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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and redistribution of pancreatic islet cell surface antigen reactive with islet cell surface antibody in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; islet cell surface antigen ; immunobeads ; patch and cap formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antigens on the rat pancreatic islet cell surface were redistributed into patch and cap formation when the cells were incubated in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, in tissue culture medium 199 for 24 h, before addition of rat pancreatic islet cell surface antibody. In contrast, if the cells were cultured in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with glucose (5.5 or 16.7mmol/l) and 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum without 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, cap formation was not detectable. These results suggest that mobile antigen on the surface of pancreatic B cells can be induced to aggregate into patch and cap formations during conditions of increased cellular metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297393
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Golgi study of Bergmann glial cells in developing rat cerebellum (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Bergmann glial cells ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Golgi study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the relationship between the Bergmann glial cells and the migrating granule cells, the postnatal development of the Bergmann glial cells in the rat cerebellum was analysed by a rapid Golgi method. In newborn rats where immature Purkinje cells occupied a rather thick zone (about 8 cells thick) between the thin molecular layer and the intermediate zone, immature Bergmann glial cells were recognized by the irregularly contoured somata situated within the deep part of the zone of Purkinje cells and by several perpendicular thin fibers (filiform fibers) which traversed the external granular layer (EGL) to terminate at the pial surface. After day 2 of the postnatal age (PD2), both somata and fibers of Bergmann glial cells showed gradual or fairly abrupt changes. The somata migrated upwards toward the molecular layer on PD2 and on PD4 were situated just beneath the Purkinje cells which had become arranged in a single layer. After PD6 the distance between the pial surface and the somata situated in the Purkinje cell layer and concomitantly the length of the Bergmann glial fibers, progressively increased in accordance with the thickening of the molecular layer. Between PD0 and PD8 the somata were irregularly contoured with short protoplasmic processes exteding radially. After PD8 they gradually lost these short processes and became smooth. The Bergmann glial fibers were rather smooth with a few beady enlargements and tiny bud-like excrescences on their surface between PD0 and PD8. On PD12 the bushy expansions, characteristic of matured Bergmann glial fibers, suddenly increased in number on most fibers. After PD12 they continued to augment until PD25, when most fibers were entirely covered with the expansions. The number of fibers issuing from each Bergmann glial cell and entering the EGL increased postnatally reaching a peak on PD8, and then decreased gradually. These changes in the number of Bergmann glial fibers corresponded well with those in the number of external granule cells, suggesting the presence of developmental interactions between these two kinds of cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298510
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal pattern of postnatal proliferation of Bergmann glial cells in rat cerebellum: An autoradiographic study (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Proliferation ; Bergmann glial cell ; Cerebellum ; Rat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the relationship between the Bergmann glial cells and the migrating granule cells, the development of the Bergmann glial cells in the rat cerebellum was studied with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. 3H-thymidine was injected intraperitoneally into rats on two days successively between days 2 and 21 of the postnatal age (PD2 and PD21). All animals were sacrificed on PD25 and the vermis of the cerebellum was embedded in epoxy resin. Semithin sections were cut sagittally for autoradiography. The labeling index of the Bergmann glial cells in lobules I, II, III, IV, V, VIa, VIII, IX, and X reached the peak on PD6–7, and in lobules VIb and VII on PD8–9. Moreover, the lobules could be divided into three groups according to the day when cumulative labeling indices reached 50% of the total ones (LI50): The early-developing group (LI50; PD4.4–5.2) contained lobules I, II, III, IV, and V, the intermediate group (LI50; PD5.3–6.1) lobules VIa, VIII, IX, and X, and the late-developing group (LI50; PD6.6–7.8) lobules VIb and VII. The regional gradient of LI50 in the Bergmann glial cells corresponded approximately to the regional gradient in the ratio of lateforming granule cells; that is, the later the LI50 of the Bergmann glial cells, the higher is the ratio of the late-forming granule cells. This suggests that an intimate relationship exists between these two kinds of cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298511
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin distribution in the circumventricular organs of the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 311-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Circumventricular organs ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactive structures in the circumventricular organs (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, subfornical organ, subcommissural organ and area postrema) of the rat were demonstrated using a modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. Various densities of serotonin fibers were demonstrated in all four circumventricular organs; however, serotonin-positive cells were evident in the area postrema only after nialamide treatment. Serotonergic supraepedymal fibers were observed on the surface of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and that of the subfornical organ, but not on the subcommissural organ and area postrema. The serotonergic plexus of the basal portion of the subcommisural organ was considered to be continuous with the supraependymal plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315669
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic development of TRH-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the median eminence of the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 371-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: TRH-Immunocytochemistry ; Ontogeny ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic development of TRH-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the median eminence of the rat was studied immunocytochemically. By light microscopy, TRH-like immunoreactivities were first detected on the 1 st day after birth in the external layer of the median eminence. By electron microscopy, TRH-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were visible on the 0.5th day after birth. The nerve terminals were first found in direct contact with the perivascular basal lamina of the portal vessel on the 2nd day. TRH-like immunoreactivities were only localized on dense granular vesicles about 105 nm in diameter in the axoplasm throughout the developmental stages. The immunoreactive nerve fibers with TRH-like immunoreactive granular vesicles gradually increased in number with development. The physiological significance of TRH as a hormone is discussed in relation to the presence of TRH-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the median eminence of the developing rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315675
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of monosodium glutamate on the development of intraventricular axons in the rat hypothalamus (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 168 (1983), S. 433-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Development ; Median eminence ; Supraependymal fibers ; MSG ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of intraventricular axons in the infundibular recess of the young rat was investigated by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM-TEM). From the fourth through the fifteenth day of life such axons increase steadily in number. During subsequent weeks their number gradually decreases. In animals given monosodium glutamate on the fourth postnatal day there is wide-spread neuronal necrosis in the arcuate nucleus, and the development of intraventricular axons is greatly reduced. These findings suggest that the axons originate from the neurons of the arcuate nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304279
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The “accessory body” of Cajal in the neuronal nucleus (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 166 (1983), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Accessory body of Cajal ; Neuronal nucleus ; Neurosecretory cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present light and electron microscopic study deals with the morphology and staining properties of two intranuclear inclusions — the “accessory body” of Cajal and the “coiled body” — in the supraoptic nuclei of adult rat hypothalamus, and supports the assumption that these structures represent the same intrinsic component of the neuronal nucleus. Consequently, we propose to term it “accessory body”. The structure of this body was visualizad by several different staining procedures: conventional electron microscopic techniques, a silver reaction, and the regressive EDTA staining for ribonucleoproteins. The silver-impregnation method employed here, which consists of a silver development sequence on hypothalamic tissue blocks prior to plastic embedding, permitted the study of supraoptic neurons at both light and electron microscopic levels. The nature and origin of “accessory bodies” are suggested and their possible functional role is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317942
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear inclusions in immature glial cells of the rat hypothalamus during the postnatal period (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Nuclear inclusions ; Immature glial cells ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural study of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus during the postnatal period showed the presence of nuclear inclusions in immature glial cells. These inclusions, identified as “coiled bodies”, consist of round-to-oval formations of coiled electron-dense strands embedded in a less dense fibrillar matrix. Coiled bodies are located free within the nucleoplasm, showing no specific relationships with the nucleolus or the nuclear membrane. The cells containing coiled bodies were typified as oligodendrocyte precursors, mainly oligodendroblasts. The coiled bodies were not found in mature glial cells nor in other types of immature glial elements. The nature and possible functional role of coiled bodies are suggested in the light of recent morphological and biochemical data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298515
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neuronal population of the marginal zone (lamina I) of the rat spinal cord. A study based on reconstructions of serially sectioned cells (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 167 (1983), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuronal population ; Lamina I ; Spinal cord ; Cell reconstructions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Complete series of silver-stained semithin transverse sections were used to reconstruct 177 nerve cells of rat lamina I. According to the three-dimensional shape of the perikarya and the number and orientation of primary dendritic trunks, lamina I cells formed four distinct groups: (1) Fusiform cells with long rostrocaudal axis and having 1–4 primary dendrites oriented rostrocaudally or ventrally, which were the most numerous (50%) and predominated in the lateral third of lamina I. (2) Flattened cells (12%) which were thin discs of angular contour, spread out parallel to the lamina dorsal border; they emitted thick lateral and medial, but no dorsal or ventral, primary dendrites, and were mainly located in the middle third. (3) Multipolar cells (20%) with polyhedric somata emitting 4–12 primary dendritic trunks in several directions, which were practically confined to the medial third of the lamina. (4) Prismatic, wedge-shaped cells (18%), partly situated or encased, in the white matter, emitting one dorsal interstitial dendrite and several transversely oriented dendrites, which were distributed throughout the whole dorsal border of lamina I, though more abundant in its lateral portion. A subpopulation of large cells was identified in all groups, except in the multipolar one. These four cell types may help establish a basic morphologic classification of the neuronal population of lamina I, and may explain the different appearances under which local cells have previously been described in preparations using different planes of section and varied staining methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298516
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motoneurons innervating the cremaster muscle of the rat are characteristically densely innervated by serotoninergic fibers as revealed by combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde fluorescence DAPI-labelling (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 168 (1983), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Serotonin fibers ; Cremaster ; Immunohistochemistry ; DAPI ; Spinal cord ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lumbar spinal cord of the rat was studied by combined retrograde fluorescent labelling with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2HCl (DAPI) and immunoperoxidase procedure using serotonin antiserum. A peculiar small neuronal group endowed more densely than other anterior horn neurons with serotonin-like immunoreactive fibers was recognized in the anterior column of lumbar segments L1–L2. At the same time, this small nucleus was shown to contain the motoneurons innervating the cremaster muscle by means of retrograde labelling with DAPI. It is tentatively suggested that the bulbospinal descending serotonin system is particularly intimately connected with the function of the cremaster muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305397
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal formation of the Blood-Testis Barrier in the rat with special reference to the initiation of meiosis (1983)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 168 (1983), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Blood Testis barrier formation ; Meiosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Postnatal formation of the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) in the rat was studied by either fixation in hypertonic fixative or employing lanthanum tracer. After 15 days of age, meiosis has reached different stages of spermatogenesis in differnt zones of the seminiferous cords. Only in those parts where germ cells are in the pachytene stage of meiosis do Sertoli cells form an effective barrier or tight compartment. Between 16 and 19 days of age, final formation of the BTB, which is to be found in the adult rat testis, occurs by zygotene and then leptotene stages successively entering the tight compartment. Thus, formation of a BTB by Sertoli cells does not occur synchronously along the length of the seminiferous cord but in accordance with the stage of meiosis of the associated germ cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315821
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-dose lead encephalopathy in the suckling rat (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead intoxication ; Rat ; Growth development ; Lead determination ; Light microscopy ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retardation of growth has often confounded the interpretation of the results from experimental studies on lead intoxication. An attempt was therefore made to establish a daily dose of lead which, when given to suckling rags, results in a lead encephalopathy without concomitant reduction in body weight. Lead was administered i.p. as lead nitrate. Experimental animals were given 25, 10, or 5 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily during the first 20 days postnatally (p.n.). One group was given 10 mg/kg daily during the first 15 days. Controls were injected with vehicle without lead nitrate. Mortality was high in the group given 25 mg/kg b.wt. daily. Animals in this group exhibited a marked weight loss after 10 days. A slight but significant reduction in body weight was seen at 20 days in animals receiving 10 mg/kg b.wt. from day 1 to 20. The body weight gain of animals given 10 mg/kg during 15 days and of animals given 5 mg/kg during 20 days did not significantly differ from that of controls. Lead content in blood and brain was determined using a Carbon Rod Atomizer. Lead levels were elevated in all experimental animals. Light-microscopic findings in the cerebellum of animals given 25 and 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily were similar to those previously reported in experimental lead encephalopathy. The changes were dose-dependent, lesions being devastating in rats given 25 mg/kg b.wt. daily and discrete in rats given 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily. No pathologic change could be demonstrated on the light-microscopic level in the cerebellum or cerebrum of rats given 5 mg/kg b.wt. daily. The lack of growth retardation in encephalopathic rats makes the model valuable for further investigations on lead neurotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685340
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular enzymatic differentiation in brain vessels of normal and protein-deprived rats (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral blood vessels ; Gradient centrifugation ; Alkaline phosphatase ; γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase ; Protein deprivation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain capillary development was studied in normal and protein-deprived rats using the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (EC 2.3.2.1) in whole brain homogenates and microvessels obtained by gradient centrifugation according to Orlowski et al. (1974). Pre-and postnatal protein deprivation was induced by a 50% reduction in the dietary protein content. The density of microvessel fragments changed during development. Most of the early developmental increase in the specific activity of both enzymes in whole brain homogenates of normal rats can probably be explained by a rapid formation of new capillary segments. The increase in specific activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in microvessels was interpreted as a sign of cellular differentiation. Protein deprivation resulted in reduced specific activity of both enzymes in whole brain homogenates of 30-day-old rats, probably as a result of the decreased length per volume of the cerebral capillary network at this age (Conradi et al. 1979a). Signs of impaired endothelial growth were also present in the protein-deprived rats since the distribution of microvessel fragments in the 30-day-old protein-deprived rats was similar to that in 3-week-old normal rats. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased in the microvessel fractions of 30- and 96-day-old protein-deprived rats, apparently signifying an effect of the protein deprivation on the endothelial cells. These effects of protein deprivation on the brain capillary endothelial transport system may have negative consequences for growth and function in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691862
