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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (2,064)
  • 1967  (2,064)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,642)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (422)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Material
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (2,064)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical rotatory dispersion of E. coli ribosomes and their constituents (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigations have been made on the optical rotatory dispersion properties of E. coli ribosomes and their constituent RNA and proteins. The results indicate that (1) no conformational changes are involved in the formation of a 70S particle from the 50S and 308 subunits, (2) the E. coli ribosomal proteins are similar to most globular proteins with little α-helix content, and (3) the conformation of RNA and proteins inside the ribosome is very similar to that in the free state.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular configuration of amylose and its complexes in aqueous solutions. Part II. Relation between the DP of helical segments of the amylose-iodine complex and the equilibrium concentration of free iodine (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 5-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The iodine which is added to an aqueous amylose solution is bound only partly by the amylose while forming the blue complex and partly remains free. The equilibrium normality of the free and the bound iodine at half-saturation of amylose by iodine is designated as [If]v and [Ib]w, respectively. The stability of the poly iodine chain formed within the axis of amylose helices depends on its length, i.e., indirectly on the DP of the amylose helices: the greater this stability, the lower the [If]v value. The amylose molecule consists of helical segments. Such a molecule may behave as a random coil. The average length of the helical segments in freshly prepared amylose-iodine complexes depends on temperature, pH, iodide concentration, the presence of other complex-forming agents, and the DP of the amylose. This latter factor is investigated in the present paper. By the aid of an automatically recording photometrictitrating device the coherent values of [Ib] and [If] were determined. Plotting these values against DPn for mechanochemically degraded as well as for periodateo-xidized amyloses resulted in curves consisting of two linear sections. The break of the curves occurred between DPn 110 and 130. It was concluded that below DPn = 100 the DP of helical segments (= sDPn) is identical to the DPn of the total molecule, i.e., the molecule consists of only a single, relatively stiff helix. Above this limit the molecule contains several helical segments. The DP of these helical segments can be calculated as follows: sDPn = 141.1 - 10.2 × 105[If]v. This equation is considered to be valid for 0.5-0.6 mg. amylose in 100 ml. 0.1N HCl at 20°C., λ = 650 mμ, euuvet diameter 3.4 cm., the feed rate of the iodate-iodide titrating solution (in acid medium resulting in a 5 × 10-3N I2 solution with a molar iodide to iodine ratio of 1.5) is 0.4ml./min. Amylose molecules of, e.g., DPn = 1380 consist of an average of 11.4 segments having a DP of about 120 and consisting of an average of 15-18 helical turns.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wechselstrompolarographische kriterien der nucleinsäuredenaturierung (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrochemical possibilities for investigation of nucleic acids with high molecular weight are restricted to the determination of the adsorption behavior. According to our experience the alternating current polarography (Breyer-polarography) is mainly appropriate for the characterization of changes in the secondary structure of DNA. The Breyer-polarogram shows the alternating current of the dropping electrode in dependence on their potential which varied from 0-2 v. negative against the normal calomel electrode (NCE). By addition of native DNA to the supporting electrolyte (buffer solution) the current drops down in the range of adsorption between 0 and 1 v. At 1.16 v. against NCE the desorption takes place together with the formation of a rounded desorption peak. The investigation was carried out in phosphate buffer solution 0.1m with 0.075m NaCl or in a phosphate buffer 0.18m with 0.03m NaCl. In the pH range above pH 8 NaOH was added to realize the higher pH values. A calf thymus DNA sample having a mean molecular weight of about 18 million was used. The concentration of DNA was 5 × 10-3-1 × 10-1 wt.-%. The polarographic measurements were performed with an a.c./d.c.-polarograph “GWP 564” from Akademiewerkstätten für Forschungsbedarf der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW). The denaturation of the double helix causes a sharp desorption peak at negative potentials of the alternating current polarogram. This new criterion for the helix-coil transition is due to formation of unpaired bases. These nearly free bases undergo a specific adsorption and the desorption takes place within a narrow potential range. Nevertheless, at present time an electron transfer to particular bases cannot be excluded at special conditions. The increase of the sharp peak permits to estimate: (a) the melting curve of the double helix in agreement with spectroscopic measurements; (b) the photolysis of the double helix; (c) the strand separation in acid and alkaline solution. In the alkaline range the sharp peak increases and reaches its maximum at pH 〉 12. In the acid range, however, no sharp peak is observed and the rounded desorption peak decreases. Therefore, the best way of following the conformation changes is to measure the current difference between the curves of the solutions with and without DNA at electrocapillary-zero-potential. On the classical d.c.-polarogram one can measure small current steps only, which may be caused mainly by capacity changes. Moreover, the scission of the molecule by ultrasonic action can be followed. In this case the rounded peak of DNA increases but the sharp peak does not appear. Similar alternating current polarograms are obtained with poly-A in the native state, because helical and unordered regions coexist in the same molecule. The very rapid indication of these structure changes allows one to carry out kinetic measurements at a fixed potential with this method.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frictional coefficients of multisubunit structures. I. Theory (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of Kirkwood for the translational frictional coefficients of structures composed of subunits has been generalized in two ways in order to consider aggregates of nonidentical subunits. One of these generalizations fails when the sizes of subunits are too disparate; the other, derived from a surface shell distribution of frictional elements, is effective over the whole range of relative sizes. It is shown that, in the limit of a continuous surface distribution, a shell model reproduces Stoke's law for a sphere. Comparison is made between the frictional coefficients of spheres, ellipsoids, and rods modeled by finite numbers of subunits and by continuous shells of frictional elements, and those calculated from other theories. Agreement is generally good, though the shell model for prolate ellipsoids of revolution deviates by a few per cent from the Perrin value.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of matrix rank analysis to the optical rotatory dispersion of TMV RNA (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 589-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of matrix rank analysis has been applied to a large body of experimental data to determine and identify the minimum number of independent spectral components that, were contained within it. The optical rotatory dispersion of TMV RNA was measured in the wavelength region 230-350 mμ, for a wide range of temperatures and ionic strengths. Over the whole range of conditions considered, the observed optical rotatory dispersion spectra were found to be a superposition of two basic spectra only. Evidence is put forward relating these spectra to the single-strand and double-strand helical forms of the molecule. A model is proposed to explain the observed spectral changes in terms of an equilibrium between these two conformations, which leads to a direct calculation of the percentage composition of the double strand at any of the conditions considered. This equilibrium, while simple in general description, appears multi-state and complex in detail. This method of analysis is both powerful and of wide applicability, since it is independent of the source of the data.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050702
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient distributions arising from initially sharp boundaries in the ultracentrifugePresented at a meeting of the Physical Biochemistry Group, British Biophysical Society, King's College, London, Jan. 4, 1967. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 663-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An infinite series solution to the Mason-Weaver equation is presented for the case in which a synthetic boundary is formed originally between solution and solvent. Digital computations based on this series, and confirmed independently, have been made for a range of parameters. For given conditions, the maximum rate of change of concentration at the meniscus and the time at which it occurs can be easily estimated by means of the curves presented. In equilibrium experiments which commence with formation of a sharp boundary, this enables the fringes to be identified with certainty.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050707
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental thermodynamics of the helix-random coil transition. I. Influence of polymer concentration and solvent composition in the PBG-DCA-EDC system (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 649-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The course of the reversible helix formation of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBG) dissolved in a mixture of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) was followed by measuring the heat capacity and the optical rotation of the system through the transition region. The results of these measurements indicate that the transition enthalpy ΔH the transition temperature Tc, and the Zimm-Bragg parameter σ depend considerably on the PBG concentration as well as on the composition of the solvent. For the standard state of infinite dilution, however, a linear extrapolation of the measured ΔH if values results in a standard value ΔH° = 950 cal./mole, independent of the solvent composition. The results of the calorimetric measurements are discussed in relationship to changes in optical rotation. Some peculiarities in the measured thermodynamic and optical properties in solutions with relatively high content of dichloroacetic acid are reported.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050706
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General method for calculating helical parameters of polymer chains from bond lengths, bond angles, and internal-rotation angles (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 673-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Helical conformations of infinite polymer chains may be described by the helical parameters, d and θ (the translation along the helix axis and the angle of rotation about the axis per repeat unit), pi (the distance of the ith atom from the axis), dij, and dij (the translation along the axis and the angle of rotation, respectively, on passing from the ith atom to the jth). A general method has been worked out for calculating all those helical parameters from the bond lengths, bond angles, and internal-rotation angles. The positions of the main chain and side chain atoms with respect to the axis may also be calculated. All the equations are applicable to any helical polymer chain and are readily programmed for electronic computers. A method is also presented for calculating the partial derivatives of helical parameters with respect to molecular parameters.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050708
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume changes accompanying collagen denaturation (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 685-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A dilatometric technique is employed to measure the volume changes occurring on denaturation of collagen solutions and tendons. Partial specific volumes of tropocollagen are calculated to be 0.686 ml./g. in water and 0.689 ml/g in 0.1M citrate buffer. From data on non-aqueous solutions, it is estimated that most of the volume change arises from changes in polymer configuration rather than from changes in solvation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050802
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical solutions of the Lamm equation. III. Velocity centrifugation (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 697-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have generated solutions to the Lamm equation to examine the effects of concentration dependence on velocity experiments. Two forms of c dependence are considered: s/s0 = 1 - kc and s/s0 = (1 + kc)-1. Features of these solutions are discussed. The magnitude of the errors resulting from the usual procedure of measuring the rate of movement of schlieren maxima or of the position at which the concentration is one half the plateau value have been examined. These errors are usually negligible after sufficient centrifugation time. The errors in using the half-plateau concentration are less than those using the movement of the peak. We have also examined a technique due to Fujita for determining D from boundary spreading when s/s0 = (1+kc)-1. This method is satisfactory when s/s0 is actually of this form, or under certain limitations when s/s0 = (1 + kc)-1. Creeth has shown that under certain conditions the concentration gradient, curve remains virtually unchanged in shape after separating from the meniscus. When this occurs it is possible to estimate s/D from the data. The condition for such a steady state is that kc0 be sufficiently large. Numerical confirmation of this method is presented in the final section.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050804
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in the intensity of scattered light by solutions of DNA subjected to an electric field (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 723-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preliminary experiments have been carried out which measure the variation in the intensity of the light scattered by DNA solutions under the influence of an electric field. Data have been collected on the length of DNA molecules, their electric polarizability, and their dispersion behavior.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050806
