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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basal plasma corticosterone level after bilateral selective lesions of thee olfactory pathways in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 169-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; olfactory pathway selective lesions ; plasma corticosterone ; lactacidemia ; adrenal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In comparison to control rats, basal plasma corticosterone level and lactacidemia significantly increased in rats submitted to a bilateral lesion of the lateral olfactory tract and/or the anterior branch of the anterior commissure. Only the anterior branch of the anterior commissure induced hyperglycemia; that of the lateral olfactory tract exerted an opposite effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952451
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The central projections of primary afferent neurons of greater splanchnic and intercostal nerves in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 174 (1986), S. 123-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Visceral afferents ; Somatic afferents ; Splanchnic nerve ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Sympathetic neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central projections of primary afferent fibers of the greater splanchnic nerve of the rat were investigated using the transganglionic horseradish peroxidase transport technique. In addition, the corresponding spinal ganglion cells and the preganglionic sympathetic neurons were demonstrated. For comparing visceral and somatic afferents, intercostal nerve afferents were labelled by the same technique. Splanchnic afferent dorsal root ganglion cells were found at segments T3 to T13 ipsilaterally, with the greatest density at T8 to T12. Labelled cells represented about 10%–15% of all neurons in the ganglia at maximal projection levels. They were randomly distributed within individual ganglia. The great majority were medium to small sized and round to slightly oval in shape. In the spinal cord, labelled visceral afferent axons were found maximally at T8 to T11, but could be detected in decreasing density up to T1 and down to L1. They were distributed over Lissauer's tract and the dorsal funiculus to a medial and lateral collateral pathway (MCP and LCP, respectively). The MCP, somewhat more prominent than the LCP, was destined primarily to clustered presumptive terminal fields in medial lamina I and outermost lamina IIa. Only a few axons continued further to laminae V and X. Splanchnic afferent axons, most likely derived from the MCP, formed a longitudinal bundle ventral to the central canal. The LCP consisted of more or less well-defined axon bundles emanating from the lateral Lissauer's tract and curving round the lateral edge of the dorsal horn and through the dorsolateral funiculus. Presumptive terminal sites of LCP axons are the lateral laminae I and IIa, the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus and the dorsal part of lamina V. A few LCP axons were seen in the vicinity of lateral dendrites of preganglionic sympathetic axons. Visceroafferent terminals were absent from laminae IIb–IV and VII. The possible consequences of the MCP/LCP duality for the central connections of splanchnic afferents are discussed. Some splanchnic afferents ascended to the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and rarely to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These results fit into the general concept of visceroafferent terminal organization that has emerged during the last few years. Differences to other reports in the detailed arrangement of fibers and terminals are discussed. Somatoafferent cell bodies represented the vast majority of neurons in the respective spinal ganglia. Cell sizes encompassed the whole range from very small to very large without a clear predominance of one particular size class. Cell shapes of somatic neurons were more variable than those of visceral afferent neurons. Somatic afferent fibers and presumptive terminals in the spinal cord are distributed ipsilaterally to dorsal horn laminae I–V, most heavily II–IV, to the nucleus dorsalis Clarke, to the ventral horn, and also sparsely to the dorsal horn contralaterally. Labelled preganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in segments T3–T13. The vast majority was located in the intermediolateral nucleus. Fewer neurons occurred in the intercalated nucleus, and occasionally a neuron was labelled in the dorsal grey commissure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318344
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative cellular changes during postnatal development of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 174 (1986), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Glial cell number ; Neuron number ; Postnatal development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative changes in cell number during development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were determined using semithin serial sections of tissue obtained from 28 rats on postnatal day 0, 5, 8, 10, 20, 30, 90 or 165. Our results show three phases of postnatal development in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus: phase 1 from birth until eye opening, which occurs around the 12th day in these litters; phase 2 from eye opening through stabilization of neuron number on the 30th postnatal day, and phase 3 from that event until adulthood. During the first period increases in neuron number and in glial cell number are found accompanying a nearly seven-fold increase in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus volume. Phase 2 includes a high incidence of neuronal cell death and a continuous increase in the number of glial cells. The third phase is characterized by a stabilization in the number of neurons, although the glial cell number continues to increase. Neuronal density decreases exponentially throughout the postnatal life of the rat, while the density of glial cells remains relatively stable over the period of study. The postnatal phenomenon of an initial increase in neuron number followed by a period of neuron death may be related to modulating and plastic functions which occur in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus before a stable neuronal population is achieved on the 30th postnatal day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698782
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diencephalic and mesencephalic afferents of the rat claustrum (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 401-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Claustrum ; Subcortical connections ; Fluorescent tracers ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retrograde fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino Yellow (DY) have been used to study subcortical afferents of the claustrum. DY or FB was injected into the claustrum. The greatest amount of labeled cell bodies were observed in the posterior thalamic nuclear complex. They were especially abundant in its caudal part, lying between the medial geniculate body and the pretectal area. In comparison to the numerous labeled cells near the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction, the number of fluorescing neurons in the brain stem was considerably lower. These neurons were mostly concentrated in the monoaminergic cell groups. The results indicate the presence of a substantial projection from the posterior thalamic and anterior pretectal region to the calustrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318925
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiber type and non-endplate acetylcholinesterase in normal and experimentally altered muscles (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Muscle ; Myotendinous junction ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Reinnervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The non-endplate (sarcoplasmic) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated in eight different muscles of the rat. Serial consecutive sections were stained for AChE, myofibrillar ATPase (after alkaline and acid preincubation), and cytochrome C-oxidase. The following general correlation could be established: within a given muscle the sarcoplasmic AChE was highest in type IIB fibers, lowest in type I and intermediate in type IIA. Additionally, the intensity of the reaction was directly proportional to the size of the type IIA fibers. The distribution of sarcoplasmic AChE was correlated to the ATPase fiber types but was complementary to the cytochrome C-oxidase staining pattern. In single fiber preparations, accumulation of AChE at the myotendinous junction was found to occur in “caplike” form exclusively in fibers with very low or absent sarcoplasmic AChE. To study the role of innervation in the expression of the sarcoplasmic AChE, we cross-reinnervated the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle with the soleus (SOL) nerve and vice versa (X-EDL, X-SOL). In the X-EDL the sarcoplasmic AChE was transformed to that of a normal SOL as were also the ATPase and the cytochrome oxidase. Surprisingly, in the X-SOL the high AChE activity typical for a normal EDL was present after 3 weeks but decreased steadily to very low levels lacking any correlation with ATPase and cytochrome oxidase. The results suggest that the cytoplasmic AChE of the SOL muscle depends more on the load-bearing function of the muscle than on the imposed impulse pattern. There is additional evidence for a retrograde effect of the X-SOL upon its motoneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318922
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the ultrastructure of the developing elastic cartilage in the rat external ear (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Elastic cartilage ; Chondrogenesis ; External ear ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Selected ultrastructural features of chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix in the developing elastic cartilage of the external ear were studied in rat fetuses and young animals. The cytoplasmic lipid droplets were first observed in the 19-day fetus. They increase in number and size during the first post-natal week. The elastogenesis proceeds in the sequence: oxytalan fibers (17-day fetus), elaunin fibers (1-day rat), elastic fibers (5-day rat). Intermediary stages between the randomly oriented individual microfibrils and bundles of microfibrils (oxytalan fibers) were also observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318923
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is motilin a cerebellar peptide in the rat? (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Motilin-like immunoreactivity ; RIA ; HPLC ; Cat ; Intestine ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Dendrites ; Neocortex ; Pyramidal cells ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motilin was demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase technique in endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract using several specific antisera. Motilin-like immunoreactivity could only be demonstrated with one of these antisera and was observed in Purkinje cells and dendrites of the cerebellum, in pyramidal cells and dendrites of the cerebral cortex and in dendrites of the CA3 field of the hippocampus of the rat. Very low motilin-like immunoreactivity was found in cerebellum as well as in cerebral cortex using radioimmunoassay. However, using reverse phase liquid chromatography combined with UV-detection and radioimmunoassay, no peak of a peptide corresponding to synthetic motilin was detectable in rat cerebellar extracts, in contrast to findings in rat duodenum. The results do not suggest that motilin is an intrinsic neuroactive substance of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318921
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The position of the left and right ventricular outlets during septation (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1986), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Heart separation ; Aorta ; Pulmonary trunk ; Heart development ; Chicken ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative study was made of the relative position of the outflow tracts of chicken and rat hearts with respect to the ventricles during septation. For this purpose the position of the left and right ventricular outlet including the aortic and pulmonary valve primordia and the left and right ventricle were established with respect to the midsagittal plane of the embryo, using reconstructions of serial sections of chicken (stage 28–30) and rat (stage 28–30) embryos. In the chicken embryo no rotation of the outflow tract occurs, i.e. the position of the aortic and pulmonary valve primordia with respect to the left and right ventricle remains the same. In the rat embryo a clockwise rotation of the aortic and pulmonary valve primordia with respect to the ventricles does occur. This is in fact a detorsion. The left and right ventricle and the left ventricular outlet do not show change in position with regard to the midsagittal plane. The left ventricular outlet always straddles the interventricular septum, both lying in the midsagittal plane. These interspecies differences in the degree of detorsion of the outflow channels before septation may explain the differences in the extent of the region of contact between the endocardial outflow tract ridges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315465