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological and histochemical changes in the central nervous system of the rat poisoned by an irreversible anticholinesterase organophosphorus compound (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 61 (1983), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Organophosphate intoxication ; Rat ; Neuropathology ; Histochemistry ; Acetylcholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of soman, a powerful organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitor, was investigated in the central nervous system (CNS) of Wistar rats by neurohistology, histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and biochemical determination of cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Rats were poisoned by one lethal or sublethal subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or by several less strong weekly doses. When the acute cholinergic action of the OP led to severe respiratory failure and to repeated or prolonged convulsions, the surviving rats exhibited neuronal changes similar to those of hypoxic encephalopathy. In one case chronic intoxication gave rise to these symptoms and lesions after the fourth injection. The histochemical data showed that lesioned gray structures were generally poor in AChE. The enzymatic inhibition was quick and strong, but differed from one structure to another. ChE recovery was rapid until about 96 h after poisoning, the time course depending on the structure, but was incomplete even after 8 days. An attempt to correlate the initial level of ChE inhibition with the severity of the symptoms was not very conclusive. Our data suggest that the encephalopathy comes at least in part from complex hypoxic factors produced by the cholinergic crisis. The sequelae of slight hypoxic encephalopathy could account for some nervous long-term effects in men acutely poisoned by OP and surviving owing to mechanical ventilation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697391
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a testicular sperm head counting technique using rats exposed to dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP), glycerolα-monochlorohydrin (GMCH), epichlorohydrin (ECH), formaldehyde (FA), or methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 53 (1983), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Chemicals ; Sperm ; Rat ; Testes ; Technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Single dosages of DMEP (1,000–2,000 mg/kg), GMCH (50 mg/kg), ECH (25 and 50 mg/kg), FA (100 and 200 mg/kg), and MMS (100–400 mg/kg) were administered orally to 10 week old male Wistar rats. The rats were necropsied on the 11th day following dosing. The testes were weighed, homogenised and sonicated; numbers of sperm heads (total and abnormal) were counted and percentage sperm head abnormalities were calculated. Testes weights were significantly reduced only in rats exposed to 1,500 and 2,000 mg DMEP/kg. Compared with controls, there were significant increases in the incidence of abnormal sperm at all dose levels of MMS and the higher dose levels of DMEP (1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg), ECH and FA. No texicologically significant effects upon total sperm counts were seen following the oral administration of any of the five chemicals tested. However, an additional group of rats given 100 mg MMS/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) showed significant reductions in testes weight and total sperm head counts compared with control animals. It is concluded that this testicular sperm head counting technique is a useful tool in the detection of selective adverse effects of chemicals upon testicular sperm but requires further evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01460003
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of manganese ions on thyroid function in rat (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 54 (1983), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Manganese ; Thyroid hormones ; Thyroid ; Serum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were treated with MnSO4, H2O (1 mg/100 g/day, SC) for a period of 5 weeks. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were measured in thyroid by radioimmunoassay. T4, T3 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were also estimated by radioimmunoassay in serum. Manganese treatment produced no change in thyroid T4 and T3 levels but induced a significant decrease in serum T4, T3 and TSH levels. This decrease can be interpreted as the result of a pituitary alteration which appears to be related to the high accumulation of manganese in the pituitary gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239208
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oral, subchronic cadmium administration on fertility, prenatal and postnatal progeny development in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 54 (1983), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Prenatal toxicity ; Behavioral deficit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium chloride was administered by gavage to female rats 5 days a week for 5 weeks, then during mating and gestation periods at doses of 0.04, 0.4, and 4 mg Cd/kg/day. Treatment with cadmium neither affected the survival and fertility of females, nor produced overt fetotoxic effects. Fetal cadmium concentration was not related to the level of exposure. Litter size, body weight gain and viability of offspring during 2 months after parturition were similar in all groups. The exploratory locomotor activity of 2-month-old males and females born to rats given 0.4 and 4 mg Cd/kg/day was significantly reduced. The progeny of cadmium-treated females showed decreased performance in the rotarod test. In general, the degree of behavioral impairment was dose-related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01234482
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of methyl methacrylate on non-protein thiols and drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver and kidneys (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 52 (1983), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) ; Drug-Metabolizing enzymes ; Glutathione depletion ; Urinary thioethers ; i.p. exposure ; Toxicity ; Kidney ; Liver ; Hepatocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male Wistar rats received methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) i.p. in olive oil 1.0 g/kg body weight on 3 successive days. The weight of the livers and kidneys, and the body weights did not differ from their controls. On the fifth day after treatment, hepatic NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase and the 2,5-diphenyloxazole hydroxylase exhibited maximal decreases in activity (25%, 58%, 36%, respectively) without any coincident effect on the total amount of cytochrome P-450 hemoprotein itself. One week later these activities had returned to control levels. The enzymatic changes in the kidneys were smaller in magnitude, and they were also reversed sooner. A single i.p. dose of MMA (2 g/kg body weight) caused elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase activity. A tenfold increase of the excretion rate of urinary thioethers was also discovered. The hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) was depleted in 3 h to 20% and the GSSG to half of the value in controls. In kidneys, the GSH was decreased to 48% in 3 h before an apparent phase of overrecovery. At the end of the 24 h observation period, cytochrome P-450 concentrations were somewhat decreased in the liver. The GSH contents showed dose and time-dependent reversible decreases in isolated hepatocytes when incubated for 2 h in a medium containing MMA at the nominal concentrations of 0,2,5, or 10 mM. None of the treatments affected either the content of cytochrome P-450 or the viability of the liver cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354771
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of methamphetamine in hair after single and repeated administration to rat (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 52 (1983), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Hair ; Mass fragmentography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methamphetamine in hair after p.o. administration to rat was identified and determined by mass fragmentography (MF). Rat hair was washed with HCl/methanol, methanol and water. The hair was crushed in 0.6 M HCl, suspension was alkalized with Na2CO3, and extracted with chloroform/isopropanol. The extract obtained was purified by column chromatography on aluminium oxide. Concentrated eluate was trifluoroacetylated, and methamphetamine was identified and determined by MF. More than 20 pg of methamphetamine was detectable and less than 1 ng of that was determined by MF. Methamphetamine in hair collected from rat after p.o. administration of 20 mg/kg of the drug was detected and determined up to 8 days after. From hair of rat after 5-days or 14-days repeated administration of 20 mg/kg/day, methamphetamine was detected 25 or 45 days after the last administration, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354775
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronological relationship between neurological signs and electrophysiological changes in rats with methylmercury poisoning — special reference to selenium protection (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 52 (1983), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methylmercury ; Selenium ; Peripheral nerve ; Neurotoxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to see chronological relationship between electrophysiological changes and “early” neurological sign (tail rotation) elicited in rats poisoned with methylmercury, we made serial measurements of amplitude of compound action potential and sensory nerve conduction velocity of the tail nerve in rats with five dose schedules [methylmercury vs selenium, (1)20 ppm : 0.1 ppm, (2)20 ∶ 0.3, (3)20 ∶ 0.6, (4)10 ∶ 0.1, (5)10 ∶ 0.6]. We observed the following sequence in the onset of neuro-electrophysiolo-somatic signs: fall in compound action potential 〉 decrease in sensory nerve conduction velocity 〉 tail rotation 〉 weight loss. Protective potency of dietary selenium against neurotoxicity of methylmercury was observed with regard to both electrophysiological changes and neurological signs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333897
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the histopathogenesis of rat forestomach carcinoma caused by aristolochic acid (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 52 (1983), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Aristolochic acid ; Carcinogenesis ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Forestomach ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histopathogenesis of rat forestomach carcinoma induced experimentally with aristolochic acid was investigated. The intragastric administration of 10 mg/kg/day caused extensive necrosis of the squamous epithelium, followed by regeneration and hyperplasia, papilloma formation and ultimately by invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333900
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenocortical response to single and repeated doses of chloroform in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 54 (1983), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Adrenal cortex hypertrophy ; Chloroform ; Cholesterol ; Corticosterone secretion and metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of single and repeated doses of chloroform on the adrenocortical function was studied in young male albino rats. One day after oral administration of a single dose of 1.5 g chloroform/kg body weight, adrenal hypertrophy developed and persisted for at least 12 days. The adrenal cholesterol content started to drop 3 h after the application, remained low for 1 day, then increased and remained elevated during the next 12 days. The plasma corticosterone content increased 15 min after the treatment and remained high during the next 4 h; 6 h after the treatment, when the anesthetic effects of CHCl3 had disappeared, it decreased somewhat; after 12 h it increased again, and the peak value was observed after 1 day. This was followed by a gradual drop, and after 8 days it reached the normal level. A second dose, administered 4 or 8 days after the first one, was still capable of stimulating the adrenocortical function. This was evidenced 24 and 48 h after the second dose. The response, however, was smaller than that observed after a single dose of the same Stressor. The influence of a single dose of chloroform on corticosterone decay in the circulation 1 and 9 days after treatment, was tested in adrenalectomized rats injected with non-radioactive corticosterone, and in intact rats injected with 1,2-3H-corticosterone. Results for the adrenalectomized animals were inconclusive, whereas those for the intact ones proved that the treated animals metabolized corticosterone as well as the controls did.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261383
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) involve trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic neurones in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 49 (1983), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Nociception ; Spinothalamic neurones ; Trigeminothalamic neurones ; Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifty-eight lumbar dorsal horn and trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurones which could be activated by both innocuous and noxious peripheral stimuli have been recorded in the anaesthetized rat. Using transcutaneous electrical stimulation to produce A and C fibre activity in these neurones from the hindpaw or facial receptive fields the ability of a distant noxious (mechanical or thermal) stimulus applied to the nose, tail, ears and paws to inhibit the neuronal activity was demonstrated. These effects have been termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). DNIC produced powerful long-lasting inhibitions on all units studied in accordance with our previous results. Approximately 40% of these convergent neurones could be antidromically activated from the contralateral ventrobasal thalamus. Similar neuronal characteristics, effects of DNIC and proportions of projection cells were found in both the dorsal horn and trigeminal complex. However, the spinothalamic tract cells conducted more rapidly than the trigeminothalamic neurones. These results indicate that DNIC can produce comparable effects on the thalamic representation of the efferent activity of these spinal cord and trigeminal neurones. The possible role of DNIC in nociception is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238577
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomical relationships of dopaminergic and GABAergic systems with the GnRH-systems in the septo-hypothalamic area (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GnRH ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical double staining for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) reveals in the septo-preopticdiagonal band complex of the rat brain close spatial associations between GnRH-immunoreactive perikarya and TH and GAD immunoreactive fibers. In the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, no close spatial relationships could be observed between TH-or GAD-positive fibers and the GnRH-containing system. In contrast, in the median eminence substantial overlap exists in the distribution of GnRH with TH and GAD containing nerve fibers. This overlap is most intense for TH throughout the lateral palisade zone, while for GAD it is more restricted to the outermost portion of the external palisade zone. The results suggest that dopamine and GABA influence GnRH secretion via axosomatic contacts in the septo-preoptic-diagonal band complex, as well as via axo-axonic interactions in the median eminence, while no such interactions seem to exist in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. Since dopaminergic cell bodies in the ventral hypothalamus are closely apposed by GnRH and GAD containing fibers, the existence of feedback circuits among GnRH, dopamine and GABA systems is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238235
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 426-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Magnetic field (effects of) ; Pineal gland ; Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity ; Melatonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study the effects of artificial magnetic fields on pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content in male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated to study the secretory activity of the pineal gland. Experimental inversion of the horizontal component of the natural magnetic field, performed at night-time, led to a significant decrease of both parameters investigated. During day-time, this effect was less conspicuous. During night-time, inversion of the horizontal component is followed by a reduced pineal secretory activity for about 2 h. After 24 h exposure to the inverted horizontal component, return to the natural condition was followed by a renewed clear depression of pineal NAT activity and melatonin content, indicating that the main stimulus is not the inverted magnetic field itself but rather its change. Changing the inclination of the local magnetic field from 63 ° to 58 °, 68 ° or 78 °, respectively also decreased the secretory activity of the rat pineal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239209
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of units in the rat cerebellar flocculus during optokinetic and vestibular stimulation (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1983), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar flocculus ; Rat ; Vestibular and optokinetic stimulation ; Purkinje cell responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The simple (SS) and complex spike (CS) responses of Purkinje (P-cells) and non-Purkinje (non P-cells) in the cerebellar flocculus were studied in alert pigmented rats (DA-HAN) during binocular and monocular optokinetic stimulation (OKS), vestibular stimulation and a combination of the two. Of a total of 98 P-cells whose SS discharges were activated by rotary stimulation of the horizontal canal in the dark (type I and type II P-cells), the vast majority (72%) responded to constant velocity binocular OKS that was produced by means of a horizontal shadow projector system. The remaining P-cells responded only to vestibular stimulation (19%), to OKS or to the presumed fast components of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus (9%). The optokinetic responses of P-cells were generally bidirectional but asymmetrical, i.e., the increases in rate in one direction were larger in magnitude than decreases on opposite OKS and were synergistic with the semicircular canal input. During constant velocity OKS, the discharge of a few P-cells rose approximately exponentially, outlasted the stimulus by as much as 10–13.5 s and, thus, resembled OKS responses of vestibular nucleus neurons. However, the majority exhibited a phasic-tonic response governed by a short “time constant” of from 0.5–3 s. The velocity tuning curves of vestibular/OKS responding P-cells showed peak sensitivities with retinal slip velocities of 1.5–2°/s. This is higher than the ca. 1°/s determined for other relay nuclei of the horizontal optokinetic pathway. The responses of non P-cells suggest that they originate from mossy fiber projections from vestibular, visual (optokinetic) and saccadic eye movement-related areas of the brainstem. Most of the units carried a combined vestibular and optokinetic signal. The majority showed a bidirection-selective response to OKS, and a small percentage showed unidirectional responses only. Monocular testing of P-cells revealed that most received a bidirection-selective, but asymmetrical, OKS input. Slightly more than half of these had a strongest OKS drive from the contralateral eye; the remaining units were driven most strongly by the ipsilateral eye. Unidirection-selective P-cells, driven by OKS to the ipsior contralateral eye, were uncommon; yet this class is common among other portions of the horizontal optokinetic system (e.g., vestibular nuclei, praepositus hypoglossi nucleus, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis). These data suggest that there is a strong bilateral convergence of OKS input on P-cells for which there is supportive anatomical and electrophysiological evidence. Our results show that most floccular P-cells receive a strong head velocity signal and a synergistic optokinetic input which, as judged from the response time course, appear to be mediated by vestibular neurons as well as by other precerebellar neurons. In addition, P-cell discharge is presumably modulated by vestibular and optokinetic quick phases. The results are compared to those obtained in other species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239393
