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  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (31)
  • 1915-1919
  • 1985  (31)
  • breast cancer
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytohistochemical studies on estrogen receptors of breast cancer tissue using an immunoperoxidase technique (1985)
    Springer
    Surgery today 15 (1985), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; breast cancer ; immunoperoxidase technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The estrogen receptors (ER) in breast cancer tissues were investigated in 122 patients using an immunoperoxidase method. ER (+) were evident in 77 of 122 patients (63.1 per cent). If classified according to pre-and postmenopausal subjects. ER (+) was seen in 61.4 per cent and ER (−) in 32.9 per cent before menopause, and ER (+) in 65.4 per cent and ER (−) in 30.8 per cent after menopause with no marked difference between the two. If classified according to histological type, ER (+) was seen in 73.2 per cent of those with papillotubular carcinoma and in 62.0 per cent of those with scirrhous carcinoma, whereas ER (−) was seen in 44.9 per cent of those with medullary tubular carcinoma. ER (+) was seen in carcinoma with apocrine metaplasia, lobular carcinoma and Paget's carcinoma. Concerning the relationship between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, ER (+) for both was seen in 20 of 41 patients (48.8 per cent) whereas ER (−) for both was found in 9 of 41 patients (22.0 per cent). Four patients with local recurrences had a positive ER (+) at the beginning of treatment, but the ER became negative after hormonal treatment and chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469886
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis of breast lesions by aspiration biopsy cytology (1985)
    Springer
    Surgery today 15 (1985), S. 361-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: aspiration biopsy cytology ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract From November 1981 to the end of August 1984, 456 patients with breast lesions underwent aspiration biopsy cytology (A.B.C.). This study includes 109 for whom the diagnosis was histologically confirmed at surgical biopsy. Seventy-five lesions were histologically proven to be malignant and 34 were benign. The accuracy of diagnoses with A.B.C. was; true positive 86.7 per cent (65/75) of the time, true negative 82.6 per cent (28/34) of the time, false negative 5.3 per cent (4/75) of the time and false positive 5.7 per cent (2/34) of the time. Unsatisfactory or inadequate aspirated tissue made A.B.C. diagnosis difficult in 5.5 per cent (6/109) of the cases. Three out of 7 with malignant tumors, who were wrongly diagnosed as benign by A.B.C., had tumors with a diameter of 1.0 cm or less. Two benign cases which were falsely diagnosed as malignant also had small tumors about 1.0 cm in diameter. Although A.B.C. is more reliable than other conventional supplementary diagnostic techniques (mammography, ultrasonography, etc.), it is important to carefully follow clinically questionable cases which appear negative, using A.B.C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469931
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modern surgical treatment of breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Surgery today 15 (1985), S. 420-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mastectomy ; adjuvant chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since the 1950's the treatment of breast cancer has changed substantially. This related surgery has become less disfiguring without either impairing survival or increasing recurrences. Adjuvant chemotherapy has also contributed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470086
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weight gain during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; weight gain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Weight gain during adjuvant chemotherapy has been reported by several authors. Because increased body weight at diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence, we have assessed the prevalence of weight gain in a series of patients receiving adjuvant treatment, as well as the association of weight gain with type of treatment and risk of recurrence. We first assembled an inception cohort of 237 patients who had all undergone pretreatment evaluation and treatment at one institution, and had already been followed for at least 12 months. Body weight at the start and completion of treatment was recorded, as was type of treatment and status at last followup. Ninety-six percent of patients gained weight during treatment and none lost weight (mean increase 4.3 kg). Weight gain was strongly associated with treatment, and was least in patients receiving single agent chemotherapy, greatest in patients treated with ovarian ablation and prednisone, and intermediate in those receiving combination chemotherapy. There was no association between weight gain and disease recurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805994
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneity of estrogen binding sites in breast cancer: Morphologic demonstration and relationship to endocrine response (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: histochemistry ; estrogen receptor ; monoclonal antibodies ; breast cancer ; immunocytochemistry ; fluorescent estrogen conjugates ; type II estrogen binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Breast cancer specimens from 184 patients were analyzed for estrogen binding by two different histochemical techniques using conjugates of estradiol, bovine serum albumin, and fluorescein. In one conjugate estradiol was bound at position 6, in the other at position 17. Results were in agreement in 64% (p〈.001), but obvious differences in ligand distribution were noted. Results were also correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) analysis by dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC) and were in accord in 65% and 67% of specimens respectively (p〈.001). In 114 cases, the tissue samples were also studied with the estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay (ERICA) of Greene and his colleagues, which employs monoclonal antibodies to ER protein. Results were in accord with DCC in 86% (p〈.001). The pattern of staining with ERICA differed from that of either histochemical method. In 43 cases assay results were correlated with clinical endocrine response. Overall, the best statistical prognostic parameters were obtained with ERICA. Analysis of combined assay results revealed that patients with assays positive by all techniques were the most likely to respond to hormonal treatment (p〈.001), whereas if one or more assays were negative the chances for a good response were significantly less favorable. These data suggest that DCC and ERICA are both a measure of the same estrogen binding site (type I) while the histochemical methods apparently identify two other separate and distinct sites (putative type II sites). A degree of positive interaction may exist between these multiple estrogen binding sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805987
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitomycin-C plus metronidazole in advanced carcinoma of the breast (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: mitomycin-C ; metronidazole ; breast cancer ; pulmonary toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-seven patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast refractory to other chemotherapy were treated with mitomycin-C plus metronidazole. The mitomycin-C dose was 15–20 mg/m2 I. V. repeated every 6–9 weeks. Metronidazole 1.5 g/m2 was given p.o. 12 hr and 1 hr before mitomycin-C and again 6 hr and 24 hr after mitomycin-C. Partial remissions were noted in 4 of 24 (17%) evaluable patients. Good performance status patients who were lightly pretreated, unresponsive to prior chemotherapy, and estrogen receptor negative were most likely to respond, and further studies are indicated in this subgroup of patients. Hematological toxicity was similar to that anticipated with mitomycin-C alone. Gastrointestinal toxicity was probably increased. Three probable and 2 possible cases of pulmonary toxicity were seen. It is unclear whether the incidence of mitomycin-C pulmonary toxicity was increased by the metronidazole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805993
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ten-year experience with CMF-based adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 95-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; adjuvant treatment ; CMF program
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The paper reviews all adjuvant studies carried out since 1973 at the Milan Cancer Institute in women with resectable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes. The updated results essentially confirm previous findings, and indicate that CMF-based chemotherapy is able to exert a prolonged therapeutic activity in a fraction of patients bearing micrometastases. In particular, the first randomized study testing no postoperative chemotherapy vs 12 CMF cycles, showed a 10-year relapse free survival (RFS) of 31.4% vs 43.4% (P〈0.001) and an overall survival (OS) of 47.3% vs 55.2% (P = 0.10), respectively. Findings related to subsets indicated that RFS and OS benefit was significant in premenopausal and not in postmenopausal women, and in both treatment groups the observed findings were always related to the number of histologically positive nodes. On relapse, salvage therapy administered to controls failed to produce superior results compared to those achieved in the CMF group. The 8-year results of the second study testing 12 vs 6 CMF cycles failed to show a significant difference between the two treatment groups. This indicated that the maximum tumor cell kill occurred during initial chemotherapy cycles. In the third study, carried out only in postmenopausal women ⩽65 years, sequential non-cross resistant combinations (CMFP → AV) at full dose achieved superior results compared to CMF in the subset with limited nodal extent. Acute side effects were moderate and no delayed morbidity, including increased incidence of second neoplasms, was observed. We conclude that the tumor cell heterogeneity, and in particular primary drug resistance, represents the major obstacle to adjuvant systemic therapy in high risk breast cancer. Current results suggest that 6 cycles of CMF can be considered a simple, safe, and moderately effective adjuvant therapy. Future trials should contemplate treatments of different intensity related to major prognostic subsets, while in women at very high risk of early relapse more vigorous drug regimens should be concentrated within the first six months from local-regional therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805984
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interobserver reproducibility of histopathological features in stage II breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; histoprognosis ; interobserver ; nuclear grade ; reproducibility ; surgical pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven surgical pathologists studied microscopic sections from 45 mastectomy specimens of node positive breast cancer patients who had been entered into ECOG clinical trials. Inter-observer reproducibility for histoprognostic features was examined as a prerequisite before a subsequent evaluation of their possible clinical applicability could be undertaken. Histological type, nuclear grade, tubular formation, and lymphoid reactions were studied in the cancerous tissues. Lymph nodal responses (follicular and pulp prominence, sinus histiocytosis) were also examined in a manner that simulated slide review in routine surgical pathology practice. Numerous two-way comparisons of the pathologists' findings resulted in low levels of agreement (usually ≪90%). The degree of inter-observer reliability is clinically unacceptable using customary slide review analysis. New ways of examining breast cancer tissues need to be explored in the search for prognostic features which can be applied to the clinical management of breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807642