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topography of nucleic acid helices in solutions. II. Structure of the double-stranded rA-rU, rI-rC, acid rA, and the triple-stranded rA-rU2 and rA-rI2 helices (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 727-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Information concerning the structures of rA-rU, rA-rU2 rI-rC, rA-rI2, and acid rA helices in solutions is reported. Through the use of diquaternary ammonium salts of the general structure, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}_1 {\rm R}_2 {\rm R}_3 \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + ({\rm CH}_2 )n\mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + {\rm R}_1 {\rm R}_2 {\rm R}_3 \cdot 2{\rm Br}^ - $\end{document} (I), it is shown that (1) the distances between adjacent negatively charged oxygen atoms on the helix increases in the following order rA-rI2 〈 rI-rC 〈 rA-rU ≤ rA-rU2; (2) the density of the helices increases in the order. rA-rI2 〈 rA-rU 〈 rA-rU2 〈 rI-rC; (3) there is a large hydrophobia site in rA-rI2 and possibly also in rA-rU, rA-rU2, and rI-rC helices; (4) the results of the interactions between the salts of type I and the helices may be formulated in semi-quantitative terms by the use of two parameters, α, and β which are shown to be related to the charge separation and the density of the helices, respectively; (5) the studies in solutions compare favorably with the x-ray studies on the fibers; and (6) the acid rA helix differs significantly from the other helices by the fact that the electrostatic interstrand interactions between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a phosphate group and the positively charged 10-amino group of adenine contribute significantly to the stabilization of the helix, and thus it is found that the presence of the salts, I, leads to a significant destabilization of the acid rA helix.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050807
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noncomplementarity in base sequences between the cohesive ends of coliphages 186 and λ and the formation of interlocked rings between the two DNA's (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 953-966 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The half molecules of 186 DNA have been isolated by the Hg(II)-Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugal ion technique. The buoyant densities of the two halves in CsCI at 25°C. are 1.713 and 1.709 g./cm.3, corresponding to GC contents of 54% and 50%, respectively. Similarly, 5-bromouracil labeled λ DNA halves were separated. The isolation of the four DNA halves made it possible to test for homology in base sequences between the cohesive ends of λ and those of 186. There was no indication of any significant homology in base sequences between the cohesive ends of the two DNA's, as indicated by the absence of a band with intermediate buoyant density in CsCI when either half of 186 DNA was annealed with either half of 5-bromouracil labeled λ DNA and then centrifuged. The lack of cohesion between the two DNA's made it possible to demonstrate unequivocally the formation of interlocked rings (catenanes) between the two DNA's. The existence of a dimeric catenane is evidenced by the formation of a species of intermediate buoyant density when 5-bromouracil labeled λ DNA is cyclized in the presence of cyclic 186 DNA of a relatively high concentration. The molecular weight of one DNA relative to the other can be calculated from the position of the dimeric catenane in a density gradient by using the method of Baldwin. The result was in complete agreement with our previous measurements from the sedimentation coefficients and by electron microscopy. The probability of dimeric catenane formation when one DNA is cyclized in the presence of another DNA is discussed. The experimental results agree with the theoretical expectation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360051008
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050901
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational analysis of poly-N-methyl-L-alanine (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 815-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sterically allowed forms of the poly-N-methyl-L-alanine chain were found by calculation of conformational energies as a function of the rotation angles of its chain bonds. The lowest energy form seems to be a right-handed, approximately threefold helix.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050904
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-Ray diffraction of oriented amylose fibers. II. Structure of V amyloses (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 837-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oriented amylose fibers in the V form were prepared and subjected to x-ray analysis. Unit cells and the probable space group of P212121 were determined for the V anhydrous and V hydrate forms of amylose; the analysis confirms previous predictions of these structures based on x-ray powder patterns. Chain folding in V amyloses is discussed in view of crystallographic evidence and folding experiments conducted with space-filling models. Reported also is evidence for amylose helices having diameters intermediate between 13.0 and 13.7 A.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050906
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational aspects of polypeptides. XXIV. Conformational energies of poly-N-methyl-L-alanine chainsFor previous paper in this series, see Goodman and Falxa. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 809-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational energies of the poly-N-methyl-L-alanine chain have been calculated as a function of the rotational angles of its skeletal bonds, taking into account torsional potentials, van der Waals repulsions, and London attractions. Four pronounced minima in the energy were found; the relative magnitudes of the energies at these minima suggest that the preferred conformation of this chain is either a right-handed, approximately threefold helix, or a slightly distorted, left-handed α-helix. Inclusion of an estimate of the dipolar contribution to the total conformational energy does not significantly affect this conclusion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050903
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular configuration of amylose and its complexes in aqueous solutions. Part III. Investigation of the DP distribution of helical segments in amylose-iodine complexes (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The equilibrium normality [If] of free iodine in amylose-iodine complex formation is a function of the length of the polyiodine chains. This length depends on the DP of helical segments of amylose (sDPn). Values of [If] and of the concentration of the bound iodine [Ib] were determined by the continuous photometric titration with automatic recording. Plots of [Ib] versus [If] give an integral distribution curve. Since the relation between [If] and sDPn is known, the graphic differentiation of the [Ib] versus [lf] curve furnishes the differential distribution curve, representing the mass distribution of the helical segments according to their DP. The peak of this curve is characteristic of the percentage and DP of those helical segments, which occur in the largest amount. On the basis of the differential distribution curve the polymolecularity of the investigated sample may be judged. The titration of amylose samples degraded by various methods gives different distribution curves. Titrating mixtures of samples with widely differing average DP values results in differential curves having more than one maximum.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050104
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and optical activity of the DNA-aminoacridine complex (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the DNA-acridine orange complex have been measured over a range of ionic strength, pH, and DNA phosphate to dye (P/D) ratios. Three circular dichroism bands associated with the long wavelength absorption band of acridine orange are induced on complex formation with DNA. Two of the dichroism bands, due mainly to dimeric dye molecules, are favored by low ionic strength, low pH (3.2), and a low P/D ratio (∼3), while the third, deriving primarily from monomeric dye, is optimum at high ionic strength, neutral pH, and a larger P/D ratio (9). The data suggest that monomeric acridine orange binds to DNA in the form of a left-handed helical array with four dye molecules per turn, while the bound dimer has a skewed sandwich conformation which is itself dissymmetric. The stereochemical relations between the bound monomer dye and the DNA are consistent with a modified intercalation model for the DNA-acridine complex.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050109
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Helix formation by solvent-solvent interaction (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The degree of helicity θ of a series of homologous polypeptides as a function of solvent composition was investigated. The polypeptides studied were: poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine (PHPG) as well as the corresponding 2-hydroxyethyl and 4-hydoxybutyl derivatives (PHKG and PHBG, respectively). PHPG, which is nonhelical in formic acid, attains helicity on addition of relatively small amounts of formates, formamide, and urea to its solution in formic acid. This demonstrates that the high acidity of pure formic acid is largely responsible for its helix-breaking power-probably through protonation of the peptide bonds. In formic acid-water mixtures all three polymers show a maximum in degree of helicity at a mole fraction of about 0.3 formic acid. This is interpreted as being due to interaction between the two helix-breaking solvents, which results in the formation of an inactive molecular species. It is shown that solvent-induced transitions with helicity maxima are predicted by the Bixon-Lifson treatment when applied to this system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050108
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric properties and oxygenation of hemoglobin (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 879-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dielectric properties of human and horse hemoglobin were studied at frequencies ranging from 20 kc./sec. to 7 Mc./sec. The relative errors in the measurements were usually less than 10-3 even for mildly conducting solutions (10-3M KCl). The experimental setup allowed us variation and measurement of the degree of oxygenation of the protein and to determine its dielectric parameters. Our main conclusion is that it was not possible to find any variation of the dielectric increment for hemoglobin oxygenation levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100%, approximately. This result is at variance with some previous reports. We cannot give the reason for this discrepancy but discuss some possible explanations. The specific dielectric increment, Δεs/c, of human hemoglobin was shown to be significantly smaller than that of horse hemoglobin (0.28 against 0.32). This physical property is lowered with increasing ionic strength I: Δεs/c = 0.28 and 0.20 for I = 10-4 and 10-3, respectively (human protein).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360051002
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of binding on melting transitions in polymer-diluent systems (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 773-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An expression is derived for the melting point of a polymer when in equilibrium with a solution in which binding of low molecular weight compounds to the polymer takes place. Allowance is made for the possibility that the crystalline polymer itself is a complex. The argument is a purely thermodynamic one and is based on a consideration of the change in free energy as a result of a change in binding. Allowance is made also for non-specific polymer-solvent interactions, in which the mixture of low molecular weight solvents is treated as a single solvent. Special attention is paid to “inverted” melting transitions, i.e., cases in which the melting point increases with increasing dilution of the polymer. It is shown that as a rule this is accompanied by a corresponding, inverted effect of the solvent composition on the melting point. It is further shown that-in the absence of binding, “normal” behavior at the critical point (i.e., phase separation is induced by lowering the temperature) is always accompanied by “normal” melting behavior (i.e., a decrease in melting point when the polymer is diluted). Also, “inverted” melting always implies that phase separation at the critical point is induced by heating, but the reverse is not necessarily true.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050810
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050101
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enthalpy changes in the helix-coil transition of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The helix-coil transition temperature Tc of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) in binary solvent mixtures of dichloroacetic acid and 1,4-dichlorobutane, 1-chlorooctane, or 1-chlorododecane have been measured. A treatment is presented with which the transition enthalpy can be calculated from the observed dependence of Tc on solvent composition. Results are compared with previously obtained calorimetric data. The underlying assumptions of the calculation are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050105
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight fractionation and the self-suppression of complex coacervation (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 37-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A marked molecular weight fractionation accompanies the demixing or phase separation resulting from the complex coacervation of mixtures of aqueous solutions of salt-free isoionic unfractionated gelatins with pI's of 5 and 9. Viscosity studies show that the fractionation is such that the concentrated phase tends to maintain constant, homogeneous composition. A second feature, seen in phase volume and concentration measurements, is a marked self-suppression of coacervation intensity with increasing mixing concentration. These data were interpreted in terms of a dilute-phase aggregate model which assumes nearly equal electrostatic free energies of mixing in dilute aggregate and concentrated random phase. The driving force for phase separation is the entropy increase upon formation of the random phase but demixing also depends upon the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ, in the same fashion as in simple coacervation. The dilute-phase aggregate model indicates that the sharp molecular weight selection takes place in the aggregate formation step and explains the self-suppression. Phase equilibria studies utilizing fractionated, paucidisperse high molecular weight gelatins, emphasize the requirement for concentrated phase homogeneity and indicate that aggregates of different molecular weight may act as different components, so that χP1Q1,PkQk 〉 0, bringing about a separation of the system into three or more coexisting phases. The formation of several coexisting phases from a homologous polyelectrolyte system and the very marked requirement for phase homogeneity suggest that the phenomenon of complex coacervation is a very good model for some of the essential steps in the pre-biologic organization of polymeric polyions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050106