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daily behavioral manipulation increases the total immunoreactive serum neurophysin concentrations irrespective of the duration of water deprivation in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 20-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Behavioral manipulation ; Neurophysins ; Water deprivation ; Hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The daily training of rats in a two-compartment test box is sufficient to involve an increase in the total immunoreactive serum neurophysin concentrations when compared to totally undisturbed controls. Furthermore, this training is capable of masking the differences in neurophysin concentrations usually seen in unmanipulated rats after different durations of water deprivation. To interpret these high neurophysin levels, we speculatively suggest the existence of hypothalamic compensatory biosynthetic mechanisms which would induce the formation and/or the release of neurophysin pools under stress. Additionally, we propose that some subnuclei of the paraventricular nuclei are the neuroanatomical substratum of these mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237144
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afferent projections to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar flocculus ; Retrograde horse-radish peroxidase study ; Rat ; Visual/vestibular pathways ; Brainstem nuclei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method was used to identify brainstem afferents to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat. Injections of the enzyme were made through recording microelectrodes, making it possible to localize the injection site by physiological criteria. Clearly, the largest number of afferents arise from the bilateral vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei and from the contralateral dorsal cap (of Kooy) of the inferior olive. Additionally, a substantial number arise bilaterally from: (1) the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP); (2) several of the cranial motor nuclei including the abducens, retrofacial and facial nuclei and the nucleus ambiguus; (3) the rostral part of the lateral reticular nucleus (subtrigeminal nucleus); (4) the raphe pontis and raphe magnus and (5) neurons intercalated among the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) just rostral to the hypoglossal nucleus and another group rostral to the abducens nucleus. The basilar pontine nuclei contained a large number of lightly labeled neurons in all flocculus injections which were discretely located within the dorsolateral, lateral and medial divisions. These areas were labeled bilaterally but with a slight contralateral preponderance. Injection into the flocculus, but involving the adjacent ventral paraflocculus, produced a heavier labeling of pontine neurons with a slightly different distribution. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that the flocculus receives input from these pontine visual centers (dorsolateral, lateral and medial nuclei), perhaps through collateral projections from neurons projecting to the paraflocculus. The present study demonstrates strong similarities between the rat and other species studied (e.g., rabbit, cat, monkey) in terms of the brainstem nuclei projecting to the flocculus. Most noticeable in quantitative terms are the pathways known to mediate vestibular (vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei) and visual (optokinetic) information (e.g., NRTP). Additionally, we can provide morphological evidence that the midline and paramedian pontine tegmentum, identified in the cat and monkey as containing saccade-related neurons, send large numbers of projections to the rat flocculus. Given these similarities, the rat may be a suitable animal model in which to study the pathways underlying visual-vestibular interaction and saccadic mechanisms in the flocculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236639
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male-female differences in the intra-amygdaloid input to the medial amygdala (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 328-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Amygdala ; Sex difference ; Synapse ; Input ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following lesion of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala (PCAN), the number of degenerating axon terminals and alterations of synaptic pattern were studied in the molecular layer (ML) of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MAN) of male and female rats. Semiquantitative analyses by electron microscopy indicated that, 1 and 2 days after the lesion, the number of degenerating terminals in the ventral ML of male rats was statistically greater than that of female rats. Ten days after the operation, intact synapses remaining on dendritic shafts of the medial ML and those on dendritic spines of the ventral ML of male rats significantly decreased in number, compared with unoperated controls. On the other hand, no significant reduction was noted in synapses of the lesioned female rats killed 10 days after the operation. Thus, the number of axon terminals in the male ML originating from the lesioned area was greater than that of the female ML. The number of synapses in the ML of unoperated male rats was statistically greater than that of unoperated females. However, these sex differences in synaptic number became undetectable 10 days after the operation. These findings provide morphological evidence indicating that the fibers from and/or through the PCAN participate in emergence of synaptic sexual dimorphism in the ML of the MAN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238027
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motoneuronal and motor axonal innervation in the rat hindlimb: A comparative study using horseradish peroxidase (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Horseradish peroxidase ; Motoneuron ; Deafferentation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to validate the horseradish per-oxidase (HRP) technique as a quantitative method for assessing neuronal pools, we compared counts of labeled motoneurons to numbers of corresponding motor axons. Rat spinal motoneurons were labeled by immersing in HRP either the L4 radicular nerve or the normal or deafferented nerve to the tibialis anterior muscle (TA). The technique slightly undervalued the L4 motoneuronal population estimated by counting ventral root motor fibres, while in deafferented TA, counts of labeled neurons closely reflected numbers of motor axons. Measurements of neuron and nerve fibre diameters revealed good correlations of alpha and gamma motor estimates at spinal cord and nerve levels. Values were considered representative because of the approximation obtained in HRP-estimates between control and deafferented animals, indicating no significant damage from the surgical deafferentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238239
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual cholinergic modulation of hippocampal somatic and dendritic field potentials by the septo-hippocampal pathway (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 49 (1983), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway ; Somatic and dendritic field potentials ; Rat ; Muscarinic antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats under urethane anaesthesia, brief tetanic stimulation of the medial septum produces a dual effect upon the field potentials elicited in the ammon's horn by commissural stimulation: a facilitation of the population spike recorded in the pyramidal layer and a depression of the field EPSP recorded in the apical dendrites. Both effects, which are also produced by local application of muscarinic agents, are antagonized by local administration of muscarinic antagonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235552
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditory neurons in the rat thalamic reticular nucleus (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 49 (1983), S. 432-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Auditory neurons ; Medial geniculate nucleus ; Inhibitory effect ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the thalamic reticular nucleus (TR) of the rat a cluster of neurons has been located which receives auditory inputs and acts as a source of inhibition for relay neurons of the medial geniculate nucleus (MG). These TR neurons (auditory thalamic reticular neurons; A-TR neurons) showed a repetitive burst of grouped discharge upon electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus (IC) or of the auditory cortex. Many of them responded to tonal stimuli such as clicks or pips. Adjacent to the cluster of A-TR neurons there were the cluster of TR neurons receiving visual inputs (V-TR neurons) and that receiving somatosensory inputs (S-TR neurons). The cluster of A-TR neurons was situated ventrally to the cluster of V-TR neurons, both extending caudally from the level of the rostral tip of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The S-TR neurons distributed rostrally to the clusters of A- and V-TR neurons. Some of the sensory TR neurons, usually found around the boundaries between the clusters of different sensory modalities, were activated from stimulation of different central sensory pathways. Single electric shocks directly applied to the cluster of A-TR neurons suppressed discharges of relay neurons of the MG, either spontaneous or evoked by click stimuli or by electric shocks to the IC. The postexcitatory suppression of MG relay neurons was similar in time course to the suppression following electrical stimulation of A-TR neurons. Response latencies of the A-TR neurons to IC shocks were found to be 1.0–1.5 ms longer than those of the MG relay cells with respect to the modal and shortest values. It is suggested that A-TR neurons are intercalated in the axon collateral circuit of the thalamocortical projection arising from relay neurons of the MG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238784
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral 1,25(OH)2D3: An effective prophylactic treatment for glucocorticoid osteopenia in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 107-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Glucocorticoid ; Vitamin D ; Osteoporosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Eighty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a diet with either (a) 0.5% Ca and 0.6% P or (b) 0.01% Ca and 0.6% P. Osteopenia was created by adding prednisolone to the diet. The prophylactic effect of oral 1,25(OH)2D3 on the osteopenia was studied. It was found that prednisolone osteopenia in the rat was associated with defective Ca absorption. By giving an oral dose of 1,25(OH)2D3, it was possible to maintain normal Ca absorption during prednisolone treatment and to prevent the bone loss. No significant hypercalcemia or any kidney calcifications were seen. These results are in contrast to earlier findings, in which subcutaneous administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 failed to prevent prednisolone osteopenia because of its tendency to increase bone resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405014
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD) in rat erythrocytes in lead poisoning (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 52 (1983), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead poisoning ; Erythrocytes ; δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase(ALAD) ; Rat ; Porphyrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The well known fact that the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD: EC 4.2.1.24) is reduced in red cells of animals with lead poisoning was found to be upset, by using a modified method of Gibson's original procedure, for determination of activated ALAD activity. The modified method involves addition of 0.2 mM Zn2+ and then preheating the enzyme solution at 60° C for 5 min before following Gibson's original procedure. With this methodological modification, the ALAD activity of erythrocytes of rats poisoned with lead was found increased. Furthermore, the enzyme was purified from the peripheral blood of lead-poisoned rats. ALAD protein in peripheral blood was also determined by single radial immuno diffusion using rabbit anti-serum raised against rat liver ALAD. As the result, the ALAD activity obtained from the modified method was found to be directly proportional to the absolute amount of enzyme proteins determined both by chemically and immunochemically. The modified method for measuring true ALAD content in blood cells in lead poisoning is more reliable than previous ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317977
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoradiographical studies on the localization of metallothionein in proximal tubular cells of the rat kidney (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 53 (1983), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 109Cd-Metallothionein ; 125I-Metallothionein ; Rat ; Kidney ; Light microscopical autoradiography ; Electron microscopical autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The renal distribution of 125I-labelled metallothionein (125I-MT), administered as a tracer dose to female Wistar rats, has been investigated by light and electron microscopical autoradiography. 125I-MT was absorbed rapidly and 80% of the administered dose was observed in the kidney within 60 min after dosing. At 30 min, a high density of silver grains due to 125I, was observed by light microscopy in the convoluted proximal tubules. Electron microscopical autoradiography showed that silver grains were located in large apical vacuoles and cytoplasmic bodies (heterolysosomes) of the endocytotic system in the apical or middle regions of the cells lining convoluted proximal tubules. The results suggest that endocytotic systems are associated with 125I-MT absorption by epithelial cells lining the renal convoluted proximal tubules. The apparent inconsistency on the distribution pattern of silver grains due to 109Cd-labelled MT and 125I-labelled MT in these is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316502
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotoxicity of acrylamide and related compounds in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 54 (1983), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylamide analogues ; Acrylamide ; N-tert-Butylacrylamide ; Crotonamide ; Diacetone acrylamide ; N-Hydroxymethylacrylamide ; N-Isopropylacrylamide ; Methacrylamide ; N-Methylacrylamide ; Neurotoxicity ; Rotarod performance ; Histopathology ; Neurotubulin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurotoxic properties of acrylamide and seven related compounds in rats were studied with regard to the effects on rotarod performance, morphology of nerves and neurotubulin. Compounds used in the present study were acrylamide, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, crotonamide, diacetone acrylamide, and N-tert-butylacrylamide. Animals were given chemicals in their drinking water for 90 days. Deficit of rotarod performance was produced by five compounds; acrylamide, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, methacrylamide, and N-methylacrylamide. Morphological changes in tibial and sural nerves, such as shrinkage and loss of myelinated fibres, myelin retraction, and corrugated myelin sheaths, were observed after treatment with these five compounds. Depression of the [3H]colchicinebinding to neurotubulin (the soluble protein) of sciatic nerves was detected after giving these five compounds. After acrylamide dosing, the depression progressed with time. A significant reduction of the colchicine-binding to neurotubulin was also detected in the spinal cord of both the cervical and the lumbar regions, but neither in the brain nor the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239204
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    The role of compensatory eye and head movements in the rat for image stabilization and gaze orientation (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 96 (1983), S. 54-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optokinetic ; Vestibular ; Nystagmus ; Gaze shift ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Compensatory horizontal eye movements of head restrained rats were compared with compensatory horizontal eye-head movements of partially restrained rats (head movements limited to the horizontal plane). Responses were evoked by constant velocity optokinetic and vestibular stimuli (10–60°/s) and recorded with search coils in a rotating magnetic field. Velocity and position components of eye and head responses were analysed. The velocity gains of optokinetic and vestibular responses of partially restrained and of head restrained rats were similarly high (between 0.8 and 1.0). Eye movements in partially restrained rats also contributed most (about 80%) to the velocity components of the responses. At stimulus velocities above 10°/s, the “beating field” of the evoked optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus was shifted transiently in the direction of ocular quick phases. The amplitude of this shift of the line of sight was about 3–10° in head restrained and about 20–30° in partially head restrained rats. Most of this large, transient gaze shift (about 80%) was accomplished by head movements. We interpret this gaze shift as an orienting response, and conclude that the recruitment of the ocular and the neck motor systems can be independent and task specific: head movements are primarily used to orient eye, ear and nose towards a sector of particular relevance, whereas eye movements provide the higher frequency dynamics for image stabilization and vergence movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230438
