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  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (43)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1990  (43)
  • breast cancer
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the hormone receptors of human breast carcinoma xenografts in nude mice by treatment with cytotoxic agents (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; breast cancer ; nude mouse ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the estrogen receptors (ER) of breast carcinomasin vivo using human breast carcinoma strains (Br-10, T-61) serially transplanted into nude mice. When the tumor size reached approximately 1×1×1 cm, mitomycin C (MMC) at doses of 1, 2 and 4.5 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide (CPA) at a dose of 120 mg/kg, were administered once intraperitoneally, and the ERs of the tumors were measured sequentially by the dextran-coated charcoal method. Four days after the MMC administration at above doses, the binding sites of ER in Br-10 were not reduced and binding affinity was not affected. When the changes in ER content with time after the treatment with 4.5 mg/kg MMC and 120 mg/kg CPA were investigated, the ER content was found to be stable until 4 days after the treatment with both drugs, although the growth of T-61 had been significantly inhibited by the drugs. From these findings, it seems reasonable to initiate chemotherapy before endocrine therapy, since the chemotherapeutic agents did not reduce the ER content of the breast cancer strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470719
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thymidine labeling index in breast tumors (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 180-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: thymidine labeling index ; breast cancer ; menopausal status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between primary tumor proliferative activity and clinical and pathologic characteristics was analyzed in relation to menopausal status in 32 patients with malignant or benign breast disease. The thymidine labeling index (TLI) showed significantly higher median values in the cancer patients (3.48 per cent) than in the patients with benign diseases (1.02 per cent). TLI was not significantly affected by delayed incubation at room temperature for about 1 hour. In the breast cancer patients, TLI did not significantly correlate to tumor size, the presence of axillary lymph node metastasis or pathologic nuclear grading. The only significant difference was limited to the breast cancer patients without axillary lymph node metastasis in relation to menopausal status; the TLI in the premenopausal patients (5.10 per cent) was significantly higher (p〈0.05) than that in the postmenopausal patients (2.28 per cent). These data thus suggest that among premenopausal patients without axillary lymph node metastasis, those with a high TLI could be potential candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470766
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth fractions of breast cancer in relation to epidermal growth factor receptor and estrogen receptor (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 327-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: growth fraction ; breast cancer ; EGF receptor ; Ki-67
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Growth fractions detected by a monoclonal antibody, Ki-67, were examined in 40 human breast cancer tissues and the results compared with the immunocytochemical reactivities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and estrogen receptor (ER). The proportion of proliferating cells displaying Ki-67 positive staining was significantly higher in the EGFR positive tumors than in the EGFR negative tumors (p〈0.01). The average percentage of Ki-67 positive cells in the EGFR positive tumors was 19.9 per cent, whereas that in the EGFR negative tumors was 8.0 per cent. By contrast, an inverse relationship between the proportion of proliferating cells and ER positive cells detected by anti-ER monoclonal antibody was observed. This data indicated the difference in growth fractions with relation to the EGFR and ER status of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470668
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lymph node metastasis within the pectoralis major muscle in breast cancer—A case report— (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; lymph node metastasis ; pectoralis major muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report herein, a case of a 75 year old woman with breast cancer in whom lymph node metastasis within the pectoralis major muscle was found. The breast mass measured 10×6 cm, and its overlying skin was red and edematous, suggesting inflammatory carcinoma. An extended radical mastectomy was performed and the lesion was histologically confirmed to be solid-tubular carcinoma with regional lymph node involvement. In the pectoralis major muscle, where lymph nodes do not usually exist, one positive metastatic lymph node and another metastatic lymph node-like nodule were histopathologically confirmed. To our knowledge, no other such case has ever been reported, yet the possibility of lymph nodes existing in the pectoralis major muscle, albeit rare, should nevertheless be considered in the treatment of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470773
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistological study of breast cancer-with special reference to the expression of carbohydrate antigens and estrogen receptor status (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 252-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; carbohydrate antigen ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An investigation carried out on 100 cases of primary breast cancer, both clinicopathologically and immunohistologically, revealed estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cases to be found significantly more often in early stage cancer than advanced stage cancer. On the other hand, ER negative cases were found to have a greater incidence of high-grade lymph node metastasis and were seen significantly more frequently in large tumors. Span-1, CA19-9, and SLEX antigens were detected in 33 per cent, 38 per cent, and 64 per cent of the total cases, respectively and the ratio of ER negative cases was significantly higher in each antigen positive group. Irrespective of the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, ER negative cases were found significantly more often in antigen-positive groups than in their counterparts and tumor size tended to be greater in the antigen-positive cases. The results of this study thus indicated that the disease progression in breast cancer appears to be correlated with ER status and carbohydrate antigen expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470658
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of adjuvant therapy with or without tamoxifen on the endocrine function of patients with breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 369-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; hormonal status ; adjuvant therapy ; tamoxifen ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ovarian and pituitary functions of 64 operable breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or tamoxifen were investigated. The post menopausal patients, divided into 3 treatment groups, one with tamoxifen alone, one with tamoxifen and chemotherapy and the other with chemotherapy alone had serum estradiol 17-β (E2) and progesterone levels lower than the evaluable limits. Although there was no significant difference in the level of estrone sulfate (E1-S) between these three groups, the level of lutainizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the patients treated with tamoxifen alone and tamoxifen and chemotherapy were significantly lower than those treated with chemotherapy alone. The decrease in gonadotropin levels induced by tamoxifen treatment was reversible as it appeared after the initiation of tamoxifen and recovered after its cessation. In the premenopausal patients, a group treated with tamoxifen and chemotherapy had significantly higher E1-S, E2 and progesterone levels and significantly lower gonadotropin levels than a group treated with chemotherapy alone or one treated with a cyclophosphamide regimen. These increases in the levels of estrogen and progesterone were also reversible, and induced by tamoxifen. Thus, adjuvant endocrinochemotherapy causes profound alteration in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis and therefore, monitoring a variety of hormonal levels is thought to be necessary for assessing the consequences of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients, especially in premenopausal patients using tamoxifen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470819