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Structure of branched poly-α-amino acids in dimethylformamide. I. Light scatteringPresented at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, September 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Light scattering of multichain poly-α-amino acids was studied in dimethylformamide (DMF). The polymers consisted of a backbone of poly-L-lysine of degree of polymerization n with side chains of benzyl L-glutamate and benzyl L-aspartate of degree of polymerization, m, on each ε-amino group. The backbone length n is known and m is obtained by amino acid analysis. The results on a series of such materials confirm this structure and show that the molecules are dissolved in highly compacted conformations. It was found that DMF is a poor solvent for these polymers. In the case of the higher molecular weight polymers, the solutions initially were not molecularly disperse. The aggregates were resistant to dilution in the experimental range. Mild heat treatment, however, disaggregated the solutions irreversibly, and the light-scattering data indicated that a structural rearrangement of the molecules had occurred.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050110
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of branched poly-α-amino acids in dimethylformamide. II. Viscosity, sedimentation, and diffusion (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 105-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation and diffusion of a series of branched, multichain poly-α-amino acids having a poly(L-lysine) backbone and poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) and poly (β-benzyl L-aspartate) side chains was studied at room temperature in dimethylformamide. The molecules were found to be extremely compact structures in which the molecular backbone is either lying along the major axis in a slightly twisted configuration (the longer the side chain the smaller the twist) or is coiled up in the form of a disk with backbone and side chains coplanar. Heat treatment (to 70°C.) introduces only small changes in the hydrodynamic parameters showing that the heat-labile aggregates detected by light scattering are reversibly broken up during the hydrodynamic measurements. The above structural information concerns the initial metastable conformation of the molecules which is irreversibly destroyed by heat treatment.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050111
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050201
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculated optical properties of 64 trinucleoside diphosphates (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 821-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical rotatory dispersion and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the 64 trinucleoside diphosphates containing the bases A, U, C, and G have been calculated by using a simple semiempirical approach. These calculations accurately predict the optical properties of the nine trimers for which extensive experimental results are available. The computed optical data should be useful in the identification of oligonucleotides obtained in the course of sequence determination of ribonucleic acids and should simplify the determination of the concentration of oligonucleotides in aqueous solution. Additional calculations indicate that it should be possible to analyze most, mixtures of sequence isomers of trinucleoside diphosphates by direct, measurement of the ORD of the mixture at neutral pH.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050905
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Ultraviolet absorption studies on DNA (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 876-878 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050910
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Polarographic investigation of binding of Cu++ and Cd++ by DNA (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The equilibrium binding constants of Cd++ and Cu++ to native and denatured calf thymus DNA were determined polarographically. The binding constants are an exponential function of the potential at the binding site and as such they vary with ionic strength and with the charge on the DNA molecule. The correlation between the fraction of sites occupied by heavy metal ions and between the thermal stability of DNA in solution is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050204
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscolastic relaxations in solutions of poly(glutamic acid) and gelatin at ultrasonic frequencies (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 887-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complex shear viscosity η* = η′ - iη″ of poly (L-glutarmic acid) solution was measured by the torsional crystal method at 50 kc./sec. as a function of pH. A sharp peak was found at the midpoint of the helix-coil transition region in both η′ and η″. The relaxation time is calculated from η′ and η″ assuming a single relaxation process and the peak value at the midpoint of transition is estimated at 10-6 sec. Such behavior agrees well with the prediction from the theory of Schwarz. The attenuation of longitudinal sound waves at,3 Me./sec. was measured as a function of pH for solutions of poly(glutamic acid), glutamic acid, and gelatin. A small attenuation peak was observed for the three solutions, the peak height being almost, the same for them. The peak is interpreted in terms of the dissociation reaction of side chains.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360051003
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The circular dichroism spectrum of poly-L-acetoxyproline (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 915-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of poly-Lacetoxyproline in trifluoroethanol, a solvent in which the form I to form II conformational isomerization occurs slowly enough to permit observation of the spectral changes. A comparison is made to poly-Lproline. As judged by the similarity of the CD spectra, the conformations of the corresponding forms of the two polymers must be nearly the same. Transition assignments are proposed; these are shown to agree with the theoretical calculations of Pysh. There is a serious unexplained discrepancy between our solution data and those of Fasman for poly-Lacetoxyproline.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360051005
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of ions on the dielectric relaxation of DNA (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 899-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric relaxation of DNA solutions has been investigated with and without extraneous ions covering a wide frequency range. The effect of monovalent ions such as Na, K, and Li as well as divalent ions such as Mg, Ca, and Hg have been included in the study. These ions are found to have a profound effect on the dielectric increment and the relaxation time without affecting the molecular dimension drastically. This dielectric effect is interpreted as indicating the importance of counterion fluctuation on the low frequency dielectric constant of DNA in solution. The effect of an organic ion, tetra-methylammoniun bromide, has also been studied. This ion has no noticeable effect. A simple theory is derived on the basis of a microscopic model to account for the effect of external ions on the dielectric behavior of solutions of DNA.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360051004
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarimetric study of the interaction of myosin and heavy meromyosin with nucleotides (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 236-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050211
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  • 36
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    Extent and stability of the α-helix in γ-benzyl L-glutamate-glycine copolymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Block and random copolymers of γ-benzyl L-glutamate and glycine were studied by optical rotatory dispersion methods in order to ascertain the extent and stability of the α-helix formed by these polymers in appropriate solvent mixtures. Results indicate that when in solution such polymers do contain sections of α-helix. However, it appears that glycine does not readily fit into the α-helix which is largely due to the γ-benzyl L-glutamate segments. Further, there are indications that the helical sections in the random copolymers are due to the nonrandomness of the polymerization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050302
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  • 37
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    Interaction of metal ions with polynucleotides and related compounds. IX. Unwinding and rewinding of poly(A + U) and poly(I + C) by copper(II) ionsPresented in part at the 150th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N. J., September 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is demonstrated that, poly(A + U) and poly(I + C) are both formed under low ionic strength conditions. Continuous variation studies indicate the formation of copper(II) complexes of poly A, poly C, and poly I, but not of poly U. Copper(II) in a 1:1 ratio to polynucleotide prevents the formation of poly(A + U) and brings about the dissociation of the poly (A + U) complex produced in the absence of the metal. Poly (I + C) is similarly dissociated by copper(II) ions. The addition of sufficient electrolyte reverses the copper(II) induced dissociation of poly(I + C). The effect of copper(II) on ordered synthetic polynucleotides is thus very similar to its effect on DNA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050305
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    Polypeptides. LIII. Water-soluble copolypeptides of L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, and L-alanine (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 259-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and some of the physical-chemical properties of tricopolymers of L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, and L-alanine are reported here. The molar ratios of the glutamyl: lysyl: alanyl residues were 1:1:X or 3:2:X, where the alanyl content X was increased in regular steps. The α-helix content calculated from the optical rotatory dispersion of the polypeptides is compared with a predicted helix content estimated from the composition of the polymers and the known behavior of the homopolypeptides at pH 3, 8, and 12. At pH 3 copolypeptides containing 20 mole-% or more alanine exhibit a helix content equal to the sum of their alanyl and glutamyl residue contents. At pH 8 the helix content equals the alanyl content when the latter was 40 mole-% or higher; at lower alanyl contents the electrostatic interaction between charged glutamyl and lysyl residues makes some contribution. At pH 12 the amount of helix observed is proportional to the mole ratio of alanine residues present in the polymer. The helix content of a tricopolymer containing 1:1:3 mole ratios of glutamyl: lysyl: alanyl residues was determined in solutions of lithium bromide and in urea solutions. Both reagents led to a decrease in helix content at pH 3 and 8 to a minimum of approximately 20% helix in 8M urea or 5.5M LiBr. The helix-random chain transition curves at pH 3 and 8 are parallel when the urea concentration is varied, but differ in shape when the lithium bromide concentration is varied at pH 3 and 8. The mode of action of these two “denaturing” reagents may thus be different. Heating the same tricopolypeptide at pH 3 or 8 from 5 to 80°C. also led to a helix-random chain transition centered at approximately 45°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050304
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  • 39
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    Interaction of metal ions with polynucleotides and related compounds. X. Studies on the reaction of silver(I) with the nucleosides and polynucleotides, and the effect of silver(I) on the zinc(II) degradation of polynucleotidesPresented in part at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Atlantic City, N. J., April 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 283-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Potentiometric titration curves of the silver(I) complexes of cytidine, adenosine, and uridine show little uptake of base below pH 7, unlike the curve for silver(I)-guanosine, which shows extensive base uptake at neutral pH. This observation is correlated with spectrophotometric data showing little difference between the silver complex spectra of adenosine, cytidine, and uridine and the spectra of uncomplexed nucleosides, except at high pH, but showing a great difference between the silver complex spectra of guanosine and inosine and the corresponding uncomplexed nucleosides even at pH 6. Similar comparisons of the silver complexes of poly A, poly C, poly I, and poly U, both by potentiometric titration and by spectrophotometry, show that poly I behaves like guanosine and inosine as expected, differing from poly A and poly C. However, poly U behaves like poly I and thus does not resemble uridine in its complexing behavior. There is thus a dichotomy between poly A and poly C on the one hand in silver complexing phenomena, compared with poly U and poly I on the other. When silver(I) is added to systems containing zinc(II) and various polynucleotides, the same dichotomy is noted. Silver(I) inhibits the degradation by zinc(II) of all four polynucleotides, but the degradation of poly I and poly U is prevented virtually completely. Silver(I) alone has no degradative effect on RNA and inhibits, the zinc(II) degradation of RNA. Polynucleotide complexes in which silver(I) and zinc(II) are simultaneously bound to different positions on the macromolecules are postulated as intermediates in the inhibited degradation reactions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050306
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    Circular dichroism spectrum of poly-L-proline (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 5 (1967), S. 325-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1967.360050310
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210101
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  • 42
