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  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (593)
  • 1973  (593)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (485)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (108)
  • Nuclear reactions
Material
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (593)
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Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1221-1225 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One-center core integrals for valence orbitals are determined from the experimental average energies of neutral atomic configurations from Li through Zn. These values are compared with those estimated from CNDO/1, “INDO/1”, CNDO/2, “INDO/2” and with theoretical values calculated from a pseudo-potential method. The agreement is good between values obtained from neutral atoms and from the psuedo-potential calculation except for the 3d orbitals of the transition elements where the theoretically calculated integrals over single ξ functions are not realistic. These two methods reproduce both term and average configuration energies for the first two rows of atoms; the semiempirical method reliably reproduces them for the third row. The CNDO/1 and INDO/1 methods underestimate atomic energies, while the CNDO/2 and INDO/2 procedures fail rather poorly.The propriety of using core integrals estimated semiempirically in molecular orbital calculations is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 109-125 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method of direct treatment of valence electrons is proposed for the various 2S, 2P,2D, 2F states of the lithium, sodium, and potassium atoms and the corresponding isoelectronic ions. The function describing the outer electron, which is orthogonal to the wave functions of the electrons in the core, is given as a linear combination of generalized Laguerre functions, with effective charges Q = 1, 2 … equal to the charges of the core.A simpler analytical STO function, with non-integer principal quantum number n is then proposed.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 521-536 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alternant molecular orbitals for the lithium metal are constructed in different ways. The corresponding first-order density matrix is calculated for different shapes of the Fermi surface. Numerical methods to calculate the first-order density matrix are described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 547-560 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The all-valence electron band structures of the periodic DNA models polyC, polyT, and polyA have been calculated with the aid of the CNDO/2 and MINDO/2 crystal orbital (CO) method.According to the obtained results the valence and conduction bands are always of π type. The widths of the bands are usually larger in the CNDO case, than those obtained for the same systems in the PPP CO approximation. On the other hand the MINDO results show similar widths as the PPP ones. The forbidden bandwidths are by 3-4 eV larger in the CNDO/2 case, than in the PPP one, while the MINDO/2 CO method has resulted in similar gaps like the PPP calculation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 623-634 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified Gaussian function g(u, v, w, a, R) = const s(a, R) is considered where l = u + v + w, s (a, R) is a 1s-type Gaussian function centered at R, a is the coefficient in the exponent of the 1 s Gaussian function and X, Y, Z are components of R. General formulae are derived for overlap integrals, kinetic energy integrals, nuclear attraction integrals, and electron repulsion integrals, valid for any l. The formulae are much simpler than those derived by Huzinaga for Cartesian Gaussian functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 667-674 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple, “nearly free electron” model for the dihydrides of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba is investigated. To zeroth order the valence electrons are assumed to form a free gas. Effects of band structure are included in second-order pseudopotential perturbation theory. The stability of three probable crystal structures is investigated, and lattice parameters are calculated for two different choices of the pseudopotential.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 647-665 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A computational approach for general Heisenberg spin Hamiltonians for a finite number of interacting doublet species is described. Maximum use of permutation and point group symmetry is incorporated in factorizing the secular equation. Associated problems in the computation of symmetric group characters, related frequencies, and selection of linearly independent kets from a large linearly dependent set are also solved.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 725-737 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ab initio self-consistent computation has been performed on the permanganate ion (MnO4-) in a large basis set of contracted gaussian functions. The ground state description as well as those of the first two excited states are discussed and compared with those obtained experimentally from photoelectron spectroscopy, ESCA, optical spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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  • 110
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The treatment of electrostatic interactions between molecular groups is based on quantum mechanical electron density distributions. A general method is suggested using tesseral harmonic multipole expansions and representing each set of point multipoles by a cluster of discrete charges small with respect to atomic dimensions. The procedure is carried out for the amino group with an electron density derived from the wave function of ammonia. We evaluate the optical rotation of two aminopyrrolidones as a test case. Expansions are compared for several approximate wave functions for ammonia.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 111
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 637-637 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Expressions are derived for the n-dependent, hydrogen-like relativistic corrections to the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole radial hyperfine integrals of an arbitrary atomic state.Good agreement has been obtained earlier between these corrections and the relativistic Hartree-Fock results for s1/2 states. The agreement remains good for the p1/2 states. For the p3/2 states in heavier atoms the hydrogenic corrections still reproduce the Hartree-Fock trend. For the higher l values the agreement is poor. Numerical tables are given for 1 ≤ Z ≤ 100 for the s1/2, p1/2, and p3/2 magnetic dipole cases and the p3/2 quadrupole case.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 113