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA ploidy level and S-phase fraction as prognostic factors in breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; DNA ploidy level ; S-phase fraction ; prognosis ; Cox's proportional hazard model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Imprint smears from sixty cases of breast cancer made after mastectomy were stained by the Feulgen method and the nuclear DNA content measured by a cytofluorometer equipped with an incident illumination system. After logarithmic transformation of the fluorescence intensity, the ploidy level and S-phase fraction (SPF) were calculated with a microcomputer and the correlation between the ploidy level or SPF and the clinicopathological prognostic factors studied. Patients with tumors of a larger diameter and more extensive lymph node involvement had higher levels of ploidy and SPF and the ploidy level in the metastatic lymph nodes was higher than that in the primary lesion. Moreover, a significant increase in SPF was observed in the metastatic lymph nodes and a high ploidy level found to be associated with tumors having a negative estrogen receptor. When the tumors were divided into a diploid group and an aneuploid group, the diploid group showed a significantly better prognosis than the aneuploid group, in 6-year survival. Similarly, the groups in which SPF was less than 20.0 per cent had significantly better prognoses than the group in which SPF was 20.1 per cent or more. These prognostic factors were evaluated with Cox's proportional hazard model and a significant correlation observed in lymph node status, ER status, ploidy level and S-phase fraction. It was thus concluded that ploidy level and SPF are important and independent prognostic factors for predicting the postoperative course of breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471003
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An autopsy case of triple cancers including signet-ring cell carcinoma of the breast —Report of a rare case with reference to a review of the literature— (1990)
    Springer
    Surgery today 20 (1990), S. 720-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; lobular carcinoma ; signet-ring cell carcinoma ; multiple cancers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 67 year old Japanese woman who had been suffering from general fatigue was diagnosed as having metastasis of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the bone marrow from a biopsied specimen. A clinical effortive search to the systemic organs revealed a tumor of 4×3 cm in size in the lower part of her left breast, which was subsequently diagnosed as the primary site histopathologically. The patient was immediately treated surgically, however, her general condition generally deteriorated and she expired 5 months after the operation. Autopsy revealed dissemination of tumor cells in the bone marrow, bilateral pleura, and soft tissue around the operated site. The autopsy additionally revealed squamous cell carcinoma of keratinizing type in the uterine cervix and well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder. A review of the literature revealed this case to be the first reported case of triple cancers including signet ring-cell carcinoma of the breast, proven by autopsy in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471041
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of breast self-examination among women of lower income and lower education (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 13 (1990), S. 359-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: breast self-examinations ; breast cancer ; early detection ; education ; income
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated breast self-examination (BSE) frequency and quality and determinants of BSE practice in two samples of women: (a) women of childbearing age who were of lower income and lower education and (b) women of childbearing age who were of higher income and higher education. Mothers recruited from a pediatric practice completed a questionnaire addressing BSE frequency and quality and factors derived from the Health Belief Model that might influence performance. Results indicated that there were no differences in mean BSE frequency or quality between the two samples. Regression analyses revealed that the perceived barriers index, consisting of forgetting, exclusive reliance on medical personnel for breast exams, and low confidence in ability to perform BSE, was the single best predictor of BSE frequency, accounting for 67% of the variance in each sample of women. When quality of BSE was examined, knowledge of BSE was the best predictor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844884
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal abnormalities in human breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Cancer and metastasis reviews 9 (1990), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7233
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cancer genetics ; DNA probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This review emphasizes cytogenetic changes and DNA analyses by Southern blot in primary breast tumors, rather than metastases, established cell lines, and pleural effusions. The data suggests that the most frequently altered chromosomes and chromosome regions are 1p, 1q, 2q, 3p, 5, 6q, 8p, 8q, 11p, 11q, 12, 13q, 14q, 16, 17p, and 17q. Changes on 8q, 11p, 11q, 13q, and 17q appear to be associated with either progression of the disease or poor prognosis. Alterations on 1p and 3p may represent early events in the development of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047587
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of epidermal growth factor receptor in 177 breast cancers: Correlation with prognostic factors (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; EGF receptor ; estrogen receptor ; histologic grade ; progesterone receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Steroid receptors (ER, PR) and EGF-receptor were determined on 177 loco-regional primary breast cancers. Binding assay for EGF receptor was performed using a single saturating concentration of125I-EGF incubated with membranes in the presence or absence of unlabeled EGF. With threshold values of 5 fmol/mg and 10 fmol/mg for EGF-R and steroid receptors respectively, we noted an inverse relationship between the expression of EGF-R, and ER and PR. EGF-R expression is decreased with tumor differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01809293