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of nuclear proteins from DMBA-induced mammary tumors and lactating mammary glands by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; non-histone nuclear proteins ; biological markers ; DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear proteins were extracted from purified nuclei of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumors and normal mammary glands of the rat by enzymatic treatment. Of the 34 bands indicated by onedimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nuclear proteins, 6 appeared in high concentration in tumors but were found as traces or undetectable in normal glands; 6 others were clearly shown in the latter but were not detectable or greatly reduced in the former. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified about 130 and 92 non-histone proteins in normal mammary and tumor cell nuclei respectively. Marked differences in spot density were noted especially in spots (M.W. × 10−3/pI) 100/5.7 and 200/5.5 of tumors and 28/7.1, 32/5.4, 36/5.4, 38/6.9, and 68/6.0 of normal tissue. The relationship between these nuclear proteins and the development of mammary tumors is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807648
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional atypical structure in intraductal carcinoma differentiating from papilloma and papillomatosis of the breast (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; intraductal carcinoma ; intraductal papilloma ; atypical structure ; 3-D reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basic architectural pattern of intraductal proliferative lesions of the breast was established by reconstructing serial sections of luminal spaces and interluminal areas of glandular structures. The materials were surgical specimens from twenty patients with intraductal carcinoma, papilloma, papillomatosis, or so-called borderline lesion. In papilloma and papillomatosis, the luminal spaces were tubular and interconnected forming a three-dimensional (3-D) network, whereas carcinoma was a porous structure with dispersed lumina. The latter represented 3-D atypical structure in intraductal carcinoma. In borderline lesion the architecture was an intermediate type, with separate lumina partially transformed into tubular shapes. It was also confirmed that the porous structure of carcinoma observed in 3-D reconstructions corresponded to the cribriform pattern seen in 2-D figures, while the network of papilloma produced a complex glandular pattern. A geometric parameter was devised to measure the different 3-D patterns of lumina and their 2-D expressions. It was concluded that the 3-D architectural pattern of intraductal proliferations was sufficiently characteristic to be of diagnostic value in differentiating these diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807651
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endocrine therapy testing of human breast cancers in the soft agar clonogenic assay (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: tamoxifen ; medroxyprogesterone acetate ; breast cancer ; soft agar cloning assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human tumor soft agar cloning assay has been used to assess the biological effects of cytotoxic drugs and other agents on human cancers. In this study we have examined the effects of two hormonal agents, tamoxifen (Tam) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), on colony growth of the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line as well as fresh human breast cancer specimens. Using standard criteria for a colony (〉50 cells or 〉60 microns in diameter) Tam (1.0µM) reduced MCF-7 colony formation by only 30% to 50%, and MPA (1.0µM) had no effect. However, both agents dramatically reduced the formation of larger colonies; less than 10% of colonies larger than 124 microns survived Tam exposure, and less than 25% survived with MPA.In vitro sensitivity (〈 30% colony survival) of fresh human breast cancer specimens was observed infrequently with either Tam (1/39 evaluable assays) or MPA (3/36 evaluable assays). Colony growth of human breast cancer was unaltered when cells were plated in charcoal-stripped serum to reduce the endogenous estrogen concentration.In vitro sensitivity to Tam or MPA was not increased under these conditions. No correlation was found between estrogen receptor (ER) concentration and inhibition of colony survival with Tam or MPA. None of 16 assays from ER-positive specimens treated with Tam and 2 of 18 ER-positive specimens treated with MPA were sensitivein vitro. In contrast, 2 of 12 ER-negative specimens tested with Tam and 3 of 7 ER-negative specimens tested with MPA were sensitivein vitro. Stimulation of colony growth was observed in about 20% of Tam or MPA-treated specimens. Of the assays with ER data available, 10 of 11 with enhanced colony growth were ER-positive. Human breast cancer specimens did not grow well enough to assess the effect of these agents on large-sized colonies. These data suggest that the standard human tumor cloning assay will need modification before it can be used to predict hormonal sensitivity of fresh human breast cancer specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806773