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 869-876 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of functional iteration applied to orbital optimization is proposed. The main problem, i.e., the most economical parametrization of the rotations of the molecular orbitals, is resolved. First and second derivatives of rotations with respect to the parameters are given. The fact that the orbital space can be decomposed in subspaces such that energy is invariant against transformations of these subspaces into themselves is explicitly taken into consideration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 114
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 893-903 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ab initio valence bond (VB) method for calculating energies and wave functions for simple electronic systems is described and the results of its application to methylene are given together with extensive comparisons with previous theoretical results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 951-958 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various optimization criteria are compared for the hydrogen atom to find orbitals which improve lower bounds computed from the Weinstein, Temple, and Stevenson-Crawford formulas. Minimization of squared energy deviation, “variance,” is recommended because the resulting lower bound orbitals give excellent lower bounds, converge to the exact wave function, are relatively easy to optimize, and are insensitive to the estimated energy eigenvalue. New linear combinations of Gaussian orbitals which minimize the variance are presented for the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals. These orbitals are compared with previous linear combinations with regard to their expectation values and local properties.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 116
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 991-998 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The third-order interaction between two nonpolar molecules due to the instantaneous induced dipole effect of an infinitely long linear molecule is assessed following arguments similar to earlier research on three-body effects. It is found that an attractive force favors small polar angles in approach to the linear molecule; such behavior could be of interest to processes such as those involved in replication of DNA.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 707-715 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A core model approach to the calculation of deuteron quadrupole coupling constants is investigated using NH3 as an example. First the deuteron quadrupole coupling constant is calculated from a CNDO wave function. This result is subsequently improved by recomputing the N - D bond orbital by means of a variational calculation using the CNDO function to construct a core potential for the bond Hamiltonian. In order to simplify integrations a single-center basis is chosen to represent the variational wave function. A projection operator formalism is used as a computational scheme to maintain orthogonality of the bond orbital to core orbitals. Excellent agreement with experiment is obtained. The procedure is applicable to more complicated molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 119
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 779-783 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The time-dependent variational principle due to Frenkel is derived from Hamilton's principle using a suitable general expression for the variational wave function. The connections with a recent comment of P. O. Löwdin and P. K. Mukherjee on the same subject are discussed.
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  • 120
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 807-817 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By performing calculations on H2 O similar to the calculations of Dunning and McKoy on C2H4 and HCHO [1a], it is shown that the singlet excited states of the water molecule cannot be adequately represented by an ab initio calculation (no semiempirical elements) using a valence-like basis set (either minimum basis or double zeta) of Slater-type orbitals. The triplets which are the lowest states of their symmetry appear to be described more accurately than the other states, and the lowest four triplet excitation energies are calculated to be 8.1, 8.4, 9.5, and 10.3 eV. The implications for the applicability of simple molecular orbital theory of the type commonly applied are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several schemes are discussed for partitioning the second-order reduced density matrix Γ into two parts, Γ0 and Γ′.The Γ0s are based on the independent particle model and the Γ′s are corrections due to electron correlation. The difficulties of choosing a Γ0 that will serve as a suitable reference point for studying electron correlation are discussed.In order to compare alternative partitioning schemes, an atomic wave function for the 1S ground state of the Be atom in the configuration-interaction approximation was selected. A fifty-two configuration wave function was computed and contour graphs were made of the total pair density Γ(1 2) and of the “correlation pair density” Γ′(1 2) for several choices of the reference Γ0.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 122
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 927-944 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An interpretation of degenerate symmetry spaces associated with a given atomic or molecular configuration is presented, and the theory necessary for atomic applications is discussed in detail. Löwdin's symmetric projection operator for spin and orbital angular momentum is applied on a well-defined sequence of Slater determinants. In this way a degenerate LS space is divided into orthogonal invariant subspaces which can be classified according to internal couplings of angular momentum. A procedure is found which permits expression of each of these LS eigenfunctions as the smallest possible number of successively orthogonalized projected Slater determinants. In particular, minimum size Hartree-Fock interacting spaces (important in rapidly convergent correlation energy calculations) are obtained in their most compact form. An optimum partition of degenerate spaces of three and four excited (atomic or molecular) configurations is obtained in general. Interpretations, simplifications, and systematizations in atomic configuration interaction calculations are discussed in light of present results.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 123