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of capillaries in relation to the life cycle of odontoblasts in the rat incisor (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1986), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Tooth pulp ; Odontoblasts ; Mineralisation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although the rat incisor is used widely in the study of dentinogenesis there is little information on the pulp capillaries and the fate of the pulp contents incisally. The capillaries have now been described in relation to the life cycle of the odontoblasts using light microscopy on perfusion fixed teeth and SEM on pulp vascular casts. Odontoblast precursors differentiated to preodontoblasts in the absence of local vessels. Capillaries entered the zone subjacent to preodontoblasts prior to their transformation to odontoblasts. They invaded the odontoblast layer after formation of odontoblast processes and during lengthening of their cell bodies. These capillaries formed a dense plexus which was separated from the predentine by about 10 μm thickness of odontoblast cytoplasm. Electron microscopy near the incisal end showed that the odontoblasts lost their processes and their polarity to form postodontoblasts. This coincided with the deposition of atubular collagenous tissue at the periphery of the pulp. Loss of fenestrations in the capillaries seemed to coincide with the diminution of odoncoblast function. Odontoblastic capillaries were lost before the postodontoblasts became separated from one another. There was evidence of degenerating vessels, cells and extracellular debris near the incisal end. Light and transmission electron microscopical evidence from demineralised teeth was correlated with SEM evidence from anorganically prepared specimens and considered in relation to dynamic events at the incisal surface. Thus the pulp closure region was found to include a central zone of mineralised, moribund pulp cells and debris surrounded by atubular tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389595
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Undulating course of nerve fibres and bands of Fontana in peripheral nerves of the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 174 (1986), S. 407-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Undulating course of nerve fibre ; Endoneural collagen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The undulating course of nerve fibres and the optical effect of that course, i.e. the bands of Fontana, were studied in the peripheral nerves of the adult rat using light microscopy. The arrangement of collagen fibres in the endoneurium of these nerves was evaluated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. No nerve fibres undulation was noted on the intracranial sections of the cranial nerves or on the spinal roots. In their endoneurium a few, irregularly arranged collagen fibrils were found. In contrast, the nerve fibres undulation and Fontana's bands were a constant feature in the peripheral course of the nerve trunks. They were discernible in vivo and on excised unfixed as well as fixed nerves. The nerve fibres follow a sine-curve course of variable frequence and amplitude. Exposed in vivo, the nerve fibres retained their wave-like course even after removal of the epineurium and perineurium. The endoneurium of these nerves contained numerous undulating longitudinally oriented bundles of collagen fibrils. These findings suggest that the undulating course of the nerve fibres in peripheral nerves is conditional upon the quantity and arrangement of their endoneurial collagen fibrils. When the nerve was stretched in the course of movement, the undulation became straightened out until it disappeared. Conversely, nerve shortening enhanced the undulation. Thus the wave-like alignment of the nerve fibres represents a physiological reserve length for nerve stretching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698791
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The axon reaction in spinal ganglion neurons of acrylamide-treated rats (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 71 (1986), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Axon reaction ; Chromatolysis ; Axotomy ; Acrylamide ; Spinal ganglia ; Sensory neurons ; Neurofilaments ; Mitochondria ; Intoxication ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were given acrylamide in doses of either 30 or 50 mg/kg (5 days each week) for up to 3 weeks and killed at weekly intervals. The right sciatic nerve was tied tightly at the level of the major trochanter 4 days before killing the animals by perfusion fixation when ipsilateral and contralateral sensory ganglia (L5 and L6) were removed. The effects on neuronal perikarya of axotomy alone, of acrylamide alone and of these combined were studied by light and electron microscopy. The responses to axotomy and to acrylamide intoxication shared certain features, namely peripheral Nissl substance and to a lesser degree nuclear eccentricity, nucleolemmal crenation and mitochrondrial enlargement. Neurofilament loss was present only with acrylamide. In combined axotomy and acrylamide all these five features were prominent. These findings indicate firstly that the individual reponses to axotomy and to acrylamide, while sharing several features, are subtly different and secondly that acrylamide appears to impede the vital neuronal responses directed towards repair of the axon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687962
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of ethanol and lead, alone and in combination, on the severity of arrhythmias induced by coronary artery occlusion, and by noradrenaline, in anaesthetised rats (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 56-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Lead ; Ischaemia ; Induced arrhythmias ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic (3 or 10 months) administration, via the dinking water, of lead (25 ppm) and/or ethanol (25% v/v) altered the susceptibility of the heart to arrhythmias induced either by coronary artery occlusion or noradrenaline infusion in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised male Sprague-Dawley rats. The cardiac effects of acute intravenous infusions of ethanol (17, 33 and 66 mg kg−1 min−1) were also measured. Chronic exposure to ethanol and/or lead in the drinking water had no marked effect on the severity of arrhythmias occurring within the initial 30 min of coronary artery occlusion. In control rats and in those administered ethanol and/or lead for 10 months, noradrenaline (16 μg kg−1 min−1 given IV 1 h post-occlusion for a 15-min period) induced a similar number of ectopic beats during the infusion period, although these arrhythmias persisted beyond the infusion period in treated animals only. There was a significant accummulation of lead in the bone but not in the blood of lead-treated rats. Blood ethanol concentrations varied considerably between animals, ranging from 0 to 319 mg%. Ethanol (66 mg kg−1 min−1) given acutely and yielding a blood concentration of 174 mg % had a slight antiarrhythmic effect in this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263959
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxylation of dibutylnitrosamine in the human liver and intestinal microsomal fractions (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 58 (1986), S. 196-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dibutylnitrosamine ; Metabolism ; Human ; Rat ; Liver ; intestine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of the bladder carcinogen N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine (NDBA) was studied in microsomal preparations of tissues of patients of both sexes, aged 59–69 years undergoing abdominal surgery. Samples of liver, ileum, and colon were of normal histological appearance. For comparison, samples of rat liver and small intestinal mucosa microsomes were included in the study. Using 1-14C-labeled NDBA, the biotransformation to hydroxylation products retaining the nitroso group, NDBA-2-OH, NDBA-3-OH, and NDBA-4-OH, respectively, was investigated by reversed phase HPLC. In order to separate these metabolites, pooled samples were analysed by normal phase HPLC. The rate of hydroxylation of NDBA was found to be 5.5 times higher in rat liver microsomes compared to those from human liver (2.86±0.29 vs 0.52±0.03 nM x min−1 x mg−1). NDBA-3-OH proved to be the major metabolite formed (〉80% of total metabolites). The metabolism of NDBA was low but detectable in seven out of nine specimens of human gut, 0.1–0.5 nM x mg−1 in 1 h of incubation, and of the same order of magnitude in rat intestinal tissue (0.4–0.6 nM x mg−1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340981
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of the acute inhalation toxicity of smoke from TiO2-hexachloroethane and Zn-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic mixtures (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 160-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Smoke ; Titanium tetrachloride ; Zinc chloride ; Hexachloroethane ; Inhalation toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed to white smoke generated from mixtures of titanium dioxide-hexachloroethane (TiO2-HC) and zinc-hexachloroethane (Zn-HC), respectively, in an inhalation chamber operated in the static mode. The dose was varied by varying the amount of smoke mixture and/or the exposure time. The acute inhalation toxicity of TiO2-HC smoke was much lower than the Zn-HC smoke. Thus, the animals survived exposure to TiO2-HC smoke, even at relatively high smoke concentrations. This smoke was irritating to the animals and minor, acute inflammatory changes were seen in lung tissue. In contrast, Zn-HC smoke was very toxic and caused lethal injuries to the experimental animals, even at relatively low concentrations. Pulmonary injuries were extensive and death was due to blood congestion with pulmonary oedema. Since the TiO2-HC and Zn-HC mixtures form TiCl4 and ZnCl2, respectively, a separate study was performed in which rats were exposed to TiCl4 gas or ZnCl2 aerosol. No animals died from exposure to TiCl4 at concentrations between 370 and 2900 mg/m3 for 10 min. The LC50 of ZnCl2 was found to be around 2000 mg/m3 during a 10-min exposure period. The difference between the two types of smoke is explained by the difference in toxicity between TiCl4 and ZnCl2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316326
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of sub-chronic endosulfan exposure on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in albino rats (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Immunotoxicity ; Immunosuppression ; Immune response ; Humoral immune response ; Cell-mediated immune response ; Endosulfan ; Pesticide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of sub-chronic doses of endosulfan on humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in albino rats. Male albino rats were given a diet containing 5, 10 or 20 ppm endosulfan for 8–22 weeks and immunized with tetanus toxoid in Freund's complete adjuvant subcutaneously 20 days before terminating the exposure. The humoral immune response was studied by serum globulin level, immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) concentration and antibody titre against tetanus toxoid. The CMI response was studied by leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) and macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) factors. The antigen-induced increases in serum globulin fraction and immunoglobulin level were reduced at high doses of the endosulfan after 12 weeks of exposure. Antibody titre was significantly decreased in endosulfan-exposed rats at 10 and 20 ppm levels and a consistent trend was observed. Rats in the 10 and 20 ppm dose groups had significantly depressed LMI and MMI responses. Results obtained in this study revealed marked suppression of the humoral and CMI responses in rats administered with sub-chronic doses of endosulfan. Both cellular and humoral immune responses were decreased in a dose-time dependent pattern. Suppression of immune responses by endosulfan is clearly an important aspect of its toxicology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290551
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of neonatal monocular enucleation on the number of GAD-positive puncta in rat visual cortex (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 203-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABAergic terminals ; Visual cortex ; Rat ; Monocular enucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats that had one eye removed on the day of birth were examined at various postnatal ages with immunocytochemical methods to determine the effect on the development of the GABAergic axonal plexus in the visual cortex. The monocular segment of visual cortex contralateral to the enucleated orbit had 20–30% fewer GABAergic axon terminals than the monocular segment of visual cortex contralateral to the normal eye. Other cortical areas did not show any significant changes. These findings suggest that sensory deprivation of the visual cortex interferes with the normal development of GABAergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237417
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: characterisation by combined Golgi-impregnation and immunocytochemistry (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 311-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) ; Interneurons ; Golgi/EM ; GABA immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Identified neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the rat were studied using a Golgi/EM procedure in combination with post-embedding GABA immunocytochemistry. The results of this investigation identify clearly the GABA-immunoreactive nature of the two morphologically] distinct neuronal populations found within the rat dLGN — thalamocortical relay cells are GABA-immunonegative whilst the putative ‘interneurons’ are GABA-immunopositive. This immunocytochemical evidence strongly suggests that ‘interneurons’ synthesize and use GABA to mediate their local inhibitory synaptic mechanisms within the dLGN of the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239521