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary intervention as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients — a feasibility study (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; dietary intervention ; fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the feasibility of using a low-fat diet (i.e. 20–25% of energy (E%) as fat) as a component of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients, 240 females aged 50–65 years and operated for a stage I-II breast cancer were entered into a randomized study. The intervention group (n = 121) was to reduce dietary fat intake to 20–25 E% and to increase the intake of carbohydrates. Dietary counselling complemented other adjuvant treatments and the patients were followed for two years. No dietary advice was given to patients in the control group (n = 119). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of base-line nutrient intake except for higher energy intake in the control group (p 〈 0.05). Only 52% of the patients in the intervention group followed through with the dietary regimen for two years, and 89% of the patients in the control group had a two-year follow-up. Energy intake decreased in both groups after two years, and the difference between the two groups remained (p 〈 0.01). Total fat intake decreased from 36.2 E% to 22.2 E% after one year in the intervention group and remained at that level after two years. Total fat intake in the control group decreased by 3.6 E% after two years. The low compliance raises concern about the protocol design. The study nevertheless indicates that a long-term reduction of dietary fat intake can be implemented in breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01809294
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High dose toremifene (240 mg daily) is effective as first line hormonal treatment in advanced breast cancer an ongoing phase II multicenter Finnish-Latvian cooperative study (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. S 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: antiestrogen ; toremifene ; high dose ; breast cancer ; postmenopausal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of high dose toremifene (240 mg daily) in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer is investigated in this ongoing study. At present, 38 patients are fully evaluable. Ten patients have CR (26%), 16 PR (42%) (objective response rate 68%), 8 NC (21%), and 4 PD (11%). Most objective responses are in soft tissue tumors (14/17, 82%). The response rate is equally high in patients with positive or unknown estrogen receptor (ER) status. Median duration of responses and survival are not yet evaluable. Of 48 patients evaluable for side-effects, 22 (46%) experienced some kind of toxicity, which was mild in 64% of cases, moderate in 29%, and mostly of estrogenic type. The study will continue to confirm the results thus far obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807143
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axillary versus peripheral blood levels of sialic acid, ferritin, and CEA in patients with breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: axillary blood ; breast cancer ; CEA ; ferritin ; serum marker ; sialic acid ; tumor marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum levels of total sialic acid, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase were measured both in tumor drainage blood (axillary vein) and in peripheral blood obtained from 121 breast cancer patients during surgery. No significant differences between mean values in peripheral and tumor draining blood, between cancer patients and healthy controls, or between patients with or without axillary lymph node metastases were found for any of the markers. Both ferritin and CEA levels were higher in axillary and peripheral blood from patients with central breast cancer versus other sites but the difference was significant only for CEA (p 〈 0.05). CEA levels were significantly higher (p 〈 0.01) in patients with 〉 2 cm diameter carcinomas versus T1 stage patients in axillary but not in peripheral blood. When the cephalic vein was clamped before the axillary sample was taken, ferritin showed a significant increase (p 〈 0.05). We conclude that measurement of sialic acid, CEA, and ferritin in axillary venous blood in breast cancer patients is not of clinical benefit, although further data are needed to clarify whether other advantages can be derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806287
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steroid hormone receptor levels and adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; endocrine therapy ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten year disease-free survival (DFS) results of the Naples randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen (TM), 30 mg per day for 2 years versus no therapy according to receptor levels, are reported. From Feb. 1, 1978, through Dec. 31, 1983, 308 pre- and postmenopausal patients with early breast cancer entered the trial. Estrogen receptor (ER) data were available on 239 (77.6%) patients, progesterone receptor (PgR) data on 194 (63.0%), and both receptor data on 181 (58.8%). ER and PgR were assayed by dextran-coated charcoal technique in a single laboratory. The effect of adjuvant TM was significantly related to ER and PgR concentration of the primary tumor. The greatest TM benefit on DFS was evident in patients with the highest levels of receptors. The interaction between the treatment effect and receptor concentration was found whether ER and PgR were considered separately or together.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01809295
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Body size and breast cancer prognosis: A critical review of the evidence (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: body size ; breast cancer ; obesity ; prognosis ; Quetelet Index ; weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is currently controversy about the effect of body size on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. In order to clarify the prognostic importance of body size, and to determine whether the effect varies across subgroups of patients, a critical appraisal of the published literature was undertaken. Thirteen cohort studies and one case-control study were identified that examined the prognostic effect of body size. Methodologic standards were developed that reflected those features of study design considered most important in studies of prognosis in breast cancer, and were independently applied to each report by each of the authors. When the effects of methodologic differences among the studies were controlled, a modest prognostic effect of body size was identified. This effect appeared to be greatest in postmenopausal women, in those with little or no involvement of axillary nodes, and to be independent of other prognostic factors. Additional investigation is recommended to determine the prognostic effects of body size in postmenopausal women with axillary node negative breast cancer and in women receiving systemic adjuvant therapy, and to determine the pathophysiological basis for these effects. Intervention studies to determine the effects of altering body size may also be indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806329
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity of intravenous menogaril in patients with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 8 (1990), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: menogaril ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have carried out a phase II study of intravenous menogaril given every four weeks in a group of patients with breast cancer who had received no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting and local reactions were seen frequently. Six partial responses (median duration 154 days) were seen in 24 eligible patients. We conclude menogaril is active in breast cancer and recommend that because it can be delivered in high doses orally, future trials in this disease should focus on intense oral schedule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171838
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II study of ionidamine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 8 (1990), S. 397-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: lonidamine ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group conducted a phase II study of lonidamine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. The drug was given orally to a maximum daily dose of 340 mg/m2. Forty-two patients were entered on study. One partial response was observed; there were no life-threatening toxicities. The results of this study are compared to two similar phase II trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198600