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 971-984 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1P and 3P states arising from the configuration (1s)2(2s)(2p) of the Be isoelectronic sequence are investigated. In the single configuration approximation, the energies of the two states are expressed as E0 + K2s2p and E0 - K2s2p, respectively. K2s2p is the exchange integral between the 2s and 2p electrons and E0 is the energy of a model in which K2s2p is deleted. First we calculate the 2s- and 2p-orbitals in this model. Second, by taking account of K2s2p in this model, effects of this term on the 2p-orbitals in the 1,3P states are investigated. In this manner, an explanation is given for the following facts which are obtained from a minimal Slater-type orbital set; (1) for Be and B+, the 2p-orbital of the 1P state is broader than that of the 3P state; (2) for C2+, the extension of the 2p-orbital in the two states is almost the same; (3) for O4+ and Ne6+, in contrast to Be and B+, the 2p-orbital of the 1P state is tighter than that of the 3P state.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 124
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1039-1043 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 125
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1063-1075 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have obtained the Bloch spin wave dispersion formula using the methods of spin-free quantum chemistry. The spin-free eigenvectors are waves in spin-free space. This development makes the point that Bloch spin waves are dynamically spin-free. The neutron diffraction transition moment for spin waves is calculated employing the antisymmetrized projections of vector products of spin-free eigenkets and spin kets and is found to be agreement with results of Moorhouse.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 126
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1099-1116 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The importance sampling method of point selection has been used in the local energy framework to obtain least-squares solutions of the Schrödinger equation for a variety of H2 functions. It is shown that good results are obtainable with relatively small samples, and that the method is rather insensitive within broad limits to the nature of the weighting function employed. Expectation values for a number of operators besides the energy are examined. The energy variances are likewise scrutinized and attempts are made to rationalize their behavior in terms of how and to what extent sample points are chosen.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 127
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1183-1192 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Selected valence electron split-shell molecular orbital calculations have been performed on the diatomic interhalogen molecules in order to obtain their binding energies, equilibrium internuclear distances, vibrational force constants, dipole moments and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. The results are compared with the corresponding closedshell values and with those of some previous semiempirical and nonempirical all valence electron calculations. It is observed that the selected valence electron split-shell molecular orbital method which involves the least amount of computations yields results in better agreement with experiment than other methods.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 128
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1221-1221 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 129
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1033-1035 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 130
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1117-1137 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of Lie algebras in quantum chemistry is considered. Particular attention is devoted to their application to high symmetry problems especially where icosahedral symmetry prevails. A general programme for implementing the theory of Lie algebras in the analysis of symmetry problems is outlined.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 131
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1145-1158 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Schrödinger equation of an N-electron closed-shell system is reduced to that for the spatial wave function Ψ∥[λ] by the aid of the theory of the symmetric (permutation) group SN. The first-order perturbation equation based on the Hartree-Fock-SCF model as the zero-order solution is then solved by decomposing it into a set of soluble 1/2(N/2)[(N/2) + 1] equations for the pair-correlation (first-order) spatial wave functions. These spatial functions give the spatial parts of the pair functions in the spin orbital basis formulation, reducing also the number of independent pairs needed in the first order.
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  • 132
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1159-1174 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formulation developed in Paper I for a closed shell system is extended for a system with one nonclosed shell. Roothaan's restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) open-shell wave function is taken as the zero-order solution. The first-order Schrödinger equation is then solved for the spatial part of the wave function by reducing it to a set of one- and two-electron equations, using the properties of the symmetric group SN.
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  • 133
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 641-646 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For an estimation of the pair correlation the interelectronic distance r12 in geminal ψk(12) is introduced. The calculations are carried out by the local energy method [1, 2]. The influence of other electrons are taken into consideration with the help of the one- and two-electron integrals depending upon r1 and r2 as parameters. If the strong orthogonality condition is satisfied all two-electron integrals and most of the one-electron integrals vanish. All atomic orbitals are expressed in terms of Gaussian functions. A trial calculation is made for the beryllium atom.POUR tenir compte de la corrélation, on introduit la distance interélectronique r12 dans la géminale ψk(12). Le calcul est réalisé par une méthode des énergies locales [1, 2]. L'influence des autres électrons est décrite par des intégrales à un et deux electrons, dépendantes de r1 et r2 comme paramètres. Dans les conditions de l'orthogonalité forte, toutes les intégrales à un électron et la plupart des intégrales à deux électrons disparaissent. Pour simplifier l'algorithme du problème, toutes les orbitales sont exprimées par les fonctions de Gauss. Le calcul est réalisé sur le modèle de l'atome Be.Für Berechnung der Korrelation wird der Interelektronenabstand r12 in Geminal ψk(12) eingeführt. Die Berechnung wird mit der Lokalenenergiemethode durchgeführt [1, 2]. Die Einwirkung der anderen Elektronen wird durch 1- und 2-Elektronenintegrale berücksichtigt, die von Parametern r1 und r2 abhängen. Bei Erfüllung der starken Orthogonalitätsbedingung verschwinden alle 2-Elektronen- und die Mehrzahl der 1-Elektronenintegrale. Alle Orbitale werden durch Gaussfunktionen ausgedrückt. Eine Berechnung für das Atom Be wird durchgeführt.