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitoxantrone as a first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 3 (1985), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mitoxantrone ; response ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty-two women with measurable or evaluable advanced breast cancer who had received neither prior chemotherapy for advanced disease nor any anthracycline-containing regimen as adjuvant were entered in a phase II study of mitoxantrone (Novantrone®; dihydroxyanthracenedione). Patients were aged from 36 to 80 years, performance status was from 0 to 2. All patients had normal hematological status and normal renal and liver function tests. Cardiac scintigraphy and sonography techniques were used to monitor cardiac function. Mitoxantrone was administered at a dose of 14 mg/m2 in 100 ml 5% dextrose solution over 30 minutes, repeated every three weeks. The number of courses per patient ranged from 2 to 12. Of 42 eligible patients 39 were fully evaluable for response and all for drug toxicity. Responses to treatment were: complete response four patients, partial response 10 patients, stable disease 18 patients and progressive disease seven patients. The overall response rate was 36% (95% confidence limits 20–52%). Three patients showed decreased left ventricular ejection fraction but no patient developed signs of overt left ventricular failure during the treatment period. Hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities were mild. Hair loss was minimal. The data indicate that mitoxantrone is an effective agent for the treatment of advanced breast cancer with mild side-effects, especially with respect to nausea/vomiting, hair loss and cardiotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174160
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitoxantrone combined to vincristine, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil in advanced breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 3 (1985), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: mitoxantrone ; combination chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; fluorouracil ; vincristine ; cyclophosphamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In our wide experience of treating advanced breast carcinoma with chemotherapy, the combination of doxorubicin (DOX), vincristine (VCR), cyclophosphamide (CPM) and fluorouracil (FU) gave a complete plus partial response rate of over 60%, with 100% alopecia and frequent cardiac toxicity depending on total dose. After the EORTC Clinical Screening Group phase II trial we have conducted an “expected difference method” comparative phase II trial using the combination DOX, VCR, CPM, FU and the combination of MTX (10mg/m2), VCR, CPM and FU on a population of 50 breast carcinoma patients similar to those taking part in the first study. The reasons for similarity of action will be presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174164
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II study of vincristine, mitomycin-C and mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer: a preliminary report of response and toxicity (1985)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 3 (1985), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: vincristine ; mitomycin-C ; mitoxantrone ; toxicity ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nineteen patients with advanced, previously treated breast cancer received treatment with vincristine 2 mg i.v., mitomycin-C 6 mg/m2 and mitoxantrone (Novantrone®; dihydroxyanthracenedione) 12 mg/m2 i.v. every three weeks. Thirteen patients are evaluable for response and toxicity. Partial remission was seen in six patients, with soft tissue, bone and visceral metastases and static disease in a further four patients. Median duration of response has not yet been reached (8+ months). Toxicity was mild and predictable, with no patient experiencing severe nausea and vomiting, and only four of the patients requiring a wig for alopecia. Malaise and lethargy were common in those patients receiving more than three courses, and an increase in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) together with a fall in haemoglobin were seen in patients receiving multiple courses of treatment. The study suggests that this combination is active, and may prove useful with other agents in the treatment of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174166
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First-line combination chemotherapy with mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 3 (1985), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: mitoxantrone ; cyclophosphamide ; breast cancer ; combination chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, 30 evaluable patients with advanced carcinoma of the breast were treated with cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 i.v. followed one day later with mitoxantrone (Novantrone®; dihydroxyanthracenedione) 16 mg/m2 i.v. Drug treatment was repeated every 3–4 weeks, for a maximum of 12 cycles. The overall response rate was 43%; five of 30 patients (16%) attained a complete remission, and eight of 30 (27%) had a partial remission. Median response duration was 12+ months. The greater number of responses was seen in skin and soft tissues. Hematologic toxicity was limiting with 75% of patients experiencing substantial-severe leukopenia. Clinically evident heart failure developed in one patient; in three other patients there was minor-moderate alteration of cardiac function during mitoxantrone-cyclophosphamide therapy. Based on these data, it is believed that this regimen may provide significant long-lasting palliation in patients with advanced breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174165