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative analysis of the microglial cell reaction in central primary sensory projection territories following peripheral nerve injury in the adult rat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 96 (1983), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsal column nuclei ; Gracile nucleus ; Primary sensory neuron ; Dorsal horn ; Glia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the microglial cell reaction in central nervous system primary sensory projection territories has been examined following peripheral nerve injury in the adult rat using qualitative and quantitative analysis of immunoreactivity with the monoclonal antibody OX-42, which recognises the complement receptor CR3. The regions examined included the gracile nucleus, the column of Clarke and the spinal cord dorsal horn (superficial and deep laminae separately) after unilateral sciatic nerve transection, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus following unilateral infraorbital nerve transection. In all territories examined a qualitative increase in OX-42 immunoreactivity was observed 24 h postlesion. Further, quantitative analysis revealed an exponential development of the OX-42 immunoreactivity, with a peak at one week postlesion, thereafter showing a slow exponential decline. Our results show that the signal (or signals) that induces the microglial cell response in primary sensory projection territories is rapid in comparison to previously described central degenerative changes following peripheral nerve lesions (transganglionic degeneration). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that activated microglia play a pathogenetic role in the development of transganglionic degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230435
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotinic cholinoceptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat nucleus ambiguus (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 96 (1983), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Fast excitatory postsynaptic potential ; Vagal motoneurons ; Cholinergic interneurons ; Oesophagus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rat brainstem slice preparations, intracellular recording from neurons (n = 39) in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (AMBc) revealed spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs; n = 11) that, along with acetylcholine-induced depolarization, were enhanced by physostigmine (10 μM; n = 2) and blocked by dihydro-β-erythroidine 1–5 pmol (n = 4). Retrograde neuronal tracing combined with choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the AMBc receives a projection from a subpopulation of cholinergic neurons in the zona intermedialis reticularis parvicellularis. Electrical stimulation of this region in slices evoked fast EPSPs in AMBc neurons (n = 23) that were inhibited by dihydro-β-erythroidine 2–5 pmol (n = 8), but not by methscopolamine 1 pmol (n = 2). The present findings strongly support the existence of a cholinergic nicotinic synapse mediating fast transmission in brainstem vagal motoneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230441
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a preventive action of the vigilance-promoting drug modafinil against striatal ischemic injury induced by endothelin-1 in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 96 (1983), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Endothelin-1 ; Striatum ; Ischemia ; Microdialysis ; Cerebral blood flow ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the ability of the vigilance-promoting drug modafinil to counteract the ischemic lesion produced by a unilateral microinjection of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the neostriatum of the rat using a combined morphometrical, biochemical, cardiovascular and behavioral analysis. ET-1 was injected unilaterally into the neostriatum. The ET-1-induced lesion volume, which was determined by a computer-assisted morphometrical analysis, was reduced by the 7-day modafinil treatment (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg i.p.) in a dose-related way. Modafinil also produced a dose-related counteraction of the ET-1-induced increase of perfusate lactate levels, as determined by intrastriatal microdialysis without affec ting the ET-1 induced reduction of striatal blood flow, as determined by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The ipsilateral rotational behavior induced by apomorphine in the ET-1-lesioned rats was reduced dose-dependently by modafinil treatment. Thus, morphological, neurochemical, and behavioral evidence that the putative ischemic striatal injury induced by microinjection of ET-1 in the rat neostriatum is counteracted in a dose-dependent way by modafinil treatment has been obtained. The mechanism does not appear to involve an increase in striatal blood flow. It is instead speculated that its powerful preventive action in striatal ischemic injury may be related to a reduced anaerobic metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230442
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    An electrophysiological study of descending projections to the lumbar spinal cord in adult male rats (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 96 (1983), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus ; Lateral vestibular nucleus ; Gigantocellular reticular nucleus ; Lumbar spinal cord ; Field potential analysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent anatomical evidence suggests that descending projections from the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVe) and gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) innervate areas of the lumbar spinal cord near the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). To confirm this finding electrophysiologically, we recorded and mapped averaged field potentials within the lumbar spinal cord of male rats in response to electrical stimulation of the LVe or Gi and compared these with the location of averaged field potentials evoked at the same levels by stimulation of SNB axons in the bulbocavernosus (BC) nerve. Stimulation of the LVe or the Gi produced negative field potentials that were largest at sites 200–450 μm dorsolateral to SNB somata. In an attempt to verify that this region innervates SNB motoneurons, the BC motor nerve volley was recorded in response to microstimulation at various depths within the spinal cord. Stimulation of sites dorsolateral and lateral to the SNB somata elicited volleys in the BC nerve that had two components. The onset latency of the earlier component was similar to the antidromic latency of SNB motoneurons to BC nerve stimulation, and the threshold for eliciting this component was lowest at sites in the electrode track near SNB somata. Thus, the earlier component may be evoked by direct stimulation of the SNB motoneurons. The threshold for evoking the later component was lowest at the sites 230–380 μm dorsolateral to SNB somata, suggesting that this component involves activation of other neurons. These results indicate that the LVe and Gi may modulate the activity of SNB motoneurons through interneurons located in a region several hundred microns away from SNB somata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230445
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of exogenous glucagon on gastric acid secretion, mucosal blood flow, and stress ulcers in the rat: Dose-response results under non-stress conditions and immobilization stress (1983)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 182 (1983), S. 245-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Glucagon ; Rat ; Gastric secretion ; Ulcers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In non-stressed rats and rats stressed by immobilization, gastric secretion (acid, pepsin), mucosal blood flow (MBF), stress ulcers as well as glucose, insulin, and glucagon in blood were studied during 8 h, with and without additional infusion of exogenous glucagon (0.2, 1.4, 9.8 µg/kg/h). Metabolic clearance of glucagon and the disappearance half-time of exogenous glucagon from blood do not differ during zero stress and stress, a fact that favors the assumption of hypersecretion of glucagon as the cause of stress hyperglucagonemia. During stress alone acid secretion (volume, acidity) and MBF are lower than during zero stress; pepsin remains unchanged. Under zero stress condition additionally administered glucagon inhibits pepsin and MBF, but not acid secretion, in a dose-dependent manner. The ulcer index increased without changing the severity of ulcers. During stress the intermediate and highest glucagon doses stimulate MBF and pepsin secretion, other variables remaining unchanged. It is concluded that glucagon effects on functions of the gastric mucosa in the rat vary fundamentally, depending upon the environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01851714
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the stimulus-response curve for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (1983)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 398 (1983), S. 93-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Pulmonary circulation ; Hypoxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lungs from seven healthy female, sea level rats were perfused and ventilated in vitro. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was stimulated by changing the inspired gas from 21% oxygen to 6, 4, 3 or 0% oxygen (all gases contained 5% carbon dioxide and balance nitrogen). A sigmoid stimulus-response curve was derived by probit analysis with a 50% of maximum response (ED50) at an oxygen tension of 3.49±0.17 kPa. It is suggested that such characterizations of the response to hypoxia may allow a more precise comparison of the effects of species, age, sex and drugs on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581054
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Topographical distribution of the secretin- and VIP-stimulated adenylate cyclase system in the heart of five animal species (1983)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 397 (1983), S. 100-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Secretin ; Glucagon ; d,l-Isoproterenol ; Receptors ; Adenylate cyclase ; Heart (atria and ventricles) ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Rabbit ; Dog ; Monkey (Cynomolgus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adenylate cylase stimulation by secretin and VIP was compared to the effect of glucagon,d,l-isoproterenol, Gpp[[NH]p, and NaF in atria and ventricles from rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog and Cynomolgus monkey. In rat ventricular membranes, secretin was a better stimulant than VIP and was as active asd,l-isoproterenol. In rat auricular membranes both peptides were inactive. In guinea pig and rabbit heart membranes (ventricular and auricular) VIP and secretin were inactive. In dog and monkey atria, VIP stimulation of adenylate cyclase was comparable to that ofd,l-isoproterenol, secretin being inactive. In dog ventricules, VIP was less efficient thand,l-isoproterenol, secretin being inactive. In monkey ventricles, by contrast, VIP was slightly more efficient thand,l-isoproterenol, secretin having a small effect only in left ventricles. The present results established a clear difference between animal species with respect to the efficacy of the peptides of the secretin/VIP family: the presence of “secretin-preferring” receptors in rat heart contrasted with the presence of “VIP-preferring” receptors in dog and monkey heart. Our results in dog and monkey hearts suggest that VIP might be a candidate for a physiological control of heart function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582046
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of attenuated vaccinia virus AS strain on N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric cancer in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 105 (1983), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Attentuated vaccinia virus AS strain ; N-Methyl-N′-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine ; Stomach cancer ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of vaccinia virus on MNNG-induced gastric cancer in rats was studied. Subcutaneous inoculation of the highly attenuated vaccinia virus AS strain at intervals of 3 days from the beginning of the experiment showed prominent antitumor activity not only against adenocarcinoma induced by MNNG in the glandular stomach but also against squamous cell carcinoma in the forestomach. Both UV-inactivated vaccinia virus and the DI strain of mammalian pathogenic vaccinia virus, from which the AS strain originated, showed no antitumor effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406921
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preputial tumors induced by intragastric intubations of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in gonadectomized female and male rats (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 105 (1983), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Preputial gland ; 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of administrations of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene given at biweekly intervals by gastric intubation to gonadectomized rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain elicited a considerable number of preputial tumors. The tumors commonly consisted of solid and cystic parts with a wide variety of histologic features and were classified as adenomas, carcinomas, and malignant mixed tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395762
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenoceptor-mediated effects of optically active catecholimidazolines in pithed rat (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 323 (1983), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Stereoisomers ; Enantiomers ; Imidazolines ; Rat ; pithed ; Adrenoceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenoceptor-mediated effects of the enantiomers of the optically active imidazoline, 2-(3,4,α-trihydroxybenzyl)imidazoline, and the corresponding desoxy derivative, 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)imidazoline, have been investigated in the pithed rat. The enantiomers and desoxy derivative were potent pressor agents with a direct action mediated predominantly via postsynaptic vascular α2-adrenoceptor. These compounds were significantly less potent at presynaptic α2-adrenoceptor in rat heart. The rank order of potency for the two enantiomers and desoxy derivative at postsynaptic vascular α1- and presynaptic cardiac α2-adrenoceptor in pithed rat were: desoxy≥R(−) 〉(+), consistent with our previous findings in vitro. This order of potency is not in agreement with the rank order of R(−)〉S(+)=desoxy which is predicted by the Easson-Stedman Hypothesis. The β-adrenoceptor-mediated chronotropic and β-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodepressor effects of these imidazolines were also investigated in pithed rat and found to be weaker than either the α1- or α2-adrenoceptor-mediated effects. However, the rank order of potency of the enantiomers and corresponding desoxy derivative for β1- and β2-adrenoceptor-mediated effects was found to be similar to that order predicted by the Easson-Stedman Hypothesis. Studies with these optically active imidazoline enantiomers and corresponding desoxy derivativative indicate that quantitative as well as qualitative differences exist in the stereochemical requirements of α- and β-adrenoceptor. The results also support our previous observations which suggest that phenethylamines and imidazolines may interact differently with α-adrenoceptor since the former adhere strictly to the Easson-Stedman Hypothesis whereas the latter do not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497667
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beta-adrenoceptors in the rat kidney (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 324 (1983), S. 94-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Kidney ; Immunohistochemistry ; β-Blocker antibodies ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The direct histochemical detection of β-blocker binding sites was studied in sections of rat kidney using an immunohistochemical technique developed in our laboratory. Frozen sections of rat kidney were incubated in a solution of (-)alprenolol, washed, exposed to fluorescent (-)alprenolol antibodies (FAA) and then observed at a fluorescence microscope. Strong fluorescence was found within the wall of renal artery and vein, but primarly in the artery. At the level of blood vessels(-)alprenolol binding sites were located chiefly in the media and in the intima. The renal glomerulus, the loop of Henle and collecting tubules appear to be free of any fluorescence. Consequently they do not have β-adrenoceptors. On the contrary, the glomerular afferent and afferent arterioles, the cellular elements of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, are rich in (-)alprenolol binding sites. At higher magnifications the immunoreactivity appears to be located in the basal membrane of cellular elements which indicates that (-)alprenolol binding sites are membrane receptors. The direct immunohistochemical detection of β-blocker binding sites in the kidney may offer useful information concerning the site of action of β-blockers at the level of an important target organ for this class of drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497013
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular protein leakage in various tissues induced by substance P, capsaicin, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine and by antigen challenge (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 324 (1983), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Plasma extravasation ; Substance P ; Capsaicin ; Anaphylaxis ; Histamine ; Bradykinin ; Serotonin ; Rat ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Plasma extravasation was induced in rats or guinea-pigs by intravenous injections of (1) substance P (SP), (2) the C-terminal SP-hexapeptide SP(6-11), (3) serotonin (5-HT), (4) histamine, (5) bradykinin, (6) capsaicin and (7) by antigen challenge. 2. Plasma extravasation induced by SP, SP(6-11), by 5-HT and by capsaicin was, with few exceptions, observed in the same tissues. The effect of SP was not blocked by H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists. The effect of i.v. capsaicin was absent in capsaicin desensitized animals. Plasma extravasation upon i.v. SP, SP(6-11), 5-HT and capsaicin was seen in the skin and in all organs containing mucous membranes except the intestinal mucosa. 3. Plasma extravasation by histamine, bradykinin, and antigen challenge of sensitized guinea-pigs was, in addition, also observed in the stomach and intestine. Plasma extravasation and bronchoconstriction by antigen challenge with 20μg/kg ovalbumin was completely blocked by combined H1 and H2 histamine receptor blockade. Both responses were reduced to about the half capsaicin desensitized guinea-pigs, although the reduction of the permeability response was statistically not significant in all organs. 4. In conclusion, several substances including anaphylaxis induce protein leakage in many tissues with differing selective distribution patterns. Anaphylactic histamine release leads to protein leakage partly via activation of sensory neurons. SP is a likely mediator of neurogenic protein leakage in many organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503897