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  • 134
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 675-686 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As until now proposed in the literature, in the local energy calculations we can distinguish “few-points” procedures, in which the number M of configurational points is strictly related to the number N of trial functions used, and statistical “many-points” procedures, in which the number M of points can be arbitrarily increased. In this paper we demonstrate that the energy errors resulting from a “many-points” calculation M points/N functions (M 〉 N) can be connected in a simple way with the errors of the (MN) partial calculations N points/N functions.This suggests a possible approach for the problem of the choice of the configurational points to be introduced in the calculation, and leads to a simple interpretation of the numerical meaning of the error associated with the ordinary Ritz energy. Numerical examples on the hydrogen atom are reported.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 135
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 155-171 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Exchange perturbation theory of the Rayleigh-Schrödinger type is applied, in first and second orders, to the problem of bonding in rare-gas halides. The basic model is that of a four-electron, three-center system with one effective electron replacing the unpaired electrons of a halogen atom, and two spin-paired electrons representing the closed shells of the rare-gas atom. On the basis of exchange perturbation theory, the model verifies a direct parallelism between bonding in rare-gas compounds and the phenomenon of super-exchange in ionic solids with paramagnetic cations. It is found that the observed stability and specific geometric configuration of the xenon and krypton fluorides are readily reproduced by the model. In addition, the model explains why other dihalides cannot exist. The two principal components of the interaction energy are found to be indirect exchange between halogen atoms via the rare-gas atoms (attractive in the stable configurations) and, in compounds with coordination higher than two, simultaneous interactions between three halogen atoms (always repulsive). The observed approximate constancy of the binding energy per bond in xenon fluorides with increasing coordination is accounted for.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Slater orbital r12-1 integrals are calculated with a numerical Fourier-transform method based on a formulation first given by Bonham, Peacher and Cox. Spherical wave expansions are introduced that decouple the Feynman integrations for the charge distribution Fourier transforms. The Feynman integrals are evaluated semianalytically, and their properties are analyzed in detail. The final computational step involves a numerical integration over charge distribution quantities. Results for (coplanar) multicenter exchange integrals over 1s orbitals are given. As long as the charge distributions are overlapping considerably, the method gives good results, even when these distributions are highly asymmetric. The method as presently implemented fails when highly disconnected charge distributions are involved.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 137
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 253-284 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tensorial sets adapted to sequences of finite subgroups are applied to the crystal field problem, and a general method for generating sequence-adapted molecular tensors using finite group algebra is formulated. All subgroup sequences of the abstract finite group G(24), isomorphic to the octahedral, O, tetrahedral, Td, and symmetric, S(4), groups are tabulated with explicit isomorphisms provided. The sequences fall into eight equivalence classes. A catalog of irreducible representations of G(24) adapted to a member of each of the eight sequence classes is given together with the transformations which generate representations adapted to all other sequences. With this data it is possible to systematically generate tensorial sets adapted to any sequence of a realization of G(24). Unitary transformations which adapt conventional forms of first- and second-rank irreducible tensorial sets of the rotation group to the eight sequences of the octahedral group are provided. Forms suitable for use with magnetic fields are included. The problem of a d1 ion in a trigonal crystal field is treated with sequence-adapted molecular tensors, and the utility of different sequences for descent in symmetry is discussed.
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  • 138
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1021-1028 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The general formula for the electron-electron repulsion integral in the modified Cartesian Gaussian basis set derived in Ref. [1] is simplified. A general relation between the standard and modified CG functions is given. A possible use of the modified CG functions to quantum chemical calculations which include the correlation factor rij2 is indicated.
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  • 139
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 140
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1051-1061 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coarse structure magnetic theory presented here is a reformulation of conventional magnetic theory which emphasizes the spin-free (i.e., the coulombic) nature of the electron-electron interaction. We show that the magnetic properties of a system for which fine and hyperfine structure can be neglected depend only on the energy spectrum of a spin-free Hamiltonian. As an example, we treat the Heisenberg linear chain.
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  • 141
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1077-1090 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The infinite interaction range model (IIRM) for ferromagnetic systems is presented in its spin-free formulation. In this formulation the states are labelled by partitions which provide a natural variable for thermodynamic computation. We have extended the calculations of Kittel and Shore by computing to a practical thermodynamic limit (N ∼ 100,000). The heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility and the magnetization of the first two functions exhibit a critical temperature while the magnetization is zero at zero field for all temperatures. Spontaneous magnetization is obtained by linear extrapolation from high field or equivalently by a polarized partition function. Relationships are explored among IIRM, the Heisenberg model and the mean field model. Application to IIRM of the Yang-Lee condition for a phase transition yields a critical temperature identical to that obtained by the direct calculation.
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  • 142
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1175-1182 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical electronic wave functions, potential curves, and expectation values of some one-electron properties are given for the c3IIu state of the hydrogen molecule. The calculations are carried out by the matrix Hartree-Fock method and use a 2-center basis of Slater-type orbitals. A total energy of -0.7292 a.u. is obtained in the best calculation. Our potential curve is reasonably consistent with that calculated by Browne, but we have examined the region of small internuclear distances (those at and below Re for the ground state) more extensively than any previous calculation. At R ≦ 1.6 a.u. our calculated potential curve is in excellent agreement with experiment.