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    Intramitochondrial transformations during oocyte maturation in the mouseThis investigation was supported by a Public Health Service research grant (GM 12706-02) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and a research career program award (5-K3-HD-5356-03) from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscope study of oocyte maturation in the mouse revealed that some mitochondria undergo gradual transformation in their ultrastructural appearance. In very young oocytes these mitochondria were already found to contain vacuoles, one in each such organelle. In somewhat older oocytes more mitochondria displayed vacuoles which generally appeared to be getting larger. These intramitochondrial vacuoles were found to be essentially optically empty structures surrounded by a single membrane. In favorable sections someof the developing vacuoles had a bottle-shaped appearance, the constricted end of which was attached to the inner limiting membrane of the mitochondrion. With further maturation of the oocytes vacuoles having a pear-shaped appearance became evident. An hypothesis was presented outlining the mode of formation of these vacuoles by expansion of the individual cristae. Intramitochondrial transformations occuring during both oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mammals were reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210104
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  • 43
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    A morphological study of Luciocephalus pulcher, with notes on gular elements in other recent teleosts (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 103-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The monotypic perciform suborder Luciocephaloidei possesses the following, previously unknown, salient morphological characters: a third joint, the nasopalatopterygoid, between neurocranium and suspensorium; a toothless and dorsally exposed prevomer; no pharyngeal processes on either parasphenoid or basioccipital; a tympanum-covered foramen exoccipitale in the saccular bulla as a hearing organ; a gular ossification; a craniovertebral joint with small exoccipital condyles widely separated from the basioccipital condyle; and a large physoclystic swimbladder with a notable caudal extension. The seemingly functionless gular-like mental ossification is considered a paleomorphic structure with a neogenetic development. Attenuation in longitudinal growth is evident in the derivatives and dermal additions of the mandibular arch and nasal capsule while other regions of the head have remained independent. The primary adaptive significance of the attenuation in the growth of the entire preorbital region is the accomodation of oral incubation. Secondarily the elongate jaws increase both the speed and grasping range of the bite in prey catching. The degree of jaw protrusion depends mainly on the length of the maxillary. The exaggerated length of the ascending processes of the premaxillaries may be the result of a positive differential growth rate within one growth field. The meaning of the preponderance of parallel-fibered cranial muscles is discussed in respect to holding functions, greatest possible excursion of the insertion with minimum loss of force, and muscle fiber length. Based on the overall morphology, the monotypic suborder Luciocephaloidei is retained.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210203
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    Functional morphology of the head of the anabantoid teleost fish Helostoma temmincki (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 135-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Osteology, myology and motion analysis of the head of the anabantoid fish Helostoma temmincki, a specialized filter feeder, has revealed six functional units: neurocranium, suspensory apparatus, opercular apparatus, hyoid apparatus, branchial apparatus and pectoral girdle. Interactions between the functional units take place through four couplings involved in opening and protruding the jaws. The first coupling is activated in the beginning of the opening cycle by the levator operculi muscle through the opercular apparatus, interoperculomandibular ligament and mandible. The second is activated during feeding by contraction of the sternohyoideus through the hyoid apparatus, interopercular, interoperculomandibular ligament and mandible. The third coupling is active during feeding and “kissing” by contraction of epaxial muscles through mediation of the neurocranium to the jaw apparatus. The fourth coupling is the only one active during air intake and involves contraction of the levator arcus palatini which abducts and rotates the suspensory apparatus forwards, causing the mandible to drop. The retention of isolated ancestral characters during mosaic evolution are explained in terms of the maintenance of couplings which represent functional associations of seemingly remote structures. When natural selection acts on one component of a functional unit or coupling, it essentially acts on all associated elements simultaneously causing character complexes to evolve in common evolutionary trends. It is feasible that functional analysis can separate primary from secondary evolutionary trends.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210204
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    Biomechanics of prehensile oral mucosaThis investigation was supported by United States Public Health service grant, DE-01849. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 89-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large dogs are able to deliver a powerful bite that generates considerable stress in the anterior, prehensile part of the jaws.In the upper jaw most of the biting force is borne by the anterior teeth. The palatal mucosa provides little resistance to deformation. It is easily compressed and rather mobile.In the lower jaw, the mucosa covering the upper surface of the symphysis receives a sizeable portion of the biting force. It is firmly attached to the underlying bone and possesses special connective tissue arrangements that enable it to transduce locally applied pressure to tension distributed over a broad area.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220203
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    Testicular characteristics of goldfish Carassius auratus, in nature and under diet limitationsThis study was supported by Grant A-3445 of the National Institutes of Health. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Goldfish testes were nutritionally regressed in about 115 days regardless of season and without controlled light or temperature. A gonosomatic index (testes weight ″ 100/body weight) of the regressed fish was about one tenth that of spawning fish. The regressed testes were primarily composed of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and connective tissue. Fish testes were maintained in a regressed state for over 200 days with no change in gonosomatic index. Fish with regressed testes appeared to be in a state of “pseudohypophysectomy” with respect to gonadotropin. Pituitary replacement and a diet of 5% of the body weight per day initiated spermatogenesis and brought the regressed testes to functional maturity in one month. The results suggest that spermatogonial proliferation and the maturation of sperm have different regulatory requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220205
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    The failure of exoskeletons and endoskeletons (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A theoretical analysis is made of the mechanical advantages of exoskeletons and endoskeletons. More complicated and realistic loading systems are considered than have been by previous authors. For all cases involving static loading, an exoskeleton would seem to be advantageous, but sometimes the advantage is quite small. If impact is considered, the advantage of exoskeletons becomes very much reduced, even on theoretical calculations; and it is likely that in life the advantage may be converted to a disadvantage, particularly in large active animals such as vertebrates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230102
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    The recognition, distribution and ultrastructure of hydrozoan nerve elements (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 43-61 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver stained Cordylophora were examined by light and electron microscopy, which provided a general picture of nerve cell forms and distribution for comparison with electron micrographs of osmium-fixed tissues from the same hydroid. Muscle, nerve and neurosensory components were studied in the nectophore of Nanomia (O. Siphonophora) and in the hydromedusae Sarsia and Euphysa by means of vital staining and optical and electron microscopy of epon sections; particular attention was given to relationships and interconnections between the cellular elements of the two marginal nerve rings. Mitochondrial size, numbers and types of vesicles and the occurrence of neurotubules and of parts of sensory cilia may provide useful ultrastructural clues for recognizing nerve elements, but serial sections are often needed to make identification conclusive.In Cordylophora and Nanomia, some neurites contain massed A vesicles (membrane-bounded dense granules) suggestive of neurosecretion (cf. reports on Hydra). However, a small type of A vesicle also occurs at synapses in Sarsia, indicating a probable role here in junctional transmission. Vesicles occur on both sides of some synapses (as previously reported for Cyanea) but on one side only in others, these being the first examples of polarized junctional ultrastructure in coelenterates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230105
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230301
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    Studies on the rabbit appendix. I. Lymphocyte-epithelial relations and the transport of bacteria from lumen to lymphoid nodule (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 231-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A correlated light and electron microscope study was made of lymphocyte-epithelial relations in the appendix of normal rabbits, ranging in age from one week to ten months. The lymphocyte migration into the epithelium was very slight at one week. The lymphocytes were increased considerably in number from two weeks to three months, grouping into unique nests in the epithelium. The basement membrane began to be penetrated by migrating cells at one week and bacame discontinuous in older animals. At one and two weeks, the epithelial cells contained glycogen, which disappeared at three weeks. Degenerating cells as well as bacilli were found in the epithelial cells and in the macrophages of the nodules. The varied appearance of bacilli in the macrophages indicates that they were being digested. The lymphocytes in the epithelium were larger, having less crowded cytoplasm as compared with those in the lymph nodules. Many lymphocytes were in deep folds of epithelial cells. There was evidence favoring an intracellular position for some lymphocytes in the epithelium.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230304
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    Experimentally induced variations in vitelline artery development and circulatory pattern in the early chick embryoPart of a doctoral dissertation presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 313-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: White Leghorn eggs were incubated to desired prevasular stages. Each embryo, upon its intact yolk and surrounded by albumen, was rolled from the shell into a sterile 50 ml beaker. In an uppermost position, the blastoderm was lightly stained with neutral red. Three types of localized cuts were made as indicated below, and the beaker-embryo unit placed in a sterile humidified chamber for further incubation. Results: (1) Unilateral cuts adjacent to the body and parallel with its axis blocked or suppressed formation of the vitelline artery on the cut side, even though healing occurred; (2) A specific site was found in the area pellucida opposite the sinus rhomboidalis which, when lightly cut perpendicular to the body axis, resulted in blockage or shifting of the final junction between aorta and vitelline artery as far cephalad as the thirteenth somite level. Formation of a dual final junction with the aorta also occurred. (3)Transverse cuts through the body axis and into the area pellucida bilaterally, frequently resulted in bilateral blockage or bilateral shifting. In still other cases, growth of a functional loop around the cut to connect the aortae in anterior and posterior segments with the vitelline artery were observed. Other unique circulatory patterns are described.Apparently, slight interference with the capillary plexus which precedes the vitelline artery causes anomalous development. Circulation is considered a major factor in arterial differentiation. Cutting probably alters the plexus and relation of its components to the onset of blood flow.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230402
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    The atrioventricular branches of the human coronary arteriesThe abstract of this paper was one of six selected among 380 for presentation at the plenary session of the American Association of Anatomists Meeting, March 31, 1964, Denver, Colorado. Publication supported by the Northwestern Ohio Heart Association. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 397-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Branches of the coronary arteries of normal human hearts, supplying both atria and ventricles, were found by fine dissection and have been named rami atrioventriculares. They comprise atrial branches from ventricular arteries and ventricular branches from atrial arteries. Their incidence was 74% in the 50 adult individuals studied. The subjects had committed suicide with a poison which did not damage the coronary arteries. The atrioventricular branches constitute communications across the coronary sulcus, thus establishing a continuity between the atrial and the ventricular arterial supply. Therefore, there is not invariably a sharp demarcation of blood supply between atria and ventricles, as has been commonly taught. Neither atrial nor ventricular branches consist exclusively of ascending and descending branches of the coronary arteries, as has been assumed. Atrioventricular branches can play a role in collateral circulation and may, in individuals who are born with them, provide an explanation for some of the variability in signs and symptoms incidental to heart attacks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230406
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    The post-embryonic changes in Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lep. (hym. apoidea) II. Development of the salivary glands systemThis research was supported by FG-Br-102, United States Department of Agriculture, P.L. 480 and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 481-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paper deals with the development of the salivary gland system in Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, which begins in the prepupal stage. The silk glands degenerate by autolysis at the end of the larval stage. Degeneration is characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and pycnosis of the nuclei of the secretory cells. The glandular secretory portion of degenerated silk glands separates from the excretory ducts. The salivary glands develop from the duct of the larval silk glands. The thoracic salivary glands develop from the ducts of the secretory tubules and the head salivary glands from the terminal excretory duct. The mandibular glands appear in the prepupa as invaginations of mandibular segments, and their differentiation to attain the adult configuration occurs during pupation. The hypopharyngeal glands have their origin from evaginations of the ventral anterior portion of the pharynx. A long tubule first appears with walls formed by more than one cellular layer. Then some cells separate from the lumen of the duct, staying attached to it by a cuticular channel in part intracellular. The initial duct constitutes the axial duct, in which the channel of the secretory cells opens. During the development of salivary and mandibular glands, they recapitulate primitive stages of the phylogeny of the bees. During the development of salivary glands system, mitosis accounts for only part of the growth. Most of the growth occurs by increase in size of cells rather than by cell division. In brown-eyed and pigmented pupae six days before emergence, the salivary gland system is completely developed, although not yet functioning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230410