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of a 125I-substance P derivative binding to synaptosomes from various brain structures and the spinal cord of the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 324 (1983), S. 134-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Substance P receptors ; 125I-BHSP binding ; Synaptosomes ; Brain structures ; Spinal cord ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using crude synaptosomal fractions (P2 fractions) and 125I-Bolton and Hunter substance P (125I-BHSP) as a ligand, the characteristics of specific binding sites were examined in various brain structures and in the spinal cord (dorsal and ventral parts) of the rat. Scatchard plots revealed the occurrence of a single class of binding sites in the various structures studied with comparable K d values (from 0.46 to 1.10 nmol/l in the brain and 0.51, 0.56 nmol/l in the spinal cord dorsal and ventral parts respectively) and of marked differences in the number of binding sites (Bmax) (septum 〉 striatum 〉 hippocampus, hypothalamus 〉 mesencephalon 〉 cerebral cortex and dorsal part of the spinal cord 〉 ventral part). In the brain no correlation was found between the number of 125I-BHSP binding sites and the amount of substance P levels (substance P-like immunoreactivity) in synaptosomes, particularly in the hippocampus and the substantia nigra since the former structure was characterized by its low substance P content and its high number of binding sites and the reverse was observed in the substantia nigra. The ability of several C- and N-terminal fragments of substance P and of tachykinins to compete with 125I-BHSP binding to synaptosomes from the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the dorsal part of the spinal cord was then determined. Results obtained were closely similar from one structure to another and comparable to those previously reported using whole brain synaptosomes. Although the presence of various types of central substance P receptors cannot be excluded, the present results indicate that only one class of sites can be demonstrated using 125I-BHSP as a ligand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497019
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ventilatory response to hypoxia in the anesthetized rat (1983)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 396 (1983), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoxic ventilatory response ; Progressive hypoxia test ; Isocapnic condition ; Carotid chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hypoxic ventilatory response of the anesthetized rat was measured using a progressive hypoxia test whilst end-tidalP CO 2 was maintained at a constant level. The ventilatory response to hypoxia was expressed by the equation, $$\dot V_E = \dot V_O + A/(Pa_{O_2 } - C)$$ ( $$\dot V_E$$ , total ventilation in 1 BTPS ·min−1;Pa O 2, arterialP O 2 in mm Hg). The hypoxic ventilatory drive,A, averaged 4.1±2.5 l · min−1 · mm Hg (mean±SD), from which a value of 252 l · min−1 · mm Hg was calculated on the basis of appropriate allometric relationships, for a 70 kg body mass. This value is higher than those reported for the anesthetized dog and for human subjects. When end-tidalP O 2 was gradually decreased from hyperoxia to normoxia, a significant increased in $$\dot V_E$$ due to an increase in breathing frequency was observed, suggesting that the ventilation of the rat is maintained by a considerable ‘hypoxic drive’ even in normoxia. Furthermore, hypoxic ventilatory depression occurred at a relatively higherPa O 2 level (45–60 mm Hg) than in other species. Thus, in the rat, the ventilation vs. end-tidalP O 2 curve is shifted to the right compared to other species. After section of the carotid sinus nerve, the hypoxic drive (A) was reduced to 11%, indicating that almost all the ventilatory drive of hypoxia was mediated by the carotid chemoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615516
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fasting on the hypoxia-induced erythropoietin production in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 396 (1983), S. 174-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Erythropoietin ; Erythropoiesis ; Hypoxia ; Nutrition ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to test the hypothesis that the early cessation of erythropoietin (Ep) production during hypobaric hypoxia is induced by lowered food intake, we have compared the plasma Ep titer of rats after exposure to continuous hypoxia (42.6 kPa 2259 700 m altitude) for 4 days with that in fed or fasted rats after exposure to discontinuous hypoxia. We found that plasma Ep was rather low after 4 days of continuous hypoxia. However, the Ep titer significantly rose again, when rats were maintained normoxic for 18 h and then exposed to repeated hypoxia for 6 h. Because this was also found in rats which were deprived of food during the normoxic interval and the second hypoxic period, we conclude that the fall of the Ep titer during continuous hypoxia is not primarily due to reduced food intake. In addition, our findings show that fasting per se lowers the Ep-response to hypoxia in normal rats but not exhypoxic rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615522
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Time course of rat motility response to apomorphine: A simple model for studying preferential blockade of brain dopamine receptors mediating sedation (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine receptors ; Apomorphine ; Neuroleptics ; Haloperidol ; Sulpiride isomers ; Motility ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present work proposes a simple behavioral method for studying the ability of certain neuroleptics to block preferentially dopamine receptors subserving sedation. The model is based on the temporally biphasic motor response induced in rats by a single critical dose of apomorphine. It was chosen from a preliminary apomorphine dose-response study which showed that the same doses between 6.25 and 625 μg/kg affected rat motility differently according to whether the animals were “naive” or “familiarized” to the apparatus for 90 min before administering the drug. When the motility response of naive rats to 300 μg/kg of apomorphine was recorded immediately after SC injection, an initial (1–5 min) inhibition and a subsequent (20–45 min) stimulation of motility were obtained. (-)-Sulpiride (1.25–50 mg/kg) was found to be approximately 6-fold more effective in counteracting the apomorphine inhibition than stimulation of locomotion. Haloperidol (0.005–0.1 mg/kg) incompletely antagonized apomorphine inhibition and markedly blocked stimulation, which suggests that it has no preferential activity on dopamine receptors subserving sedation. The results were in accordance with those obtained by other authors with different paradigms, and indicated that the time course of the rat motility response to a single dose of apomorphine may constitute a useful model for detecting selective influences on different dopamine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427264
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  • 54
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    Reduction of nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase in rats with neuroleptic-induced oral dyskinesia (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Oral dyskinesia ; Chronic neuroleptic ; Vacuous chewing movements ; Movement disorder ; Tardive dyskinesia ; Nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase ; Striato-nigral GABA-ergic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Following eight monthly haloperidol decanoate injections rats showed an increased rate of vacuous chewing movements (VCM's), which gradually disappeared within 4 drug-free months. Another single dose of non-decanoate haloperidol reinstated a second increase in VCM rate which was still significant after 2 months. The glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in the substantia nigra of these chronically haloperidol-treated rats was lower than untreated controls. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between individual VCM rates and nigral GAD activity. No corresponding changes occurred in other brain regions. The depression of nigral GAD may reflect a reduced tissue density of GABA-ergic axon terminals within the descending striato-nigral pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427260
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    Ethanol and tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids do not produce narcotic discriminative stimulus effects (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 224-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Discriminative stimulus ; Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Ethanol ; Tetrahydropapaveroline ; Salsolinol ; 3-Carboxysalsolinol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two lever food-reinforced procedure to discriminate between the effects of saline and the synthetic narcotic analgestic fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg). After acquisition of this discrimination, generalization tests with morphine, ethanol and some tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids were conducted. The rats dose-dependently generalized the effect of morphine but did not generalize the effects of either ethanol, tetrahydropapaveroline, salsolinol or 3-carboxysalsolinol to the fentanyl discriminative stimulus. Thus, these data do not support a biochemical link between ethanol and opiates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427266
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    Behavioural and biochemical effects in the adult rat after prolonged postnatal administration of clozapine (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Postnatal treatment ; Clozapine ; Apomorphine ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Locomotion ; Learning ; HVA ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were administered 10 mg/kg SC of clozapine (C) or vehicle solution (S) daily from day 1 after birth until 20 days of age. At 60 days of age (40 days after the postnatal treatment with C or S was interrupted) the stereotyped behaviour and the effects on locomotor activity elicited by apomorphine in S-and C-pretreated rats were investigated. The intensity of stereotyped behaviour as well as the decrement in locomotion induced by apomorphine (0.5–1 mg/kg SC) were not influenced by chronic C administration during development. Finally, at 80 days of age (60 days after the postnatal treatment with C or S was interrupted) rats were subjected to a differential reinforcement of low rates schedule (DRL15s). The results indicate that the acquisition of the DRL task performance criterion (Rs/Rf≤2.5) was significantly more rapid in S-pretreated rats than in C-pretreated ones. In parallel biochemical experiments, homovanillic acid (HVA) content was measured in striatum in rats at 60 days of age (40 days after the postnatal treatment with C or S was interrupted). The results indicate that even if an acute challenge dose of 10 mg/kg C shows a certain degree of tolerance a single dose of 20 mg/kg C is still able to increase striatal HVA concentration in chronic C-pretreated animals. These data indicate that early postnatal administration of a non-cataleptogenic neuroleptic, like C, induces, in the adult rat, behavioural and biochemical changes which significantly differ from those elicited by a cataleptogenic neuroleptic, like haloperidol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427270
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    Regional calcium levels in rat and mouse brain: automated fluorimetric assay and effects of centrally acting drugs (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ca2+ ; Brain Ca2+ ; Lithium ; Kainic acid ; Cold stress ; Sleep deprivation ; Antidepressants ; Neuroleptics ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Ethanol ; Reserpine ; Tetrodotoxine ; Mercaptopropionic acid ; Pentobarbital ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abtract The effects of several drugs and other treatments on the regional levels of Ca2+ in the brain of mice and rats were determined with an automated assay, based on the formation of a fluorescent calcein complex in a continuous flow system. The method is linear (between 1.5 and 5 μg Ca2+ ml-1), specific (no other cations present in the brain showed fluorescence) and sensitive (10–100 mg brain tissue can be analyzed). No major effects with the following drugs, given once or repeatedly to mice at high doses were found: morphine, naloxone, haloperidol, sulpiride, chlordiazepoxide, reserpine, ethanol, mercaptopropionic acid, or pentobarbital. Cold stress produced a transient increase in the regional levels of Ca2+ in the mouse brain. Lithium sulphate produced a small increase of brain Ca2+ 24 h after a high and toxic dose. Sleep deprivation for 24 h was ineffective in these experiments. Local application of kainic acid and tetrodotoxine to the rat striatum had no acute effects, but kainic acid produced a five to tenfold increase in the levels of striatal Ca2+ 2 weeks after injection. The present study does not support earlier published findings, which suggested that several behaviourally active drugs produce significant decreases of brain Ca2+. Morever, it provides no evidence that the several therapeutic treatments that resulted in changes in body fluid Ca2+ also alter cerebral levels of Ca2+. On the other hand, the present data do suggest that damage to nervous tissue substantially influences Ca2+ metabolism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427562
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    Chronic elevation of brain GABA by γ-vinyl GABA treatment does not alter the sensitivity of GABAergic or dopaminergic receptors in rat CNS (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: GABA-T inhibitors ; Neuroleptics ; [3H] GABA binding ; [3H] Spiperone binding ; Tardive dyskinesia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat brain GABA levels were elevated chronically by daily administration of γ-vinyl GABA, an enzyme-activated, irreversible inhibitor of GABA:2-oxo-gluaarate aminotransferase (GABA-T; EC 2.6.1.19). Following various periods of drug treatment and withdrawal, the sensitivity of dopamine and GABA receptors in the CNS was determined by biochemical and behavioral evaluations. In contrast to chronic haloperidol treatment, none of the treatment schedules with γ-vinyl GABA had any significant effect on parameters such as apomorphine induced locomotor activity, [3H] spiperone binding or dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the corpus striatum; nor did γ-vinyl GABA treatment affect [3H] GABA binding or GABA-activated [3H] diazepam binding in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, co-administration of γ-vinyl GABA and haloperidol did not alter the ability of the neuroleptic to induce supersensitivity in the striatal dopaminergic system. Thus, it appears that, in contrast to reported studies using chronic administration of other less specific GABA-T inhibitors such as γ-acetylenic GABA, amino-oxyacetic acid and isonicotinic acid hydrazide or direct GABA agonists such as THIP (4,5,5,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo (5,4-c-)-pyridin-3-ol) or kojic amine, γ-vinyl GABA does not alter the sensitivity of the striatal dopaminergic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427799
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    Cholinergic manipulation of perioral behaviour induced by chronic neuroleptic administration to rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Perioral responses ; Cholinergic agents ; Tardive dyskinesia ; Acute dystonic reactions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats treated continuously for 4 months with haloperidol (1.4–1.6 mg/kg/day), trifluoperazine (4.5–5.1 mg/kg/day), or sulpiride (102–110 mg/kg/day), but not clozapine (23–26 mg/kg/day), exhibited an increased frequency of chewing jaw movements. Chewing in both control and haloperidol-treated rats was increased by acute administration of the cholinergic agents pilocarpine or physostigmine. Physostigmine or pilocarpine also induced abnormal gaping jaw movements; physostigmine-induced gaping was more prevalent in haloperidol-treated rats than control rats receiving physostigmine alone. Acute administration of the anticholinergic agents scopolamine and atropine decreased chewing in control animals and reduced haloperidol-induced chewing to control values or below. The effects of these cholinergic manipulations suggest that neuroleptic-induced perioral responses in rats do not resemble tardive dyskinesia in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427817
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    Reversal of reserpine-induced ptosis in the mouse by α-adrenoceptor-agonists (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ptosis ; Reserpine ; B-HT 920 ; B-HT 933 ; Clonidine ; α-Adrenoceptors ; Methoxamine ; Phenylephrine ; Norepinephrine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relative potency and selectivity of the α-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine, B-HT 920 [2-amino-6-allyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo-(5,4-d)-azepin], B-HT 933 [2-amino-6-ethyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-6H-oxazolo-(5,4-d)-azepin], norepinephrine, phenylephrine and methoxamine were examined using reserpine-induced ptosis in male NMRI mice. Reserpine (2.5 mg/kg, IP) was administered 4 h before IP injection of the α-adrenoceptor agonists, and for interaction studies, various doses of yohimbine or prazosin were injected IP, 15 min before injection of the α-adrenoceptor agonists (in doses equivalent to their ED50 values). All α-adrenoceptor agonists produced dose-related reversal of ptosis with effects that were maximal about 15–30 min after injection. Comparison of ED50 values for agents with predominantly α 2-agonist activity indicated that clonidine was about 24 times more potent than B-HT 920 and about 580 times more potent than B-HT 933 in reversing ptosis. For substances with pronounced, or predominant, α 1-agonist activity, phenylephrine was about 1.5 times more potent than methoxamine and about 3 times more potent than norepinephrine in reversing ptosis. The ratio of equi-effective doses of B-HT 920/methoxamine (α 1/α 2 importance) in reversing reserpine-induced ptosis was about 2.0, indicating that α 1-adrenoceptors played a predominant role. The α 1-antagonist prazosin antagonized the effects of norepinephrine, phenylephrine, methoxamine and clonidine with similar potency, but was much less effective against the more selective α 2-agonists B-HT 920 and B-HT 933. Yohimbine, on the other hand, was a more potent antagonist of the effects of predominantly α 2-agonists than of predominantly α 1-agonists. On the basis of these results, methoxamine appears to be the most selective α 1-agonist, and B-HT 920 and B-HT 933 exhibit the greatest selectivity for interaction with α 2-adrenoceptors. Although reversal of reserpine-induced ptosis is not selective for α 1- or α 2-adrenoceptors agonists in the mouse, this test might be useful for comparing the relative potencies of α-adrenoceptor agonists as well as for providing an indication of their relative degree of selectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436162