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pirarubicin (4′-o-tetrahydropyranil-adriamycin) for treatment of advanced breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 8 (1990), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: pirarubicin ; anthracycline ; breast cancer ; phase II trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a phase II study, 77 patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with pirarubicin, 70 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks. Most of them had received prior hormonal (n = 39) and/or chemotherapeutic drug treatment for advanced disease, including anthracycline-containing regimens in 17. After a median of 5.5 treatment cycles (range 1–14), objective tumor response was seen in 22/71 (31%) evaluable patients (4CR, 18 PR). Stable disease occurred in 34 (48%) patients, whereas the tumor progressed in 15 (21%). Significant hematologic toxicity (WHO grade III–IV) requiring interval and/or dose adjustments was observed in 41 (58%) patients. Other treatment-related side effects were generally mild, and included alopecia in 52 (73%), nausea and/or emesis in 50 (70%), and stomatitis and diarrhea in 3 patients each. There was no treatment-related death, nor was there any evidence of cardiac toxicity thus far. In summary, the early results of this trial suggest that pirarubicin is an active and rather well tolerated drug in pretreated patients with advanced breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177262
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II Studies (1990)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 8 (1990), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: menogaril ; phase II ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen women with metastatic breast cancer previously untreated with chemotherapy were entered on a phase II trial of intravenous menogaril, a new anthracycline derivative. Treatment was given at 140 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 of each 28 day cycle. The most common toxicities were leukopenia in all patients and burning and phlebitis at infusion sites in 72%. Serial assessment of cardiac function by resting and stress gated blood pool scans showed temporary decrements in ejection fraction in only 2 patients (11%). The response rate to the therapy was 19% [95% CI 0–38%] including 1 complete and 2 partial responses. The median time to relapse among responders was 6.5 months. Mean survival in all patients entered was 15.8 months from date of entry. Menogaril at this dose and schedule has modest activity as first line therapy for metastatic breast cancer but also has significant marrow and local toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171839
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II study of Fenretinide (N-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]retinamide) in advanced breast cancer and melanoma (1990)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 8 (1990), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: fenretinide ; retinoids ; melanoma ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retinoids, the natural and synthetic analogs of vitamin A, are growth-inhibiting and differentiation-inducing agents and show clinical promise as chemopreventive and antineoplastic agents. Fenretinide, a new synthetic retinoid, has antitumor activity in certain in vitro and in vivo model systems and was relatively nontoxic in phase I trials. Based on these data, we designed a phase II study of Fenretinide involving 31 patients with advanced breast cancer [15] and melanoma [16], two cancers shown to be responsive to this agent in preclinical models. Fenretinide was inactive in patients with advanced disease. Toxicity was mild, and reversible. Mucocutaneous side effects occurred in 16 (52%) patients. Nyctalopia developed in three patients one of whom developed decreased B-wave amplitude of the scotopic electroretinogram. The minimal toxicity and significant activity in preclinical studies make this an attractive agent for future breast cancer chemoprevention studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171846
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autocrine and paracrine growth regulation of breast cancer: Clinical implications (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; growth factors ; growth regulation ; estrogen action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Research using experimental models of human breast cancer has broadened our understanding of the possible biochemical pathways regulating breast cancer growth. Breast cancer cells express receptors for and respond to a variety of steroid and polypeptide hormones and growth factors. Specific oncogenes are also expressed in breast cancer cells, and levels of expression may relate to tumor growth and aggressiveness. Recent studies have shown that breast cancer cells can even synthesize and secrete various growth factors that could stimulate tumor growth through autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. Secretion of some of these growth factors is regulated by estrogen, providing a possible mechanism for estrogen induced growth. Knowledge of these growth regulatory pathways has potentially important clinical implications. Blockade of these pathways offers new possible treatment strategies, much as antiestrogens have been used to inhibit tumor growth. Quantification of the expression of certain oncogenes, growth factor receptors, or the growth factors themselves, may provide prognostic information for the individual patient. Finally, it is plausible that measurement of these tumor products in body fluids might provide tumor markers that are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01811884
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Season of tumour detection influences factors predicting survival of patients with breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prognostic factors ; reproductive factors ; receptors ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of initial detection of breast tumours varies during the year in a seasonal fashion, more tumours being discovered in late spring/early summer than at other times of the year. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in young women (〈 50 years) with progesterone receptor positive tumours. The present study investigates whether season of tumour detection influences the predictive capacity of several recognised prognostic and risk factors in patients with breast cancer. Axillary nodal status, tumour progesterone receptor status, and season of tumour detection significantly influenced survival in both older (〉 50 yrs) and younger (〈 50 yrs) patients. Parity, lactational history, body mass index, tumour oestrogen receptor status, and patient age also influenced survival, but these effects were significant only in age groups 〈 50 or 〉 50 yrs. Season of detection of tumour did not affect the prognostic significance of axillary nodal status. However, the effect of oestrogen receptor status on survival was more significant in patients who detected their tumours in the spring/summer compared with winter (odds ratio 0.52 and 0.73 respectively). Negative progesterone receptor status was associated with significantly poorer survival only in patients with tumours found in the winter. There was a significant survival disadvantage for nulliparous compared with parous women with breast cancer who were ≥ 50 years at diagnosis, and for women who had never lactated compared with those who had lactated, but this disadvantage was restricted to those who found their tumours in the summer. An increased body mass index (≥ 28) was associated with decreased survival, but this was significant only for those detecting tumours in winter. The increased incidence of detection of breast cancer in spring/summer may reflect cyclic influences on tumour growth. Such influences may be hormonal in nature and may underlie the effect of season of tumour detection on the prognostic influence of lactation, parity, body mass index, and oestrogen and progesterone receptor status in patients with breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01811887