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic innervation of the rat's labyrinth (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cholinergic innervation ; Brain stem ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Efferent vestibular and cochlear neurons were identified in the rat's brain stem by retrograde labelling with True Blue (TB) or wheat germ agglutinin — horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the utricle. Such cells were found at the same locations described in 1983 by White and Warr (ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), bilateral latero-ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTz) bilateral group E medial and lateral to the genu facialis) and, in addition, bilaterally in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (CPR) at the level of the descending facial nerve. Cholinergic neurons were identified by counterstaining sections containing TB filled perikarya for (1) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) or (2) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), by immunohistochemistry with highly specific monoclonal antibodies. Many, but not all, vestibular efferent cell bodies located in group E were shown to be cholinergic. These and other recently published data suggest that the efferent octavus system may consist of a number of chemically distinct cell groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238197
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The quantitative effects of dark-rearing and light exposure on the laminar composition and depth distribution of neurons and glia in the visual cortex (area 17) of the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual deprivation ; Rat ; Visual cortex ; Neurons ; Glia ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of dark-rearing and light-exposure on the distribution of neurons and glial cells types in the rat visual cortex (area 17) have been investigated. Three groups of animals were studied: i) rats reared in the dark until weaning at 21 days post natum (21 DPN) and subsequently light-exposed for 31 days (Group 21/31); ii) rats darkreared until 52 DPN and then exposed to light for 3 days (Group 3 dL); and iii) rats totally dark-reared until 52 DPN (Group 52 dD). Semithin sections tangential to the pial surface were obtained at sampling intervals 50 μm apart throughout the depth of the left visual cortex. The volume numerical densities of neurons, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia, at each sampling strata in the cortex were calculated using stereological techniques. The laminer density and distribution of neurons was not significantly different between the three groups. In comparison with group 21/31 there was a marked reduction in the densities of astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia in lower layer 5 of groups 3 dL and 52 dD. Additionally, the density of microglia in thalamorecipeint layer 4 was greatly increased in group 3 dL compared with groups 21/31 and 52 dD. These results indicate specific alterations in the glial cell composition of the rat visual cortex following periods of dark-rearing and light-exposure. Furthermore, changes in the density of glial cells in layer 5 may reflect functional modifications in neurons projecting to the superior colliculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238217
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation of the adult rat cerebellar hemisphere by fibres from the ipsilateral inferior olive following unilateral neonatal pedunculotomy: an autoradiographic and retrograde fluorescent double-labelling study (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 411-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Pedunculotomy ; Autoradiography ; Retrograde fluorescence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A left cerebellar pedunculotomy was carried out in neonatal rats of different ages to deprive the left cerebellar hemisphere of its normal climbing fibre input. In control adult animals this is totally crossed and thus arises only from the contralateral (right) inferior olive. After pedunculotomy, only the left inferior olive was intact, the right being degenerated. The remaining olivocerebellar pathway was investigated using anterograde autoradiographic or retrograde fluorescent double-labelling techniques. The anterograde autoradiographic technique showed that, in these animals, the remaining left inferior olive had an aberrant climbing fibre projection which travelled via the intact right inferior cerebellar peduncle to the denervated left hemicerebellum. If the pedunculotomy was carried out at 3 days of age (P3), this aberrant projection closely mirrored the normal pathway to the opposite hemisphere; pedunculotomy at P7 produced a different pattern of projection; while if the operation was done at P10 there was no new projection. True blue (TB) and diamidino yellow (DY) were injected into the denervated (left) and normal (right) cerebellar hemispheres respectively. Retrograde transport of these tracers confirmed both the aberrant ipsilateral projection and the normal crossed projection from neurons in the remaining inferior olive. Most of the ipsilaterally projecting neurons were in the medial accessory olive. As none of them were double-labelled, it was concluded that the new projection is not a collateral of normally projecting olivary neurons, but arises from a separate population of cells. The significance of these findings in relation to earlier work on this system is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238860
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial neurons which secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (Vp): immunocytochemical evidence for a correlation with their functional state in colchicine-treated rats (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 497-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticotropic system ; Corticotropin releasing hormone ; Vasopressin ; Colchicine ; Neuronal functional state ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The specific immunoreactivity of neurons containing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or vasopressin (Vp) was studied both centrally, in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, and distally, in the external median eminence. Control rats were compared with adrenalectomized rats and with animals supplemented with corticosterone or dexamethasone, either without additional treatment, or 24, and 48 h after an intraventricular injection of colchicine. In all groups of animals, colchicine induced a progressive and parallel decrease in both CRH and Vp immunoreactivity within the axons of the external median eminence. A semi-quantitative estimation of this axonal immunostaining showed that the decrease was clearly correlated with the axons' releasing activity according to the different functional states of the adrenocorticotropic system. Increased rates of hormonal release induced by adrenalectomy could be seen in the accelerated depletion of axonal immunoreactivity whereas corticosteroid supplementation had the opposite effect. Correspondingly, the progressive intensification of the CRH and Vp immunoreactivity within the perikarya following colchicine treatment was further markedly enhanced in adrenalectomized rats and diminished after corticosteroid supplementation. Taken together, these data suggest that in these neurons, perikaryal hormone synthesis may be closely related to the releasing activity of the axon terminals. They further point to appropriate colchicine treatment as useful tool for evaluating the functional state of CRH and Vp neurons of the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus under various experimental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237574
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial correlation between sensory regions and the drainage fields of pial veins in rat cerebral cortex (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 540-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Evoked potentials ; Cerebral veins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials were mapped in the cerebral cortex of adult rats and, after filling the cerebral arteries and veins with dye, the mappings were then compared to the distribution of pial veins. A close relationship was found between the position, size and shape of the occipital venous drainage field and the distribution of visual evoked potentials with high amplitudes and short latencies. Accordingly, such potentials evoked by stimulation of the forepaw and the tailroot were confined to the fronto-parietal drainage field. In the case of individual variations in the expansion and shape of sensory areas, the medial and lateral borders of the occipital drainage field and the medial border of the fronto-parietal drainage field covaried. Only at the common border between these two drainage fields, visual evoked potentials with small amplitudes and long latencies extended into the parietal drainage field and overlapped with somatosensory evoked potentials. This overlapping area corresponds in position to the anterior part of the peristriate cortex. A comparison between the vascular organization and cytoarchitectonic maps of the rat cortex indicates that other parts of the characteristic pattern of venous drainage fields may also correlate with the cytoarchitectonic and functional organization of the cerebral cortex. These observations suggest that during morphogenesis the formation of sensory projections to the cerebral cortex may interact with the angiogenesis, mainly with the development of veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237579
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic observations of hypothalamic TRH-containing neurons in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: TRH-neurons ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Synapse ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive TRH-containing neurons and their synaptic associations were studied electron microscopically in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial nucleus (DMH) of the rat hypothalamus. In propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated rats, the immunoreactive cell bodies in the PVN appeared to be activated, showing a hypertrophic perikaryon, well developed Golgi bodies and numerous secretory granules. No such alterations were evident in the TRH neurons in the DMH. These findings suggest that the PVN-TRH neurons are involved in the hypothalamic-hypophysial-thyroid axis. Further, it was shown that unlabeled nerve terminals containing small and large clear vesicles make synaptic contacts with the TRH perikarya in the PVN. Thus it is likely that PVN-TRH neurons are regulated both by thyroid hormones and by other neuronal signals. In the DMH, unlabeled nerve terminals containing small and large clear vesicles, and immunoreactive terminals form synapses with TRH neurons. Thus the DMH-TRH neurons may be under dual neuronal control. It was further noted that in the DMH and PVN, TRH nerve terminals make synaptic contacts with other unlabeled neurons. It is evident that TRH acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, although the origin of TRH terminals should be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237473
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laminar differences in sizes, shapes, and response profiles of cutaneous receptive fields in the rat SI cortex (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 549-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous receptive fields ; Somatosensory cortex ; Cortical layers ; Quantitative analysis of receptive fields ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative techniques were used to demonstrate cortical layer differences in cutaneous receptive fields (RF's) in the rat SI cortex. Two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) RF maps were constructed showing the responsiveness of single neurons to standardized punctate stimulation of each of a matrix of points on the skin or the mystacial vibrissa pad. These allowed a visualization not only of the overall sizes of such RF's, but also their shape and “response profile”. Initial experiments showed that the sizes and response profiles of such RF's were similar whether they were mapped by sinusoidal mechanical vibration of skin, punctate touch, or direct intracutaneous electrical stimulation. This method was used to quantitatively determine distoproximal lengths of RF's of single units recorded at different depths in the forepaw area of the SI cortex. Plots of these RF lengths as a function of cortical depth showed that the smallest RF's were found in the granular layers (IV and deep III). RF's up to double that size were found in supragranular layers, and up to triple that size in infragranular layers. 3-D maps of RF's in the granular layers showed sharp central response peaks surrounded by very steep dropoffs to the RF boundaries. In the whisker areas, granular layer RF's were typically circular in shape and contained from 1–4 whiskers. By contrast, in supragranular layers they were often elongated in shape, and were oriented along rows or columns of whiskers. RF's in layer V resembled large, high plateaus, often supporting clearly separated peaks. RF's mapped in the fore- and hindpaw areas were similar, but, even in the granular layers, were often slightly elongated along the limb axis. In all regions of the SI, both the locations and shapes of the granular layer RF's appeared to be conserved as subsets of other more topographically heterogeneous RF's encountered elsewhere in the column. These findings may correlate with patterns of axonal connectivity in the rat SI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236033