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  • 143
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 687-698 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The half-projected Hartree-Fock function (HPHF) for singlet states is defined as a linear combination of two Slater determinants, which contains only spin eigenfunctions with even quantum number. Using a self-consistent procedure based on the generalized Brillouin's theorem, the RHF, HPHF and PHF functions are deduced for the ground states of the Li-, Be, B+, and C2+ systems, in a limited basis set. It is found that the HPHF function yields better energy values than the RHF function, very close to that of the PHF one. The HPHF scheme seems thus to be useful as a substitute for the PHF model, specially in the case of large electronic systems in which the latter method becomes unmanageable.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure for the use of the plethysm operation for classification of the permitted electronic terms of impurity complexes in a crystal is presented. The cases of polyatomic symmetrical complexes are discussed as examples.
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  • 145
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 7 (1973), S. 1045-1050 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The general problem of the transfer of the representation of a set of orthonormal functions from one basis to a different, nonequivalent one is considered and specialized to a matrix formulation convenient for use in molecular electronic structure calculations. A procedure is suggested for treating problems where the transfer of representation breaks into a subset of most interest and one of less interest as for example the occupied and virtual orbitals of a Hartree-Fock SCF calculation. These techniques are then applied to obtain a representation of a methyl group from an SCF wave function for methane.
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  • 146
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 147
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 148
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 7-10 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The K soft X-ray emission profile of nitrogen in the vanadium nitride VN has been investigated with an electron microprobe. It is shown that this instrument is capable of sufficiently resolving the N K band to provide information about the filled states of the valence band. Moreover, with this same compound, the first K absorption spectrum of nitrogen has been obtained by a self absorption method. VN is only an experimental example. To find the complete picture of the electronic band structure of solid materials, similar emission and absorption spectra of nitrogen in some other interesting compounds can now be surveyed with the electron microprobe.
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  • 149
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A molecular orbital model for the interpretation of X-ray emission spectra is outlined and is used to discuss the Kβ1.3 emissions from silicon compounds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the silicon 1s orbital ionization energy increases as the electronegativity of the element to which the silicon atom is bound. This parallels the increase in ionization energy of the s̰ orbitals in the Si-X bond in the sequence X=Si, O, F. The Kβ frequency therefore shows little change with the nature of the ligand. If, however, the ionicity of the bond is increased whilst the ligand remains the same (as in going from 4 to 6 coordination, for example) then the valence shell orbital decreases in ionization energy whilst the silicon 1s orbital increases; Kβ therefore shifts to shorter wavelengths, e.g. Si(CH3·CO·CH·COCH3)3+ HCL2-.
    Notes: Une méthode est donnée pour l'interprétation des spectres-X des composés par la théorie des orbitales moléculaires; enparticulaire, l'emission Kβ1,3 des composés du silicium. On sait, grace de la spectroscopie photo-électronique, que l'énergie d'ionisation du niveau 1s du silicium s'augmente avec l'électro- negativité de l'autre élément, X dans la liaison Si-X. L'énergie d'ionisation des liaisons s̰, pour Si-X, augmente aussi pour X = Si → O → F. Donc l'énergie de l'émission Kβ reste presque la même avec la variation de X. Mais si on peut changer l'ionicité de la liaison (avec le même ligand) on aurait, augmentation de l'énergie d'ionisation du silicium 1s et diminution de l'énergie de la liaison s̰. C'est pourquoi l'énergie de la rayon-X, Kβ est 1840 e V pour Si(CH3·CO·CH·COCH3)3+ HCL2- (coordination du Si, 6) mais seulement ˜ 1835 eV pour les autres compoés avec coordination 4.
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  • 150
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Direct dilution of a sample with an equal proportion of cellulose binder and dilution fusion of one part of sample with fourteen parts of LiBO2 flux has been used to prepare pelletized samples of silicate standards for determining sodium by X-ray fluorescence analysis. An RAP analysing crystal was used to disperse and reflect the sodium spectra. Detection limits were found to be 0.07 and 0.39% Na2O at the 2s̰ confidence level for the direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques, respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 151
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The combination of energy dispersive X-ray analysis with the transmission electron microscope enables the microscopist to rapidly identify features observed in the normal operation of the microscope, at high magnification. The development of equipment and techniques, especially in the art of specimen preparation, will now permit analysis of as little as 10-18 g, on a spatial scale of a few tens of nanometres. The importance of this technique in the biological and materials sciences promises to be as great as the contribution of the electron microscope itself.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 152
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The analogies between XRFA and XPS are the basis for the development of quantitative XPS methods for solid metallic samples and also for the determination of inelastic scattering coefficients. The results of the theoretical treatment have been verified by experiments.
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  • 153
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A1 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 154
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Isotope excited energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of silver in photographic materials yields poor reproducibility because of difficulties in reproducing the geometry. By placing the film sample between the detector and the radioactive source this difficulty is overcome. The theory of such an arrangement indicates that effects due to varying thickness of film base or unequal coating in the case of double-coated film play a minor role. The suggested improvements in measuring geometry should be of value for any application in which samples are in the form of thin foils or sheets.
