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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica for the expression of the 65 kilodalton isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 11-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: methylotrophic yeast ; Pichia methanolica ; DNA transformation ; alcohol oxidase ; vacuolar protease ; protein expression ; fermentation ; human GAD65 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe a protein expression system in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia methanolica. Methods for transformation and genetic manipulation of the organism were developed using an ade2 strain and the wild-type ADE2 gene. A vacuolar protease-deficient strain was constructed. Two genes encoding alcohol oxidases were found, yet a single isoform of alcohol oxidase was produced during methanol-fed fermentations. The promoter from this gene was used to drive expression. An integrating plasmid for the cytoplasmic expression of the 65 kDa isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase (human GAD65) was assembled. A strain harboring eight copies of this plasmid expressed enzymatically active human GAD65 at levels approaching 0·5 g/l. Identical amounts were made in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant GAD65 was purified to greater than 90% purity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering yeast for efficient cellulose degradation (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: cellulose degradation ; endo-β-1,4-glucanase ; cellobiohydrolase ; cellodextrinase ; cellobiase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces several β-1,3-glucanases, but lacks the multicomponent cellulase complexes that hydrolyse the β-1,4-linked glucose polymers present in cellulose-rich biomass as well as in haze-forming glucans in certain wines and beers. We have introduced into S. cerevisiae a functional cellulase complex for efficient cellulose degradation by cloning the Endomyces fibuliger cellobiase (BGL1) gene and co-expressing it with the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens endo-β-1,4-glucanase (END1), the Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase (CBH1) and the Ruminococcus flavefaciens cellodextrinase (CEL1) gene constructs in this yeast. The END1, CBH1 and CEL1 genes were inserted into yeast expression/secretion cassettes. Expression of END1, CBH1 and CEL1 was directed by the promoter sequences derived from the alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2), the phosphoglycerate kinase I (PKG1) and the alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH1) genes, respectively. In contrast, BGL1 was expressed under the control of its native promoter. Secretion of End1p and Cel1p was directed by the signal sequence of the yeast mating pheromone α-factor (MFα1), whereas Cbh1p and Bgl1p were secreted using their authentic leader peptides. The construction of a fur1 ura3 S. cerevisiae strain allowed for the autoselection of this multicopy URA3-based plasmid in rich medium. S. cerevisiae transformants secreting biologically active endo-β-1,4-glucanase, cellobiohydrolase, cellodextrinase and cellobiase were able to degrade various substrates including carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, laminarin, barley glucan, cellobiose, polypectate, birchwood xylan and methyl-β-d-glucopyranoside. This study could lead to the development of industrial strains of S. cerevisiae capable of converting cellulose in a one-step process into commercially important commodities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning and sequencing of a chitin synthase gene (CHS2) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis ; chitin synthase ; dimorphic fungi ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of a chitin synthase gene (CHS2) of the dimorphic fungal human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of Chs2p consists of 1043 residues and is highly homologous to other class II fungal chitin synthases. Computational structural analyses suggest very high similarity to other fungal chitin synthases with a highly variable region at the cytosolic amino-terminal region which may be related to its possible zymogenic nature, and the putative catalytic region close to seven membrane-spanning regions at the carboxyl terminus. The nucleotide sequence of CHS2 and its flanking regions has been submitted to GenBank under Accession Number Y09231. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional comparison of the yeast scERV1 and scERV2 genes (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: gene duplication ; mammalian homologues ; transcript analysis ; mitochondria ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The yeast scERV1 gene is the first representative of a new emerging gene family. Its gene product is essential for the yeast cell and is involved in the biogenesis of mitochondria and the regulation of the cell cycle. Recently the general importance of the gene for the eukaryotic cell was shown by the identification of a structural and functional human homologue. The homologous mammalian ALR (augmenter of liver regeneration) genes from man, mouse and rat are important for different developmental stages of the organism as for example in spermatogenesis and the regeneration of damaged liver organs. Latest research identified an intron with an unusual 3′ branch site in the 5′ region of the yeast scERV1 gene. Analysis of the now available complete genome sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified a second yeast gene with homologies to scERV1 on chromosome 16. The corresponding gene product has a length of 196 amino acids similar to the 189 residues of the scERV1 protein and exhibits 30% identical amino acid residues in the highly conserved carboxy-terminal part of the polypeptides. Because of the structural similarities the new gene will be termed scERV2 from now on. For the scERV1 gene product it has just been shown that it is associated with yeast mitochondria. Analysis of the amino-terminal part of the putative scERV2 protein also identifies a typical leader sequence for import into mitochondria. The comparison of cDNA and genomic DNA from the scERV2 gene shows that no intron is present in this gene. To investigate the functional relation between the two yeast genes disruption experiments and complementation studies of mutants from scERV1 were performed. In addition the expression of messenger RNA under 15 different growth conditions was investigated by detailed Northern hybridization studies. Both genes show a complex and distinct expression pattern for their transcripts and are highly regulated under different physiological conditions. Moreover correct and efficient splicing of the transcript from the scERV1 gene was found to vary with the physiological state of the yeast cell, as further verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcripts from galactose-grown yeast cells. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-translational fate of CAN1 permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; arginine permease ; turnover ; phosphorylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To study the post-translational fate of arginine permease (Can1p), the gene coding for this transport protein was placed behind a constitutive promoter of plasma membrane ATPase (PMA1) and furnished with a Myc tag. In exponential-phase cells the amount of Can1p is constant, although turnover can be demonstrated. A rapid decrease in transport activity during the early stationary phase is paralleled by a corresponding net degradation of the protein. The amount of Can1p present in exponential cells grown on various nitrogen sources is the same, except in arginine-grown cells, in which the amount of the protein is markedly lower. This occurs solely when arginine serves as nitrogen source but not as an immediate consequence of, for example, arginine addition to cells growing on other nitrogen sources. It was demonstrated that Can1p is phosphorylated. Since Can1p expression under the PMA1 promoter is glucose-dependent, the amount of the permease expressed in high-glucose-grown cells is higher than in low-glucose-grown ones. Only a part of the Can1p overexpressed in high-glucose-grown cells is phosphorylated, while in low-glucose-grown cells the phosphorylated form probably represents the majority of Can1p. The permease phosphorylation or dephosphorylation is not related to transinhibition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced expression of the Candida albicans multidrug resistance gene CDR1 in response to fluconazole and other antifungals (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 517-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; multidrug resistance ; Fluconazole ; antifungal drugs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Candida albicans CDR1 gene encodes a member of the ABC-type family of multidrug transporters which has been shown to be involved in azole resistance. Using an in-frame gene fusion between the CDR1 open reading frame and the green fluorescent protein allele yEGFP3, an optimized derivative for its use in C. albicans, we show here how the CDR1-yEGFP3 gene expression is induced in response to azoles as well as to other structurally unrelated drugs like cycloheximide. Moderate increases were observed for calcofluor, canavanine, 5′-fluorcytosine, cilofungin and caffeine, while no induction was found for the antifungals benomyl and amphotericin B or hydrogen peroxide at subinhibitory concentrations. The use of confocal microscopy enabled us to localize the Cdr1p fusion protein at the cell periphery, thus suggesting a cytoplasmic membrane localization. These results suggest deregulation of CDR1 gene as a putative mechanism for the generation of azole resistance in this clinically important pathogenic fungus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of YHR019 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VIII as the gene for the cytosolic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 527-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; YHR019 ; chromosome VIII ; asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Exploiting the asparagine auxotrophy of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain 8556a, we have isolated the gene for the cytosolic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (AsnRS) of S. cerevisiae, by functional complementation of the mutation affecting this strain. The isolated gene could be identified to the open reading frame YHR019, called DED81, located on chromosome VIII. The mutant gene from the 8556a strain, asnrs--1, was amplified from genomic DNA by PCR. This gene contains a point mutation, leading to the replacement of a glycine residue by a serine in a region of the protein probably important for the asparaginyl-adenylate recognition. The protein encoded by YHR019 is very similar to cytosolic AsnRS from other eukaryotic sources. In a phylogenetic analysis based on AsnRS sequences from various organisms, the eukaryotic sequences were clustered. Expression of YHR019 in Escherichia coli demonstrated that a yeast AsnRS activity was produced. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity in three chromatography steps. We showed that the recombinant S. cerevisiae AsnRS was able to charge unfractionated yeast tRNA, but not E. coli tRNA, with asparagine. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 9359 bp fragment from the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII includes the FOL2 and YTA7 genes and three unknown open reading frames (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 587-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; FOL2 ; YTA7 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the framework of the EU programme for systematic sequencing of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome we determined the sequence of a 9359 bp fragment of the right arm of chromosome VII. Five open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 300 nucleotides were found in this region. YGR267c encodes a protein with significant similarity to the enzyme GTP-cyclohydrolase I, that controls the first step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to various pterins and shows a high degree of sequence conservation from bacteria to mammals. We have recently demonstrated (Nardese et al., 1996) that YGR267c corresponds to the FOL2 gene, previously localized in the same chromosomal region by genetic mapping. The protein deduced from YGR270w belongs to the superfamily of putative ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities. It corresponds to the YTA7 gene, a member of a set of yeast genes coding for putative ATPases with high similarity to constituents of the 26S protease. The three ORFs YGR266w, YGR268c and YGR269w encode putative products of unknown function, with neither significant similarity to proteins in databases nor recognizable domains. YGR268c and YGR269w are partially overlapping ORFs: YGR268c seems to correspond to a real gene, whereas YGR269w is probably a fortuitous ORF. The sequence has been entered in the EMBL data library under Accession Number Y07893. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of the Candida albicans SEC4 Gene (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 675-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; protein secretion ; SEC4 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SEC4 gene product is a major component of the protein secretion machinery. More specifically, it is believed to play a pivotal role in targeting and fusion of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. Its recently described implication with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rho3p, which is required for directing growing points during bud formation, has prompted us to investigate the role and function of Sec4p in the morphological changes of the yeast pathogen Candida albicans. We have therefore cloned the C. albicans SEC4 gene. It encodes a 210 amino acids long protein sharing up to 75% homology to the S. cerevisiae homolog, when conserved changes are allowed. Its RNA is constitutively expressed in C. albicans grown under various physiological conditions. We also show that it can functionally complement a S. cerevisiae sec4 thermosensitive mutant. The sequence of the C. albicans SEC4 gene has been deposited in GenBank under Accession Number AF017183. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The HIS4 gene from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 687-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase ; phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase ; histidinol dehydrogenase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Kluyveromyces lactis HIS4 gene was cloned by complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae his4 mutant. Sequence analysis revealed a 2388 bp open reading frame encoding a single polypeptide predicted to encompass three distinct enzymatic activities (phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase, phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase and histidinol dehydrogenase). This structural organization is strikingly similar to that of the His4 proteins from S. cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Transcript analysis detected a single mRNA species of 2.5 kb. The EMBL accession number of this gene is Y09503. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pombe: A gene-finding and exon-intron structure prediction system for fission yeast (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 701-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: gene recognition ; linear discriminant analysis ; dynamic programming ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A special program developed by the authors, called Pombe, identifies protein coding regions in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. Linear discriminant analysis was applied to predict 5′-terminal, internal, 3′-terminal exons (coding-exon) and introns. The accuracy of the prediction was tested by cross verifications. The sensitivity, specificity and correlation coefficient for the internal exon prediction were 98·5%, 99·9% and 98·3% respectively at the nucleotide level. Open reading frames were studied and used to predict intron-less genes: 99·0% of such genes were identified with correct stopping sites. The gene structure was determined by dynamic programming and the prediction achieved 97·0% correlation coefficient at the nucleotide level. The program is available at http://clio.cshl.org/genefinder. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Pichia pastoris dihydroxyacetone kinase is a PTS1-containing, but cytosolic, protein that is essential for growth on methanol (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 759-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pastoris ; methylotrophic yeasts ; dihydroxyacetone kinase ; DNA sequencing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) is essential for methanol assimilation in methylotrophic yeasts. We have cloned the DAK gene from Pichia pastoris by functional complementation of a mutant that was unable to grow on methanol. An open reading frame of 1824 bp was identified that encodes a 65·3 kDa protein with high homology to DAK from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although DAK from P. pastoris contained a C-terminal tripeptide, TKL, which we showed can act as a peroxisomal targeting signal when fused to the green fluorescent protein, the enzyme was primarily cytosolic. The TKL tripeptide was not required for the biochemical function of DAK because a deletion construct lacking the DNA encoding this tripeptide was able to complement the P. pastoris dakΔ mutant. Peroxisomes, which are essential for growth of P. pastoris on methanol, were present in the dakΔ mutant and the import of peroxisomal proteins was not disturbed. The dakΔ mutant grew at normal rates on glycerol and oleate media. However, unlike the wild-type cells, the dakΔ mutant was unable to grow on methanol as the sole carbon source but was able to grow on dihydroxyacetone at a much slower rate. The metabolic pathway explaining the reduced growth rate of the dakΔ mutant on dihydroxyacetone is discussed. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank with Accession Number AF019198. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic organization and sequence analysis of the hypha-specific cell wall protein gene HWP1 of Candida albicans (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 681-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; cell wall protein ; DNA sequence ; hypha-specific ; proline-rich ; glutamine-rich ; serine and threonine-rich ; HWP1 ; RACE ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A previously isolated partial cDNA encoding a cell wall protein antigen found on hyphal surfaces of the opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans (Staab et al., 1996) was used to clone the complete hyphal wall protein 1 gene (HWP1). Hyphal forms of C. albicans invade mucosal surfaces of immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS. HWP1 consisted of an open reading frame predicting an acidic protein (pI of 3·37) with a calculated molecular size of 61,122. The antigenic domain was located in the N-terminal third of the protein. The remainder of the protein contained abundant hydroxy amino acids, and terminated with a string of 15 amino acids typical of sequences specifying post-translational modification with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (6PI). The analyses suggested that Hwp1 is a glucan-linked protein with serine/threonine-rich regions that are predicted to function in extending a ligand-binding domain into the extracellular space. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank/EMBL databank with Accession Number U64206. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical mapping of chromosomes VII and XV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 3·5 kb average resolution to allow their complete sequencing (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 601-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: I-Sce I fragmentation ; yeast ; genome ; cosmids ; colinearity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The high resolution complete physical maps of chromosomes VII and XV were constructed to form the basis for sequencing these chromosomes as part of the European systematic sequencing programme of the yeast genome, using a unique cosmid library from strain FY1679, and an original top-down mapping strategy involving I-Sce I chromosome fragmentation. A total of 138 and 196 cosmid clones were used to construct the maps for VII and XV, respectively, forming two unique contigs that cover the entirety of chromosomes (1091 kb each), except the telomeric repeats. Colinearity of the cosmid inserts with yeast DNA was verified, and the physical maps were eventually compared with the independently generated genetic maps. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of brewing yeast strains by pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 885-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: pyrolysis mass spectrometry ; Fourier tranform infrared spectroscopy ; chemometrics ; quality assurance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two rapid spectroscopic approaches for whole-organism fingerprinting - pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) - were used to analyse 22 production brewery Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Multivariate discriminant analysis of the spectral data was then performed to observe relationships between the 22 isolates. Upon visual inspection of the cluster analyses, similar differentiation of the strains was observed for both approaches. Moreover, these phenetic classifications were found to be very similar to those previously obtained using genotypic studies of the same brewing yeasts. Both spectroscopic techniques are rapid (typically 2 min for PyMS and 10 s for FT-IR) and were shown to be capable of the successful discrimination of both ale and lager yeasts. We believe that these whole-organism fingerprinting methods could find application in brewery quality control laboratories. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic interaction between YPT6 and YPT1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 915-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: small GTP-binding proteins ; YPT1 ; YPT6 ; SSD1 ; SLY1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ypt6p, the yeast homologue of human RAB6, is required for protein trafficking at elevated temperatures. Biochemical data provide evidence that Ypt6p plays a role in an early step(s) of the secretory pathway: from ER to Golgi, or from cis to medial Golgi, or both. Here we show that overexpression of YPT1 suppresses the growth and secretion defects of a ypt6 temperature-sensitive (ts) strain. SLY1-20, encoding a dominant mutant allele that suppresses the lethal effect of YPT1, also suppresses the growth defect of a ypt6 ts strain. Conversely, SSD1, isolated as a suppressor of ypt6 ts, can suppress the growth defect of a ypt1 ts allele. These data suggest that Ypt6p has some redundant function with Ypt1p. However, overexpression of Ypt6p is toxic to a ypt1 ts strain, although it does not affect the growth of wild-type cells, suggesting that Ypt6p may sequester proteins shared with Ypt1p. This genetic evidence confirms the conclusion that Ypt6p is involved in an early step of the secretory pathway. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 117
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    Electronic Resource
    Review: The structure and function of yeast xylose (aldose) reductases (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 977-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: aldose reductase ; catalytic mechanism ; coenzyme binding ; sequence comparison ; SDR enzymes ; structure-function relationship ; xylose reductase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast xylose (aldose) reductases are members of the aldo-keto reductase family of enzymes which are widely distributed in a variety of other organisms. In yeasts, these enzymes catalyse the first step of xylose metabolism where xylose is converted to xylitol. In the past 16 years, xylose reductases from yeasts able to ferment or utilize xylose have been isolated and studied mainly because of their importance in xylose bioconversions. In recent years, genes encoding xylose reductases from several yeasts have been cloned and sequenced. A comparison of the primary sequences of yeast xylose reductases with the much better characterized human aldose reductase and human aldehyde reductase reveals that the yeast enzymes are hybrids between aldo-keto reductases and the short chain dehydrogenases/reductases families of enzymes. Why this is so and its evolutionary significance is presently not known. This short review will critically examine the structure and function information that can be gleaned from the sequence comparison. Several interesting questions arise from the sequence comparison and these can provide fruitful areas for further investigations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-glycosylation by transfer of GlcNAc2 from dolichol-PP-GlcNAc2 to the protein moiety of the major yeast exoglucanase (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 773-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: dolichol-PP-GlcNAc2 ; translocation ; endoplasmic reticulum ; alg1 ; exoglucanase ; S. cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Transfer of truncated oligosaccharides to yeast exoglucanase (Exg) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae alg1 has been investigated. When incubated at the non-permissive temperature, alg1 cells secreted into the culture medium, in addition to the exoglucanase glycoforms secreted by wild type, underglycosylated forms as well as material with ionic properties of the non-glycosylated enzyme. As expected, none of the latter had affinity towards concanavalin A, but part of it bound to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), suggesting that it contained, in addition to non-glycosylated Exg, glycoforms carrying non-reducing terminal GlcNAc. Only the WGA-bound material could be labelled with galactosyltransferase; furthermore, the label could be released by treatment with peptide-N4-N-acetyl-β-glucosamine asparagine amidase. These results unambiguously demonstrate that GlcNAc2 can be transferred from dolichol-PP-GlcNAc2 to one or both sequons of yeast Exg. Accordingly, they support previous observations suggesting that this early intermediate is able to translocate in vivo in order to make its sugar portion accessible to the oligosaccharyltransferase in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 119
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    A novel esterase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, a possible function for the yeast TIP1 gene (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 793-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: esterase ; beer ; brewer's yeast ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; specificity ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae TIP1 gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An extracellular esterase was isolated from the brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate shows that the enzyme has a serine active site. By mass spectrometry, the molecular weight of the enzyme was 16·9 kDa. The optimal pH for activity was in the range of four to five. Esterase activity was found in beer before pasteurization, and a low level of activity was still present after pasteurization. Caprylic acid, which is present in beer, competitively inhibited the esterase. The substrate preference towards esters of p-nitrophenol indicated that the enzyme prefers esters of fatty acids from four to 16 carbon atoms. The esterase has lipolytical activity; olive oil (C-18:1), which is a classical substrate for lipase, was hydrolysed. N-terminal sequence analysis of the esterase yielded a sequence which was identical to the deduced amino acid sequence of the S. cerevisiae TIP1 gene. The esterase preparation did not appear to contain significant amounts of other proteins than Tip1p, indicating that the TIP1 gene is the structural gene for the esterase. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Highly efficient assimilation of lactose by a metabolically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 827-837 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: fermentation ; β-galactosidase ; heterologous gene expression ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; lactose-permease ; ribosomal DNA ; whey ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to metabolize lactose with high efficiency has been obtained. Haploid strains of Saccharomyces able to grow on lactose were constructed by cotransformation with two genes of Kluyveromyces lactis required for the utilization of the sugar, LAC4 and LAC12, encoding β-galactosidase and lactose permease respectively. Both genes were placed under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter and targeted to the rDNA encoding region (RDN1 locus) of the Saccharomyces genome. Lac+ transformants were selected on medium with lactose as the only carbon source. These transformants were mitotically stable, they maintained the Lac+ phenotype after growing in non-selective medium for more than 60 generations, but their growth was slow. We found that this lack of vigour was caused by their genetic background and not by a deficient expression of the heterologous genes. Therefore, their performance could be improved by crossing with a wild-type strain. Among the offspring of the crosses, two strains of opposite mating type were selected and mated to obtain a fast-growing Lac+ diploid. This diploid strain showed the typical fermentative behaviour of S. cerevisiae when it was grown in aerated liquid medium with glucose. In lactose medium, it exhibited a respiro-fermentative metabolism similar to that of K. lactis, with low ethanol production and high biomass yield. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Chromosomal DNA patterns and gene stability of Pichia pastoris (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 895-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pastoris ; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; chromosome-length polymorphisms ; gene stability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have clearly resolved four chromosomal bands from four Pichia pastoris (Komagataella pastoris) strains by using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. The size of the P. pastoris chromosomal bands ranged from 1·7 Mb to 3·5 Mb and total genome size was estimated to be 9·5 Mb to 9·8 Mb; however, chromosome-length polymorphisms existed among four strains. Thirteen cloned genes isolated from strain GTS115 were assigned to the separated chromosomes, revealing that different hybridization patterns were observed in the AOX2 and URA3 genes among strains. P. pastoris is frequently used as an efficient host for heterologous gene expressions. We analysed chromosomal stability of strain GTS115-derived recombinant cell expressing human serum albumin during serial cultivation under the condition of vegetative and non-selective growth. No chromosomal rearrangements were observed and the expression constructs integrated into the his4 locus on chromosome I were very stable even at 83 generations, suggesting that stable expression would be carried out even in large-scale fermentation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Drug-induced phenotypes provide a tool for the functional analysis of yeast genes (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 935-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: antifungal drugs ; cytochrome-c oxidase ; gene dosage screening ; lanosterol C-14 demethylase ; overexpression assay ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The post-genome sequencing era of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is defined by the analysis of newly discovered open reading frames of unknown function. In this report, we describe a genetic method for the rapid identification and characterisation of genes involved in a given phenotype. This approach is based on the ability of overexpressed genomic DNA fragments to cure an induced phenotype in yeast. To validate this concept, yeast cells carrying a yeast DNA library present on multicopy plasmid vectors were screened for resistance to the antifungal drug ketoconazole. Among 1·2 million colonies 13 clones tested positive, including those expressing the lanosterol C-14 demethylase, known to be a cellular target for azole drugs, and the cytochrome-c oxidase of mitochondria, regulating the respiratory chain electron transport. Several other resistant clones were identified, which code for yeast proteins of so far unknown function. These genes may represent potential candidates for antifungal drug effects. Together with the availability of the entire yeast genome sequence, the described genetic screening method is a powerful tool for the effective functional analysis of yeast genes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular cloning of alcohol dehydrogenase genes of the yeast Pichia stipitis and identification of the fermentative ADH (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1311-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: ADH ; hypoxic activation ; xylose fermenting yeasts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two Pichia stipitis ADH genes (PsADH1 and PsADH2) were isolated by complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Adh--mutant. The genes enabled the transformants to grow in the presence of antimycin A on glucose, to use ethanol as sole carbon source and made them sensitive to allylalcohol.The sequences of the genes showed similarities of 70-77% to sequences of ADH genes of Candida albicans, Kluyveromyces lactis, K. marxianus, and S. cerevisiae and about 60% homology to those of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Aspergillus flavus.Southern hybridization experiments suggested that P. stipitis has only these two ADH genes. Both genes are located on the largest chromosome of P. stipitis.PsADH2 encodes for the ADH activity that is responsible for ethanol formation at oxygen limitation. The gene is regulated at the transcriptional level. Moreover, also in cells grown on ethanol, only PsADH2 transcript was found. PsADH1 transcript was detected under aerobic conditions on fermentable carbon sources.The sequences have been deposited in the EMBL database under the accession numbers Y13238 (PsADH1) and Y13397 (PsADH2). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A new method for quantitative determination of polysaccharides in the yeast cell wall. Application to the cell wall defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1297-1306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: cell wall ; chitin ; β-glucan ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A reliable acid hydrolysis method for quantitative determination of the proportion of β-glucan, mannan and chitin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall is reported together with a simple extraction procedure to quantify within a standard error of less than 2% the proportion of the wall per gram of cell dry mass. This method is an optimized version of Saeman's procedure based on sulfuric acid hydrolysis of complex polysaccharides. It resulted in an almost complete release of glucose, mannose and glucosamine residues from cell wall polysaccharides. After complete removal of sulfate ions by precipitation with barium hydroxide, the liberated monosaccharides were separated and quantified by high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The superiority of this method over the hydrolysis in either trifluoroacetic or hydrochloric acid resides in its higher efficiency regarding the release of glucose from β1,6-glucan and of glucosamine from chitin. The sulfuric acid method was successfully applied to determine the β-glucan, mannan and chitin contents in cell walls of genetically well-characterized yeast mutants defective in cell wall biosynthesis, and in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell walls. The simplicity and reliability of this procedure make it the method of choice for the characterization of cell walls from S. cerevisiae mutants generated in the EUROFAN programme, as well as for other pharmacological and biotechnological applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Comparison of expression systems in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hansenula polymorpha, Klyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Yarrowia lipolytica. Cloning of two novel promoters from Yarrowia lipolytica (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1267-1283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; heterologous gene expression ; autonomously replicating expression vectors ; selective promoter identification ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have compared expression systems based on autonomously replicating vectors in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha and Yarrowia lipolytica in order to identify a more suitable host organism for use in the expression cloning method (Dalbøge and Heldt-Hansen, 1994) in which S. cerevisiae has traditionally been used. The capacity of the expression systems to secrete active forms of six fungal genes encoding the enzymes galactanase, lipase, polygalacturonase, xylanase and two cellulases was examined, as well as glycosylation pattern, plasmid stability and transformation frequency. All of the examined alternative hosts were able to secrete more active enzyme than S. cerevisiae but the relative expression capacity of the individual hosts varied significantly in a gene-dependent manner. One of the most attractive of the alternative host organisms, Y. lipolytica, yielded an increase which ranged from 4·5 times to more than two orders of magnitude. As the initially employed Y. lipolytica XPR2 promoter is unfit in the context of expression cloning, two novel promoter sequences for highly expressed genes present in only one copy on the genome were isolated. Based on sequence homology, the genes were identified as TEF, encoding translation elongation factor-1α and RPS7, encoding ribosomal protein S7. Using the heterologous cellulase II (celII) and xylanase I (xylI) as reporter genes, the effect of the new promoters was measured in qualitative and quantitative assays. Based on the present tests of the new promoters, Y. lipolytica appears as a highly attractive alternative to S. cerevisiae as a host organism for expression cloning. GenBank Accession Numbers: TEF gene promoter sequence: AF054508; RPS7 gene promoter sequence: AF054509. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Characterization of deletion mutations in the carboxy-terminal peptide-binding domain of the Kar2 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1285-1295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: BiP ; KAR2 ; Hsp70 ; peptide-binding domain ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hsp70 is structurally composed of three domains, an amino-terminal ATPase domain, a proximal 18 kDa peptide-binding domain and a distal 10 kDa carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) domain. To dissect the functional significance of the distal 10 kDa domain, and the boundary region between the proximal and distal C-terminal domains of Kar2p in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we constructed a series of plasmids which were truncated or had internal deletion mutations in this region. We found that all these mutations are recessive, and that the distal 10 kDa C-terminal domain, including the HDEL ER-retention sequence, is not essential for cell growth, although the major role of this 10 kDa C-terminal domain is due to the function of the HDEL ER-retention signal. We also found that the Kar2p region (Thr492-Thr512), corresponding to the β8-sheet in the peptide-binding domain, which constitutes the bottom plate of the binding pocket in E. coli DnaK, is essential for cell viability, and that the following Kar2p region (Glu513-Lys542), corresponding to α-helices A and B of E. coli DnaK, which was proposed to compose the lid of the binding pocket, is critical but not essential for yeast cell growth. This was further supported by the fact that the latter deletion showed a fully reversible ts phenotype in its growth and only a slight inhibitory effect on the secretion of α-amylase at non-permissive temperature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Cloning and characterization of the peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase ACO3 gene from the alkane-utilizing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1373-1386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; acyl-CoA oxidase ; gene expression ; gene disruption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ACO3 gene, which encodes one of the acyl-CoA oxidase isoenzymes, was isolated from the alkane-utilizing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as a 10 kb genomic fragment. It was sequenced and found to encode a 701-amino acid protein very similar to other ACOs, 67·5% identical to Y. lipolytica Aco1p and about 40% identical to S. cerevisiae Pox1p. Haploid strains with a disrupted allele were able to grow on fatty acids. The levels of acyl-CoA oxidase activity in the ACO3 deleted strain, in an ACO1 deleted strain and in the wild-type strain, suggested that ACO3 encodes a short chain acyl-CoA oxidase isoenzyme. This narrow substrate spectrum was confirmed by expression of Aco3p in E. coli. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Inter- and intraspecific chromosome pattern variation in the yeast genus Kluyveromyces (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1341-1354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces ; electrophoretic karyotyping ; contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis ; chromosome variation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The analysis of the electrophoretic chromosome patterns of the species of the genus Kluyveromyces, reveals a high polymorphism in size, number and intensity of bands. Different sets of electrophoresis running conditions were used to establish species-specific patterns and also to detect intraspecific variation. According to their karyotypes, the species of this genus can be divided into two major groups. The first group includes the species K. africanus, K. bacillisporus, K. delphensis, K. lodderae, K. phaffi, K. polysporus and K. yarrowii, composing the so-called ‘Saccharomyces cerevisiae-like’ group, because their karyotypes resemble that of the species S. cerevisiae. The second group comprises the species K. aestuarii, K. blattae, K. dobzhanskii, K. lactis, K. marxianus, K. thermotolerans, K. waltii and K. wickerhamii, whose chromosomal patterns exhibit common characteristics very different to those of the species included in the ‘S. cerevisiae-like’ group. This division is concordant with the position of these species in previous phylogenetic reconstructions. Additionally, the intraspecific analysis of the chromosome patterns show a rich polymorphism in the heterogeneous species K. dobzhanskii, K. lactis, and K. marxianus, which is in concordance with the variability observed with other phenotypic or genetic markers. On the contrary, K. thermotolerans exhibits a homogeneous karyotype indicative of a very low level of chromosomal polymorphism, which is congruent with the reduced variability found in this species with other molecular markers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Quantitative analysis of yeast gene function using competition experiments in continuous culture (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1417-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; functional genomics ; quantitative phenotype ; chemostat ; competition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One possible route to the evaluation of gene function is a quantitative approach based on the concepts of metabolic control analysis (MCA). An important first step in such an analysis is to determine the effect of deleting individual genes on the growth rate (or fitness) of S. cerevisiae. Since the specific growth-rate effects of most genes are likely to be small, we employed competition experiments in chemostat culture to measure the proportion of deletion mutants relative to that of a standard strain by using a quantitative PCR method. In this paper, we show that both densitometry and GeneScan™ analysis can be used with similar accuracy and reproducibility to determine the proportions of (at least) two strains simultaneously, in the range 10-90% of the total cell population. Furthermore, we report on a model competition experiment between two diploid nuclear petite mutants, homozygous for deletions in the cox5a or pet191 genes, and the standard strain (ho::kanMX4/ho::kanMX4) in chemostat cultures under six different physiological conditions. The results indicate that competition experiments in continuous culture are a suitable method to distinguish quantitatively between deletion mutants that qualitatively exhibit the same phenotype. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    This year in YEAST (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1437-1438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Mutations of the CDC28 gene and the radiation sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 133-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CDC28 gene ; RAD9 gene ; radiation sensitivity ; cell cycle checkpoint ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: CDC28-srm, a non-temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation in the CDC28 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that affects fidelity of mitotic transmission of both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic structures (Devin et al., 1990), also affected cell growth and sensitivity to lethal effects of ionizing radiation. At 30°C CDC28-13, a ts mutation, was without appreciable effects on spontaneous mitochondrial rho--mutagenesis, cell growth and radiation sensitivity, whereas all three cell characteristics mentioned were affected (although to a lesser degree than by CDC28-srm) by CDC28-1, another ts mutation. CDC28-srm was without any significant effect on the rates of spontaneous nuclear gene mutations and γ-ray-induced mitotic recombination. An analysis of double mutants as regards their radiation sensitivity has revealed additive or even synergistic interactions between the CDC28-srm mutation and every one of the rad6-1 and rad52-1 mutations. The rad9Δ allele was found to be epistatic to CDC28-srm. These data suggest that the p34CDC28 protein is involved in the RAD9-dependent feedback control of DNA integrity operating at the cell cycle checkpoints. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Characterization of a branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: branched-chain amino acids ; aminotransferase ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes for the cytosolic and mitochondrial branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferases (BCAT) were isolated recently. These genes show significant homology to mammalian ECA39, originally isolated as a gene regulated by the c-myc oncogene. We now report the isolation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe eca39/BCAT gene. The S. pombe protein shows 47-52% identity to other eukaryotic BCAT proteins isolated from S. cerevisiae, nematode, mouse and man. A genetic growth assay for BCAT activity was established using an S. cerevisiae strain disrupted in both BCAT isoenzymes. Consequently, the activity of the S. pombe BCAT was demonstrated by genetic and biochemical means. Possible applications of BCAT-encoding genes as selection markers in yeast transformation are proposed. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Number U88029. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Cloning, sequencing and disruption of the ARG8 gene encoding acetylornithine aminotransferase in the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: recombinant DNA ; K. lactis genomic library ; pCXJ22 ; arginine biosynthesis ; KlARG8 ; mitochondrial transformation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A recombinant plasmid was isolated from a Kluyveromyces lactis genomic DNA library which complements a Saccharomyces cerevisiae arg8 mutant defective in the gene encoding acetylornithine aminotransferase. The complementation activity was found to reside within a 2.0 kb DNA fragment. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame able to encode a 423-residue protein sharing 68·1% and 35·0% sequence identities with the products of the ARG8 and argD genes of S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. That the cloned gene, KlARG8, is the functional equivalent of S. cerevisiae ARG8 was supported by a gene disruption experiment which showed that K. lactis strains carrying a deleted chromosomal copy of KlARG8 are auxotrophic for arginine. The nucleotide sequence of KlARG8 has been submitted to GenBank under Accession Number U93209.