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic activation of rat supraoptic neurosecretory neurons by noxious and hypovolemic stimuli (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 572-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vasopressin cell ; Noxious input ; Hypovolemia ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of saphenous nerve stimulation on discharge activity of supraoptic neurosecretory (NS) cells were studied in anesthetized rats. Of 112 supraoptic neurosecretory cells, 62 exhibited a ‘phasic’ discharge pattern. The nerve stimulation transiently excited 46 of these 62 ‘phasic’ units, as well as 35 of the 50 remaining ‘non-phasic’ units. No appreciable blood pressure change was noted using PSTHs with 1-ms resolution. Though the nerve stimulation also evoked a flexor reflex of the ipsilateral hind limb, blockage of the hind limb movement with gallamine did not alter the amplitude of the supraoptic cell excitation. The threshold of the nerve stimulation was higher for the excitation than for the flexor reflex. Effects of hypovolemic and hyperosmotic stimuli on discharge activity of ‘phasic’ cells during saphenous nerve stimulation were studied to find a possible interaction between these stimuli. Hemorrhage potentiated the transient excitation evoked by the nerve stimulation in all of the 8 ‘phasic’ cells tested, while no such effect was seen after an injection of hypertonic sodium chloride solution in the 7 ‘phasic’ cells tested. These electrophysiological data suggest that hypovolemic and noxious stimuli potentiate VP secretion in a synergistic manner but that hyperosmotic and noxious stimuli do not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236036
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential pulse voltammetry in vivo with working carbon fiber electrodes: 5-hydroxyindole compounds or uric acid detection? (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 589-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Voltammetry ; High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ; 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) ; Uric acid (UA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differential pulse voltammetry was performed in rats chronically implanted with carbon fiber electrodes in the caudate (n.Cd) and raphe dorsalis (n.RD) nuclei. The electrochemical signal obtained at the +300 mV potential (peak 3) in animals implanted for more than one week (long term chronic conditions, 〉7 days) could be dependent upon the extracellular fraction of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) since a single injection of Pargyline is sufficient to suppress it in n.Cd and n.RD. This result was obtained despite the tendency of Pargyline to increase n.Cd and n.RD endogenous concentrations of Uric Acid (UA) measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In contrast, in animals implanted for less than one week (short term chronic conditions, 〈7 days) peak 3 recorded in the same structure could be dependent upon extracellular fractions of 5-HIAA and UA since consecutive injections of Pargyline and Allopurinol are necessary to suppress this signal. The source of extracellular UA measured in brain by voltammetry, in such short term chronic conditions, might result from surgical trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340496
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation of α2-adrenoreceptors enhances haloperidol-induced suppression of operant behavior (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 66 (1986), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Rat ; behavior ; dopamine synthesis ; α 2-adrenoreceptor ; noradrenaline — dopamine interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis byα-methyl paratyrosine (α-MT) was previously shown to potentiate the behavioral suppression caused by dopamine-receptor antagonists. This effect ofα-MT is in all probability due to inhibition of the compensatory increase in dopamine turnover induced by the dopamine receptor antagonists. In the present study we investigated the effect of theα 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine on the haloperidol-induced suppression of food-reinforced lever-pressing behavior (fixed ratio 40∶1) in rats. Small behaviorally inactive doses of clonidine were found, in analogy withα-MT, to enhance the haloperidol-induced suppression of the lever-pressing behavior. The haloperidol-induced increase in dopamine synthesis (measured as the accumulation of DOPA after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylare) was antagonized by clonidine in the striatum as well as in the dopamine rich limbic regions. Prazosin, a selectiveα 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist had no effect on the clonidine induced behavioral changes. Idazoxane, a selectiveα 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, counteracted both the behavioral and biochemical effects of clonidine, indicating that these effects of clonidine are mediated via its action onα 2-adrenoreceptors. The present findings provide support for the notion thatα 2-adrenoreceptors may participate in the regulation of nigro-striatal as well as meso-limbic dopaminergic activity. It is suggested thatα 2-adrenoreceptor agents, especially in combination with classical antipsychotics, might be of therapeutic value in the treatment of disorders associated with abnormal dopaminergic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260906
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of arterial repair following endothelial denudation in the rat carotid artery (1986)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1986), S. 559-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Endothelial denudation ; Medial necrosis ; Arteriosclerosis ; Rat ; Carotid artery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repair processes in the intima and media of the rat carotid artery were studied morphometrically for time intervals of up to 28 days after injury induced by air-drying. Air-drying injury included endothelial denudation as well as medial necrosis. Repair was most rapid between days 9 and 11 after injury as regards the increase in myointimal lesion size, the extent of repopulation of the media and re-endothelialization. After day 11, myointimal lesion size continued to increase until day 28. Medial repair, however, almost completely ceased at day 11, 25% of the inner media and 5% of the outer media remaining necrotic. At day 21, the vessels were almost completely re-endothelialized; however, even at day 28, about 10% of the middle of the vessel was still permeable to Evans Blue. The response of Sprague Dawley rats to injury differed from that of Wistar rats. Compared with Wistar rats, Sprague Dawley rats showed larger myointimal lesions, less medial necrosis and slower endothelial repair. It is suggested that the extent of medial necrosis and the speed of endothelial regeneration affect the arteriosclerotic response in rats
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705336
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neovascularization in the splenic autograft transplanted into rat omentum as studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts (1986)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 409 (1986), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neovascularization ; Spleen ; Autotransplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neovascularization during regenerating process in splenic tissue autotransplanted into rat omentum was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. The results obtained indicated that neovascularization is classified into the following four steps; (1) capillarization in the connective tissue surrounding the degenerating autograft, (2) connection of blood vessels between the still surviving splenic cords and capillaries in the surrounding tissue, (3) rebuilding of the splenic sinuses and (4) remodelling of regenerated blood vessels. This neovascularization process is specific in that the preexisting splenic cords play an important role in angiogenesis during regenerative process in the autograft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00708250
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of ethanol, estrogen, and hexachlorobenzene on the activities of hepatic δ-aminolevulinate synthetase, δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase, and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in male rats (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Estrogen ; Hexachlorobenzene ; Rat ; δ-Aminolevulinate dehydratase ; Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase ; Porphyria cutanea tarda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine if clinically observed disorders in heme biosynthetic enzymes, known as sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), could be reproduced in experimental animals, male Fischer rats were treated with ethanol, estrogen and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A series of heme biosynthetic enzymes were assayed. In the rats given free access to 8% ethanol-drinking water for 15 weeks, δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) dehydratase was significantly reduced in erythrocytes. In the liver, ALA synthetase and uroporphyrinogen (UROgen) decarboxylase activities remained unchanged. In bone marrow cells, these activities did not change markedly. In the rats treated with estrogen (1 mg estrioltripropionate /rat/week, IM), no body weight gain was observed during the treatment for 15 weeks and urinary ALA excretion increased to 1.7 fold over normal level. In the liver, a significant increase was observed in the activity of ALA dehydratase, but other enzymes remained within the normal level. In bone marrow cells and erythrocytes, ALA dehydratase was also increased. ALA synthetase increased only in bone marrow cells to 2.1 times higher than the control level. In rats fed 0.3% HCB-diet for 8 weeks, urinary excretion of ALA, coproporphyrin and uroporphyrin increased to 2.4, 3.3 and 3.8 times higher than the controls, respectively. In the liver, an increase was observed in ALA synthetase, while a decrease was observed in ALA dehydratase and UROgen decarboxylase. In bone marrow cells and erythrocytes, ALA dehydratase was reduced and activities of other enzymes did not show any changes. These results indicate that alcohol, estrogen and HCB do not produce phenomena similar to those observed clinically in PCT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316322
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of individual terphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls on rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases: structure-activity relationships (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 186-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Polychlorinated terphenyls ; Monooxygenases ; Liver ; Receptor protein ; SARS ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of o-, m- and p-terphenyl, 2,4-dichloro-, 2,4,6-trichloro-, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro-, 2,4,4'",6- tetrachloro- and 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-p-terphenyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-m- and o-terphenyl as inducers of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes were determined in immature male Wistar rats. o-Terphenyl, 2,4-dichloro-, 2,4,6-trichloro-p-terphenyl and 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-o-terphenyl induced 4,4′-dimethylamino antipyrine N-demethylase at total dose levels of 300 μmol/kg and the 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-p-terphenyl induced ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD). In contrast, none of the other terphenyls or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) induced these enzyme activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-p-terphenyl did not exhibit a high affinity for the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-trachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) receptor protein (EC50= 6.6×10−6M). In contrast, this study showed that 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-p-terphenyl was more active than either 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-o- or m-terphenyl as an inducer of EROD. Moreover, the competitive receptor binding EC50 values for the latter two isomers were 〉 10−5 M and this result was also consistent with their lack of EROD induction activity. Previous studies showed that analysis of the data for a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls indicated that the p-terphenyl structural moiety (i.e. 4′-substituent = phenyl) did not interact with high affinity with the receptor protein binding site. Since the 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro o- and m-terphenyls are also poor ligands for the receptor protein, this data and results from other studies indicate that PCT congeners (and commercial mixtures) are therefore unlikely to elicit significant 2,3,7,8-TCDD-like biologic or toxic effects in target species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316331
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatotoxicity of the synthetic oestrogen hexoestrol in the female rat (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 216-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Oestrogen ; Hexoestrol ; Liver ; Hepatotoxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The synthetic oestrogen hexoestol is hepatotoxic to the female rat. Twenty-five animals were treated daily with hexoestrol at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Twenty-five more acted as controls. Five animals from each group were killed after 4, 12, 20, 30 and 40 days of treatment to permit serial evaluations of liver histopathology to complement serum biochemical investigations. There were no mortalities during the study and only modest external signs of toxicity. All the treated rats showed reductions in body weight and appetite and gains in liver weight. This latter effect was due to both cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The principle finding of the liver histopathology was fatty change. This affected scattered individual cells, mainly in the midzonal region. All of the serum parameters of toxicity — which consisted of bilirubin, total protein, albumin, glycoprotein, α2-macrofoetoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase — indicated liver impairment. Most of these also showed time-related changes consistent with an initial phase up to Day 20 of marked liver dysfunction superseded by a more adaptive phase thereafter. The hepatotoxicity described here seems sufficient to explain blood clotting defects observed elsewhere in oestrogen-treated rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290541