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytometric and histopathologic features of tumors detected in a randomized mammography screening program: Correlation and relative prognostic influence (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cytometry ; histopathology ; mammography ; prognosis ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytometric determination of S-phase fraction and ploidy type was performed on 430 tumors detected within a randomized trial of mammographic screening. The results were compared to several histopathologic features. A high S-phase fraction was estimated in tumors with a high grade of malignancy and other histopathologic findings related to rapid tumor progression, including lack of tubule formation, a high mitotic index, marked nuclear pleomorphism, multifocal cancer growth, tumor emboli in lymphatic and blood vessels, tumor necrosis, and inflammatory reaction. DNA aneuploidy was correlated with a high malignancy grade, frequent mitoses, a high degree of nuclear pleomorphism, vascular invasion, necrosis, and the presence of noninvasive ductal carcinoma. Both cytometric variables were inversely related to the degree of elastosis. Positive nodes, large tumor size, DNA aneuploidy, a high S-phase fraction, high grade of malignancy, lack of tubule formation, as well as high mitotic index and pleomorphism, presence of multifocal cancer, and vascular invasion, predicted a significantly shorter distant recurrence-free interval after a median follow-up time of 46.6 months. Elastosis and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors indicated favorable prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, only lymph node status, tumor size S-phase fraction, and multifocal growth pattern had independent prognostic value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806352
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cultured cell lines from human breast cancer biopsies and xenografts (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; tissue culture ; xenograft ; immunochemistry ; extracellular matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighty-five breast cancer specimens were processed as part of a program in tumor acquisition, propagation, and preservation for biotherapy. Nine long-term culture cell lines were developed. Four cell lines were from solid tumor metastases, two lines were from pleural fluid specimens, and three were from xenograft tumors grown in nude mice. Two of the xenograft-derived cell lines were from biopsies which produced tumor cell lines as well. Success in establishing cultures did not correlate with the viability of the biopsy received. Poor tumor cell attachment to culture plastic was the most common problem. For certain specimens, attachment and growth were enhanced on collagen and extracellular matrix substrates. Collagen was beneficial in the development of one cell line. The cell lines were characterized and each of the lines contained more nuclear DNA than found in normal cells. Four of five lines tested were tumorigenic in nude mice. Five of nine were clonogenic in soft agar. Each of the cell lines tested reacted with at least two anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies. Xenograft and biopsy-derived cell lines from the same tumor were similar in their characteristics. While breast cancers are indeed difficult to establish and propagate in culture, the use of xenografts and special substrates appears to be beneficial in the development of cell lines from some tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806292
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does delay in diagnosis of breast cancer affect survival? (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; delay in diagnosis ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1675 breast cancer patients in the Auckland regional area have been divided into two major groups according to delay in diagnosis greater or less than six weeks. Overall there is no difference in survival although the variables tumour size, skin attachment, and nipple retraction are more common in the group with longer delay, and grade III tumours in those with short delay. Three important prognostic variables (the presence of tumour steroid receptors, positive axillary nodes, and distant metastases at diagnosis) are equally distributed and have a similar effect on survival within the two delay groups. However, in a subgroup of women with negative axillary nodes, short delay is associated with poorer survival, independent of tumour size. More tumours with grade III histology and a negative progesterone receptor status are found in this subgroup. Thus, short delay may constitute a new prognostic variable of some importance when in association with negative axillary nodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01810782
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in biopsies from breast cancer patients (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; CRH ; GHRH ; hypothalamic hormones ; immunohistochemistry ; LHRH ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone (LHRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and somatostatin has been investigated by immunohistochemistry in forty biopsies from breast cancer patients. All of these hypothalamic hormones were found in about 30% of the samples, seen in the cytoplasm or in the nuclei of the tumor cells. Positive immunostaining for the hypothalamic hormones was present in colloid, lobular, and infiltrating ductal carcinomas. There was not a clear relationship between occurrence of staining for the hypothalamic hormones and the histologic grade of tumors or the clinical stage of the disease. Immunoreactive LHRH was more frequently found in breast tumors with estrogen and progesterone receptors. On the other hand, preneoplastic breast lesions expressed mainly somatostatin, while immunoreactivity was absent in normal mammary tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806354
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue carcinoembryonic antigen in the prognosis of early invasive breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) ; nodal status ; survival rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-five patients with stage II ductal breast carcinoma followed up for ten years were studied for the presence of tissue carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Overall expression of CEA was 60%. The ten year survival rate was significantly higher for patients with CEA-negative tumours (70%) than for patients with CEA-positive tumours (27%), while the difference between the survival rate of patients with (30%) or without (53%) lymph node involvement did not reach significance. Among the 10 patients with lymph node involvement, CEA-negative patients had a better outcome. These results suggest that there is a correlation between the presence of tissue CEA and the prognosis of the disease, and that CEA status might possibly be more important than lymph node involvement, at least within stage II breast carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806358
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter-laboratory comparison of DNA flow cytometric results from paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 59-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: aneuploidy ; breast cancer ; flow cytometry ; proliferative rate ; quality control ; S-phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Consecutive sections from 33 paraffin-embedded human breast carcinomas without intratumor heterogeneity were sent for flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis in two experienced laboratories. FCM instruments, run conditions, and tumor disaggregation procedures were different in the two laboratories. In four cases (12%) the laboratories reported a different DNA ploidy and DNA index (DI). These variations were due to analytical reasons, differences in the detection rates of near-diploid and tetraploid DIs, not due to interpretation of data or the criteria used for aneuploidy. There was a significant correlation between S-phase fractions (SPF) obtained in the two laboratories (r = 0.90, p〈0.0001) if only cases with concordant DI were included. Discordant DI usually led to very different SPF values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01812686