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    Functional morphology of the caudal region of certain clupeiform and perciform fishes with reference to the taxonomyBased on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the University of Hawaii, 1966. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 529-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal anatomy (caudal skeleton, musculature, vascularization, innervation, and urohypophysis) and swimming behavior of three clupeiform and three perciform fishes: Elops hawaiensis (Cupeiformes: Elopidae), Oncorhynchus nerka (Cupeiformes: Salmonidae), Chanos chanos (Clupeiformes: Chanidae), Kuhlia sandvicensis (Perciformes: Kuhlidae), Apogon menesemus (Perciformes: Apogonidae), and Gnathanodon speciousus (Perciformes: Carangidae), were studdied. The taxonomic significance of caudal structures was determined and evaluated by detailed examination of differences in caudal anatomy. An interpretation of functional significance of these differences was attempted by relating them to observed differences in swimming behavior. The swimming behavior was studied by the observation of swimming activities of fish while resting or cruising and while feeding in the aquarium, and by an analysis of each frame of an 8 mm movie film of swimming activities.There are certain consistent and basic differences between all three species of the order Clupeiformes and all three species of the order Perciformes in respect to caudal structures. Although certain caudal structures show overlapping in number and/or complexity of arrangement, they seem to indicate more complex structural organization in Clupeiformes than Perciformes. The differences confirm the conclusion of others that the order Clupeiformes is more “primitive” than the order Perciformes.With respect to caudal structures of the three clupeiform species studied, E. hawaiensis is the most “primitive” and, of the three perciform species studied, K. sandvicensis is the most “primitive.”Caudal structural variations from one species to another are related to the mode of adaptation to swimming as well as to the evolutionary status of the species.
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    The tectorial membrane of the lizard ear: Species variationsThis investigation was supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Public Health Service, and was aided by a contract with the Office of Naval Research and by Higgins funds allotted to Princeton University. Permission is given for reproduction and use by the United States Government. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 355-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The forms of the tectorial membrane and its connections to the ciliary tufts of the hair cells have been studied in detail in 18 species of lizards and, less thoroughly, in three others. This group, which represents eight lizard families, exhibits three forms of tectorial membrane: a complete form that connects to all parts of the auditory papilla, an abbreviated form that makes this connection only in one limited region of the papilla, and a dendritic form in which the distal portion of the membrane subdivides into strands reaching all the hair cells.Sometimes the tectorial membrane connects directly with the tufts of the hair cells, but more often it makes this connection through intermediary structures. Seven types of such intermediary structures have been identified (if we include the sallet, which is not “intermediate” in a strict sense).Detailed descriptions are given of the various forms of tectorial membrane structures and their variations along the auditory papilla in 12 lizard species. The description for Iguana iguana is offered as representative of the iguanid pattern found in ten members of this family.Consideration is given to the functioning of the tectorial membrane, and also of the sallet, in the process of hair-cell stimulation.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Lymphomyeloid organs of amphibia. II. Vasculature in larval and adult Rana catesbeianaSupported mainly by funds from USPHS grant AM 09030-03 from the National Institute of Allergy and Metabolic Diseases. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 463-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There were no lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes demonstrable in adult and larval Rana catesbeiana by a method that adequately demonstrated the same in mammals. Although the parenchymal arrangement in the lymphomyeloid organs is not exactly the same as in mammalian hemal nodes, nonetheless the vascular patterns of the lymph glands and jugular bodies are prima facie evidence that they function as blood-filtering organs among other probable functions. The vascular pattern of the lymph gland is that of a rete mirabile, particularly a venous portal system, inasmuch as the afferent and efferent vessels are venous in character and interposed between them is a labyrinth of sinusoids. This is not the case, though, in the adult organs. The vascular pattern of the jugular bodies is very much like the spleen, viz., artery-capillary-sinusoid-vein sequence. It is doubtful, however, if the propericardial and procoracoid bodies ever filter blood, because the smallest blood vessels in them are capillary in type Because of the absence of a well-defined capsule in some parts of the propericardial body, similarly to lymphoid follicles, especially in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, it is probable that it filters tissue fluid. The last two organs are apparently mainly blood cell-forming organs. It is inferred from the vascular connections of the larval and the adult lymphomyeloid organs that they are not genetically related. This aspect was analyzed from earlier developmental data, but actual follow-up of the larval organs to the adult stage is still in progress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230409
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    Light scattering by nongaussian macromolecules (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1313-1316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050628
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    Non-Newtonian flow and heat transfer. A.H.P. SKELLAND. Wiley, New York, 1967. xvi + 469 pp. $17.95. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1327-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050632
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    On the predictability of the high-frequency elastic modulus of semicrystalline polymers as function of crystallinity (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relation of the high-frequency elastic moduli of semicrystalline polymers to volume fraction crystallinity is correctly described by the Hashin-Shtrikman theory, without any disposable constants, as a function of the ratio of the modulus of the amorphous to that of the crystalline phase. Hence the (high-frequency) reduced modulus of semicrystalline polymers is largely a function of the temperature T/Tg. The importance of T/Tm for the modulus of the crystalline phase precludes the existence of a single universal reduced modulus versus temperature curve.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050107
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    Crystallization of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)-siloxane (TMPS) polymers. Part IIBased on a paper presented at the Seventh Symposium on Polymer and Fiber Microscopy, Textile Research Institute, Princeton, N.J., September 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization kinetics and morphology of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)siloxane spherulites have been investigated over a temperature range of 25-130°C. The effect of molecular weight on the spherulitic growth rates, ranging from the monomer to molecular weights about 106, is discussed in terms of conventional rate theory. Surface free energies of crystal growth are computed on the basis of a spherulitic model in which the polymer chains are presumed to be incorporated within the lamellar crystallites which are comprised in the spherulites. Mention is made of the change in mechanical properties with molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050108
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    Depolarized light and differential thermal analyses of some polyolefin transitions (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The depolarized light intensity (DLI) technique detec's transitions in birefringent materials by simultaneously measuring sample temperature and intensity of polarized light roatated by the sample. Most polyolefins in the solid state rotate 30-40% of the polarized light. At any temperature at which the sample exhibits an ordered state, some rotation occurs. Temperatures of transitions and changes in refractive index can be determined in this way. Many of these transitions can also be followed by the well-known method of differential thermal analysis (DTA). A comparison of DLI and DTA curves of polyethylene, polypropylene, mixtures of these polymers, and block copolymers of ethylene and propylene shows the two techniques to be complementary and of use in determining the physical behavior of these polymers. Instrumentation and system variables of the DLI technique are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050110
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    Association of polyacrylonitrile prepared by low-temperature, solution polymerization with an organometallic catalyst (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The weight-average molecular weights of polymers of acrylonitrile prepared by a free-radical initiator and an organometallic catalyst have been determined by lightscattering measurements in N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide at 25°C. and in dimethyl sulfoxide at 140°C. The apparent molecular weights of the polymers prepared with the NaAlEt3S(i-Pr) catalyst in DMF at -78°C. (referred to as high-melting polymers) changed from 54,800, 82,700, and 480,000 when measured in DMF at 25°C. to 36,000, 41,600, and 225,000 when measured in DMSO at 140°C., whereas the molecular weights of the free-radical polymers remained unchanged. Furthermore, from results obtained in DMSO at 140°C., The intrinsic viscosity-molecular-weight relationships were found to be identical for the high-melting and the free-radical polymer and in substantial agreement with an equation reported by Cleland and Stockmayer. The apparent decrease in molecular weight of the high-melting polymer from 25 to 140°C. indicates rather clearly that the high-melting polymers are associated in DMF at 25°C. The “aggregates,” even though present only at low concentrations, raised the weight-average molecular weight markedly but affected the number-average molecular weight only slightly, thus giving a high M̄w/M̄n ratio. It appears likely that when temperature and solvent are such that association does not occur, linear PAN's will have approximately the same intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship (subject of course to slight change by polydispersity). The often reported abnormal molecular weight of samples prepared by solution polymerization especially at low temperatures, may be attributed to branching, or to an association, as reported here. The nature of association of PAN in dilute solution is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Dielectric relaxation in the paracrystalline phase in polyacrylonitrile (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermal expansion and dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile were measured in the temperature range from -75 to 152°C. at frequencies from 30 cps to 3 Mc./sec. The thermal expansion curve and the temperature dependence of logarithmic relaxation time both show an inflection at 85°C. An x-ray study by Bohn reveals that this inflection comes from the thermal expansion of the paracrystalline phase of this polymer, and consequently the transition at 85°C. and the associated relaxation are ascribed to molecular motion in the paracrystalline phase. The relaxation strength increases with increasing temperature above this point. The transition is caused by freezing of the bending vibration of chains whereas the relaxation results from rotational vibration. The length of segments in this phase is roughly estimated to be ca. 100 A. by comparing the observed relaxation strength with the theory developed on the basis of the above considerations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050114
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    Adsorption of iodine from aqueous solutions by samples of tire yarn from regenerated cellulose (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 263-270 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The adsorption of iodine by rayon tire yarn samples from aqueous solutions in which the concentration of iodide and triiodide ions is suppressed was studied. Fowler and Guggenheim's model of adsorption on regular localized monolayers appeared to be applicable to the adsorption phenomena considered. It is concluded that adsorption takes place on patches of sites in the cellulose-water gel.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050202