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species difference between rat and hamster in tissue accumulation of mercury after administration of methylmercury (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1986), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methylmercury accumulation ; Biotransformation ; Rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of mercury in tissues of the rat and hamster was determined after the administration of a single dose of 203Hg-methylmercury chloride (10mg/kg body weight). (1) On day 2, the mercury contents of hamster tissues were higher than those of rat tissues, except for red blood cells, in which the mercury content was about 6-fold higher in the rat than in the hamster. (2) After that time, the mercury content of hamster tissues decreased rather steeply and on day 16 it had reached 14–25% in nervous tissues and 7–15% in other tissues, of the levels on day 2. (3) In the rat, on the other hand, the mercury content of nervous tissues on day 16 was higher than that on day 2 (106–220%), except for dorsal roots and dorsal root ganglia, which showed slight decreases (75–94% of the levels on day 2). In non-neural tissues, the decreases up to day 16 were also small (71–92% of the levels on day 2). (4) Thus, both the uptake and elimination of mercury seem to be more rapid in the tissues of hamster compared with those of the rat. Similar trends of mercury accumulation and elimination were observed when animals received multiple injections of methylmercury that induced acute methylmercury intoxication. (5) Significant biotransformation of the injected methylmercury to inorganic mercury was detected in the liver, kidney and spleen of both animal species. Although the percentages of inorganic mercury in these tissues were not so different between the two species on day 2, they became exceedingly high in the tissues of hamster at the later stage, except in the kidney cytosol, in which the values were close in both animal species between day 2 and day 16.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290546
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of maternal cadmium exposure on postnatal development and tissue cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 58 (1986), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Offspring ; Zn, Cu content ; Behavioral deficit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Administration of 60 ppm cadmium (Cd) in drinking water from the 1st to the 20th day of gestation to female rats did not affect the viability, body weight gain, food, and water consumption of offspring. The blood hemoglobin level was reduced in 2-week-old females and males but not in 16-week-old offspring. Hematocrit and serum glucose level were not affected at either age. Cadmium concentration in the intestinal wall was increased in both age groups, with marginal uptake in other organs. A decrease in copper (Cu) concentration was found in the brain of 2-week-old offspring of both sexes and of 16-week-old females. The brain zinc (Zn) concentration was decreased only in 16-week-old animals. The physical and neuromuscular development of offspring before weaning was not impaired by maternal Cd treatment. The alterations in Cu and Zn metabolism were associated with reduced locomotor activity and affected open-field behavior in adult offspring of either sex and with decreased avoidance acquisition in adult female offspring. The results obtained suggest a relationship between the reduced brain Cu and Zn levels and CNS dysfunction in adult offspring of female rats exposed to Cd during gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297116
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Enhancing effects of rodent malaria on aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic neoplasia (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 112 (1986), S. 177-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Liver cancer ; Aflatoxin ; Malaria ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interaction between aflatoxin and malaria was tested for its usefulness as a model for hepatic tumor induction in rats. Male Buffalo rats which received aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) followed by Plasmodium berghei infection developed more preneoplastic lesions in the liver compared to those given AFB1 alone. No preneoplastic lesions were found in the liver of control and malarial-treated animals. These findings suggest that the malarial parasite facilitates liver tumor development initiated by AFB1 in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404403
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Vitreous fluorescein accumulation determined by in vivo fluorophotometry and by vitreous extraction in normal and diabetic rats (1986)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 175-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; streptozotocin diabetes ; vitreous fluorophotometry ; vitreous fluorescein extraction ; insulin ; fluorescein pharmacokinetics ; fluorescein protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitreous fluorophotometry was performed on pigmented male rats (Piebald strain) 2 weeks after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. In vivo fluorophotometry data were compared with measurements obtained by direct extraction of the vitreous 60 min after an intravenous injection of sodium fluorescein. In addition, the rate of fluorescein disappearance from blood plasma, plasma protein binding of fluorescein and the effect of insulin treatment of diabetic animals were investigated. Age-matched nondiabetic animals served as controls. In vivo fluorophotometric measurements showed a good correlation with fluorescein determinations after direct extraction of the vitreous. Vitreous fluorescein concentrations were similar in diabetic and normal rats and were strongly related to the dye plasma levels within each group of animals. In the diabetic rats, however, the elimination of plasma fluorescein was accelerated and the percentage of free fluorescein, as determined by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis, was consistently higher (130–150% of controls). The ratios of vitreous to total or free plasma fluorescein levels were elevated in diabetic rats. Experimental data indicate that plasma concentration of free fluorescein is crucial for vitreous dye accumulation. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats markedly improved their metabolic state and normalized the plasma fluorescein elimination and the vitreous to plasma fluorescein concentration ratios. It is concluded that vitreous fluorophotometry can be adequately applied to pigmented rats, provided that plasma fluorescein elimination rate and protein binding are considered in the interpretation of the results, since both influence the vitreous fluorescein accumulation and both may be altered by disease and drug treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427089
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  • 37
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    Inhibition of noradrenergic neurotransmission by apomorphine and pergolide in the in situ autoperfused rat renal and superior mesenteric vascular beds (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Presynaptic dopamine receptors ; Mesenteric ; Renal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro studies have provided evidence that presynaptic dopamine receptors are present in the rat renal and superior mesenteric vascular beds. To confirm this in vivo, the effects of locally administered apomorphine and pergolide were studied in the in situ autoperfused renal and superior mesenteric vascular beds. Local infusion of apomorphine (1 μg · kg−1 · min−1 for 5 min) or pergolide (1 μg · kg−1 · min−1 for 5 min) into either the renal or the superior mesenteric artery had no effect on perfusion pressure per se. In the renal vascular bed, the pressure response to electrical stimulation (4 Hz, 1 ms, supramaximal voltage) was reduced to 49.8±4.8% by apomorphine and to 54.8±2.7% by pergolide; in the mesenteric vascular bed, apomorphine reduced the pressure response to electrical stimulation (4 Hz, 1 ms, supramaximal voltage) to 53.8±2.9, pergolide to 52.0±1.8%. Increases of perfusion pressure in the renal and in the mesenteric vascular bed induced by locally administered noradrenaline were not modified by apomorphine or pergolide. In both vascular beds, the inhibition of the stimulation-evoked pressure responses by apomorphine or pergolide was completely antagonized by local administration of the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol in a dose (1 μg · kg−1) which did not influence the inhibitory effect of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304; the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine, in a dose (100 μg · kg−1) which completely antagonized the inhibitory effect of UK-14,304, did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of apomorphine and pergolide. Local administration of rauwolscine per se increased the pressure response to stimulation at 4 Hz in both vascular beds. In contrast, local administration of haloperidol did not influence the stimulation-evoked pressure response. These results provide evidence for the presence of presynaptic, inhibitory dopamine receptors on sympathetic nerves in the rat renal and mesenteric vascular beds; these receptors could be involved in the blood pressure lowering effects of dopamine receptor agonists, such as apomorphine and pergolide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00512934
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Central dopaminergic properties of HW-165 and its enantiomers; Trans-octahydrobenzo(f)quinoline congeners of 3-PPP (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 205-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Trans-7-OH-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinoline ; HW-165 ; Enantiomers ; 3-PPP congener ; Atypical dopamine agonist ; In vivo pharmacological characterisation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the further development of CNS dopamine autoreceptor active compounds related to 3-PPP, the trans-fused 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinoline HW-165 and its enantiomers were synthesised. This paper describes the basic pharmacological properties of these latter, novel “atypical” dopaminergic agents, based on an extensive series of biochemical and behavioural experiments in rats. By and large, the pharmacological activities of HW-165—essentially, if not exclusively, residing in its (4aS,10bS)-(−)-enantiomer—were similar to those displayed by (S)-(−)-3-PPP, indicating the simultaneous presence of central dopamine (autoreceptor) agonist and weak (postsynaptic) antagonist properties in the molecule. Thus, in non-pretreated animals HW-165 and its active species monotonically suppressed the spontaneous locomotion without causing catalepsy or other appreciable motor disabilities, and at the same time selectively reduced the dopamine synthesis, release/turnover and utilisation. Some differences in these biochemical responses to HW-165 [racemate or (−)-enantiomer] were, however, noted in the limbic vs. striatal brain areas (e.g. decrease of dopamine synthesis particularly in the limbic parts). On the other hand, while failing to reverse reserpine-induced akinesia or to elicit stereotyped behaviour, the agents markedly inhibited the dopamine synthesis in either of the dopamine-dominated cerebral regions in the reserpinised as well as in γ-butyrolactone (GBL)-treated rats. As shown for racemic HW-165 after reserpine pretreatment, the inhibition of dopamine synthesis was completely and sterecselectively blocked by (+)-butaclamol, thereby supporting direct dopamine receptor interaction. Racemic HW-165 readily antagonised the d-amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity. Apomorphine-induced hyperactivity was, however, distinctly more resistant to antagonism by HW-165 [racemate or (−)-enantiomer]. Moreover, the latter agents fully prevented the apomorphine-induced inhibition of striatal dopamine synthesis in otherwise non-pretreated rats, while only partly counteracting this effect of apomorphine in the limbic regions of such animals, and in either brain area of rats treated with γ-butyro-lactone. The findings are interpreted within the context of the mixed dopamine agonist/antagonist properties (referred above) of HW-165 and its active (−)-species in relation to the adaptive state of central dopamine receptors and possible regional variations in feedback strength and organisation. Taken together, for reasons discussed, the observations indicated that racemic and (−)-HW-165 may exert a preferential, net “limbic” anti-dopaminergic impact of action in normal animals. This interesting pharmacological profile might thus suggest the usefulness of these agents both as novel neuropsychopharmacological research tools and in the treatment of dopamine-related CNS disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00512931
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Electrical behaviour of the rat's tibia during growth and fracture healing (1986)
    Springer
    International orthopaedics 10 (1986), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Keywords: Tibia ; Rat ; Surface potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié le comportement électrique des surfaces osseuses tibiales exposées sur de jeunes rats, en condition normale, après fracture et pendant le processus de réparation. L'enregistrement des potentiels a été fait après neutralisation de tous les artefacts électriques (potentiels de lésion musculaire). Aucune différence de potentiel n'a été enregistrée au niveau des surfaces osseuses exposées, dans chacune des conditions. Ces résultats indiquent que les courants de l'hypothétique »g'enérateur osseux« ne parviennent pas à la surface du tibia. Donc aucune méthode d'ènregistrement externe des propriétés bio-éléctriques de l'os n'est possible.