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    The Saccharomyces cerevisiae TGL2 gene encodes a protein with lipolytic activity and can complement an Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase disruptant (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; diacylglycerol kinase ; lipase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TGL2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Escherichia coli cells with a disrupted diacylglycerol kinase gene are unable to grow on media containing arbutin due to a lethal accumulation of diacylglycerol. In order to isolate genes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involved in diacylglycerol metabolism we complemented an E. coli diacylglycerol kinase disruptant with a yeast genomic library and transformants were selected capable of growing in the presence of arbutin. Using this method, a gene (TGL2) was isolated coding for a protein resembling lipases from Pseudomonas. After expression of the TGL2 gene in E. coli, lipolytic activity towards triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols with short-chain fatty acids could be measured. Therefore, it is very likely that the TGL2 gene can complement the E. coli diacylglycerol kinase disruptant, because it encodes a protein that degrades the diacylglycerol accumulated after growth in the presence of arbutin. Disruption of the TGL2 gene in S. cerevisiae did not result in a detectable phenotype. The role of the Tgl2 protein in lipid degradation in yeast is still unclear. The nucleotide sequence published here has been submitted to the EMBL sequence data bank and is available under accession number X98000. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Identification and kinetic analysis of a functional homolog of elongation factor 3, YEF3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 239-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: elongation factor 3 ; YEF3 homolog ; ATPase ; ABC cassette ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast and other fungi contain a soluble elongation factor 3 (EF-3) which is required for growth and protein synthesis. EF-3 contains two ABC cassettes, and binds and hydrolyses ATP. We identified a homolog of the YEF3 gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome database. This gene, designated YEF3B, is 84% identical in protein sequence to YEF3, which we will now refer to as YEF3A. YEF3B is not expressed during growth under laboratory conditions, and thus cannot rescue growth of YEF3A deletion strains. However, YEF3B can take the place of YEF3A in vivo when expressed from the YEF3A or ADH1 promoters. The products of the YEF3A and YEF3B genes, EF-3A and EF-3B, respectively, were expressed from the ADH1 promoter and purified. Both factors possessed basal and ribosomal-stimulated ATPase activity, and had similar affinity for yeast ribosomes (103 to 113 nm). Km values for ATP were similar, but the Kcat values differed significantly. Ribosome-dependent ATPase activity of EF-3A was more efficient than EF-3B, since the Kcat and Kcat/Km values for EF-3A were about two-fold higher; however, the difference in Kcat/Km values between the two factors was small for basal ATPase activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding a copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme from the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 573-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: marine yeast ; superoxide dismutase ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; cloning ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) is a ubiquitously occurring eukaryotic enzyme with a variety of important effects on respiring organisms. A gene (dhsod-1) encoding a Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase of the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii was cloned using mRNA by the RT-PCR technique. The deduced amino-acid sequence shows ∼70% homology with that of cytosolic superoxide dismutase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa, as well as lower homologies (between 55 and 65%) with the corresponding enzyme of other eukaryotic organisms, including human. The gene sequence encodes a protein of 153 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 15·92 kDa, in agreement with the observed characteristics of the purified protein from D. hansenii. The dhsod-1 sequence has been deposited in the public data library of the NCBI under Accession Number AFO 16383. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Generation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletants and basic phenotypic analysis of eight novel genes from the left arm of chromosome XIV (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: gene disruption ; functional analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G418-resistance ; sticky-end PCR ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The disruption of eight novel genes was realized in two genetic backgrounds. Among these open reading frames, NO333, NO348 and NO364 presented homologies with other proteins of yeast or other organisms, whereas NO320, NO325, NO339, NO384 and NO388 showed no similarity with any protein. Tetrad analysis of heterozygous deletant strains revealed that NO348, NO364 and NO388 are essential genes for vegetative growth, whereas NO320, NO325, NO333, NO339 and NO384 are non-essential. Basic phenotypic analyses of the non-lethal deletant strains as suggested in the six-pack B0 programme did not reveal any significant differences between parental and mutant strains. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    During the initiation of fermentation overexpression of hexokinase PII in yeast transiently causes a similar deregulation of glycolysis as deletion of Tps1 (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 255-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: hexokinase PII ; glycolysis ; Tps1 ; fermentation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae a novel control exerted by TPS1 (=GGS1=FDP1=BYP1=CIF1=GLC6=TSS1)-encoded trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, is essential for restriction of glucose influx into glycolysis apparently by inhibiting hexokinase activity in vivo. We show that up to 50-fold overexpression of hexokinase does not noticeably affect growth on glucose or fructose in wild-type cells. However, it causes higher levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and also faster accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during the initiation of fermentation. The levels of ATP and Pi correlated inversely with the higher sugar phosphate levels. In the first minutes after glucose addition, the metabolite pattern observed was intermediate between those of the tps1Δ mutant and the wild-type strain. Apparently, during the start-up of fermentation hexokinase is more rate-limiting in the first section of glycolysis than phosphofructokinase. We have developed a method to measure the free intracellular glucose level which is based on the simultaneous addition of d-glucose and an equal concentration of radiolabelled l-glucose. Since the latter is not transported, the free intracellular glucose level can be calculated as the difference between the total d-glucose measured (intracellular+periplasmic/extracellular) and the total l-glucose measured (periplasmic/extracellular). The intracellular glucose level rose in 5 min after addition of 100 mm-glucose to 0·5-2 mm in the wild-type strain, ±10 mm in a hxk1Δ hxk2Δ glk1Δ and 2-3 mm in a tps1Δ strain. In the strains overexpressing hexokinase PII the level of free intracellular glucose was not reduced. Overexpression of hexokinase PII never produced a strong effect on the rate of ethanol production and glucose consumption. Our results show that overexpression of hexokinase does not cause the same phenotype as deletion of Tps1. However, it mimics it transiently during the initiation of fermentation. Afterwards, the Tps1-dependent control system is apparently able to restrict properly up to 50-fold higher hexokinase activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Synthesis of monohydroxylated inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC-C) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires Scs7p, a protein with both a cytochrome b5-like domain and a hydroxylase/desaturase domain (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: sphingolipids ; hydroxylase ; cytochrome b5 ; CSG1 ; CSG2 ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking Scs7p fail to accumulate the inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) species, IPC-C, which is the predominant form found in wild-type cells. Instead scs7 mutants accumulate an IPC-B species believed to be unhydroxylated on the amide-linked C26-fatty acid. Elimination of the SCS7 gene suppresses the Ca2+-sensitive phenotype of csg1 and csg2 mutants. The CSG1 and CSG2 genes are required for mannosylation of IPC-C and accumulation of IPC-C by the csg mutants renders them Ca2+-sensitive. The SCS7 gene encodes a protein that contains both a cytochrome b5-like domain and a domain that resembles the family of cytochrome b5-dependent enzymes that use iron and oxygen to catalyse desaturation or hydroxylation of fatty acids and sterols. Scs7p is therefore likely to be the enzyme that hydroxylates the C26-fatty acid of IPC-C. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 140
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    The SKS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for long-term adaptation of snf3 null strains to low glucose (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: SKSI ; snf3 ; low glucose ; over-expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SKS1 gene was originally identified as a multicopy suppressor of the growth defect of snf3 null mutations on low glucose concentrations. Snf3p is required for the rapid induction of HXT2 during growth on low substrate concentrations. Loss of Snf3p leads to a dramatic delay in expression of HXT2. Adaptation to low substrate concentrations does not occur in snf3 sks1 double null mutant strains, suggesting that SKS1 is required for the glucose-dependent expression of HXT2 in the absence of Snf3p activity. Over-expression of SKS1 leads to over-expression of Hxt2p, thus explaining the mechanism of suppression of the snf3 defect. SKS1 defines a novel, Snf3p-independent pathway for the expression of Hxt2p. Under certain growth conditions, over-expression of SKS1 itself leads to a growth defect which is diminished in snf3 hxt2 double mutants. This suggests that over-expression of Hxt2p at physiologically inappropriate times is detrimental to the cells. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 141