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    Aromatic poly(amic acids): Fundamental structural studiesPaper presented at the 149th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. Detroit, Michigan, April 1965.1 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 653-662 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aromatic poly(amic acids) derived from pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′,-diaminodiphenyl ether were characterized by dilute solution techniques. Number-average molecular weights M̄n of 13 samples ranged from 13,000 to 55,000 (DP 31-131). Weight-average molecular weights M̄w of 21 samples ranged from 9,900 to 266,000. The ratio M̄w/M̄n was between 2.2 and 4.8. Heterogeneous polymerization yielded higher molecular weight polymer than homogeneous polymerization. The molecular weight could be varied systematically by control of stoichiometric imbalance. Use of very pure monomers and solvent gave polymers of relatively high number-average molecular weight (∼50, 000) and the most probable molecular weight distribution M̄w/M̄n = 2. Impure monomers and/or solvent resulted in lower number-average molecular weight (M̄n ≅ 20,000-30,000) and wider distributions (M̄w/M̄n = 3-5). The Mark-Houwink relation obtained was [η] = 1.85 × 10-4M̄w0.80 The exponent is characteristic of moderately extended solvated coils. The unperturbed chain dimensions (r02/M)1/2 were 0.848 A., and the steric factor σ was 1.24 which is close to the limiting value of unity for an equivalent chain with free internal rotations. The sedimentation constant-molecular weight relation was S0 = 2.70 × 10-2M̄w0.39. This exponent is consistent with the Mark-Houwink exponent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Elastic properties of crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) gels: Network topology (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 663-670 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Current network theory exhibits inconsistencies which show up particularly clearly in deformation of networks prepared by crosslinking a polymer in solution. A check of theory can be obtained if one knows precisely the number of crosslinks in the network and if a range of deformations is applied to the network. In an effort to explore this problem we have examined the relation of shear modulus to crosslink density, primary molecular weight, and polymer concentration for a series of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels at low to intermediate concentrations. Aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions were crosslinked to form infinite networks using terephthalaldehyde. We find a large discrepancy with these poly(vinyl alcohol) gels between measured shear modulus and that calculated from classical elasticity theory assuming quantitative reaction of crosslinking. The ratio of measured to calculated modulus is independent of crosslink density for a given primary molecular weight and concentration. It shows linear dependence on polymer concentration prior to crosslinking and extrapolates to a critical concentration which is consistent with the effective sizes of the polymer molecules.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Solubility and diffusion of water in acetal polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 671-684 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of water sorption at 25°C. has been determined for a number of polyacetal films differing in structure, density, and orientation induced by extrusion. The equilibrium water uptake was found to be a linear function of density only; no other effect of structure or orientation was detectable. The extrapolated density for zero sorption was 1.51 g./cc., not far from the theoretical crystalline density. The diffusivity of water in unoriented films rose with decreasing density; for linear copolymer, the trend was parallel to that of the area under the dynamic mechanical loss peak associated with long-range chain motions in the disordered regions (β-transition). Less pronounced effects of molecular weight and long chain branching on diffusivity were also noted. Films crystallized while an extruded melt was still oriented showed considerable increases in water diffusivity, but no significant changes in the apparent activation energies of permeation (about 6.6 kcal./mole) or diffusion (about 11.5 kcal./mole). On annealing these films, the diffusivity remained almost constant while the sorption coefficient and retraction on remelting decreased.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Streaming birefringence. VII. Influence of the intermolecular hydrodynamic interaction on the viscosity and streaming birefringence of polymer solutionsPart VI, see Munk.1 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 685-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cavity model used in the theory of dielectrics was applied to hydrodynamics to calculate the force exerted by a system of soft dumbbells on a reference dumbbell in a hydrodynamic field. The influence of this force on the viscosity and flow birefringence and its dependence on both the concentration and velocity gradient were calculated. The system of equations has a real solution only for values of β = M[η]η0γ/RT which are smaller than a critical value rapidly decreasing with increasing concentration. At zero concentration the results obtained agree with the theory of a single isolated dumbbell model. The calculated Huggins constant is k′ = 0.4. The extinction angle is connected with the relative viscosity very nearly as derived from experiments. However, the theory fails at higher concentrations and gradients yielding an increase in viscosity with the gradient and infinite zero-shear viscosity for the concentration c = 2.5/[η].
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Network behavior of polyurethane elastomers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 839-852 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present study is concerned with some network properties of polyurethane elastomers in which stability is acheived via physical crosslinkages such as microcrystallites or secondary bonding. The techniques of isothermal, thermo-, and photoelasticity have been used to gain better insight into the mechanisms which occur during the deformation of these materials. It was found that stable networks are obtained only after mechanical and thermal conditioning. The well-known stress lowering which is observed during the second deformation is manifested primarily in the entropy component of the retractive force. This implies that the stress lowering results from a reduction in the number of effective network chains and not from time-dependent effects or crystallinity changes. Depending upon the chemical structure of the material, both positive and negative energy components of the force have been found.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050504
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    Viscoelastic properties of polystyrene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 875-889 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the results of a previous to higher molecular weights is made. The viscoelastic parameters ηt, Je, τm, and Em are found experimentally through stress relaxation tests. The predictions of the Rouse-Bueche (RB) theory and its modified Ferry, Landel, Williams (FLW) form concerning the molecular weight dependencies of these perameters are compared with the data. It is found that the RB and FLW predictions are not rigorously obeyed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050506
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    Low-angle light scattering of ionotropic gels (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1043-1053 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Low-angle light-scattering patterns were obtained on ionotropic gels formed by the diffusion of Ca++ into a polygalacturonate sol. Near the sol-gel boundary, diffraction patterns were obtained which indicated organized structures with repeating units of 1100, 250, and 12.5 μ. Microscopic investigations confirmed that at this gel boundary capillaries run parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of diffusion. The diameter of capillaries was 12 μ while their length was in the 1000 μ range. Short interconnecting capillaries were about 200-300 μ in length. Inside the gel, in the more highly crosslinked parts, a disorientation occurs during the aging process with the partial disappearance of capillaries. However, at the gel-sol and gel-semipermeable membrane boundaries, the highly organized structures remain even during prolonged aging. The kinetics of the gel formation was also investigated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050604
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    Adhesion of high polymers. II. Wettability of elastomersPaper presented before the Polymer Division, 152nd American Chemical Society Meeting, New York, September 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1103-1118 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data on wettability of elastomers should be considered basic to the understanding of all phases of elastomer adhesion. However, no such data in the form of critical surface tensions were available for elastomers other than polydimethylsiloxane. For this study, 18 elastomers were selected to determine the effects of functional groups, of geometrical and structural isomerisms, of copolymerization, and of the induced orientation upon wettability. Most results support the constitutive law of wettability established by Shafrin and Zisman. The effect of structural isomerisms in the form of a vinyl side group and cyclization is discussed. An equation for the calculation of critical surface tension of a copolymer or of a mixture of isomers is proposed as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma _c {\rm (copolymer or mixture of isomers)} \simeq \sum\limits_1^\infty {N_i \gamma _{c_i } } $\end{document} where Ni is the mole-fraction of the individual monomer in the copolymer and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma _{c_i } $\end{document} is the critical surface tension of each homopolymer. Most elastomer adhesion studies conducted in the past were concerned with the diffusion theory of adhesion. This study further supports the conclusion on the role of diffusion and adsorption in adhesion advanced in Part I, especially with respect to the physical state of polymer at the time of application. The wettability data in this study could shed some light upon major basic mechanisms involved in elastomer reinforcement.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Viscoelasticity of textile fibers at finite strains (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1119-1144 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data obtained from stress-strain curves of five different textile fibers, at a series of different, constant strain rates covering a range of 61/2 decades have been used to study two methods of nonlinear viscoelastic analysis proposed elsewhere. According to the first of these, time and strain effects are factorizable so that stress σ, strain ε and time t are related by the equation σf1(ε)/ε = f(t),. This is shown to be unsatisfactory with the present materials, but an empirical modification to σf1(ε)/ε = f2(ε) + f(t) is satisfactory. According to the second, general nonlinear viscoelastic behavior can be described by an equation which reduces to the form σ/ε = F1(t) + εF2(t) + ε2F3(t) + when applied to extension at a constant strain rate. This series is shown to be strongly divergent except at fairly small stains. In fact, if it is truncated after about three terms, which are as many as can be estimated with any significance in the present experiments, it is applicable only to strains of about 3-4% and less. Numerical techniques which enable standard statistical procedures to be used have been devised to perform the above analyses and are described in detail.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050611
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    Déformation plastique des hauts polymères vitreux soumis á un système de contraintes quelconque (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1145-1156 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of rate processes has been applied by Eyring to the plastic flow of solids, but he considers only the case of simple shear. Some assumptions concerning a generalization of this theory for an arbitrary strain tensor are here proposed and discussed. The components of the deformation and the work done by the deviator of the stress during the elementary flow process are evaluated. According to these results, it can be proved that the yield condition of Huber, Hencky, and von Mises is valid when there is no hydrostatic stress. The discrepancy between the yield stresses corresponding to tensile and compressive tests is explained by the influence of the hydrostatic component and evaluated by taking account of the amount of free volume required for an elementary jump. The calculated value agrees with the experimental data. Measurements of the inclination of Lüder's bands and deformation components on poly(vinyl chloride) flat bars strained by tensile tests are in good agreement with the proposed theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Electrolytically controlled polymerizations (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 35-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010102
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    Dynamic thermogravimetric. Analysis in polymer degradation (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 173-275 
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    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 67 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010106
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    Poly-9-vinylanthraceneThis paper represents one phase of research performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contract Number NAS7-100. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 57-90 
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    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010103
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    Relationship of catalyst composition to catalytic activity for the polymerization of α-olefinsPortions of this review were presented at the 145th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September, 1963. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 91-118 
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    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts generally consist of a transition metal compound from groups IVB or VB in combination with an organometallic compound from groups I, II, and III of the periodic table of the elements, but in some instances may contain a third component possessing at least one strongly complexing ligand atom. The composition of a coordination catalyst of this type determines both the rate of polymerization of the α-olefin and the stereoregularity of the polymer produced. In order to predict activity and stereospecificity of catalysts for the polymerization of α-olefins, data from the polymerization of propylene using catalysts of the following types were correlated: (1) titanium(III) chloride catalysts in which the organometallic component was varied, (2) coordination catalysts containinig a ligand third component in which the ligand was varied, and (3) coordination catalysts in which the transition metal component was varied.The electronegativity of an orgariometallic compound is known to be important in determining its reactivity with ethers, hydrogen, and other reagents. Both the ionic size and the electronegativity of the central atom appear to be important in determining the utility of both the organometallic and the transition metal compounds as components for coordination catalysts. In general, organometallic and transition metal compounds having small central atoms with similar electronegativities favor the formation of stereospecific catalysts.The present correlation has made it possible to predict the activity and stereospecificity of coordination catalysts for olefin polymerization.