    Notes: Summary The electrical behaviour of the exposed tibial surface of young rats has been studied in normal conditions, after fracture and during the repair process. Recordings of potentials were made after all the electrical artefacts (muscle injury potentials) had been neutralized. No significant potential difference was obtained on the exposed bony surface in all the specimens. The results suggest that the currents of the hypothetical “bone-generator” do not reach the tibial surface. The bioelectrical properties of bone cannot therefore be investigated by an external recording method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266211
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversal and nonreversal shifts under amphetamine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 355-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Simultaneous brightness discrimination ; Reversal ; Nonreversal ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained in a Y maze on a two-choice simultaneous brightness discrimination with light as S+ and dark as S− (position irrelevant). Half of the animals were then switched to reversal, where the reinforcement contingencies of the original training were reversed, and the other half were switched to nonreversal, in which they learned a simultaneous right-left discrimination. Nonreversal was acquired faster than reversal in saline injected animals. The administration of 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine did not affect the acquisition of the initial brightness discrimination and of nonreversal. In contrast, the drug facilitated dramatically reversal learning. The results indicate that amphetamine enhances the attention to, or the associability of, the discriminative stimuli, leading to rapid learning to these stimuli under changed contingencies of reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174374
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    pH-microclimate at the luminal surface of the intestinal mucosa of guinea pig and rat (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: pH-Microclimate ; pH-Microelectrodes ; Colon ; Jejunum ; Guinea pig ; Rat ; in vitro ; in vivo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Segments of guinea pig jejunum, proximal and distal colon and of rat jejunum were superfused either in vivo or in vitro with different electrolyte solutions. The pH in the bulk phase solution and at the surface of the epithelium was measured with two different types of glass pH-microelectrodes, a pointed tip (Hinke-type) and a flat membrane electrode (Dubuisson-type); both types of electrodes gave the same results. The existence of a pH-microclimate at the surface of the mucosa was demonstrated under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. In vivo the pH-microclimate was stable and virtually independent of changes in the luminal bulk phase pH. When the bulk phase pH of the guinea pig colon was changed between pH 5 and pH 8.6, the mean pH in the microclimate was 7.08±0.15 (n=163) in the proximal colon and 6.91±0.14 (n=75) in the distal colon. In the guinea pig jejunum pH in the microclimate was 7.37±0.21 (n=10) while the luminal pH was 7.27±0.10. Under in vitro conditions, the pH in the microclimate was more acidic (guinea pig jejunum ΔpH 0.93, rat jejunum ΔpH 0.40, guinea pig proximal colon ΔpH 0.22). Addition of glucose (10 mM) or short-chain fatty acids (80–90 mM) to the luminal solution or replacement of sodium by lithium did not influence the pH in the microclimate significantly. Also the addition of acetazolamide, amiloride, SITS or sodium deoxycholate to the luminal solution, did not affect the pH in the microclimate in vivo. A temporary interruption of the blood supply caused acidification of the pH in the microclimate. Restoring the blood flow reversed the effect, and the pH returned to the original values within a few minutes. The originally proposed acid-microclimate could not be confirmed under in vivo experimental conditions either in the jejunum or in the colon by direct measurement with pH-sensitive glass-microelectrodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580717
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    The organ distribution of gp-330 (Heymann antigen) and gp-90 in the mouse and the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1986), S. 541-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Organ distribution ; Heymann antigen ; gp-90 protein ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Heymann antigen (gp-330) and an antigen with lower molecular weight (gp-90) are major constituents of the brush border of the renal proximal tubules in the rat and the mouse. The Heymann antigen can also be found at discrete sites in the glomerular visceral epithelium of the rat, but not of the mouse. Gp-90 is present diffusely along the glomerular capillary wall of rat and mouse. The Heymann antigen is probably the target antigen for membranous glomerulonephritis in the rat, while in the mouse, where this form of glomerulonephritis can also be induced, gp-90 seems to be the antigen involved. We have separated the antibody populations against these two antigens by preparing eluates from kidneys of rats and livers of mice that had been injected with an antiserum against pronase-digested mouse renal tubular antigens. Using these purified antibodies we have examined by indirect immunofluorescence the distribution of the two antigens on normal mouse and rat tissues. The expression of the Heymann antigen is limited to the epithelia of several organs, while gp-90 has a more widespread distribution in many cells of different origin and function in both the mouse and the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705307
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  • 43
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    (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232: Central stimulants acting as preferential dopamine autoreceptor antagonists (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 234-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine autoreceptors ; Dopamine antagonists ; 2-Aminotetralins ; Central stimulants ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The biochemical and behavioral effects of the putative dopamine autoreceptor antagonists cis-(+)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin, (+)-AJ 76 and cis-(+)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, (+)-UH 232, were evaluated in various in vivo models in rats. Both compounds produced a marked elevation in brain dopamine synthesis and turnover with only slight effects on the synthesis and turnover of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline being noted. (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 also failed to antagonize the decrease in cortical noradrenaline synthesis rate caused by the alpha2 agonist clonidine. The apomorphine-induced decrease in dopamine synthesis rate in gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) treated animals was completely blocked by (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 but not by d-amphetamine or methylphenidate. In activity experiments using habituated animals, (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 produced locomotor stimulation and weak stereotypies and antagonized the sedative effects of low doses of apomorphine. Locomotor hyperactivity induced by apomorphine or the dopamine agonist DiPr-5,6-ADTN was antagonized by (+)-UH 232 and to a lesser degree by (+)-AJ 76. The locomotor hyperactivity produced by (+)-AJ 76, (+)-UH 232 and methylphenidate was completely prevented by reserpine pretreatment and partially blocked by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MT), whereas d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity was only antagonized by alpha-MT pretreatment. It is concluded that (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 produce behavioral stimulation via a preferential antagonism on central dopamine autoreceptors, an action different from that of all known stimulants including apomorphine, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate. (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 possess but weak antagonistic effects on postsynaptic dopamine receptors and only the latter compound is able to induce sedation in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508777
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    The direct and amplifying effects of serotonin are increased with age in the isolated perfused kidney of Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Age ; Rat ; Kidney ; Amplification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated kidneys of Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were perfused with Tyrode's solution. In 2- and 6-month old SHR, the maximal increase in perfusion pressure caused by norepinephrine was higher than in 2- and 6-month old Wistar rats, but the sensitivity, as judged from the dose of the agonist required to reach 50% of the maximal response was the same. Both the maximal response and the sensitivity to serotonin were significantly augmented in 6-month old SHR and Wistar rats when compared to the young animals. This hypersensitivity was more pronounced in SHR than in Wistar rats. Infusion of serotonin potentiated the vasoconstriction induced by a bolus of norepinephrine. This amplification, due to activation of S2-serotonergic receptors, was more pronounced in the old animals. No amplification occurred when norepinephrine was infused instead of serotonin. Tachyphylaxis to the amplifying effect of serotonin was observed and was less pronounced in kidneys from old than from young animals. The amplifying effect of serotonin was inhibited by ketanserin at concentrations which did not, or only moderately, inhibit the response to norepinephrine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569365
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    GBR 13098, a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor; behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological studies (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: GBR 13098 ; Dopamine uptake inhibition ; Locomotor activity ; Dopamine synthesis ; Neuronal activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous in vitro studies have suggested that GBR 13098 (1-(2-(bis(4-fluophenyl methoxy) ethyl)-4-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-propyl)piperazine) dimethane sulfonate) acts as a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor. In the present study, behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological effects of GBR 13098 in rats were analyzed. GBR 13098 (10–40 mg/kg, i.p.) increased locomotor activity of habituated rats. The effect was almost totally prevented by pretreatment with the monoamine-depleting drug reserpine (5 mg/kg, 6 h) or the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg, 30 min). GBR 13098 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced DOPA formation in the striatum and in the limbic region, whereas the dopamine poor hemispheres were unaffected in this regard. GBR 13098 (0.1–20 mg/kg, i.v.; or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter the spontaneous firing rate of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta. However, pretreatment with the drug (20 mg/kg, i.p., 10–30 min) enhanced the inhibitory response of microiontophoretically applied dopamine onto the dopamine neurons of substantia nigra. Taken together, the present series of experiments show that GBR 13098 acts as a specific and potent inhibitor of dopamine uptake in brain. Present electrophysiological data are in line with the existence of a somatic or dendritic uptake system of dopamine within the substantia nigra but do not support the notion that the impulse activity of nigral dopamine neurons is regulated via a striatonigral feedback pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569374
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity to noradrenaline and electrical stimulation decreases with age in the rat tail artery (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 334 (1986), S. 37-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Tail artery ; Noradrenaline ; Electrical stimulation ; Ageing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline and electrical field stimulation in the isolated perfused/superfused tail arteries of rats of 6–7, 16–17 and 30–31 months of age. Maximal vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline were the same at all three ages. Sensitivity to noradrenaline and to electrical stimulation were reduced in the 16–17 and 30–31 month old rats. The noradrenaline content of the arteries of the two latter age groups was reduced. We conclude that ageing in this resistance vessel is accompanied by a decrease in the arterial noradrenaline content and in the sensitivity of the artery to noradrenaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498737
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermally induced salivary secretion in anesthetized rats (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 406 (1986), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Salivary secretion ; Hyperthermia ; Scrotal temperature ; Abdominal temperature ; Facial temperature ; Hypothalamic temperature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effect of thermal stimulation on salivary secretion was examined in urethane anesthetized (i.p., 1.0 g/kg) rats. First, rectal temperature (T re) was maintained at various levels by warming the whole trunk with a heating blanket. Copious salivary secretion occurred whenT re reached a threshold value above 40°C, which is considerably higher than the threshold for tail vasodilation. Local warming of the scrotum, face, or hypothalamus also elicited salivary secretion, but only ifT re was in a limited range just below the threshold temperature at whichT re alone would induce salivary secretion. The higher theT re within that limited range, the lower the temperature of the site locally warmed at which salivary secretion began. Changes in temperature of the abdomen, not including the scrotum, modulated the salivary secretion elicited by scrotal warming. Hypothalamic and scrotal temperatures interacted with each other to affect salivary secretion. Temperature signals from both core and periphery thus appear to be integrated in bringing about salivary secretion. Thermally induced salivary secretion may function as a basis for saliva spreading behavior observed in rats in a hot environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00590935
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  • 48