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A randomized trial of doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and bisantrene in advanced breast cancer (A South West Oncology Group Study) (1985)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 3 (1985), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; doxorubicin ; mitoxantrone ; bisantrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary New agents with increased activity and/or reduced toxicity are needed for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. The anthracene derivatives mitoxantrone and bisantrene had significant activity and acceptable toxicity in phase II trials. In an ongoing phase III trial we have now randomized 150 patients with advanced breast cancer to either doxorubicin (60 mg/m2), mitoxantrone (14 mg/m2) or bisantrene (260 mg/m2) i.v. q 3 weeks with re-randomization for cross-over at the time of progression to determine the relative efficacy and toxicity of these three agents. To be eligible, patients must have had only one previous chemotherapy regimen. ER positive patients must have failed endocrine therapy. Patients with CHF or severe cardiac disease were ineligible. In this preliminary evaluation, 117 patients are evaluable for response and 110 for toxicity. Median age for all patients is 58 years (range 26–78). The majority (86%) are postmenopausal. Fifty-nine percent of the patients have visceral dominant disease. Estrogen receptor is positive in 37%, negative in 39% and unknown in 24% of patients. Median performance status (SWOG) is 1, range 0–2. Objective responses have been observed on each arm (doxorubicin 9/35, mitoxantrone 6/38, bisantrene 6/44). Thirty-two patients are evaluable for cross-over response (doxorubicin 2/13, mitoxantrone 1/11, bisantrene 0/8). The predominant toxicity is leukopenia with a nadir WBC count 〈2000 in 45% of all courses administered. Leukopenia is similar with the three drugs. Significant nausea, vomiting and alopecia are common with doxorubicin and uncommon with the other agents. Congestive heart failure has been observed in one patient (doxorubicin). Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy and toxicity of these agents await the completion of this trial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174162
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patients with early breast cancer benefit from effective axillary treatment (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; axillary treatment ; surgery ; radiation ; dissection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have reviewed the available clinical data on the benefit of axillary treatment in patients with early breast cancer. The results of these studies suggest that perhaps 5–10% of patients are cured by effective axillary treatment. We conclude that effective axillary treatment should still be considered an essential aspect of primary treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807645
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Androgen metabolism and apocrine differentiation in human breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androgen metabolism ; apocrine differentiation ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metabolism of (7α-3H) testosterone has been measured in 111 human breast cancers and compared retrospectively with the degree of apocrine differentiation in the tumors. Cancers in which apocrine characteristics were a marked feature metabolized significantly more testosterone precursor than those in which apocrine features did not predominate. Higher metabolism was accounted for by increased conversion to 5α-reduced products such as 5α-dihydrotestosterone and 5α-androstanediols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807652
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nandrolone decanoate added to tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androgen treatment ; breast cancer ; hormone receptors ; nandrolone decanoate ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since 1980 we have been carrying out a prospective randomized trial comparing tamoxifen with the combination of tamoxifen plus nandrolone decanoate in advanced breast cancer. The tamoxifen dose is 30 mg daily and the nandrolone decanoate dose 100 mg i.m. once a week for four weeks and thereafter every other week. 98 post-menopausal patients have been evaluated for the response. The number of patients is 49 in both groups. The overall response rates (CR +PR) to tamoxifen and tamoxifen plus nandrolone decanoate were not significantly different; in the tamoxifen group the response rate was 49% and in the combination group 45%. The mean time to progression in tamoxifen group is over 13 months and in tamoxifen plus nandrolone decanoate group over 12 months. Our results do not suggest a synergistic effect from combining tamoxifen and nandrolone decanoate treatments. The response rates to tamoxifen at different sites of metastases were as follows: bones 47%, soft tissues 56%, and viscera 48%. The respective figures with the combination therapy were 36%, 64%, and 40%. Both treatments were well tolerated and in no patient was withdrawal of the therapy necessary. Mild virilization and hoarseness were experienced by all patients treated with nandrolone decanoate. Side-effects associated with tamoxifen were rare, although five patients experienced nausea and two had hot flushes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807653
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytogenetic and molecular biologic alterations in human breast cancer: A review (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cancer ; chromosomes ; oncogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chromosomal and molecular biologic studies of human breast cancer are beginning to provide insight into the basic biology of this important disease. The current state of knowledge of both cytogenetic evaluation and assessment of expression and amplification of cellular oncogenes in breast cancer will be outlined in this brief review.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806017