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  • 155
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This account describes a rapid and accurate fusion technique of X-ray fluorescence analysis that is based on the method of Norrish and Hutton,1 but modified from the latter in a number of respects to enable more rapid preparation and processing of samples without any loss of accuracy. The technique allows a wide range of materials to be analysed including silicate rocks and minerals, cements, bricks, carbonates, evaporites, soils and some ores.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 156
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A4 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 157
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A5 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 158
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A5 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 159
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 160
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 45-45 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 161
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The advantages and disadvantages of on-stream energy dispersive analysers for X-ray fluorescence and diffraction have been examined. These include factors such as ease of sample presentation, selection of exciting X-ray energy, stability, count rate performance and microphony. Finally a number of applications and feasibility studies have been described including work for the cement, mineral processing, extractive metallurgy and related industries.
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  • 162
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use of scattered primary X-radiation of various wavelengths in the range 0.250 to 1.999 Å has been studied in the analysis of copper, iron, and silicon (as silica) in copper metallurgical products. In the analysis of copper and iron, the use of relatively short wavelength predominantly incoherently-scattered radiation is superior to the use of background radiation near the analyte emission line, and it is necessary for the scatter wavelength to be shorter than that of a major absorption edge of a major element in the system. The wavelength 0.889 Å is suggested as the optimum for use in the analysis of copper, and one simple calibration equation provides acceptable analysis over the whole range of CCu from 0 to 42%. Over short ranges wavelengths from 0.362 to 0.889 Å are useful in the analysis of iron; but one single calibration cannot be devised to cover the whole range of CFe from 0 to 56%. The limited results for silicon as silica are included for completeness.
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  • 163
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pulse pile-up, dead time, escape peaks, background, and peak overlap in Si(Li) spectra are discussed in relation to microprobe analysis, and procedures for carrying out the necessary corrections for quantitative analysis of elements of atomic number 11 to 30 are described. The accuracy is generally comparable with that obtained with crystal spectrometers, though the limit of detection (about 0.1%) is higher.
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  • 164
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new method of sample preparation with a very high sample dilution range of about 1:70 is proposed for X-ray spectrometric determination of major elements in silicate rock samples. In spite of this large dilution, sensitivity is not sacrificed as the sample, uniformly distributed in an ion exchange resin (i.e. a light organic matrix), is presented for analysis in a small volume (thin film technique). The fusion product of the sample with lithium borate (40% of sample, 60% of flux) is dissolved by thorough mixing in an aqueous suspension of a strong acid cation exchange resin. During the cation exchange dissolution, the cations originally present in the rock sample are transferred quantitatively and homogeneously onto the resin. The dried resin is then sprinkled uniformly on a plastic adhesive strip in such a way that a single layer of resin beads (about 100 μm) is obtained. The impregnated strip is then analysed, with a counting time of 20 s for all elements except for Mg (100 s).The analysis of several geochemical standards for Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, TiO2 and K2O shows the practical absence of matrix effects. Furthermore, a working curve could be constructed for each element as a straight line between a high standard and a blank sample (0%), the latter consisting simply of pure dry cation exchange resin in H+ form. As only 90 to 100 mg amounts of resin beads are necessary for making a thin film (diameter 4 cm), microanalysis with 5 to 10 mg of mineral or rock samples also becomes possible.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 91-91 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 166
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use of secondary targets with commercially available high power X-ray spectroscopy tubes has been investigated as a means of providing an excitation source for X-ray energy spectroscopy. A comparison has been made between the secondary target mode of excitation and the use of the tube directly. Results from this comparison show the superiority of the secondary target technique. Examples of analysis using the secondary target excitation are given to illustrate the high data rates and low background this technique has to offer.
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  • 167
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Demands of more rapid and accurate answers for the steel plant made it necessary to develop a computerized system for calculation and control of the analysis performed on X-ray fluorescence and optical emission spectrometers. The interelement effects which occur in X-ray fluorescence analysis are briefly described and the evolution of a model for these corrections is examined. This model includes corrections for absorption and secondary fluorescence as well as overlapping, dead time effects, etc. which are based on simplified theoretical formulae and can be used for a broad field of applications. The parameters in the model have been determined empirically by measuring a wide range of binary alloys. The interelement effects in optical emission analysis are calculated according to a simple emprical formula. The mathematical models have been fitted to a computer (Datasystem Trask P100) which also controls the two separate spectrometers. Examples are given of routine analysis performed by this model on bulk solids of steels and fused glassy borates of sinters, slags and hard metals. Its chief advantage is that the usual requirement for a great number of standards is eliminated.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A7 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A9 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973) 
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  • 172
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A10 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 173
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 93-93 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 174
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 111-113 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An X-ray fluorescence method for the determination of zinc, manganese and iron oxides in manganese-zinc ferrite has been developed. The content of zinc oxide is determined by using a calibration curve since a variation in the composition of the matrix only slightly affects the intensity of the Zn Kα line. The interelement effect on the intensities of Fe Kα and Mn Kα lines is ignored by the measurement of the intensity ratio, IFe Kα/IMn Kα. The contents of iron and manganese oxides are determined by the method based on the ratio measurement. The proposed method gives a standard deviation of 0.047, 0.047 and 0.030 for Fe2 O3, MnO and ZnO determinations, respectively.