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    Para-chlorophenylalanine prevents feeding induced by the serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 467-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 8-OH-DPAT ; Feeding ; Stereotypy ; PCPA ; Serotonin ; Autoreceptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine pre-treatment (PCPA, 150 mg/kg IP daily for 3 days) on feeding and stereotyped behaviour elicited by the serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in rats were investigated. PCPA depleted brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations by 90% and increased feding during a 2-h day-time test. 8-OH-DPAT (60–4000 μg/kg SC) increased food intake in control animals but decreased in in PCPA-treated animals during the 2-h test. PCPA treatment had no effect on 8-OH-DPAT-induced locomotion or serotonin-related stereotyped behaviour (i.e. forepaw treading, headweaving, wet dog shakes, etc). Since PCPA prevents the operation of pre-synaptic serotonergic mechanisms, the failure of 8-OH-DPAT to increase food intake in PCPA-treated rats suggests that 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperphagia is autoreceptor mediated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02412123
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  • 49
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    Reversal by alpha-2 agonists of diazepam withdrawal hyperactivity in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 198-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chronic diazepam ; Withdrawal hyperactivity ; Diarrhoea ; Clonidine ; Guanfacine ; B-HT 920 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were made diazepam dependent by chronic treatment with daily injections of the drug, 20 mg/kg, IP, for 3 weeks. On abrupt termination of the drug, the animals showed withdrawal hyperactivity which was indicated by increased horizontal locomotion and vertical activity, and diarrhoea. The peak effect was seen 3 days after the withdrawal of diazepam. Effects of various alpha2 agonists, clonidine, guanfacine and B-HT 920, were studied on the diazepam withdrawal phenomena. Clonidine (100 μg/kg, IP) given twice a day at an interval of 12 h prevented both withdrawal-induced hyperactivity and diarrhoea. On the contrary, equimolar doses of guanfacine and B-HT 920 failed to reverse withdrawal-induced hyperactivity but attenuated the effect of diarrhoea. However, higher doses (500 μg/kg, IP) of guanfacine and B-HT 920 given twice a day at 12-h intervals were found to be effective. Pretreatment with yohimbine (1.5 mg/kg, IP) reversed the protective effect of clonidine, indicating the involvement of alpha2 receptors in the action of clonidine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181241
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
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    Agonist and antagonist effects of prototype opiate drugs in fentanyl dose-dose discrimination (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Dose-dose discrimination ; Opiates ; Fentanyl ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The experiments characterized the effects of fentanyl, morphine, naloxone, cyclazocine, nalorphine, ketocyclazocine and N-allylnormetazocine in rats that were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl (dose-dose discrimination). The data are compared to results obtained previously in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline (drug-saline discrimination). In the dose-dose discrimination fentanyl and morphine produced responding appropriate to 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl at doses which were 3.0- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, than in drug-saline discrimination. Naloxone antagonized the stimulus effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl at 9.8-fold lower doses than in drug-saline discrimination. The dose-effect curves of fentanyl and naloxone in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl, were steeper than in rats discriminating 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. While cyclazocine, nalorphine and N-allylnormetazocine acted as mixed and partial agonists/antagonists in drug-saline discrimination, those compounds acted as pure and complete antagonists of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl in dose-dose discrimination. The rank order of compounds in antagonizing the stimulus effects of 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl in dose-dose discrimination was naloxone 〉 N-allylnormetazocine 〉 cyclazocine 〉 nalorphine. It is suggested that a greater magnitude of opiate activity is required for producing generalization with the same 0.04 mg/kg dose of fentanyl in dose-dose as compared with drug-saline discrimination. Dose-dose discrimination may afford a more accurate method than drug-saline discrimination for assessing the equivalence of the discriminative stimulus properties of drugs. The data obtained in the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that the discriminative stimulus effects of the opiate compounds studied are mediated by a molecular mechanism involving only a single opiate receptor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181246
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    Apomorphine response plasticity in lesioned rats: Supersensitivity dependency and lack of drug- or non-drug-associated environmental cuing (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Circling behaviour ; Drug cuing ; Lesions ; Reverse tolerance ; Supersensitivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Low doses of apomorphine can induce biphasic, contralateral circling behaviour in rats having unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. The present studies examined the extent to which this is linked to the supersensitive state, the possible contribution of apomorphine's actions in the intact striatum, and the extent to which response differentiation might be linked to drug-or non-drug-associated environmental cuing. In the first instance, weekly administration of 0.4 mg/kg SC apomorphine to “normosensitive” rats having electrolytic ablation of one caudate failed to result in biphasic circling, whereas clear biphasic responses developed in supersensitive, 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned animals receiving 0.05 mg/kg SC apomorphine at weekly intervals. In the second instance, 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals exhibiting biphasic responses after three exposures to apomorphine continued to do so after additional electrolytic ablation of the contralateral caudate, indicating a primary role for apomorphine's interaction within the denervated striatum. In studying the possible role of drug- or non-drug-associated environmental cuing effects it was found that repeated exposure of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats to 0.05 mg/kg SC apomorphine at 2-h intervals failed to elicit biphasic responses, although these were evident when the same animals were tested 1 and 2 weeks later. However, studies combining weekly exposure to the test cages with saline or apomorphine administration failed to reveal a role of drug- or non-drug-associated environmental cuing in response differentiation. The latter findings are supported by those from supplementary studies employing opaque contact lenses, in which lesioned animals continued to respond biphasically to apomorphine when deprived of visual input. Taken together, the findings show biphasic responsiveness to apomorphine to be entirely a reflection of the drug's interaction with supersensitive dopamine systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181252
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    RO 15-1788 does not influence postpartum aggression in lactating female rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 278-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Aggression ; Lactation ; Maternal behaviour ; RO 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently, Hansen et al. (1985) suggested behavioural similarities between lactating rats and non-maternal rats treated with benzodiazepines (BDZ), indicating that lactation may be associated with an increased activity state at the GABA/BDZ receptor complex similar to BDZ treatment. A logical prediction of this hypothesis is that BDZ antagonists should decrease typical maternal behaviours involved, such as aggression. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the behavioural effects of the BDZ antagonist RO 15-1788 (1.25–10 mg/kg IP) on aggressive behaviour of lactating female rats confronted with male intruders. We could not support the hypothesis; no consistent behavioural effects of RO 15-1788 on aggression were found. The implications of this finding for the proposed hypothesis are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181259
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    Amphetamine does not affect the partial punishment effect (PPE) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: dl-Amphetamine ; Continuous reinforcement ; Partial punishment ; Resistance to punishment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of amphetamine on the partial punishment effect (PPE) at one trial per day, were examined. Two groups of animals were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially punished (PP) group received food reward on every trial but in addition, received footshocks of a gradually increasing intensity in the goal box on a random 50% of the trials. In the test stage, all animals received both food and footshock on each trial. dl-Amphetamine 1.5 mg/kg was administered in a 2 × 2 design, i.e. drug-no drug in training and drug-no drug in test. The partially punished animals exhibited increased persitence in running to the goal box during test, and this “partial punishment effect” was unaffected by amphetamine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310526
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    Effects of propranolol on conditioned suppression, discriminated punishment and discriminated non-reward in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 252-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; d-Propranolol ; l-Propranolol ; Punishment ; Conditioned suppression ; Non-reward ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Experiment I, two groups of rats were rewarded for lever-pressing under RI 64. During signalled 3-min intrusion periods shocks were delivered response-contingently (on RI 64) for the Punishment group and non-contingently (on RT 64) for the Conditioned Suppression group.d,l-Propranolol (2, 5 mg/kg) released intrusion responding to a similar extent in the two groups. Experiment II comprised two distinct experiments: two groups of rats were trained in parallel on signalled multiple schedules in which responding during the baseline component was rewarded on RI 20. For the second component responding was extinguished in Experiment IIa; it continued to be rewarded but was also punished by electric shock in Experiment IIb. Shock levels were adjusted individually so as to produce similar levels of response suppression in these two groups.d,l-Propranolol released non-rewarded responding (2–5 mg/kg; Expt IIa) but had no effect on punishment (2–10 mg/kg; Expt IIb).l-Propranolol (2.5 mg/kg) but notd-propranolol (2.5 mg/kg) also released non-rewarded responding in Expt IIa. In a further triald,l-propranolol (5 mg/kg) released punished responding in Expt IIb in a group of animals in which response suppression had been partially relieved by reducing shock intensity. It is hypothesized that beta-adrenergic stimuli may influence response suppression to the extent that the unconditioned aversive event causing suppression is not salient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652250
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    Effects of amphetamine and apomorphine on locomotor activity after kainic acid lesion of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nucleus accumbens ; Motor activity ; Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Kainic acid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Kainic acid injections into the nucleus accumbens in rats induced severe loss of neuronal perikarya and the presence of gliosis in its vicinity, without affecting more distant areas. Spontaneous locomotor activity was elevated in the lesioned rats. After a low dose of d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) no significant differences in locomotor activity were found between lesioned and sham-operated rats, while the increase in locomotor activity normally induced by a moderate dose of apomorphine (1 mg/kg) was blocked in lesioned rats. These results indicate that although dopamine receptors on the nucleus accumbens neurons are involved in the mechanisms mediating locomotor behaviour, the locomotor stimulant effect of d-amphetamine is not exclusively dependent on intra-accumbens dopaminergic activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180823
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    High sensitivity of brain octopamine levels to stress (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 305-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Octopamine ; Catecholamines ; Rat ; Stress ; Conditioned suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were submitted to unsignalled and uncontrolled electrical shocks. When re-exposed to the same situation but not shocked, 24 h later, their locomotor activity was significantly reduced compared to that of controls. This conditioned suppression was associated with a significant decrease in p-octopamine (OA) in brain stem and hypothalamus. Shocks delivered just before brain fixation produced an even larger decrease in cerebral OA. Heart levels of OA were not affected. Cerebral and peripheral levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were not significantly or reliably affected. These results, as those of previous experiments, suggest that octopamine is involved in emotional, neurovegetative responses to stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180829
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    Effects of training dose on discrimination and cross-generalization of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Drug generalization ; Training dose ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Ethanol ; Pentobarbital ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six groups of rats (N=8), trained to discriminate chlordiazepoxide (5 or 20 mg/kg), pentobarbital (5 or 15 mg/kg) or ethanol (750 or 1500 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure, were tested for stimulus generalization with the three drugs. Training drug, but not training dose, affected the extent of generalization to a test drug; symmetrical generalization between chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital and asymmetrical generalization between chlordiazepoxide and ethanol and between pentobarbital and ethanol was observed. Training dose level affected (1) slope and ED50 of the generalization gradients of training drugs and substitution drugs, (2) discriminative performance, (3) response bias and (4) threshold dose for response suppression. Indices of lever selection and percentage drug-appropriate lever responses yielded similar generalization maxima, slopes and ED50s. The potency of chlordiazepoxide relative to the potency of pentobarbital to induce drug stimulus generalization varied across the experimental groups. The results indicate differences between the discriminative effects of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol. It is suggested that the discriminative effects of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol are not based on their response rate modulating effects and that training dose is not a determinant for the extent of cross-generalization between these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180836