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    The microscopic structure of the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) spleensThis investigation was supported, in part, by a Public Health Service Research grant 1-FI-CM-22,600-01 (Pre-Doctoral Fellowship) from National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological serial sections of spleens from the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) were processed for microscopic examination. Observations related to various aspects of the internal vascular pattern in the spleen of the raccoon and woodchuck demonstrated features that were characteristic of the respective animal. The spleen of the raccoon possess well-developed ellipsoid sheaths, whereas these same structures were not as prominent in the spleen of the woodchuck. The spleen of both mammals examined demonstrated the presence of an anastomosing series of venous sinuses within the red pulp tissue and may be classified as sinusal in nature.
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210201
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    The division and differentiation of Drosophila cystocytes (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 55-70 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopical studies allow a descriptive account to be given of he morphogenesis of the egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster. The study demonstrates that the mitotic products of a single cystoblast generate a branching chain of 16 inter-connected cystocytes. Two specific cystocytes enter meiotic prophase, while the rest become nurse cells. The two pro-oocytes form synaptinemal complexes in their nuclei. However, one of the two cells later switches back into the nurse cell developmental pathway. The elongation of the synaptinemal complexes is described, and estimates are made of the time involved in their formation. These complexes continue to be synthesized long after the DNA replication which gives the oocyte its 4C DNA content. This finding implies that at least some genetic crossing over follows DNA replication. Evidence is presented that cells undergoing crossing over are most efficient in repairing radiation-induced chromosomal breaks. Suggestions are given as to the mechanisms by which (1) cell division is inhibited once 16 cystocytes are formed, (2) the future cleavage planes of cystocytes are programmed, (3) the pro-oocytes are differentiated from nurse cells, and (4) the oocyte is chosen from the twin pro-oocytes. The contrasting behaviors of the oocyte and nurse cell nucleoli are described. During oogenesis nucleolar synthesis of ribosomal RNAs is suppressed in the oocyte and concurrently stimulated in the nurse cells. It follows that the nurse nuclei are the major sources of the prodigious quantities of ribosomes found in the ooplasm of the mature oocyte.
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    The morphology and function of accessory reproductive glands in the lophophores of Phoronis vancouverensis and Phoronopsis harmeriThis work was submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The research was completed at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, Washington, and was supported in part by an NSF Summer Training Grant and by NSF Intermediate (#28218) and Terminal Year (#39202) Fellowships. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 159-178 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The enigmatic lophophoral organs of phoronids are demonstrated to by accessory sex glands. In the hermaphroditic Phoronis vancouverensis, each mature adult has two pairs of such glands: female nidamental glands that facilitate the temporary brooding of the embryos and male accessory spermatophoral organs that function in spermatophore elaboration. Functional males of Phoronopsis harmeri have complex accessory spermatophoral organs while females of this non-brooding dioecious species lack accessory sex glands.In both species, coelomic spermatozoa are accumulated within the nephridia and passed en masse into the partially enclosed spermatophoral organs. There each sperm mass is molded into a characteristic shape and encased in one or more membranes before release as a spermatophore into the ambient water. The structure of the spermatophore is characteristic for each species and is correlated with the functional morphology of the distinctive spermatophoral organs.The existence of spermatophores, the non-primitive nature of the spermatozoa, and additional features of reproductive biology dictate that fertilization is internal in these species, but attempts to determine the means of sperm transfer proved futile. Reproductive potential and behaviour of male Phoronopsis, means of gamete segregation in Phoronis, and general pattern of reproductive biology for both phoronids were also studied.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210205
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    Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in Hydra littoralis. II. Patterns of tissue movement (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the column of hydra, tissues continually move away from a region located just underthe whorl of tentacles. Above this subtentacular region, tissues proceed into the hypostome and tentacles; below it tissues pass into the buds or continue down the stalk. These movements represent a steady state pattern of tissue renewal in which column growth is balanced by tissue loss at the body extremities. But the existence of a subtentacular zone in which tissue appears stationary does not necessarily indicate that growth is restrictedto this region, as is commonly stated.The body column of hydra can be viewed as an expanding cylinder whose elongation is balanced by tissue loss at the two ends. In such a body there must be one region from whichtissue appears to emanate, regardless of how growth is distributed along the cylinder. Only the rates at which tissues move will be characteristic of the underlying growthpattern. In Hydra littoralis, the measured rates of tissue movement down the gastric column are consistent with the distributions of mitotic figures, which indicate that growth is spread out along the column.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210103
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    Mathematical approach to measurements on embryonic chick lens (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Profiles of fresh chick lenses of 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20 days embryological age were photographed and from tracings of these profiles, volumes were calculated using a formula for volume of a solid of revolution. Accurate volumes were also obtained by assuming the lens to be two half oblate spheroids of different minor axis, or, better, two half-solids of profile (x/a)k + (y/b)k = 1. In addition, the k in this equation described well the curvature of the lens profiles and thus provided a quantitative measure of developing lens shape. Lens diameter, depth and shift of equatorial diameter upon lens axis as a function of age were also studied.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210107
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    Cytological studies of the ductuli efferentes of the opossumSupported by Southern Illinois University Special Research Project no. 2-17-17 and U. S. Public Health Service grant CA-05310 from National Cancer Institute. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 81-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ductuli efferentes in four examined genera of family Didelphidae are organized into highly convoluted tubules, located within a conical body adjacent to the vascular plexus supplying the testis. They have yellowish-green color in the adult Didelphis virginiana and grey pink color in other genera. The ductuli efferentes in all examined animals are lined by very low columnar cells, covered by microvilli or booth cilia and microvilli.Histochemical analysis reveals several types of cytoplasmic granules in the genera examined. A single sperical body about 1.5 μ in diameter is found in epithelial cells of the four eyed opossum (genus Philander); this body stains positively for RNA and non-histone protein, and appears granular under the electron microscope, without a limiting membrane. Abundant cytoplasmic bodies in the Virginia opossum show strong reactions for SH groups; these granules may be responsible for the green color of the ductuli in this species. Ultrastructural studies show that the morphology of membrane limited granules in the ductuli of the examined genera is characteristic for each genus. Abundant pinocytotic vacuoles in the apices of these cells and a strongly positive alkaline phosphatase reaction suggest a marked absorptive activity of epithelial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210202
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    Correlation of the development of membranous and bony labyrinths, acoustic ganglia, nerves, and brain centers of the chick embryo (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 179-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Detailed descriptions are presented of morphogenetic and histogenetic events occurring in the membranous and bony labyrinths, sensory areas, acoustic ganglia, and acoustic centers of the hindbrain of the chick embryo, stages 11 to 45. Major morphogenetic changes occur between stage 11 and stage 30. During this period primordial ganglionic neuroblasts are segregated from the otic epithelium and differentiate into the bipolar neuroblasts of the vestibular and cochlear ganglia, neuroblasts of the alar plate in the acoustic region of the rhombencephalon differentiate, migrate, and are organized into acoustic nuclei, and the otic cup closes to form a vesicle which undergoes complicated structural changes to become a labyrinth. Morphological events in neural structures are closely followed by structural changes in the labyrinth. Minor morphological changes continue to occur through stage 44. The histogenetic period, stage 26 to 38, is the same for all parts of the acoustic apparatus. Minor histogenetic events occur up to hatching. In this period, differentiation of ganglionic and central neurones precedes differentiation of sensory cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210302
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210401
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  • 88
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    Studies on the neurosecretory system of Ranatra elongata fabricius (Hemiptera: Nepidae) with reference to the distal fate of NCC I and II (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 223-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With the help of PF and PAVB bulk-stained preparations and sections the neurosecretory system of Ranatra elongata has been described. Two medial, each of 9-10 cells, and two lateral, each of 3-4 cells, groups of neurosecretory cells have been observed in the protocerebrum. Only the A-cells have been found to be positive to PAVB histo- and cyto-chemical technique. Axons of the A-cells after traversing the proto- and deuto-cerebrum emerge from the tritocerebrum as the NCC I. The NCC I after bypassing the corpora cardiaca penetrate the aorta wall. There is no physical continuity between the corpora cardiaca and the NCC I and the two are separable. The NSM from the A-cells, transported by their nerve fibers, has been observed in the aorta wall. On the basis of large accumulation on NSM in the aorta wall the latter has been considered as the storage-and-release organ for the A-material. Corpora cardiaca are found to be devoid of A-material. Axons from the B-cells, after emergence from the tritocerebrum as the NCC II, have been observed to penetrate the corpora cardiaca. On the basis of ample amounts of B-material the glands have been considered as the storage-and-release organ for the B-material only.Observations are compared with results on related species and it is concluded that two independent organ complexes constitute the neurosecretory systemt of R. elongata. The A-cells, their pathways, the NCC I, and the aorta wall comprise the first; and the B-cells, their pathways, the NCC II, and the corpora cardiaca the second. The former is concerned with the elaboration, transportion, storage-and-release of the A-material and the latter with the B-material. Finally arguments are presented to include the aorta wall in the neurosecretory system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210304