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    Glycosylation of human α1-antitrypsin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and methylotrophic yeasts (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 371-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: α1-antitrypsin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Pichia pastoris ; glycosylation ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Human α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) is a major serine protease inhibitor in plasma, secreted as a glycoprotein with a complex type of carbohydrate at three asparagine residues. To study glycosylation of heterologous proteins in yeast, we investigated the glycosylation pattern of the human α1-AT secreted in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the methylotrophic yeasts, Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris. The partial digestion of the recombinant α1-AT with endoglycosidase H and the expression in the mnn9 deletion mutant of S. cerevisiae showed that the recombinant α1-AT secreted in S. cerevisiae was heterogeneous, consisting of molecules containing core carbohydrates on either two or all three asparagine residues. Besides the core carbohydrates, variable numbers of mannose outer chains were also added to some of the secreted α1-AT. The human α1-AT secreted in both methylotrophic yeasts was also heterogeneous and hypermannosylated as observed in S. cerevisiae, although the overall length of mannose outer chains of α1-AT in the methylotrophic yeasts appeared to be relatively shorter than those of α1-AT in S. cerevisiae. The α1-AT secreted from both methylotrophic yeasts retained its biological activity as an elastase inhibitor comparable to that of α1-AT from S. cerevisiae, suggesting that the different glycosylation profile does not affect the in vitro activity of the protein. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Nucleotide sequence of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe lys1 + Gene and Similarities of the lys1+ protein to peptide antibiotic synthetases (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 479-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: lys1+ gene ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; α-aminoadipate reductase ; peptide synthetase ; lysine biosynthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 4·2 kbp lys1+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding the large subunit of α-aminoadipate reductase (EC1.2.1.31), an enzyme specific to lysine synthesis in higher fungi, was completely sequenced at the nucleotide level from pLYS1H. The S. pombe lys1+ gene product consists of 1415 amino acid residues and has a putative molecular weight of 155·8 kDa. The encoded protein converts α-aminoadipic acid to α-aminoadipate-δ-semialdehyde by an ATP-mediated adenylation. Analysis of the sequence showed that the putative protein encoded by lys1+ shares strong homology with the peptide antibiotic synthetases which also use an adenylation step. The sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to GenBank database (Washington DC, USA) under the Accession Number U15923. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Heat shock transiently enhances the synthesis rate of Sis1p, a ribosome-associated DnaJ protein in the oleagenous yeast Apiotrichum curvatum (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 419-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Apiotrichum curvatum ; cDNA sequence ; DnaJ protein ; cytosolic Hsp70s ; ribosome association ; Sis1 protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DnaJ proteins have been localized in different intracellular compartments of eukaryotes. In Apiotrichum curvatum, a fat-storing yeast, we found a DnaJ homolog associated with ribosomes and large cytosolic complexes as well. Using a plant DnaJ probe and a cDNA library constructed from poly(A)+ -RNA of A. curvatum grown on oleate we isolated a SIS1 cDNA coding for a 39·5 kDa protein. The putative protein contains neither a zinc finger motif nor a CAAX motif but is characterized by a J-domain at the N-terminal region and a large G-rich region in the middle part of the molecule. Heat shock applied for 1 h resulted in a pronounced but transient increase of the SIS1 mRNA. An antiserum was raised against the bacterially expressed protein. Cell fractions from A. curvatum were further separated by sedimentation centrifugation on sucrose gradients. Analysing the sub-fractions, we detected Sis1p mainly associated with ribosomes, and with particles sedimenting at approximately 200S. Hsp70 was found to be associated with the 200S fraction. The respective cytosolic A. curvatum Hsp70 cDNA was cloned and sequenced. High salt conditions caused the removal of Hsp70 and Sis1p from the 200S complexes. Mild RNase treatment of the 200S fraction afforded monosomes and 200S complexes unaffected by RNase. Heat shock led to a pronounced increase in the rate of de novo synthesis. However, due to the large pools of Sis1p on ribosomes and large cytosolic complexes, the increase in gene activation did not lead to a significant change of the total amount of Sis1p. Accession numbers are: Y12079 for ACHSP70 and Y12080 for ACSIS1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A family of laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carry rearrangements involving chromosomes I and III (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 551-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; S. cerevisiae ; genetics ; karyotypes ; chromosomal rearrangements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In order to study meiotic segregation of chromosome length polymorphism in yeast, we analysed the progeny of a cross involving two laboratory strains FL100trp and YNN295. Analysis of the parental strains led us to detect an important length polymorphism of chromosomes I and III in FL100trp. A reciprocal translocation involving 80 kb of the left arm of chromosome III and 45 kb of the right arm of chromosome I was shown to be the cause for the observed polymorphism in this strain. The characterization of the translocation breakpoints revealed the existence of a transposition hot-spot on chromosome I: the sequence of the translocation joints on chromosomes I and III suggests that the mechanism very likely involved homologous recombination between Ty2 transposable elements on each chromosome. Analysis of FL100, FL200 and FL100trp ura, which are related to FL100trp, shows that this reciprocal translocation is present in some of the strains of the FL series, whereas the parental strain FL100 does not carry the same rearrangement. We evidenced instead the duplication of 80 kb of chromosome III on chromosome I and a deletion of 45 kb of the right arm of chromosome I in this strain, indicating that secondary events might have taken place and that the strain currently named FL100 is not the common ancestor of the FL series. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Identification of a putative histidine kinase two-component phosphorelay gene (CaHK1) in Candida albicans (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 665-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: histidine kinase ; phosphorylation ; signal transduction ; gene ; two-component ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have cloned and analysed the sequence of a putative histidine kinase, two-component gene (CaHK1) from Candida albicans. This gene encodes a 2471 amino acid protein (Cahk1p) with an estimated molecular mass of 281·8 kDa. A homology search of Cahk1p with other proteins in the databases showed that Cahk1p exhibits the greatest homology at its C-terminus with both the sensor and regulator components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic two-component histidine kinases. A further analysis of this homology showed that the Cahk1p possessed both sensor and regulator domains in the same polypeptide. Also, Cahk1p is likely to be a soluble protein. The sensor kinase domain of Cahk1p contains conserved motifs that are characteristic of all histidine kinase proteins, including the putative histidine which is believed to be autophosphorylated during activation, ATP binding motifs and others (F- and N-motifs), with unknown function. The Cahk1p regulator domain also contains conserved aspartate and lysine residues and the putative aspartate, which is secondarily phosphorylated by the autophosphorylated histidine. Finally, according to the codon usage frequency of the CaHK1 gene in comparison with other genes from C. albicans, there would appear to be a low level of expression of the gene. The accession number for the described sequence is AF013273, as filed in the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ database. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 146