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    The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on salbutamol-induced hypoactivity in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 355-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; Chronic treatment ; Salbutamol ; Hypoactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several lines of evidence (binding studies, reduced responsiveness of brain adenylate cyclase to noradrenergic stimulation, electrophysiological data) indicate that chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs induces subsensitivity of central β-adrenergic receptors. We studied the effect of acute (single dose) and chronic (14 days, twice daily) treatment with imipramine, desmethylimipramine, amitriptyline, fluvoxamine and citalopram (10 mg/kg, orally) on salbutamol-induced suppression of exploratory activity in rats. This effect of salbutamol was antagonized by chronic, but not acute treatment with antidepressants. Chronic treatment with antidepressants as a rule did not significantly affect exploratory activity. Our results may be regarded as functional evidence at the behavioural level for the subsensitivity of β-adrenergic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432120
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    Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of prostaglandin D2 on behaviour, blood pressure and body temperature as compared to prostaglandins E2 and F2α (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins D2, E2, F2α ; Intracerebroventricular administration ; Convulsions ; Blood pressure ; Body temperature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present work examined some central nervous actions of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is the most prevalent prostaglandin in rodentorain. The effects of PGD2 were compared with those of PGE2 and PGF2α. The prostaglandins were administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) to conscious rats using the method of Herman (1970). All three prostaglandins studied produced depressive behavioral effects, causing obvious sedation at doses of 2.0 μg and 20.0 μg ICV. PGD2 and PGE2 significantly reduced spontaneous motor activity at doses of 2.0 μg and 20.0 μg ICV. PGF2α was less effective; only 20.0 μg significantly inhibited motor activity. At a dose of 20.0 μg ICV all three compounds were shown to block convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol. PGD2, the most effective prostaglandin in this respect, was still slightly anticonvulsive at a dose of 2.0 μg ICV. PGF2α hat the weakest anticonvulsive potency. PGE2 and PGF2α (2.0 μg and 20.0 μg ICV) caused a marked hypertensive effect, whereas PGD2 at the same dose levels only produced a small increase in blood pressure. PGE2 and PGF2α (2.0 μg and 20.0 μg) also exerted marked pyrogenic actions. The effects of PGD2 on body temperature were variable. When given at a dose of 20.0 μg ICV, it caused slight hyperthermia whereas a lower dose (2.0 μg ICV) induced a moderate fall in body temperature. These findings suggest a relationship between the actions of the different prostaglandins on blood pressure and body temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432122
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    Functional supersensitivity to adrenergic agonists in the rat after DSP-4, a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DSP-4 ; Norepinephrine depletion ; Receptor supersensitivity ; α2 Receptor ; β Receptor ; Functional supersensitivity ; Adrenergic agonists ; Clonidine ; Clenbuterol ; Exploratory behavior ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats treated with DSP-4 [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine], a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin, showed no differences compared to control rats in the number of head dips, a measure of exploratory behavior. Since a previous neurochemical investigation had demonstrated that DSP-4 rats have supersensitive α2 and β-adrenergic receptors in certain regions of the central nervous system, the behavior of these animals was also examined after the injection of clonidine, an α2 agonist, and clenbuterol, a β agonist. These drugs reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the head-dipping of both control and DSP-4 rats. However, this effect was of greater magnitude in DSP-4 animals. Control experiments suggested that the response to clonidine and clenbuterol was mediated centrally by α2 and β receptors, respectively. Other behavioral experiments with agonists of the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems indicated that these neurotransmitter systems were unchanged in DSP-4 animals. The results are discussed in terms of the selective action of DSP-4 and the responsiveness of DSP-4 rats to adrenergic agonists. The DSP-4-treated rat may constitute a new model of functional supersensitivity to adrenergic agonists.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439263
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    The role of dopaminergic receptors in the behavioral effects induced by lisuride in male rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lisuride ; DA-receptors ; Penile erection ; Stretching and yawning ; Behavior ; Dopaminergic antagonists ; Methysergide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lisuride increased the incidence of stretching and yawning (SY) as well as of penile erection (PE) and elicited stereotyped behavior (SB), aggressive behavior and mounting in male rats, depending on the dose used. SY was prevented by two dopaminergic antagonists, haloperidol and sulpiride, but not by methysergide, a serotoninergic antagonist, while PE was antagonized by all three drugs. With regard to SB, aggressive behavior and mounting, all three were suppressed by haloperidol; sulpiride, while partially antagonizing aggressiveness, failed to affect SB and mounting; methysergide did not significantly influence any of the three. This suggests that lisuride principally affects the dopaminergic system. Although further detailed studies are required to elucidate which type of the complex population of DA-receptors is involved in each kind of behavior, we suggest that SY at least is due to the activation by lisuride of presynaptic DA-receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427492
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    Increased response switching, perseveration and perseverative switching following d-amphetamine in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Stereotypy ; Locomotor activity ; Switching ; Perseveration ; Attention ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four experiments examined the effects of d-amphetamine on response switching and perseveration in apparatus allowing a choice of response location. The relative ‘cost’ of a switch between two response locations and repetitive responding at a single location by rats was manipulated in the various test settings to provide baseline probabilities of switching. d-Amphetamine (0.2–2.3 mg/kg) increased response switching. This effect did not depend on switching being necessary to produce reinforcement and was not explained by increases in locomotor activity, motivational change or randomisation of responding. Further evidence was provided in support of a ‘probability-dependency’ hypothesis, that the effect of the drug depends in part upon the baseline probability of a response. A measure of perseveration independent of response switching (extra responses made prior to the collection of food) showed that increased switching and increased perseveration occurred in the same situation at the same doses, although perseveration generally occurred at higher doses than increased switching. Therefore the effect of amphetamine on response switching or repetition depends on the dose of drug, the context of the response and its probability of occurrence under control conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427498
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    Sex-linked differences in avoidance learning in the offspring of rats treated with nicotine during pregnancy (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 93-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Avoidance learning ; Behavioral teratology ; Sex-linked difference ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The offspring of rats treated with nicotine (0.5 mg/kg/day SC) on days 1–20 of gestation, were trained for active avoidance conditioning when 60 days old. Although learning was similar in both control groups of males and females, nicotine exposure during fetal life improved learning in females but reduced it in males, the difference between these two groups being statistically significant from day 17 until the end of the training period (day 25).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427504
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    The effect of the enantiomers of 3-PPP on conditioned avoidance responding in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 14-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 3-PPP ; 3-PPP Enantiomers ; Dopamine autoreceptor ; Dopamine postsynaptic receptors ; Avoidance ; Escape ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the enantiomers of 3-PPP on the maintenance of conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) were studied. The weak classical dopamine (DA) agonist (+)-3-PPP failed to interfere with CAR at any dose tested (0.8–13.6 mg/kg). Low doses of the drug produced sedation, while high doses produced behavioural stimulation. (-)-3-PPP, which acts as an antagonist on postsynaptic and as an agonist on autoreceptor DA sites, reduced avoidance with no effect on escape behaviour (6.8–13.6 mg/kg). However, this reduction of CAR occurred at doses much higher than those previously demonstrated to inhibit locomotor activity. This profile is discussed in relation to the behavioural effects of classical postsynaptic DA receptor antagonists.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439266
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    Reduction of 3H-spiroperidol binding in rat striatum and frontal cortex by chronic amphetamine: Dose response, time course and role of sustained dopamine release (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic amphetamine ; DA receptors ; 5-HT receptors ; 3H-spiroperidol binding ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After 5 days of continuous treatment with d-amphetamine base in doses greater than 0.5 mg/kg/h maintained by subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps, specific binding of 3H-spiroperidol was reduced in rat striatum and frontal cortex as previously reported. These effects were dose-dependent at lower doses of amphetamine, whereas with higher doses an apparent ceiling for the reduction in binding was reached at approximately 70% of control values. Similarly, increasing the exposure time to amphetamine for up to 14 days only slightly augmented the reduction in 3H-spiroperidol binding already present after 5 days of treatment. In rats treated for 5 days with amphetamine, concomitant treatment with the dopamine (DA) synthesis inhibitor α-methyl-p-tyrosine prevented the decrease in 3H-binding in corpus striatum, and attenuated the decrease in frontal cortex. Furthermore, in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal DA tract, 5 days of chronic amphetamine had no significant effect on 3H-spiroperidol binding in the denervated striatal tissue. Since a major effect of amphetamine is to release DA from nerve terminals, these results indicate that the reduction of DA receptors by chronic amphetamine in the striatum is mediated by sustained release of DA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439279
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    Early postnatal chlordiazepoxide administration: Permanent behavioural effects in the mature rat and possible involvement of the GABA-benzodiazepine system (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Postnatal treatment ; Long term behavioural and biochemical effects ; GABA-benzodiazepine receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The long term behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic chlordiazepoxide treatment during the period of neuronal maturation in the rat have been investigated. The administration to lactating mothers of chlordiazepoxide at very low doses (0.22 and 2.6 mg/kg) in their drinking water affects both behavioural and biochemical parameters in offspring at 60 days of age and undrugged since weaning. A deficit in the acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response in treated rats was observed, although no significant difference in spontaneous locomotor activity between control and treated rats was found. 3H-Flunitrazepam binding sites in cerebral cortex and hippocampus were decreased by the treatment, whereas no change was detected in cerebellum. Moreover, 3H-muscimol binding sites increased in hippocampus with no changes in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. According to the different regional distribution of benzodiazepine type 1 and type 2 receptors, we suggest that type 2 receptors are selectively affected by the treatment, and that the GABA ergic receptor system is also permanently altered by administration of chlordiazepoxide during early postnatal life.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427275
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    Dipropylacetate-induced quasi-morphine abstinence behaviour in the rat: Suppression by α2-Adrenoceptor stimulation (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; α2-Agonists ; Quasi-morphine abstinence behaviour ; Dipropylacetate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The anti-withdrawal effect of clonidine was studied using quasi-morphine abstinence behaviour induced by dipropylacetate (DPA) in naive rats. Clonidine potently suppressed body shakes and locomotor activity (ID50 30 and 40 μg/kg IP respectively). Phenoxybenzamine and prazosine did not antagonize the anti-withdrawal effect of clonidine, whereas piperoxane and yohimbine were effective with respect to locomotor activity and a total abstinence score. Piperoxane also reversed the suppressive action of clonidine on body shakes. Other α2-agonists (guanfacine, azepexole and BHT 920) also suppressed DPA-induced behaviour, whereas the lipophilic α1-agonist ST-587 had such an effect only at high doses. The relative potencies of the α2-agonists correlated well with their potency to exert other α1-adrenoceptor mediated actions such as blood pressure lowering and sedation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427276
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    Enhanced behavioral response to nicotine in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 272-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Senile dementia ; Nicotine ; Amphetamine ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of rats received either kainic acid or vehicle in the ventral pallidum or no operation, and were then tested in photocell activity cages following recovery from surgery. Locomotor activity was measured following injections of saline nicotine (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (0.5, 0.1 mg/kg). The lesioned rats showed an enhanced locomotor response after injections of nicotine compared with sham operated or unoperated controls. In contrast, both lesioned and control rats showed increased activity after amphetamine; this effect was not influenced by the lesion. Since these lesions are known to produce neurochemical and cellular changes resembling those seen in human Alzheimer's disease, this increased response to nicotine might also be found in Alzheimer's patients and serve as the basis for a diagnostic test.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427277
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    Functional tolerance to lorazepam in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 292-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepine ; Tolerance ; Lorazepam ; Barbiturate ; Sedation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the tolerance that develops to the sedative action of lorazepam was investigated using a holeboard apparatus. Rats treated with lorazepam (0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) once daily for 3 days showed similar degrees of tolerance to the effects of a test dose of 0.25 mg/kg lorazepam. Tolerance was also observed in animals treated once every 2 days with lorazepam (0.50 mg/kg). Measurement of the plasma and brain concentrations of lorazepam immediately after the behavioural test showed that this tolerance was functional and not dispositional. In contrast, the behavioural effects of lorazepam were not reduced as a result of 3 days of treatment with a sedative dose of sodium pentobarbitone (20 mg/kg), although this led to lower brain concentrations of lorazepam at the time of testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427565
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    Memory and the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Scopolamine ; Hippocampus ; Working memory ; Delayed alternation ; Reference memory ; Visual discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effects of intrahippocampal injections of scopolamine (a muscarinic antagonist drug) on performance of a working-memory task (contingently) reinforced T-maze alternation) and a reference-memory task (visual discrimination) by the same rats in the same maze. Rats in the first shipment were trained in delayed alternation, received bilateral implantation of cannulae aimed at the CA3 field of the dorsal hippocampus, and were tested for retention with 1 μl microinjections of scopolamine (35 μg) and saline on alternate days. These rats were then trained on visual discrimination and tested alternately under scopolamine or saline as described above. It was found that scopolamine impaired performance of delayed alternation to a greater extent than performance of visual discrimination. Data from rats in the second shipment replicated this finding, with the order of the tasks reversed, and, additionally, showed that delayed alternation, but not visual discrimination, was impaired at a dose of 12 μg/μl. A dose of 4 μg/μl had no effect on either task. It is concluded that performance of a workingmemory task is significantly more sensitive to disruption of cholinergic mechanisms in the hippocampus than performance of a reference-memory task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427569
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  • 74
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    Facilitation of diazepam action by anticonvulsant agents against picrotoxin induced convulsions (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 332-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Picrotoxin ; Diazepam-GABA-convulsions ; Phenytoin ; Phenobarbitone ; Clonidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A subeffective dose (2 mg/kg) of diazepam produced only 50% protection against picrotoxin-induced (PTX) convulsions in rats. Simultaneous administration of GABA and other GABA-ergic substances such as piracetam and sidium valproate, which did not have any effect by themselves, potentiated diazepam action. The onset of convulsions and mortality due to PTX were significantly delayed. The other conventional anticonvulsants phenobarbitone, phenytoin and ethosuximide also enhanced the protective effect of diazepam. Inosine, a putative benzodiazepine ligand, also enhanced diazepam action. These observations are explained on the basis of data from in vitro studies indicating that GABA-ergic agents and barbiturates enhance both the number of benzodiazepine binding sites and benzodiazepine binding. The protective effect of clonidine, however, may be mediated by a different mechanism unrelated to the GABA-ergic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427572
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  • 75