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitotic rate, DNA distribution, and chromatinin situ sensitivity to heparin in breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell cycle kinetics ; chromatin testing in situ ; DNA histograms ; heparin ; mitotic rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to characterize breast carcinomas by cell kinetic parameters. Mitotic rate (MR) and flow cytometrically (FCM) measured cell cycle distribution as well as chromatin testing in situ employing heparin for determination of activated chromatin, provided the following results: MR counted in 73 unselected carcinomas showed an increase up to a tumor size of 4.2cm (p 〈 0.05); beyond this diameter, the MR was found to decrease. In T1-T2 carcinomas, cell cycle stage analysis yielded higher percentages of cells in S and G2M phase for ductal (13% and 12%, N = 22) than for lobular (8% and 7%, N = 8) node-negative carcinomas (p 〈 0.002). In ductal carcinomas, lymph node involvement was reflected by higher % G2M values (15%, N = 26) compared with negative cases (12%, N = 22) (p 〈 0.05). Ductal node-positive T3-T4 carcinomas (N = 10) revealed a higher % S value (16%) than their T1-T2 counterparts. A correlation between MR and % G2M was established only up to a tumor size of 4.2 cm (r = 0.39, p 〈 0.05). A highly sensitive (‘H’) and a poorly sensitive (‘P’) subgroup of carcinomas with respect to heparininduced changes in fluorescence intensity of the G1/0 peak of the DNA aneuploid cell line were identified, as previously shown [1]. These subgroups were here updated with a larger number of carcinomas and were limited to T1-T2 cancers (N = 57). Group ‘H’ included more younger patients (p 〈 0.005), less cases with nodal involvement in ductal carcinomas (p 〈 0.05), and lower % G2M values in lobular node-negative cases (p 〈 0.05), than group ‘P’. DNA diploid cells always existing in DNA aneuploid carcinomas are more sensitive than their aneuploid counterparts (p 〈 0.01); however, they strengthen the stratification to ‘H’ and ‘P’. We suggest ‘H’ carcinomas to be less aggressive than ‘P’ carcinomas. Small breast carcinomas are recommended to cell kinetic investigations for individualizing adjuvant therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806574
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selenium in serum as a possible parameter for assessment of breast disease (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; fibrocystic disease ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The level of selenium in blood serum was determined in 33 patients with breast cancer, 13 women with verified mastopathy, and 43 healthy subjects from the Zagreb area. In the second and third quartiles the values of selenium obtained from sick subjects (41–58µg/L) and healthy subjects (73–89µg/L) differed significantly (P 〈 0.001). In the group of subjects with mastopathy, serum selenium in the same way ranged from 67–76µg/L and did not differ significantly from the group of healthy women, but differed significantly from the patients with breast cancer (P 〈 0.001). Such a result leads to the conclusion that determination of selenium in the blood could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic parameter in clinical assessment of malignant breast disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806576
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dehydroepiandrosterone and estrone 17-ketosteroid reductases in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androstenediol ; breast cancer ; dehydroepiandrosterone ; enzymes ; estrogens ; ketosteroid reductases ; steroid metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The identification of several steroid-transforming enzymes within human breast cancers has led to speculation that the growth of some hormone-responsive tumors might be mediated in part by intracellularly derived estrogens. Reports that MCF-7 human breast cancer cells can transform both estrone (E1)1 to estradiol (E2) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to the estrogenic steroid 5-androstenediol (AED), have prompted us to investigate the 17-ketosteroid reductase activities (17-KSR's) which mediate these potentially important reactions. Enzyme assays were performed by quantifying the amounts of [3H]AED or [3H]E2 former from [3H]DHEA or [3H]E1, respectively, by various subcellular preparations from MCF-7 cells under a variety of experimental conditions. DHEA 17-KSR was found to be localized exclusively within cytosol, whereas the E1 17-KSR activity appeared to be nearly equally divided between the soluble and particulate cytoplasmic subfractions. The particulate E1 17-KSR appeared capable of utilizing NADH or NADPH, whereas both the cytosolic form of this enzyme and the soluble DHEA 17-KSR activity showed a strict requirement for NADPH. Although both of the soluble 17-KSR's also showed similar pH optima, several other features suggested that they are different enzymes in MCF-7. E1 did not inhibit the conversion of DHEA to AED, and DHEA did not interfere with the transformation of E1 to E2, indicating that major differences in substrate specificity exist between the two cytosolic activities. Furthermore, DHEA 17-KSR activity within cytosol stored at −20°C deteriorated almost completely over twelve weeks of storage, whereas E1 17-KSR activity remained stable. Finally, although both enzymes were found to be subject to product inhibition, AED inhibited DHEA 17-KSR competitively, whereas cytosolic E1 17-KSR activity was inhibited by E2 in noncompetitive fashion. Studies of the oxidation of E2 to E1 by MCF-7 cells showed that this transformation is catalyzed by both soluble and particulate 17-hydroxysteroid oxidases which utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactor. Having previously reported the presence of a particulate NADP(H)-linked androstenedione (AE) 17-ketosteroid oxidoreductase in MCF-7, we now suggest that at least three different enzymes, one particulate and two soluble forms, participate in the conversion of 17-ketosteroids to their hormonally active 17-hydroxysteroid derivatives within this cell line. The restricted substrate requirements of each enzyme provide a rationale for developing selective enzyme inhibitors which could provide important investigational tools and potentially effective therapeutic agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806334
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of breast cancer mucin (BCM) and CA 15-3 in human breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: BCM ; breast cancer ; CA 15-3 ; CEA ; mucin ; tumour markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Breast Cancer Mucin (BCM) enzyme immunoassay utilizes two monoclonal antibodies (Mab), M85/34 and F36/22, for the identification of a mucin-like glycoprotein in serum of breast cancer patients. We have compared BCM with CA 15-3, another member of the human mammary epithelial antigen family. Serum BCM was evaluated in 151 and CA 15-3 in 134 patients with breast cancer, in 30 normal controls, in 9 pregnant women, and in 13 cancer patients (non-breast). Neither the normal controls nor the pregnant women had BCM levels 〉 25 U/ml. In contrast, 87 of 115 patients (75%) with metastatic breast cancer had BCM levels 〉 25 U/ml. All control persons had CA 15-3 levels 〈 25 U/ml, but 2 out of 9 pregnant women (22%) had levels 〉 25 U/ml. Seventy-four out of 97 patients (76%) with metastatic breast cancer had CA 15-3 levels 〉 25 U/ml. A statistically significant correlation was found between BCM and CA 15-3 in the breast cancer patient group (r = 0.883, p 〈 0.001, n = 134) and in the normal control group (r = 0.743, p 〈 0.001, n = 30). BCM and CA 15.3 both showed no correlation with CEA in breast cancer patients (r = 0.060, n = 81; and r = 0.146, n = 78, respectively). BCM had a range of sensitivity similar to that of the CA 15-3 RIA. Our results suggest that BCM may be a useful new marker for monitoring the clinical course of patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, in the evaluation of breast cancer patients, marker pands depending on disease stage may be a better choice than any single parameter in the evaluation of breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806286