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    Genomic disruption of six budding yeast genes gives one drastic example of phenotype strain-dependence (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 655-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PCR-based disruption ; YOL113w ; YOL100w ; YOL107w ; YOR267c ; YGL196w ; YGL194c ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using PCR to construct disruption cassettes, null alleles of six genes have been created in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a FY1679 background, no defects were detected in any of the haploid deletion mutants with respect to growth, gross morphology, or mating. A diploid FY1679-derived Δygl194c/Δygl194c homozygous disruptant displayed reduced sporulation. In contrast to the lack of phenotypic consequences of Δyol100w disruptions in the FY1679 background, in the CEN.PK2 strain even a heterozygous disruption of the same gene caused striking effects, very slow vegetative growth and highly impaired sporulation. Tetrad analysis showed YOL100w to be an essential gene in this strain. A copy of the YGL194c or the YOL100w wild-type gene borne on a centromeric episomal plasmid was introduced into a corresponding disruption mutant strain, and in both cases was found to partially complement the defects. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Bicarbonate-mediated social communication stimulates meiosis and sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 623-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; bicarbonate ; meiosis ; sporulation ; respiration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Meiosis and sporulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires social communication, mediated by an extracellular factor which is secreted from cells during sporulation and accumulates in a cell density-dependent manner. We show here genetic and biochemical analyses supporting our conclusion that the extracellular factor is bicarbonate acting as an alkali to elevate extracellular pH. Sporulation defects of mdh1 (mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase) mutants and of wild-type cells at low density were rescued extracellularly by addition of bicarbonate or other alkaline solutions to raise medium pH. Addition of bicarbonate (or alkalization of medium) raised steady-state levels of mRNA in respiration-deficient mdh1 mutants and inhibited proliferation of wild-type cells at low density. These results indicate that the two conditions (respiration competency and high cell density), required for meiosis and sporulation, are essential for extracellular accumulation of bicarbonate and resulting alkalization of medium. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    An extracellular meiosis-promoting factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 617-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; extracellular factor ; meiosis ; sporulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Meiosis and sporulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been classically viewed as an example of unicellular, eukaryotic differentiation that occurs in response to nutritional starvation. We present evidence that S. cerevisiae produces an extracellular factor(s), called meiosis-promoting factor (MEP), that is required, in addition to starvation conditions, for efficient meiosis and sporulation. This factor is secreted and accumulates in a cell density-dependent fashion such that cells at a low density sporulate poorly under conditions in which cells at a high density sporulate efficiently. Conditioned medium from sporulating cells at a high density contains a small anionic molecule that has cytostatic activity and stimulates sporulation of cells at low density under a normal starvation condition. These results indicate that MEP-mediated social communication between cells is required for meiosis and sporulation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Additional modules for versatile and economical PCR-based gene deletion and modification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 953-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: epitope tagging ; green fluorescent protein ; functional analysis ; overexpression studies ; gene deletion ; gene truncation ; polymerase chain reaction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An important recent advance in the functional analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes is the development of the one-step PCR-mediated technique for deletion and modification of chromosomal genes. This method allows very rapid gene manipulations without requiring plasmid clones of the gene of interest. We describe here a new set of plasmids that serve as templates for the PCR synthesis of fragments that allow a variety of gene modifications. Using as selectable marker the S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene or modules containing the heterologous Schizosaccharomyces pombe his5+ or Escherichia coli kanr gene, these plasmids allow gene deletion, gene overexpression (using the regulatable GAL1 promoter), C- or N-terminal protein tagging [with GFP(S65T), GST, or the 3HA or 13Myc epitope], and partial N- or C-terminal deletions (with or without concomitant protein tagging). Because of the modular nature of the plasmids, they allow efficient and economical use of a small number of PCR primers for a wide variety of gene manipulations. Thus, these plasmids should further facilitate the rapid analysis of gene function in S. cerevisiae. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Heterologous modules for efficient and versatile PCR-based gene targeting in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 943-951 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: fission yeast ; gene deletions ; gene truncations ; overexpression studies ; epitope tagging ; polymerase chain reaction ; gene expression ; green fluorescent protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe a straightforward PCR-based approach to the deletion, tagging, and overexpression of genes in their normal chromosomal locations in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Using this approach and the S. pombe ura4+ gene as a marker, nine genes were deleted with efficiencies of homologous integration ranging from 6 to 63%. We also constructed a series of plasmids containing the kanMX6 module, which allows selection of G418-resistant cells and thus provides a new heterologous marker for use in S. pombe. The modular nature of these constructs allows a small number of PCR primers to be used for a wide variety of gene manipulations, including deletion, overexpression (using the regulatable nmt1 promoter), C- or N-terminal protein tagging (with HA, Myc, GST, or GFP), and partial C- or N-terminal deletions with or without tagging. Nine genes were manipulated using these kanMX6 constructs as templates for PCR. The PCR primers included 60 to 80 bp of flanking sequences homologous to target sequences in the genome. Transformants were screened for homologous integration by PCR. In most cases, the efficiency of homologous integration was ≥50%, and the lowest efficiency encountered was 17%. The methodology and constructs described here should greatly facilitate analysis of gene function in S. pombe. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Functional analysis of three adjacent open reading frames from the right arm of yeast chromosome XVI (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1027-1039 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; gene cloning ; gene disruption ; functional analysis ; chromosome XVI ; translation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 7·24 kb genomic DNA fragment from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XVI was isolated by complementation of a new temperature-sensitive mutation tsa1. We determined the nucleotide sequence of this fragment located on the right arm of chromosome XVI. Among the three, complete open reading frames: YPR041w, YPR042c and YPR043w contained within this fragment, the gene YPR041w was shown to complement the tsa1 mutation and to correspond to the TIF5 gene encoding an essential protein synthesis initiation translation factor. The YPR042c gene encodes a hypothetical protein of 1075 amino acids containing four putative transmembrane segments and is non-essential for growth. The gene YPR043c encoding the 10 kDa product, highly similar to the human protein L37a from the 60S ribosomal subunit, was found to be essential and a dominant lethal. We conclude that three tightly linked yeast genes are involved in the translation process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Studies of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma). Effect of inhibitors and low temperature (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1007-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: nicotine ; diphenylamine ; astaxanthin biosynthesis ; Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of nicotine and diphenylamine on astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was studied. The effects were analysed under standard and low temperature conditions. It was found that 10 mm-nicotine inhibits the cyclization of lycopene and de novo protein synthesis was not needed to reverse the inhibition. The oxidation of β-carotene was irreversibly inhibited by 10 μM-diphenylamine while the dehydrogenation of phytoene was reversibly inhibited by 60 μM-diphenylamine. The simultaneous exposure to low temperature (4°C) overcomes the inhibition of β-carotene oxidation at low diphenylamine concentration. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Candida rugosa lipases: Molecular biology and versatility in biotechnology (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1069-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: amines and amides ; biodetergents ; biocides ; bioremediation ; biosensors ; Candida rugosa ; carbohydrate esters ; cosmetics and perfumery ; food and flavour ; immobilisation ; isoenzymes ; lipases ; molecular biology ; pharmaceuticals ; single cell protein ; specificity ; tanning ; ultra-structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This review describes how the versatile Candida rugosa lipases (CRL) have extended the frontiers of biotechnology. As evidenced by the current literature, CRL claims more applications than any other biocatalyst. This review comprises a detailed discussion on the molecular biology of CRL, its versatile catalytic reactions, broad specificities and diverse immobilization strategies. It also discusses its role in the food and flavour industry, the production of ice cream and single cell protein, biocatalytic resolution of life-saving pharmaceuticals, carbohydrate esters and amino acid derivatives unobtainable by conventional chemical synthesis, potent biocide making, biosensor modulations, eco-friendly approach and bioremediation, biosurfactants in detergent making, and recently, cosmetics and perfumery. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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