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiestrogen action in breast cancer cells: Modulation of proliferation and protein synthesis, and interaction with estrogen receptors and additional antiestrogen binding sites (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 231-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: antiestrogens ; antiestrogen binding sites ; breast cancer ; estrogen receptors ; growth inhibition ; mechanism of antiestrogen action ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiestrogens have proven to be effective in controlling the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancers. At the concentrations of antiestrogens achieved in the blood of breast cancer patients taking antiestrogens (up to 2 × 10−6 M), antiestrogens selectively inhibit the proliferation of estrogen receptor-containing breast cancer cells, and this inhibition is reversible by estradiol. Antiestrogens also inhibit estrogen-stimulation of several specific protein synthetic activities in breast cancer cells, including increases in plasminogen activator activity, progesterone receptor levels and production of several secreted glycoproteins and intracellular proteins. Antiestrogens bind with high affinity to the estrogen receptor and to additional microsomal binding sites to which estrogens do not bind. These latter sites, called antiestrogen binding sites (AEBS), are present in equal concentrations in estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer cells and are present in a wide variety of tissues, with highest concentrations being found in the liver. The antiestrogenic and growth suppressive potencies of a variety of antiestrogens correlate best with their affinity for estrogen receptor and not with affinity for AEBS. Antiestrogens undergo bioactivation and metabolismin vivo and hydroxylated forms of the antiestrogen have markedly enhanced affinities for the estrogen receptor. Detailed studies with high affinity radiolabelled antiestrogens indicate that antiestrogens induce important conformational changes in receptor that are reflected in the enhanced maintenance of a 5 S form of the estrogen receptor complex; reduced interaction with DNA; and altered activation and dissociation kinetics of the antiestrogen-estrogen receptor complex. These conformational changes effected by antiestrogens likely result in different interactions with chromatin, causing altered cell proliferation and protein synthesis. Analyses of the rates of synthesis and turnover of the estrogen receptor through pulse-chase experiments utilizing the covalently attaching antiestrogen, tamoxifen aziridine, and studies employing dense amino acid labeling of estrogen receptor reveal that the antiestrogen-occupied receptor is degraded at a rate (t 1/2 = 4 h) similar to that of the control unoccupied receptor. Hence, antiestrogens do not prevent estrogen receptor synthesis and they do not either accelerate or block estrogen receptor degradation. Our findings raise serious doubts about the role of the AEBS in mediating directly the growth suppressive actions of antiestrogens, and suggest that interaction with the estrogen receptor is most likely the mechanism underlying the growth-inhibitory effects of antiestrogens. At present, the role of the AEBS in the actions of antiestrogens or in possible antiestrogen metabolism remains unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806018
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptors (occupied and unoccupied sites) and progesterone receptors in human breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cytosol ; estrogen receptor ; nucleus ; progesterone receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations in cytosol and nucleus were measured in 21 primary breast cancer tumors. Twelve out of the 21 tumor samples were cytosol estrogen receptor positive, 8 of which contained only unoccupied estrogen binding sites in the cytosol, but 2 of the 9 ‘estrogen receptor negative’ samples did contain cytosol binding sites already occupied by endogenous homone. Four other ‘estrogen receptor negative’ tumors only showed nuclear binding sites. Only 3 of the 12 ‘estrogen receptor positive’ tumors also contained progesterone receptors. All of these tumors also had estrogen receptor in the nucleus. However, three of the 17 ‘progesterone receptor negative’ samples had progesterone receptor only in the nucleus. The present data indicate that 3 possible classes of ‘false negative’ tumors can be encountered: 1) estrogen receptors occupied by endogenous hormone, 2) tumors containing only nuclear estrogen receptors, and 3) tumors having only nuclear progesterone receptors. Measurement of nuclear estrogen receptor together with the progesterone receptor provides further information on whether the estrogen receptor system is not only present but also functional, and should be of value in the prediction of hormone dependent breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805990
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Family history and bilateral primary breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; bilateral disease ; family history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prevalence of a family history of breast cancer was established in 54 women with bilateral primary breast cancer and 208 women with unilateral disease. Women with bilateral disease had significantly greater prevalence of family history than women with unilateral breast cancer (P〈0.01). Compared with the unilateral cancers, a significantly greater proportion of bilateral cancers had first degree affected relatives (P〈0.05). Moreover the affected relatives of probands with bilateral disease showed a significantly higher prevalence of bilateral breast cancer compared with the relatives of women with unilateral disease (P = 0.04). The findings suggested that bilateral disease was a characteristic of familial breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01805995
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lectin binding sites in cultured human breast cancer cells (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell culture ; estrogen sensitivity ; lectin binding ; peanut agglutinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two estrogen-sensitive (ZR 75.1 and 734 B) and two estrogen-independent (BT 20 and Hs 578 T) human breast cancer cell lines, and one larynx carcinoma cell line (Hep. 2), were investigated immunocytochemically for the occurrence of lectin binding sites. Peroxidase-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) was used. PNA binding sites could be observed in estrogen-sensitive cell lines only. In ZR 75.1, the most estrogen-sensitive cell line, PNA binding sites were also observed without neuraminidase pretreatment. In our study, PNA binding is associated with the biological estrogen dependence of the tumor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806022