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidermal growth factor receptors and prognosis in primary breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prognosis ; epidermal growth factor receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A retrospective study was performed on 109 human breast tumors stored in liquid nitrogen in order to assess the prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) (median patient follow-up 5 years). A significant inverse relationship was observed between EGF-R and both estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). Univariate analysis showed a trend towards a shorter metastasis-free survival both in the overall population and in node-negative patients with EGF-R positive tumors. Multivariate analysis of the overall population showed that lymph-node involvement and PR status were the only significant variables in predicting metastasis-free survival. However, in patients receiving no adjuvant treatment (hormone therapy or chemotherapy), EGF was the only significant variable in the multivariate Cox analysis. No c-erbB-1 amplification was detected in these tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806288
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein tyrosine kinases in human breast cancer: Kinetic properties and evidence for the presence of two forms of native enzyme (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mammary gland ; steroid receptors ; tyrosine kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) of human breast tumors classified as positive (TM +) or negative (TM -) according to their estrogen and progestin receptor levels was partially characterized with regard to its distribution, kinetic parameters, molecular size, and ability to phosphorylate endogenous mammary proteins. For both types of tumors, PTK activity depended upon the presence of Mn++ (2–5 mM) and/or Mg++ (10–20 mM). The activities, total (per g of tissue) and specific (per mg of protein), were similar for both types of tumors, and an average of 60% of activity was located in cytosolic fractions. The autoradiographic detection of alkali-resistant phosphoproteins after SDS-PAGE showed very similar patterns between corresponding fractions from both types of tumors. Upon gel filtration, two peaks of activity of apparent Mr 245 kDa (peak I) and 47 kDa (peak II) were observed. Peak II was found in both cytosols and extracts from particulate fractions, while peak I was present only in the latter fraction for both TM + and TM — tumors. The apparent Km's for ATP ranged from 4.1 to 6.6 µM, and from 11 to 34 µg/ml for the synthetic substrate poly [Glu80, Tyr20], at an optimal pH of 6.5–7.5. When endogenous alkali-resistant phosphorylation of peaks I and II was determined by autoradiography after SDS-PAGE, two major mammary proteins of Mr 60 and 45 kDa were phosphorylated by peak II and three, Mr 145, 74, and 62 kDa, by peak I. Thus, in TM + and TM — human breast cancer tissues, PTKs possess similar enzymatic and molecular properties. The Mr 47 kDa is present in both soluble and particulate fractions, while the Mr 245 kDa is only observed in the latter fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806290
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II trials with toremifene in advanced breast cancer: A review (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. S 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; endocrine treatment ; antiestrogens ; toremifene ; triphenylethylenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antitumor activity of the new triphenylethylene drug toremifene has been studied in advanced breast cancer of postmenopausal women as first line treatment at dose levels of 20, 60, and 240 mg, and as second line or later treatment at high dose levels of 200–240 mg. The response rates (complete + partial response) have been 21% with 20 mg (14 patients), 52% with 60 mg (93 patients in three separate trials), and 68% with 240 mg (38 patients) as first line treatment. After failure on previous therapy (hormonal or chemotherapy) the response rates have been about 10% with 200 mg of toremifene (71 patients in two different trials). In patients whose disease had previously responded to tamoxifen with at least stabilization, the response rate with toremifene has been 23%; but among unselected patients, including patients progressing during adjuvant tamoxifen, the response rate (CR + PR) with toremifene in tamoxifen failures has been 3%. If long lasting (more than 5 months) stabilization of the disease is also considered, a further 20% of previously treated patients have benefitted from toremifene. The treatment has been well tolerated at all dose levels. The most reported side effects have been hot flushes (8–19%) and nausea (8%). 0–6% of patients in different trials have interrupted the treatment because of side effects
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807142
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum cholesterol reduction with tamoxifen (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: cholesterol ; tamoxifen ; adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The serum cholesterol levels of 123 consecutively and newly diagnosed women with Stage I and II breast cancer taking tamoxifen were compared with a control group of 81 consecutively newly diagnosed women with Stage I and II breast cancer who were not taking a hormonal treatment or supplement. Other factors that were evaluated were age, menopausal status, tumor size, weight, height, Quetelet index, and smoking and alcohol intake history. The mean cholesterol change in patients on tamoxifen (34.2 ± 3.6 mg/dl) was significantly greater than controls (1.0 ± 4.1 mg/dl) (P〈0.001). Serum cholesterol fell by more than 10 mg/dl in 72.9% of women on tamoxifen vs. 35.1% of controls and by more than 40 mg/dl in 39.9% of women on tamoxifen vs. 12.6% of controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that tamoxifen administration (P〈0.0001), initial cholesterol level (P = 0.001), and age (P = 0.04) were significant factors in producing a decrease in serum cholesterol. The administration of tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy to women with newly diagnosed breast cancer resulted in a significant fall in serum cholesterol. This effect of tamoxifen on the serum cholesterol may prove to be an additional benefit in the form of reduced cardiovascular risk in these women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01812678
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear polymorphism — a prognostic parameter to evaluate local recurrence of female breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: local recurrence ; breast cancer ; prognostic factors ; nuclear polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between 1980 and 1986 676 patients underwent surgery for primary breast cancer. Of these, 35 patients developed locoregional recurrence. Retrospective analysis of the spontaneous postoperative development revealed 2 groups: group A had subsequent distant metastases, group B was tumor-free after surgical treatment of local recurrence. Analysis of the commonly employed characterization criteria of primary tumors (tumor size, lymph node involvement, estrogen receptors, histologic grading of primary tumors, and excised locoregional recurrence) showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, a more detailed differentiation of the subcriteria for the histologic grading according to Bloom and Richardson revealed a prevalence of anaplastic nuclei in the primary tumors of group A (9/11). Even in this small patient population the parameter of nuclear polymorphism revealed a highly significant statistical difference between the two groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01812679