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  • 175
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A radioisotope-excited X-ray fluorescence method for the analysis of binary alloys has been presented. In this energy dispersion analysis no standard specimens were needed. The method was applied to copper-antimony alloys. The results were checked by another energy dispersion method based on X-ray diffraction. X-ray photons from the specimen were measured with an Si (Li) detector and a multichannel analyser was used to sort out the energies. The data were recorded on punched paper tape for computer processing.
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  • 176
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 95-109 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Accurate fluorescent intensities of a number of binary and ternary alloys have been calculated by relying on the classical expressions of primary and secondary fluorescence and assuming standard spectral intensity distributions for the primary radiation. It could then be shown that under polychromatic excitation the enhancement effect on the one hand, and on the other hand, the absorption effect with the complications (drift of equivalent wavelength) related to polychromatic radiation, became very much alike on practical terms, apart from generally opposed signs. Both effects could then be dealt with in a homogeneous way and a simple method was derived using (K - 1) coefficients - see definition in the text - which are fixed from a careful study of binary compositions.Moreover, making provision for fluorescence ‘crossed effects’, the principle of a general and accurate procedure was then established to the end of computerized non-destructive analysis. The name of ‘generalized iteration method’ is proposed for this procedure.
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  • 177
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper describes an evaluation of the use of a scanning electron microscope to perform a rapid total analysis under secondary electron image conditions using a commercial energy dispersive X-ray analyser. Problems encountered with overlapping intensity peaks and interference by the solid state Si (Li) detector are discussed. Elements heavier than sodium are detectable in metallic and geological samples and the total analysis of oxides requires only pure elements as standards.
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  • 178
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In some cases in XRFA the influence of interfering element lines on the measured line intensity cannot be suppressed by the resolving power of the crystal spectrometer or by PHS. In many of these cases it is possible to enhance the signal to background ratio by means of a suitable detector gas.
    Notes: Bei manchen Analysenproblemen in der RFA reichen das Auflösungsvermogen des Kristalls und die Impulshöhendiskriminierung nicht aus, um den Einfluss von Storlinien zu unterdrücken. In vielen dieser Fälle kann durch Verwendung spezifischer Zählrohrgase eine erhebliche Verbesserung des Signal-Untergrund-Verhältnisses erreicht werden.
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  • 179
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Boliden X-ray computer system is an ‘on-line’ combination of an X-ray spectrometer and a computer. With the X-ray computer system a rapid and accurate determination of copper, chromium and arsenic in solutions and preserved wood has been accomplished. A functional model for interelement corrections has been tested within the actual concentration range 0 to 2%. The 2σ values for the determination of copper, chromium and arsenic have been calculated to ±1%rel. for solutions. The corresponding 2s̰ value for treated wood is ±2.5% rel. of which at least 1.5% is due to the sample preparation error.
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  • 180
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 143-144 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Denver X-ray Conferences are known to X-ray analysts all over the world and the August meetings are looked forward to with cosiderable entusiasm by the conference regulars. Even those who have never been fortunate enough to attend one of the meetings are able to follow the presentations by means of the excellent conference books Advances in X-ray Analysis which appear in the Spring following the meeting. The following contribution has been prepared by Professor Newkirk of the University of Denver, who has been active for a number of years on the local Denver Conference committee. Professor Newkirk gives a short history of the conferences and includes some interesting insights into the technical and doemstic arrangements.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 135-141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper outlines the potential hazards in the use of X-ray analytical instrumentation and is composed of two major sections. The first section defines the terminology employed and outlines the causes and effects of radiation damage. Also covered is the national recognition of the problem which has led to present day legislation of dose levels. The second part is a verbatim copy of the report MORP 68-14 Radiation Safety Recommendations for X-ray Diffraction and Spectrographic Equipment by Moore and McDonald, and is reproduced by kind permission of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Bureau of Radiological Health.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A15 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. A16 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 145-145 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 186
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 147-150 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: On the assumption that X-ray count data are normally distributed, certain tests for detecting outliers or ‘wild’ values within replicate sets of three measurements are compared. Treated as ‘insurance policies’ rather than formal statistical tests, the statistics discussed are useful for monitoring X-ray data, particularly in computer oriented systems. The problem of the correction of outliers is briefly discussed.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The conversion of X-ray fluorescence intensities to concentrations by a mini-computer requires simple equations for routine use. The influence coefficients, accounting for inter-element effects in homogeneous samples, are calculated from fundamental parameters by means of a programme called ALPHAS operating on a large computer. These coefficients can subsequently be used in the simple routine equations for wide range calibration. The theoretical coefficients are a valuable support for wide range calibrations using multiple regression analysis. The number of required standards is significantly reduced. The exclusive use of theoretical influence coefficients is demonstrated for stainless steel.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 159-163 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The ratio of the total characteristic to white radiation from a chromium target spectrographic X-ray tube has been determined by a new method at operating voltages ranging from 10 to 50 kV. The ratio values K are referred to the portion of the continuous spectrum extended from the Duane and Hunt limit λo to 2.5 Å A conversion coefficient has been tabulated to consider the continuous spectrum extended from λ to any arbitrary wavelength up to 6 Å. The method can be conveniently applied to targets other than chromium. It is only required to perform a simple fluorescence intensity measurement with a standard spectrometer on a conveniently prepared sample.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 165-168 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Carbon has been determined in sedimentary rock samples using a series of artificial standards. C Kœ line positions for elemental carbon and carbon combined as carbonate differ by 0.51º θ: using an OHM analysing crystal. A ratio of the intensities at the two line positions allows the proportions of combined and elemental carbon present in a sample to be estimated. This proportion is then used to obtain the correct calibration slope factor for the determination of total carbon in the sample.
