rates from a sphere in a regular packing array have been determined by measuring the local radius change of a slightly soluble 1.500-in. diameter benzoic acid test sphere after having been immersed in a water stream. Results in the form of typical local Sherwood number profiles are reported for single spheres over a particle Reynolds number range of 166 to 1,560, and for spheres in simple cubic packing and rhombohedral packing over particle Reynolds number ranges of 488 to 2,409 and 1,680 to 3,410, respectively. All runs were made at room temperature. An idealized flow pattern around spheres in simple cubic packing is presented.
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  • 193
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 492-497 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An isothermal throttling calorimeter system has been built for obtaining the effects of pressure on the enthalpy of liquids and vapors. The propane-benzene system has been studied at 200°0, 300°, and 400°F. for pressures from 200 to 1,000 Ib./sq.in.abs.The experimental results are evaluated with respect to errors, and the data on the pure components are compared with values from the literature. Calculation methods are employed, and the calculated results are compared with the experimental data in an effort to evaluate the calculation methods.
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  • 194
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 508-512 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method of measuring the activity coefficient of the solute in a binary system has been extended from infinite dilution to the finite concentration range. An equation is presented relating the retention volume of the injected solute sample to the equilibrium solute concentration present in the column. This relation permits determination of the activity coefficient of the solute. Based on the experimental results obtained from the study of the two binary systems, benzene in diethylene glycol at 50°, 70°, and 90°C. and n-hexane in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 30°C., the activity coefficients of the solute measured by the GLC method were found to agree within about ±5% with those obtained by the static equilibrium method.
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  • 195
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 712-715 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interstage mixing was measured in a 4-in. Oldshue-Rushton column fed with a salt solution at the top and distilled water at the diluted salt solution leaving at the top.Mixing between stages is relatively slight at low agitator speeds, but increases very rapidly with speed once the turbulent region is reached. Interstage mixing is reported in terms of bulk backflows and also in terms of eddy diffusivities. The amount of interstage mixing is similar to that reported in the literature for rotating disc contactors.Variations in the horizontal baffle plate design were also studied.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 723-727 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stirred tank reactor yields are successfully described by the following model. The impeller is considered to act as a local micro-mixer that perfectly mixes the recirculating stream down to the molecular level. All other portions of the vessel act as a large volume macro-mixer, throughout which the impeller discharge stream remains completely segregated. Changes in overall conversion due to variations in mean residence time, impeller size, and rev./min. as predicted by this micro- and macro-mixer model agree with Worrell's data for a relatively slow, second-order, irreversible reaction.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 741-742 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 743-745 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 747-758 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 750-761 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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