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue mast cells in breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 5 (1985), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mast cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The total number of mast cells and the number of such cells observed within and at the periphery of invasive breast cancers from 424 patients enrolled in protocol 4 of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project were correlated with 38 other pathologic and 6 clinical features. High total mast cell counts as well as those within and at the periphery of the cancers were found to be significantly (p≤.05) associated with a patient age less than 50 years and the degree of tumor lymphoid cell reaction. The latter has also been found to be related to young age and other pathologic characteristics related to mast cell content. This suggests that the mast cells may simply represent another cell type of this reactive change. No differences in 10 year disease-free survival were detected in patients without mast cells and those exhibiting varying numbers of such cells. This information indicates that identifiable mast cells do not represent a prognostic pathologic discriminant in patients with breast cancer. However, this does not unequivocally exclude a role of mast cell secretory products, since only intact and not degranulated or disrupted forms of these cells can be counted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806023
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer in women under 30 years of age (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; Pathology ; pregnancy ; rapidly progressing breast cancer ; young women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Conflicting opinions exist concerning clinical and pathological presentation, as well as evolution and prognosis, of breast cancer in young women. The roles of associated pregnancy and lactation on these parameters is also unclear. These two conditions are studied in the present work through the comparison of two breast cancer patient age groups: patients under the age of 30 (Group A) and premenopausal patients aged 45–49 (Group B). Rapidly growing and/or inflammatory breast cancer (rapidly progressing breast cancer: RPBC) — a special form of Breast Cancer with a poor prognosis very frequent in the Tunisian breast cancer population — was more often present among Group A patients. This difference is a consequence of the more frequent association of this breast cancer group with pregnancy or lactation; nearly all the cases of breast cancer associated with pregnancy or lactation are RPBC. For breast cancer without the pregnancy/lactation association, the younger group generally shows poorer histological grading and more severe evolution. The number of patients in our study is not really sufficient to allow statistically significant conclusions, but it does seem clear that young age and associated pregnancy/lactation are aggravating factors in Tunisian breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02235745
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tumor-associated antigen TAG-72: Correlation of expression in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma lesions (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; monoclonal antibody ; tumor-associated antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Variability of tumor-associated antigens among and within human tumor cell groups presents a potential problem in the development and optimization of immunodiagnostic and therapeutic procedures for cancer. We determined the degree of expression of a tumor-associated antigen in the primary and metastatic lesions of 23 patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma; this was accomplished using monoclonal antibody B72.3, an IgG1 generated against membrane-enriched fractions of human metastatic breast carcinomas and reactive with a 220,000–400,000 d glycoprotein complex, termed TAG-72, and the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method on fixed tissue sections. Sixteen of the 23 breast carcinomas (70%) demonstrated MAb B72.3 reactivity (range 5% to 100% of tumor cells staining). Reactivity of lymph node metastases was present in 14 of 21 patients (67%). MAb reactivity in metastases to distant sites, including bone, adrenals, liver, skin and effusions, was present in 10 of 18 patients (56%). In one patient, neither the primary carcinoma nor the metastasis to the lymph node demonstrated reactivity. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between MAb B72.3 reactivity in both primary and lymph node metastases (Kendall's Correlation Coefficient = 0.60, p = 0.0006) and between lymph node and distant metastases (Kendall's Correlation Coefficient = 0.48, p = 0.02) of the same patient. No correlation existed between antibody reactivity seen in the primary and that found in the distant lesions of that patient. These studies thus demonstrate that monoclonal antibody B72.3 can detect expression of a tumor-associated antigen in both primary and metastatic infiltrating ductal carcinoma lesions, and may prove valuable in the understanding of tumor biology of metastases and as a means for diagnosing occult disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806010