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    The carotid sinus in lizards with an anatomical survey of the ventral neck region (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the ventral neck region of the scincid lizards Chalcides ocellatus and Scincus scincus is presented and is found to be similar to that of other lizards as described in the literature. The internal carotid artery arises by 3-5 roots from the dorsal side of the ascending limb of the carotid arch. During its first part, the internal carotid artery is completely divided into two nearly equal channels. The carotid sinus is more complicated in Chalcides than in Scincus. In lizards, it may be homologous to the carotid labyrinth of fishes and amphibians. Around the origin of the internal carotid artery are two kinds of epithelioid cells scattered in the adventitial connective tissue: a- large cells with rounded, faintly stained nuclei, and little, clear cytoplasm; b- cells with small darkly stained nuclei. Both kinds of cells appear to represent different levels of secretory activity. The number of the large cells increases with greater complexity of the carotid sinus. The cells also increase in size and number during summer (sexual period); this is especially true in younger animals. The epithelioid cells are considered to be homologous to the carotid body of higher vertebrates. The carotid sinus and epithelioid cells together form a closely interrelated system which may be intermediate between the carotid labyrinth of fishes and amphibians, and the carotid body of birds and mammals.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210405
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    Fine structure of nerve cells in a planarianThis work was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (TICA-5055), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 323-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the nerve cell types in the white planarian Procotyla fluviatilis were described. Ganglion cells comprise the major portion of the brain. These cells are irregular in shape with several cytoplasmic processes and contain ribosomes, a sparse endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lysosomes, and a Golgi apparatus with numerous small vesicles. Granule-containing cells are situated in the peripheral regions of the brain and along the nerve cords. These cells contain ribosomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus with associated dense granules. The granules occupy most of the cytoplasm and are ∼ 750A in diameter with moderately dense contents, ∼ 750A with opaque contents, and ∼ 1000A with contents of medium density. These granules are similar to those in the nervous systems of higher animals that contain epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neurosecretory substance, respectively. Each cell contains predominantly one type of granule although there is some intermixing of granules and intermediate types between the three most abundant granules. Small clear vesicles, resembling cholinergic synaptic vesicles, and all types of dense granules occur in the neuropil and within nerve endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051210406
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    Ingestion of particulate matter by the outer surface cells of the mollusc mantleThis investigation was supported (in part) by grant DE-01825 from the N.I.D.R., U.S.P.H. Service. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the ingestion of particulate matter from the pallial space located between the shell and the outer surface of the mantle of Isognomon alatus and Pinctada radiata was undertaken with the aid of the electron microscope. For this purpose colloidal thorium dioxide (thorotrast) was introduced into the pallial space for periods of 1-5 days after which time the mantle was excised and prepared for examination with the electron microscope. After 24 hours thorotrast micelles were observed in the pallial space, on the surface of the microvilli, in small pinocytotic vesicles between the bases of the microvilli, in vacuoles undergoing coalescence and finally in large dense bodies (lysosomes). Amoebocytes in the pallial space also participate in the removal of particulate matter in a manner similar to that described for the surface epithelium. During active ingestion the Golgi apparatus changes from a vesicular to a lamellar form. The method of ingestion observed in the surface epithelia and the amoebocytes is similar to the ingestion of protein and other particulate material reported for a variety of vertebrate tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220206
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    Histochemical patterns in the proventriculus of the developing chickSupported by USPHS grant AM-05429, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 231-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proventriculus of White Leghorn chick embryos (stages 29-45) newly-hatched chicks, and adult chickens were frozen, sectioned in a cryostat and treated histochemically to identify localizations of alkaline and acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, non-specific glycerophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinic dehydrogenase. Ribonucleic acid, proteins and acid mucopolysaccharides were identified in tissues fixed in FAA.Acid phosphatase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, ribonucleic acid and proteins were present in the cells of the deep glands at all stages of development. Alkaline phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase were found only in mesenchymal derivatives of the proventriculus. After the chick begins swallowing and digesting albumen, enzymatic activity increased and non-specific esterase became very reactive.The surface epithelium is covered with a mucous coat. Ribonucleic acid, non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase and nucleotide-diphosphatase were localized in the basal portions of the epithelial cells. The functional significance of these different patterns is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220305
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    Functional morphology and evolution of tail autotomy in salamanders (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 265-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basal tail constriction occurs in about two-thirds of the species of plethodontid salamanders. The constriction, which marks the site of tail autotomy, is a result of a reduction in length and diameter of the first caudal segment. Gross and microscopic anatomical studies reveal that many structural specializations are associated with basal constriction, and these are considered in detail. Areas of weakness in the skin at the posterior end of the first caudal segment, at the attachment of the musculature to the intermyotomal septum at the anterior end of the same segment, and between the last caudosacral and first caudal vertebrae precisely define the route of tail breakage. During autotomy the entire tail is shed, and a cylinder of skin one segment long closes over the wound at the end of the body.It is suggested that specializations described in this paper have evolved independently in three different groups of salamanders.Experiments and field observations reveal that, contrary to expectations, frequency of tail breakage is less in species with apparent provisions for tail autotomy than in less specialized species. The tail is a very important, highly functional organ in salamanders and it is suggested that selection has been for behavioral and structural adaptations for control of tail loss, rather than for tail loss per se.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220402
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    Masthead (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230201
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    Ultrastructural differentiation of the epithelium and mucous glands of the esophagus in the chick embryoContribution no. 089 from the Institute of Molecular Evolution. This work was done while a NSF Science Faculty Fellow and was supported in part by USPHS grant AM-05429, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NASA grant number NsG-689 Institute of Molecular Evolution and NSF grant number GB 3899 to Dr. C. B. Metz. Embryos were provided by Dr. C. Grabowski. (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Esophagi of White Leghron chick embryos, six days to hatching, were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in a cacodylate-sucrose buffer, postfixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite. Tissues were sectioned with glass knives and viewed with a Philips EM 100C. The epithelium in early stages of development is characterized by small intercellular spaces, few cell processes and few desmosomes. In contrast the differentiated epithelium contains numerous cell processes, large intercellular spaces and numerous desmosomes. Mucin appeared in the mucous glands at 17 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051230203
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    Anisotropy of the mechanical loss tangent of drawn polyacrylonitrile film (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1317-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050629
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    Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) by high-speed stirring (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 125-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) by violent stirring was studied in various solvents. The chain scission or the limit of the degradation was measured, and the effects of solvents, polymer concentration, stirring speed and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. It was found that the number of bonds broken per polymer chain was independent of the concentration but increased with the stirring speed and with decrease in the DP. The rate was much affected by the solvent used, being larger in a poor solvent. It was also found that the rate could be represented either by Jellinek's or Ovenall's rate equations, which have been applied to the ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050111
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    Microstrain investigation of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small-strain mechanical behavior of crystalline polyethylene has been studied by using a microstrain technique with strain resolution on the order of 10-6. The strain rate was varied from 10-6 to 10-4 sec.-1, and a temperature range of 17-28°C. was investigated. A strong dependence on strain rate and temperature has been observed for the following parameters which characterize the mechanical response of polyethylene in the microstrain region: the initial modulus of the stress-strain curve, the deviation in strain from ideal linear elastic behavior at a given stress amplitude, and the energy dissipated in a deformation cycle. The Young's moduli that were observed by means of tensile tests in the microstrain region were only about 20% lower than the values reported in other investigations at kilocycle and megacycle frequencies. The experimental method made it possible to isolate a deformation process which was attributed to a crystallographic shear mechanism corresponding to a yield point of 27 psi. This shear mechanism is discussed in terms of the various shear processes, such as slip, twinning, and the orthorhombic-monoclinic phase change.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050112
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    Effect of temperature on the ozone cracking of butyl rubbers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of growth of single ozone cracks have been measured for vulcanizates of two butyl rubbers over the temperature range of 20-160°C. Over most of this range the rates are quantitatively related to the segmental mobility of the polymer and depend upon temperature in accord with the appropriate from of the WLF relation. The rates are also proportional to the concentration of ozone. It is therefore concluded that diffusion of ozone into the polymer before reaction is the rate-controlling step. This is contrasted with the behavior of butadiene-styrene copolymers, for which the rates of crack growth are also quantitatively related to the segmental mobility, but the rates are somewhat larger at equivalent mobilities and the dependence upon ozone concentration is smaller. The difference is attributed to different penetration distances before reaction in polymers containing low and high densities of reactive sites.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050113
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  • 100
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    Diffusion coefficients in a halocarbon-polybutene system (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (TTE) in a liquid polybutene was determined at 25°C. as a function of concentration over the range 1.0-19.5 g. TTE/100 cc. The diffusion coefficient increase with increasing TTE concentration, rising continuously from 3 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the lowest concentration to 15 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the highest. The magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients indicate that the diffusion mechanism for small molecules in polymeric media must afford vastly greater opportunities for diffusion than the Stokes-Einstein relation allows. Similarly, self-diffusion coefficients for the liquid polymer are much lower than the observed mutual diffusion coefficients. An explanation for this behavior is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050208
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