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    Notes: The energy difference between two overlapping X-ray emission lines with Lorentzian shapes has been calculated as a function of the total line profile for several combinations of intensity ratio and half width ratio of the component lines. Natural line widths of Kα1 and Kα2 for neon to uranium are listed from available literature values.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 2 (1973), S. 179-188 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Various ore fractions (and mixtures thereof), of which the main metallic components are iron, copper and zinc, were analysed by means of radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy using a Si(Li) detector. As a result existing equations which deal with interelement effects (selective attenuation and enhancement of characteristic radiation) were further developed, and a new set of general equations, which accounts for the important interelemental background contribution, has been formulated. Its validity has been experimentally tested over a wide range of concentrations which, in some cases, varied by as much as a factor of 200. Satisfactory results were obtained.
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The instrument smearing function of a two-crystal spectrometer in the (n, n) position having negligible vertical divergence has been calculated for an unpolarized incident beam assuming the crystals to be centro-symmetric and to reflect according to the Prins-Darwin theory. The results are given in terms of the parameters g and s̰ which describe the ‘overall absorption’ and the imaginary part of the structure factor, respectively. In the region g, s̰ σ ≤ 0.5 asymmetries of up to 60% are found in the smearing function. Variations of several tens of per cent occur in the half-breadth as compared with the breadth obtained for a σ polarized beam with no absorption.In order to avoid the undesirable effects of absorption, silicon (111) crystals should not be used above wavelengths 3 to 4 Å. Suitable wavelengths for calcite (211) crystals are 3.07 to 6 Å.
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  • 193
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Further development of the diffusional model of the radical pair is suggested. A function is proposed for the exponential distribution of the diffusional trajectories of the radicals in a radical pair. By this function, the differences in the populations of nuclear spin levels in the molecules are calculated for the S, T and U precursor pairs.The equations which express the relationship between the theoretically calculated population differences and the experimentally determined enhancement coefficients are derived.
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973), S. A6 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13C NMR spectra of a series of substituted nortricyclene derivatives have been measured, and the 13C chemical shifts interpreted in terms of α, β, γ and δ-effects. The nature of these substiuent shifts is discussed together with some analytical possibilities. The substituent shifts provide valuable data about the steric effects in strained molecules and can be used as increments for structural analysis, particularly for the determination of orientations of substituent groups.
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: During the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles and 4-oxazolidinones, NMR spectroscopy was utilized to obtain information on the structure, bonding and geometric isomerism in the various compounds. Long range couplings between substituents attached at C2 and C5 in both ring systems was of particular utility in this respect. The aromaticity of the oxazole ring is substantiated by the ability of the π system to transmit long range coupling through the ring and by the chemical shifts of the ring protons. Geometric isomers of the 4-oxazolidinones are identified by observing long-range cis and trans couplings of the order of 1·8 to 2·4 Hz.
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973), S. A8 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 5 (1973), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chemical shifts of the methoxyprotons in about 60 methyl esters of carboxylic acids were obtained in CCl4 and C6D6, and their dependence on constitution and solvent are discussed. It was shown that the values of a certain molecule could be assumed to be composed additively of a number of parameters which characterise the substituents.
    Notes: Die chemischen Verschiebungen der Methoxyprotonen in etwa 60 verschiedenen Carbonsäuremethylestern wurden in CCl4 und C6D6 bestimmt. Ihre Abhängigkeit von Konstitution und Lösungsmittel wird diskutiert. Ferner wird gezeigt, dass sie für ein bestimmtes Molekül als eine Summe von Parametern ausgedrückt werden, die für die Substituenten charakteristisch sind.
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