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic value of estrogen receptors determined by radiochemical vs. histochemical methods in breast cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptors ; histochemistry ; progesterone receptors ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen receptors (ER) were evaluated in 634 breast cancer patients by the dextran-coated charcoal method (DCC). In 206, ER and progesterone receptors (PR) were also tested by cytochemistry (Lee method), and in 124 ER were tested by immunofluorescence (Pertschuk method). The median follow-up is 3.7 years. Comparisons have been made between receptor content and:1) anatomical and clinical features, 2) disease-free survival (DFS), and 3) survival. The following conclusions can be drawn: a) there is no correlation between ER determinations by DCC and by immunofluorescence or cytochemical methods; b) there is no evidence of association between ER and PR determined by Lee's method and anatomical and clinical features; c) a highly significant positive association was found between ER rich specimens and age, post-menopausal status, lobular and tubular histologic types; d) there is no association between ER values and TNM stage, WHO grading, pathologic prognostic factors of primary tumor and of lymph nodes; and e) the DFS was not affected by ER status, except for tumors with more than 50 fmol/mg protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806012
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disease-free interval and estrogen receptor activity in tumor tissue of patients with primary breast cancer: analysis after long-term follow-up (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; disease-free interval ; estrogen receptor ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific estrogen receptor activity (ER) was found in 115 of 175 (66%) tumors of patients treated for primary breast cancer in the period 1974–1981; 60 patients had ER-negative tumors. All patients were under observation for at least 48 months (median 76 months). The 24 patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment, were excluded from the analysis of the disease-free interval (DFI). Groups of patients with ER-positive or ER-negative tumors did not differ significantly in clinical characteristics. Patients with ER-positive tumors had a significantly longer DFI than those with ER-negative tumors only in the first year after initial treatment. After prolonged observation a significant difference in recurrence rates was no longer found. In premenopausal women, the DFI was not different for those with ER-positive compared to those with ER-negative tumors, not even in the first year of observation. However, in postmenopausal women, those with ER-positive tumors had a significantly longer DFI up to 3 years after initial treatment but not thereafter. There was no difference in DFI between the ER-positive and ER-negative groups when the tumor stage was taken into account. It is concluded that the ER status of the primary tumor affects prognosis only on the short term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02235743
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclic nucleotide levels in human breast cancer and in rat mammary tissues during tumor development (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: cyclic nucleotides ; breast cancer ; tumor development ; DMBA rat mammary tumors ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cGMP) were studied in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors of Sprague-Dawley rats and in human breast cancer. In the rat carcinomas, these levels were significantly lower than in non-malignant tissues when calculated on the basis of DNA content, but higher (cAMP) or equal (cGMP) when calculated on the basis of weight. In human breast cancer the cyclic nucleotide levels were higher than in non-malignant tissues according to both methods of calculation. No correlation was found in human carcinomas between the cyclic nucleotide levels and mitotic index, nuclear grade, tumor size, or lymph node involvement. The rat tumors were subclassified according to state of differentiation, mitotic index, and state of development. Not all the sub-groups had cAMP levels different from normal values. Differences in cAMP levels between the sub-groups could not be correlated with tumor growth rates and/or mitotic index. Thus, cyclic nucleotides may not be useful in prognosis of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806775
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of the tritiated thymidine labeling index in breast cancers (1985)
    Springer
    Surgery today 15 (1985), S. 144-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; tritiated thymidine ; estrogen receptors ; progesterone receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We carried out studiesto determine whether the Tritiated Thymidine Labeling Index (TLI) would correlate with hormone receptors as well as with clinical and histological data. Sixty-four patients with breast cancer were the subjects studied. TLI showed no relationship to age, menopausal status, T-factor, n-factor, stage, or histological type. However, compared to tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic activity, TLI showed a positive correlation with each and accordingly there was a positive correlation between TLI and Bloom’s histological grading. The cumulative disease-free rate at three years was higher in case of a TLI below 4.0 (median TLI value). TLI significantly correlated inversely with the binding sites not only of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors (ERC), but also of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors (PRC) and nuclear estrogen receptors (ERN). Cancers negative for all three receptors indicated the highest TLI, while cancers positive for all three receptors showed the lowest TLI. The results suggest that breast cancers positive for hormone receptors were of low malignancy because lower TLI related to a lower proliferative activity. Thus, TLI is an useful parameter for assessing the clinical status of breast cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02469745
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