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colocalization of estrogen and progesterone receptors with an estrogenregulated heat shock protein in paraffin sections of human breast and endometrial cancer tissue (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 16 (1990), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; estrogen-regulated protein ; immunocytochemistry ; breast cancer ; endometrial cancer ; heat shock protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied by immunocytochemistry and monoclonal antibodies the presence and localization of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and a 24-kD estrogen-regulated heat shock protein in biopsies from breast and endometrial cancer patients. Three different tissue processing protocols were used to colocalize the antigens in the same tissue sections: a) frozen sections, b) formalin fixation with routine paraffin embedding, and c) picric acid-formaldehyde (PAF) fixation with a rapid embedding in paraffin. Frozen sections showed good receptor staining but poor 24-kD protein immunoreactivity, while routine paraffin sections (with or without DNase pretreatment) were inadequate to reveal the nuclear receptor proteins at the same level seen in frozen sections. On the other hand, all three proteins could be detected satisfactorily in PAF-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Using this procedure we were able to visualize 24-kD protein and estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor in individual cells in paraffin sections. The study revealed that in all of the estrogen receptor positive breast and endometrial tumor samples, almost 90% of the cells expressing the cytoplasmic 24-kD protein contained estrogen receptor in the cell nucleus. In contrast, 24-kD immunoreactive cells did not express progesterone receptors in almost 40% of the progesterone receptor positive tumor samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806332
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II study of deoxydoxorubicin in previously untreated metastatic breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; deoxydoxorubicin ; phase II trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the objective of identifying new chemotherapeutic agents active against breast cancer, we administered the phase II agent deoxydoxorubicin (DxDx) to 25 patients who had received no prior chemotherapy for their metastatic breast cancer. A dose of 30–35 mg/M2 given at 3 week intervals resulted in a response rate of 12%. The patients were subsequently treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone. A response rate of 38% was achieved with this combination as second line therapy. Toxicity of DxDx was predominately hematopoietic. One patient developed congestive heart failure. Median survival from onset of treatment with DxDx was 39 weeks. DxDx appears to be minimally active against metastatic breast cancer. Whether the administration of phase II agents as first line therapy offers an avantage in the overall management of metastatic cancer, needs further evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806294
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast compliance: A new method for evaluation of cosmetic outcome after conservative treatment of early breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; breast compliance ; breast conservation ; cosmetic outcome ; radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As a measure of cosmetic outcome, the compliance of normal and irradiated breasts has been quantified using a new method of Breast Compliance Evaluation (BCE). A total of 151 women were studied, of whom 100 were normal controls and 51 had previous breast irradiation as part of breast-conserving treatment. Compliance was taken as the difference between the anterior breast surface length from infra-mammary fold to the nipple when the patient was in erect and supine positions. Irradiated cases were rated as having satisfactory outcome (good or excellent cosmetic result) or unsatisfactory (fair or poor cosmetic result). Mean compliance of normal cases was 1.8cm. In the irradiated women with satisfactory cosmetic results, mean compliance was 1.45 compared with only 0.77 cm in those with unsatisfactory outcome. The difference between the compliance of both breasts was 0.1 cm for the controls, 0.3 cm in the satisfactory group and 2 cm in the unsatisfactory group. A difference in compliance greater than 1cm was usually associated with an unsatisfactory cosmetic outcome. Factors determining cosmetic outcome included volume of excised lump and breast size. The cosmetic result was not affected by tumour site, clinical or pathological tumour size, or the total number of axillary nodes excised. This simple, painless, and easily reproducible measurement may be a useful objective indicator of cosmetic result after conservative treatment of early breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806355
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue polypeptide antigen in tumor cytosol: A new prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 17 (1990), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cytosol ; prognosis ; tissue polypeptide antigen ; tumor markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The assessment of the risk of relapse is a critical need in the management strategy of breast cancer patients. To date, the most reliable prognostic factor is axillary nodal status. Several other pathological and biological parameters are currently under evaluation. Since 1982 we have been studying the prognostic role of several tumor markers in breast cancer cytosol. Elevated cytosol concentrations of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) have been found to have a highly significant direct correlation with both prolonged relapse-free interval (RFI) and higher survival rate. The information provided by cytosol TPA was independent of both axillary nodal status and steroid receptor content. In patients with a low risk of relapse (no axillary metastases, estrogen and progesterone receptor positive), cytosol TPA was still a significant prognostic indicator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01812680
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oncogene amplification correlates with dense lymphocyte infiltration in human breast cancers: A role for hematopoietic growth factor release by tumor cells? (1990)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 44 (1990), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: breast cancer ; dense immune cell infiltrate ; c-erbB2 ; int-2 ; c-myc ; CSF-1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: One hundred six primary breast cancer samples were analysed for c-erbB2, int-2, and c-myc gene amplification. Surgically confirmed nodal involvement was observed in 42%. Level of gene amplification was studied by Southern and/or slot blottechniques. Amplified c-erbB2 gene sequences were present in 21.5% of all samples. Int-2 was amplified in 13.1% and c-myc was amplified in 10.3%. In a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) a strong negative association was found between high levels of c-erbB2 amplification and absence of estrogen receptor (ER) (P = .0009) or progesterone receptor (PR) (P = .011) expression. No correlations were found between all or high levels of amplification of each oncogene separately or combined with T, N, grade, multifocality of tumor, or associated carcinoma in situ. There was a trend approaching statistical significance for patients with c-erbB2 amplifications to have positive lymph nodes at surgery (P = 0.09). A somewhat surprising finding however was a very strong association between oncogene amplification and dense lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor (P = .05). This correlation is even stronger when only high levels of amplification are considered, either for each oncogene separately (P = .0048) or in combination (P = .007). We propose that malignant cell cytokine production may help explain this observation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240440307
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