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    Methysergide and metergoline reduce morphine analgesia with no effect on the development of tolerance in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 140-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine tolerance ; 5HT ; Metergoline ; Methysergide ; Analgesia ; Nociception ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A single subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg metergoline or 10 mg/kg methysergide, two serotonin antagonists, or 1 mg/kg naloxone, significantly reduced the effect of a subcutaneous dose of 3 mg/kg morphine in the tail immersion test in rats. The same drugs and doses were administered concurrently with 10 mg/kg morphine twice daily for 3 days and nociceptive responses were measured 96 h later. Tolerance to the effect of 3 mg/kg morphine was comparable in animals which had received vehicle+morphine or serotonin antagonists+morphine, whereas naloxone completely prevented the development of tolerance. The results argue against a role of serotonin in the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine and suggest it may be possible to dissociate morphine analgesia from tolerance development, at least in the conditions used in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426398
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  • 76
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    Atypical neuroleptics increase self-administration of cocaine: An evaluation of a behavioural screen for antipsychotic activity (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Atypical neuroleptics ; Cocaine self-administration ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Pimozide ; Flupenthixol ; Sulpiride ; Metoclopramide ; Clozapine ; Thioridazine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several drugs have been shown to exert antipsychotic effects, yet they display an atypical profile with respect to standard neuroleptic drug screens. Low doses of traditional neuroleptics are known to increase self-administration of psychomotor stimulants; we sought to determine whether these atypical drugs would cause a comparable effect. Sulpiride, metoclopramide and thioridazine produced a dose-dependent increase in cocaine intake similar to that found for chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide and flupenthixol. This effect was found to correlate (r=0.94) with daily clinical dose. Clozapine, however, produced a dose-dependent decrease in cocaine intake. The advantages and disadvantages of using this measure as a screening procedure for neuroleptic drugs are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426397
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  • 77
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    Effect of propranolol treatment in pregnant rats on motor activity and avoidance learning of the offspring (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 148-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pregnancy ; Propranolol ; Offspring behaviour ; Hyperactivity ; Shock avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats born to mothers treated with propranolol, during days 8–22 of gestation, displayed hyperactivity in the open field which lasted up to 60 days of age and an impairment of avoidance in the shuttle box which was more marked in the male rats. Females exhibited hyperactivity in the open field but developed impaired avoidance learning only when exposed prenatally to both propranolol and hypoxia. Propranolol administration during the last term of pregnancy (days 18–22) affected mostly shuttle box performance. In contrast, hyperactivity could be induced by treatment during various stages of pregnancy, (days 8–22, 8–18, or 18–22) with the duration of hyperactivity being directly related to the length of treatment of the mothers. The possible mechanism of the disruptive effect of propranolol in the fetus and newborn is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427802
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  • 78
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    Adrenocortical response to acute and chronic ethanol administration in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Corticosterone ; Ethanol ; Acute and chronic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute ethanol administration (2 g/kg IP) induced a significant rise in serum corticosterone levels which seemed to be related to blood ethanol concentration. Chronic ethanol administration, in the form of a liquid diet for 16 or 30 days, did not alter the levels of serum corticosterone. Chronic treatment of rats with a liquid diet containing ethanol resulted in the development of tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427806
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  • 79
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    Dissociable effects of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide and α-flupenthixol on choice and rate measures of reinforcement in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 180-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Reinforcement ; Non-reinforcement ; Rate ; Choice ; Win-stay ; d-Amphetamine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; α-Flupenthixol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of reinforcers in influencing choice was studied by use of a schedule that included a random intermixing of reinforced and explicitly non-reinforced components. The just-reinforced response had a high likelihood of being repeated (win-stay), although there was no differential reinforcement for doing so, whereas responses just followed by explicit non-reinforcement had a very low probability of repetition (lose-stay). Non-parametric indices based on the theory of signal detection were used to derive a choice measure of reinforcement which was independent of alterations in average response rate. Treatments with d-amphetamine (0.2–4.5 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (0.25–16 mg/kg) and α-flupenthixol (0.03–0.6 mg/kg) showed that changes in the choice measure could be dissociated from changes in the response rate. These findings were supported by extinction and satiation tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427808
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  • 80
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    Effects of lisuride on precopulatory and copulatory behaviour of adult male rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sexual behaviour ; Precopulatory activities ; Lisuride ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lisuride (12.5, 125, 250, 400, 600, 800μg/kg) injected IP 40 min prior to observation of adult, but sexually inexperienced, male rats (a) caused a dose-dependent increase in motor activity, (b) suppressed rearing completely at doses of 125 μg/kg and above, and (c) caused a dose-dependent increase of specific sniffing of the scent traces of an estrous female, the sniffing lasting the whole duration of a 5-min test at 800 μ/kg. In the presence of a passively receptive (lordotic) female, the amount of time devoted to sniffing of the scent traces decreased but was still dose-dependent. The males exhibited relatively more precopulatory behaviour towards the female at 400–800 μg/kg. The number of males initiating copulatory behaviour was small and comparable with saline-injected controls. When exposed to sexual stimuli from a weakly soliciting (presenting posture) female the number of lisuride-treated males (250 and 400 μg/kg doses were used) initiating copulation was higher in comparison with the controls. At the same time the males began to copulate mostly with short latencies and without any precopulatory behaviour towards the female. The lisuride-treated males reached ejaculation after a very small number of intromissions. The effects of lisuride are discussed from the point of view of lowered behavioural thresholds of the males to specific and distinct stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427818
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  • 81
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    Effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to therapeutic doses of chlorimipramine on emotionality in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 236-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlorimipramine ; Prenatal exposure ; Postnatal exposure ; Teratogenic effects ; Emotionality ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prenatal administration of high doses of tricyclic antidepressants have been reported to produce teratogenic and behavioral effects in rat offspring. In the present work, behavioral abnormalities are described in offspring of rats treated with therapeutic doses of chlorimipramine (CIM) during pregnancy (CIM-P), lactation (CIM-L) and during the whole pregnancy-lactation period (CIM-PL). CIM-P treatment did not produce teratogenic effects, did not affect number or body weight of pups at birth and did not induce neonatal mortality. At 2 months of age, the CIM-P males showed a significant increase in digging and grooming (familiar environment test), a decrease in “exploration” (novel environment test) and a decrease in active social interactions (social behavior test). Females were more resistant than males to the prenatal CIM treatment. The results suggest increased emotionality in CIM-P pups. Some behavioral abnormalities were also observed in the tests performed at 4 months of age. CIM-L treatment had minor effects on litter behavior. CIM-PL treatment potentiated the effects of the CIM-P treatment. In the CIM-PL males, impairment of exploration of a novel environment still remained in the tests performed at 4 months of age. It is speculated that when prenatal brain development is altered by CIM, further postnatal treatment may impair compensatory processes occurring in early postnatal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427819
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    Nicotine does not improve discrimination of brain stimulation reward by rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracranial self-stimulation ; Brain stimulation reward ; Rate-free index ; Nicotine ; Mecamylamine ; Chronic administration ; Tolerance ; Abstinence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to shuttle between two selected (“ON”) arms of a Y maze, to obtain electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Each shuttle response was rewarded with a brief pulse train. Repetitive entries into the same “ON” arm were not rewarded, nor were entries made into the third (“OFF”) arm. Every 67s, stimulation was made available from a different pair of arms. Test sessions lasted for 80 min, beginning immediately after SC injection. Undrugged subjects responded faster, and with a greater proportion of rewarded responses, the higher the stimulation current. In non-tolerant rats, nicotine (0–0.4 mg/kg) depressed responding and induced ataxia shortly after injection; from 40 min, nicotine increased low rates of responding but decreased high rates. All these effects were dose-dependent. Mecamylamine (2.0 mg/kg) prevented the initial depressant action. With repeated daily injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg), a marked stimulant action emerged which replaced the initial depressant action, and this was dose-dependent. However, responding was increased by nicotine even when brain stimulation was not available (“time-out”). In contrast, an additional “rate-free” index based on discrimination showed that nicotine did not augment the rewarding properties of the brain stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427826
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    Contrasting interactions of pipradrol, d-amphetamine, cocaine, cocaine analogues, apomorphine and other drugs with conditioned reinforcement (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned reinforcement ; Reward ; d-Amphetamine ; Pipradrol ; Cocaine ; Cocaine analogues ; Apomorphine ; Morphine ; α-Flupenthixol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Psychomotor stimulants ; Uptake ; Release ; Monoamines ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various psychomotor stimulant drugs and drugs outside this class were examined on the efficacy of stimuli previously paired with reinforcement or reward (conditioned reinforcers, CR) in controlling responding. Pipradrol (5–45 μmol/kg), d-amphetamine (1.25–15.0 μmol/kg), and the cocaine analogues WIN 35,428 (0.1–30.0 μmol/kg) and in one of two determinations WIN 35,065-2 (0.1–29.0 μmol/kg) all generally increased responding on a lever providing CR, but did not change or decreased responding on a lever providing no CR (NCR). Cocaine (5–125 μmol/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (3.75–60.0 μmol/kg) had no significant effects. Morphine (3.2–32.0 μmol/kg) and α-flupenthixol (0.02–2.0 μmol/kg) generally reduced responding on both levers. Apomorphine (0.1–1.0 μmol/kg) generally increased responding on both levers. Neurochemical data showed that d-amphetamine was generally more potent than pipradrol in its effects on in vitro monoamine uptake and release.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427952
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    Effects of L-histidine and promethazine on apomorphine and amantadine stereotypy in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 372-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Amantadine ; Stereotyped behaviour ; L-Histidine ; Promethazine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pretreatment with L-histidine, a precursor of brain histamine, and promethazine, a H1 receptor blocker, failed to modify apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour in rats. In contrast, pretreatment with L-histidine significantly decreased the intensity of amantadine stereotypy while pretreatment with promethazine significantly increased the intensity of amantadine stereotypy in rats. The results suggest that drugs which influence central histaminergic mechanisms are effective only in modifying the stereotyped behaviour induced by the indirectly-acting DA agonist amantadine, and fail to modify the stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine, a directly-acting DA agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433422
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  • 85
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    RO5-4864, a ligand for benzodiazepine micromolar and peripheral binding sites: Antagonism and Enhancement of behavioural effects (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 166-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: RO5-4864 ; RO15-1788 ; CGS 8216 ; PK 11195 ; Phenytoin ; Picrotoxin ; Exploration ; Locomotor activity ; Benzodiazepine receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract RO5-4864, a ligand for both the peripheral and for the central nervous system micromolar benzodiazepine binding sites, was investigated in the holeboard, alone and in combination with several other drugs. RO5-4864 alone caused a marked reduction in rears and motor activity and reduced head-dipping when objects were placed under the holes. All these reductions were enhanced by picrotoxin (2 and 4 mg/kg) and by CGS 8216 (3 mg/kg). RO15-1788 (10 mg/kg) reversed the reduction in rears and PK11195 (30 mg/kg), a putative antagonist for the peripheral binding site, reversed the reduction in head-dipping. The results are discussed in terms of the various benzodiazepine binding sites and possible non-specific drug effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427962
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    Effect of angiotensin II and vasopressin on acquisition and extinction of conditioned avoidance in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Angiotensin II analogues ; Vasopressin ; Conditioned behaviour ; Memory ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of angiotensin II on the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned avoidance response was examined in rats. Angiotensin II, 1 and 2 μg, given intracerebroventricularly facilitated acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response but did not influence extinction. [Sar1, Ile8]-angiotensin II (1 μg), a specific antagonist of angiotensin II receptors, unexpectedly produced an effect quite similar to that of angiotensin II. Vasopressin (1 μg) did not influence the rate of acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response but it markedly delayed its extinction. The data are discussed in terms of learning and memory facilitating properties of angiotensin II. This action seems to be independent of an interaction of angiotensin II with its known receptors or of release of vasopressin caused by the peptide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427272
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  • 87
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    Decreased morphine intake by opiate addicted rats administered zimelidine, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 30-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ingestion ; Morphine ; Preference ; Rat ; Zimelidine ; 5-HT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Zimelidine, a specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, reduced peroral morphine consumption by morphine-addicted adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and old male rats in choice tests. The effect was dose dependent in male rats. Thus, the availability of central 5-HT appears to be important for the regulation of morphine preference in rat. The results are discussed in relation to recent literature where ethanol preference has been found to be attenuated by zimelidine. The results may provide insights into the complex cellular mechanisms underlying opiate addiction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426376
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    Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using IV self-administration by rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 6-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Abuse liability ; Addiction ; Behavior ; Monkey ; Physical dependence ; Rat ; Reinforcement ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total 31 psychoactive drugs were offered to groups of naive rats for IV self-administration and an injection rate greater than that for rats offered only saline indicated reinforcement. Two protocols were used: in the first, rats were offered drug at a selected dose for 5 days, then the dose was reduced by 1 log unit (to 0.1 the original dose) for an additional 4 days; in the second, rats were offered saline for 3 days as a ‘prescreen’ to eliminate rats with high or low operant-injection rates. Drug was offered to acceptable rats for 5 days, then the dose was reduced 0.5 log unit (to 0.32 the original dose) for 5 more days. A scoring system, based upon the injection rates during the last 3 days of each period, describes the reinforcing action. Scores were dose-related. Tests on both protocols gave similar results. Data from monkey studies have been reported for 27 of the drugs tested. Of these drugs, 18 were reinforcers and six were nonreinforcers in both species, nalorphine and ethylketazocine were reinforcers only in rats, and ethanol was a reinforcer only in monkeys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426372
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  • 89
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    Retention deficits induced by acute p-chloroamphetamine following fear conditioning in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1983), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: PCA ; 5-HT ; 5-HT reuptake inhibitors ; Fenfluramine ; Fear retention ; Anxiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were given four inescapable shocks (1.0 mA) when confined to the right-hand corner of a modified shuttlebox. p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) injected just before the retention test 24 h later completely blocked the immobile posture that was observed after saline injections. This retention deficit was shown to be selectively associated with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release, since the administration of the 5-HT uptake inhibitors zimelidine and citalopram 60 min prior to PCA antagonized this effect. The 5-HT specificity of the deficit was further established by the findings that 5-HT-depleted rats (PCA, 2×10 mg/kg, and fenfluramine, 2×25 mg/kg), but not NA-depleted rats (DSP4, 1×50 mg/kg), or rats treated with zimelidine (2×20 mg/kg) 60 min before PCA (2×10 mg/kg), showed an almost complete blockade of the retention failure. The data presented may provide a useful experimental model for investigating the efficacy of functional 5-HT activity in the treatment of phobic anxiety.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426373
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  • 90
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    Effects of naloxone and naltrexone on the increased water intake and drinking duration in phenobarbitone-treated rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drinking duration ; Naloxone ; Naltrexone ; Opioid mechanisms ; Phenobarbitone ; Water intake ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, phenobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg) reliably enhanced water consumption and extended the duration of drinking in 24 h water-deprived male rats. The opiate receptor antagonists naloxone (0.1–10 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.1–10 mg/kg) both decreased water intake and reduced the duration of drinking. When the barbiturate was given in conjunction with either naloxone or naltrexone, phenobarbitone and the opiate antagonist exerted opposite effects on the two measures of drinking. While it was true that both opiate antagonists reduced water intake and drinking duration in barbiturate-treated animals, the barbiturate-induced enhancement of drinking was in no way modified by concurrent opiate antagonist treatment. Hence, the effects of phenobarbitone and of the two opiate antagonists upon the drinking measures appeared to be quite independent. There was no evidence, therefore, that the effects of phenobarbitone upon drinking were related to endogenous opioid mechanisms. The possible contrast between benzodiazepine-and barbiturate-induced hyperdipsia is briefly considered in the light of these results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433011
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  • 91
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    Effect of naloxone and amphetamine on acquisition and memory consolidation of active avoidance responses in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Naloxone ; Amphetamine ; Active avoidance conditioning ; Post-training treatment ; Pretraining treatment retention ; Acquisition ; Learning ; Memory consolidation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pretraining IP injection of naloxone (0.3 mg/kg) or amphetamine (2 mg/kg) enhanced performance during acquisition, but did not improve retention of active avoidance responses in rats. Naloxone (0.1 or 3 mg/kg) had no effect on acquisition or on retention. The combination of naloxone (0.3 mg/kg) plus amphetamine (2 mg/kg) did not produce the facilitation observed when each of the two drugs was administered alone. Pretreatment with the higher dose of naloxone (3 mg/kg) blocked the facilitative effect of amphetamine on acquisition. Post-training administration of naloxone (0.3 mg/kg) or amphetamine (2 mg/kg) improved retention. Naloxone (0.1 or 3 mg/kg) had no effect. When naloxone and amphetamine were combined, at respective doses of 0.3 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, the improvement did not occur, i.e., the higher dose of naloxone prevented the facilitative effect of amphetamine. In addition, an ineffective dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), given either pre-or post-training together with the lower dose of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg), produced a significant enhancement of acquisition or consolidation, respectively. The results are consistent with the possibility that naloxone might exert its facilitative action on acquisition and memory consolidation through the release of catecholaminergic systems from inhibitory influences of opioids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433015
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  • 92
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    An analysis of behavioural mechanisms involved in the acquisition of amphetamine anorectic tolerance (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 58-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine anorexia ; Behavioural tolerance ; Food deprivation ; Conditioned taste aversion ; Operant/classical conditioning ; Behavioural augmentation of tolerance ; Compensatory conditioning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Deprived rats given 2.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine before milk access developed anorectic tolerance. Rats given identical treatment after milk access did not exhibit tolerance in a subsequent test when the drug was given before milk access, nor did they subsequently acquire tolerance more rapidly than drug-naive animals. Manipulations of the amount of lab chow given to supplement milk intake did not affect the rate of development of tolerance, indicating that development of anorectic tolerance could not be explained in terms of increasing food deprivation or body weight loss as has often been suggested. The lack of tolerance in subjects drugged chronically after milk intake was shown not to be due to the development of a conditioned taste aversion in these animals. The possibility that tolerance was due to the acquisition of a classically conditioned compensatory response which attenuated drug effects was investigated. In one experiment the injection procedure was used as a potential conditioned stimulus. A series of placebo injections was given to tolerant rats in an attempt to extinguish any conditioned response, but this failed to attenuate tolerance. No compensatory hyperphagic response was seen after placebo injections. A further experiment was performed in which cues accompanying drug administration were made more salient by transferring animals to a distinct environment (noise, odour, light) after drug administration. Giving the drug subsequently in the home environment did not lead to the loss of tolerance predicted by the conditioning model, nor was there any evidence of hyperphagia in response to a placebo injection in the distinct environment. These results offer indirect support for a learning interpretation of amphetamine anorectic tolerance, but not one that involves classical conditioning of a compensatory response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433017
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  • 93
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    Corticosteroid response to stress depends upon increased tryptophan availability (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Corticosteroid response to stress ; Tryptophan availability ; Amino acids ; 5HT synthesis ; Tryptophan ; Tyrosine ; Valine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prior administration of valine to rats has been shown previously to prevent restraint stress-induced increases in brain tryptophan and 5HT turnover. The present study demonstrates that the accompanying attenuation of the corticosteroid response to this stress is substantially reversed by administration of tryptophan with the valine. Tyrosine is not effective in reversing this attenuation, and in fact itself attenuates the corticosteroid response to the stress when given alone. It is concluded that at least part of the corticosteroid response to restraint stress is mediated by an increase in serotonergic activity that is dependent on increased supply of the precursor, tryptophan, and that this can be antagonised by either of two amino acids which compete with tryptophan for access to the brain. Implications for stress-associated human disorders are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433020
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  • 94
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    Differential effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on behaviors resulting from activation of different pathways arising from the raphe nuclei (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 72-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; 5-HT Release ; Hippocampus ; Serotonin syndrome ; p-Methoxyphenethylamine ; Antagonist ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A serotonin syndrome of reciprocal forepaw treading, lateral head weaving, rigid tail, hind limb abduction, tremor, and hyperreactivity to touch and sound was produced in the rat by the injection of p-methoxyphenethylamine (PMPEA) or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT). The former agent acts by releasing serotonin (5-HT) from nerve terminals, since its effects are prevented by pretreatment with PCPA or fluoxetine, while 5-MeODMT acts directly on 5-HT receptors. The syndrome results from activation of 5-HT neurones in the lower brain stem and spinal cord. Only dl-propranolol and pindolol (1–5 mg/kg) significantly reduced most of the components of the syndrome. Haloperidol (0.1–1 mg/kg), metoprolol, atenolol, and butoxamine (10–20 mg/kg) were inactive. Metergoline (1 mg/kg), methysergide (5–10 mg/kg), and cyproheptadine (10 mg/kg) markedly potentiated all components of the syndrome produced by PMPEA. The inhibition of forward locomotor hyperactivity (LMA) induced in the rat after larger doses of amphetamine was prevented by p-chlorophenylalanine pretreatment, while stereotyped behavior still remained. This supports previous data showing that release of 5-HT from mesolimbic neurones is partly responsible for inhibition of LMA. In contrast to the action on the PMPEA syndrome, methysergide, metergoline, cyproheptadine in addition to propranolol and pindolol, increased LMA induced by amphetamine, while butoxamine and metoprolol were inactive. It is concluded that the 5-HT receptors subserving inhibition of LMA in the mesolimbic area differ from those mediating the serotonin syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433019
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  • 95
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    Enhancement by the putative 5-HT receptor agonist 8-OH-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin of the acoustic startle response in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 104-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 8-OH-DPAT ; 5-OH-DPAT ; Dopamine ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Acoustic startle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two 2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (DPAT) compounds, 8-OH-DPAT and 5-OH-DPAT, with reported effects on central 5-HT and DA receptors respectively, were tested for their effects on the acoustic startle response in rats. 8-OH-DPAT was given in doses of 0.25–2.0 mg/kg IP and 5-OH-DPAT in doses of 1.0–8.0 mg/kg IP. Both compounds increased the startle response significantly in a dose-dependent manner, but 8-OH-DPAT appeared to be about 30 times as potent and to have a higher efficacy than 5-OH-DPAT. In addition, the effects on the startle response of l-5-HTP, 25–100 mg/kg IP, and l-dopa, 25–100mg/kg IP, administration to animals pretreated with the inhibitor of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, benserazide (25 mg/kg IP) were included for comparison. A small, but significant increase in the startle amplitude was found after the highest dose of l-5-HTP, whereas no effects were observed after l-dopa administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427793
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  • 96
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    Active and passive avoidance behaviour in rats produced by IV infusions of ethanol (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 318-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Active and passive avoidance ; Aversive control ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of ethanol to motivate avoidance responding was used as a measure of the drug's aversive stimulus properties. In Experiment I, four groups of rats were infused with either ethanol (200, 400, 800 mg/kg IV) or saline if they failed to jump a high hurdle. The ethanol groups acquired the jumping response (active avoidance), while the saline group only showed a tendency not to jump. In Experiment II, the hypothesis was tested that the same infusions might be self-administered if the contingency were reversed so that responses produced rather than avoided the drug. Four groups of rats were given the same doses of ethanol or saline if they traversed a runway and entered a goal box. Initially, all animals made the response, however the drugtreated groups eventually showed a dose-dependent tendency to refrain from entering the goal box (passive avoidance). Thus ethanol can maintain behavioral control similar to that produced by commonly used aversive stimuli (e.g. foot shock) and can do so at lower doses than those found to be effective in previous reports of ethanol-mediated aversions. It is suggested that the mechanism by which ethanol comes to be a reinforcing agent must take into account the pervasive negative properties of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433409
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  • 97
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    Memory retention in old rats: Improvement by orotic acid (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 348-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Memory retention ; Aging ; Orotic acid ; Brightness discrimination ; Shuttle box avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of methylglucamine orotate (MGO) on learning and memory was investigated in 24-month-old rats using brightness discrimination in a Y-chamber and active avoidance in a shuttle box. In both learning procedures, an improvement of memory retention following 5-day MGO treatment (225 mg/kg per day) was observed. The retention of untreated old animals was significantly lower compared to 8-week-old rats. MGO treatment resulted in a significant improvement of retention in old rats, which nearly compensated for their memory deficit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433416
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  • 98
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    Effect of dihydroergotoxine on the susceptibility of rats to convulsions produced by different convulsant agents (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dihydroergotoxine ; Convulsions ; Picrotoxin ; Bieuculline ; Strychnine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study was undertaken to test further whether diminished GABAergic transmission might be responsible for the increased susceptibility of rats to picrotoxin-induced convulsions. In rats kept individually in cages in a noise-free room, the time between the intraperitoneal injection of the convulsant agent and the onset of convulsions was measured. Acute and subacute treatment with low doses of dihydroergotoxine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) increased the occurrence and decreased the latency of picrotoxin-induced convulsions. Acute administration of dihydroergotoxine, 1.0 mg/kg, caused convulsions in animals injected with the subconvulsive dose (3 mg/kg) of bicuculline and of 10.0 mg/kg dihydroergotoxine in animals injected with the subconvulsive dose (1.5 mg/kg) of strychnine. Some of the animals injected with the 100% convulsive dose of strychnine were protected by dihydroergotoxine pretreatment (1.0 mg/kg) as evidenced by the lower occurrence of convulsions and fewer animals dying, as well as by a delay in the appearance of convulsions at 10.0 mg/kg. These results together with the previous findings on the GABA system suggest that dihydroergotoxine potentiates the appearance of picrotoxin and bicuculline-induced convulsions by a diminution of GABAergic transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427963
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  • 99
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    Behavioural evidence that chronic treatment with the antidepressant desipramine causes reduced functioning of brain noradrenaline systems (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Desipramine ; Antidepressants ; Thiopentone ; Anaesthesia ; Locus coeruleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A behavioral system sensitive to the net functional activity of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system, with characteristics of a beta-adrenoceptor mediated response, has been developed based on the duration of thiopentone anaesthesia in the rat. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI) were determined. Acute DMI from 5 to 25 mg/kg increased thiopentone sleeping-time in a dose-dependent fashion. This was due to an action on noradrenergic systems, since it was mimicked by treatment with the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, which itself increased thiopentone sleeping-time and prevented any additional effect of DMI. Chronic treatment with DMI had no effect on thiopentone sleeping-time when carried out for 2 or 5 days but markedly prolonged it when carried out for 10 or 20 days, thus paralleling the time course of clinical action of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439277
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  • 100
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    Central dopamine receptor agonist and antagonist actions of the enantiomers of 3-PPP (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 3-PPP ; Enantiomers ; Dopamine ; Autoreceptor ; Postsynaptic receptor ; Preferential limbic ; Novel antipsychotic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The two enantiomers of the putative centrally acting dopamine (DA) autoreceptor agonist 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine, 3-PPP (Hjorth et al. 1981), were pharmacologically evaluated. An extensive series of biochemical and behavioural experiments unexpectedly revealed that both (+)- and (-)-3-PPP showed clear, but differential, effects on the DA receptors. Thus, (+)-3-PPP is a DA agonist with autoreceptor as well as postsynaptic receptor stimulatory properties. In contrast, although (-)-3-PPP similarly activates DA autoreceptors it acts concomitantly as an antagonist at postsynaptic DA receptors. Moreover, both behavioural and biochemical data on motor activity and DA synthesis and turnover suggest a preferential limbic action for the (-)-enantiomer. These results are discussed in terms of the dual antidopaminergic action of (-)-3-PPP coupled with anatomical differences in the feedback organisation in central (viz, limbic vs striatal) DA systems. It is suggested that compounds like (-)-3-PPP may be of potential clinical utility in the treatment of psychotic disorders, whilst lacking the seriously incapacitating motor dysfunctions produced by current neuroleptic therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428999
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