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    A late-appearing benzodiazepine-induced hypoactivity that is not reversed by a receptor antagonist (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 520-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepine ; Sedation ; Locomotor activity ; Exploration ; Withdrawal ; Benzodiazepine antagonist ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The activity of rats in a holeboard test is reduced 30, 90, and 240 min after treatment with a single dose of lorazepam. The administration of a benzodiazepine antagonist (RO 15-1788) 20 min before the holeboard test (i.e., 10, 70, or 220 min after lorazepam administration) reverses the hypoactivity of animals tested 30 min after treatment with lorazepam, partially reverses the hypoactivity of animals tested 90 min after receiving lorazepam, but is without effect on the hypoactivity observed 240 min after treatment with the benzodiazepine. If, however, RO 15-1788 is given at the same time as lorazepam then it reverses the hypoactivity seen 4 h later. The results of these experiments demonstrate that a benzodiazepine can exert a behavioral effect at a time when it no longer appears to be acting at central benzodiazepine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178518
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    Different effects of haloperidol and extinction on instrumental behaviours (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 18-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Neuroleptic ; Dopamine ; Reinforcement ; Incentive ; Locomotor Activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol (HP) and extinction following FR20 training in rats were compared. Animals under extinction responded at higher rates at the beginning of the session than rats treated with HP, but slower than HP-treated animals at the end of the session. Extinction subjects also emitted proportionately more ratios that were faster than the previous baseline response rate when compared to HP subjects. In a second experiment, animals were reinforced under an FI30-s schedule for merely being on one floor panel of a chamber which also measured locomotor activity. Comparison of the effects of 0.4 mg/kg HP and extinction revealed that both manipulations reduced locomotor activity, while only extinction reduced time on the reinforced panel. The results of these experiments were viewed as contrary to the hypothesis that dopamine antagonist drugs reduce the primary reinforcing impact of food. However, they were seen as consistent with the notion that HP reduced incentive-related motor activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310507
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    Behavioural tolerance to arecoline in rats: Cross-tolerance to oxotremorine and prevention by pretreatment with atropine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 118-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Arecoline ; Tolerance ; Operant responding ; Oxotremorine ; Cross-tolerance ; Atropine pretreatment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments tolerance development to the effects of arecoline on operant responding for a water reward was shown to be dose-dependent, complete tolerance developing to a daily dose of 4 mg/kg, but only partial tolerance developing to a daily dose of 8 mg/kg. However, rats chronically treated with the higher dose of arecoline were least affected by a challenge dose of oxotremorine (0.2 mg/kg); i.e. the high dose group exhibited the greatest cross-tolerance to oxotremorine. Moreover, atropine (4 mg/kg) pretreatment prior to arecoline (4 mg/kg) prevented cross-tolerance to oxotremorine, indicating that dispositional mechanisms are unlikely to be involved in tolerance to arecoline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175202
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    Effects of chronically administered d-amphetamine on spaced responding maintained under multiple and single-component schedules (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 296-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Reinforcement ; Apparent tolerance ; Spaced-responding ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Key pressing by rats was maintained under spaced-responding and random-ratio schedules of food delivery, and rates of responding were reliably different for each schedule. When responding was maintained under a multiple schedule, appropriate doses of d-amphetamine (1.0 and 1.7 mg/kg) markedly increased low rates of spaced responding while markedly decreasing high rates of ratio responding. These drug-produced changes in response rate resulted in decreased food presentation during both schedule components. When 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine was given daily, tolerance developed to initially decreased ratio responding in six to nine sessions, but did not develop to initially increased spaced responding. However, when the ratio schedule was removed, tolerance developed very quickly to increases under the spaced-responding schedule, and associated food frequency returned to control levels. When the ratio schedule was reinstated, spaced responding was once again increased, and its associated frequency of food delivery was again decreased. The development of tolerance to the behavioral effects of d-amphetamine was influenced more by global changes in response consequences during entire experimental sessions than by local changes in response consequences in single components of those sessions. Whenever the concept of “response cost” is used, it should be understood in terms of total “cost.”
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180827
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    Inhibition of head twitch response to quipazine in rats by chronic amitriptyline but not fluvoxamine or citalopram (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amitriptyline ; Fluvoxamine ; Citalopram ; 5-HT uptake inhibition ; Chronic treatment ; 5-HT2 receptor function ; Antidepressant drugs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic (twice daily/14 days), but not acute, treatment with 10 mg/kg PO amitriptyline reduced the number of quipazine (5 mg/kg)-induced head twitches in rats, measured 2 h (but not 72 h) after the last administration of the drug. Similar treatment with fluvoxamine or citalopram, which are more potent and much more specific serotonin uptake inhibitors than amitriptyline, did not affect the quipazine-induced response. In acute experiments, fluvoxamine (10 mg/kg PO) and citalopram (10 mg/kg PO) potentiated the head twitch reaction induced by l-5-hydroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg IP) given together with Ro 4-4602 (25 mg/kg IP), a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Amitriptyline (10 mg/kg PO) slightly decreased the number of l-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitches. Higher doses of amitriptyline (20–40 mg/kg PO) also inhibited the quipazine-induced head twitch reaction. The brain level of amitriptyline measured 0.5–24 h after the last oral administration of the chronic dose of 10 mg/kg was always much higher than that observed at the same time intervals after an acute oral dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg. The results obtained indicate that a postsynaptic rather then presynaptic mechanism is responsible for the development of subsensitivity of the central serotonin receptors in the course of chronic treatment with amitriptyline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180825
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    The effects of compounds related to γ-aminobutyrate and benzodiazepine receptors on behavioural responses to anxiogenic stimuli in the rat: Extinction and successive discrimination (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: GABAergic hypothesis of anxiolytic action ; Muscimol ; Baclofen ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline ; Nonreward ; Resistance to extinction ; Successive discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a first set of experiments rats were trained to run in a straight alley for food reward on a continuous reinforcement schedule and the running response was then extinguished. On the last 2 days of training and daily throughout extinction different groups of animals were injected IP with saline, 5 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide, 0.75 mg/kg picrotoxin, chlordiazepoxide + picrotoxin, chlordiazepoxide +1.5 mg/kg bicuculline, 0.00125 or 0.25 mg/kg muscimol, 1 mg/kg baclofen, chlordiazepoxide + baclofen, or 0.00125 mg/kg muscimol + baclofen. Chlordiazepoxide increased resistance to extinction, a well-known anxiolytic effect. This effect was blocked by both picrotoxin and bicuculline. Picrotoxin on its own reduced resistance to extinction (an anxiogenic-like effect). Whether given alone or in combination with other drugs, muscimol and baclofen had no effect. In a second set of experiments rats were trained in a successive operant discrimination (signalled by a flashing or steady light) between components in which sucrose reward was available on a variable-interval schedule for barpressing and components in which no reward was given. Chlordiazepoxide at 10 mg/kg increased responding in both rewarded and nonrewarded components, but more in the latter than could be accounted for by change in the former. This effect is as expected with an anxiolytic drug. It was not altered by administration of bicuculline at 1.5 or 1.75 mg/kg; at 2 mg/kg bicuculline acted synergistically with chlordiazepoxide. Picrotoxin (1 and 1.5 mg/kg) also acted synergistically with chloridazepoxide, enhancing the latter's rate-increasing effects, but only during rewarded components. Neither muscimol (0.00125 and 0.25 mg/kg) nor baclofen (0.01 mg/kg) affected response rates, whether given alone or in combination. However, baclofen in a dose of 1 mg/kg, provided it was given to rats also injected with muscimol (0.00125 or 0.25 mg/kg) at other times, significantly reduced responding during nonrewarded components (an apparently anxiogenic effect). The results of the two sets of experiments are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that anxiolytic drugs affect behaviour by increasing GABAergic inhibition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180826
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    The effect of the β-carboline FG 7142 on the behaviour of male rats in a living cage: An ethological analysis of social and nonsocial behaviour (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: FG 7142 ; Ethological analysis ; Social behaviour ; Aggressive behaviour ; Immobility ; Self-grooming ; β-carboline ; Anxiogenic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of FG 7142, a β-carboline benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist, on the social behavior of pair-housed rats were investigated. Four 6-min dyadic social encounters in a living cage were observed in a paradigm in which one member of a pair of rats was injected. The four injection groups (n=8) were vehicle control, and FG 7142 at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. All injections were administered 2 min before the start of the first observation trial. Compared to the effects of vehicle alone, FG 7142 decreased aggressive behaviour but did not change the level of total social interaction. Thus there were compensating increases in approaching and avoiding behaviours following the administration of FG 7142. Locomotion declined marginally and immobility increased in FG 7142-injected rats. FG 7142 decreased the incidence of self-grooming. The evidence is consistent with a relatively selective reduction in intraspecies aggression in male rats after the injection of the β-carboline inverse agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310630
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    Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia by phosphatidylserine in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 274-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amnesia ; Phosphatidylserine ; Scopolamine ; Propranolol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Scopolamine (2 mg/kg IP) and propranolol (55 mg/kg IP), given before a single learning trial, reduce retention of a passive avoidance response in rats. Phosphatidylserine, 30–60 mg/kg IP, antagonizes the amnesic effect of scopolamine but not that of propranolol. The retention of the passive avoidance response is not affected by phosphatidylserine given alone. The results indicate that this phospholipid selectively counteracts the action of scopolamine on passive avoidance acquisition, probably via a cholinergic mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181257
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    Substance P injected into the region of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis facilitates performance of an inhibitory avoidance task (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 281-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Substance P ; Inhibitory avoidance ; Uphill avoidance task ; Nucleus basalis magnocellularis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neuropeptide substance P (SP) was injected into the region of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). The influence of SP on the performance of the single trial “uphill avoidance task” was tested. The post-trial injection of 1 ng SP (in 0.5 μl volume) led to significantly longer latencies in the uphill response. This result can be interpreted in terms of a facilitating effect of SP on performance of an inhibitory avoidance response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181260
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    Maternal aggression in rats: Lack of interaction between chlordiazepoxide and fluprazine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 40-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Maternal aggression ; Female aggression ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Fluprazine ; Interaction ; Antiaggressive ; Proaggressive ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a paradigm of female aggression, maternal aggression, low doses of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) enhanced aggression, whereas the serenic drug fluprazine dose-dependently decreased aggression. In this study one selected dose of CDP (5 mg/kg PO) clearly enhanced aggression of female lactating rats against a naive male intruder. This dose of CDP however, was not able to antagonize the dose-dependent decrease observed after fluprazine treatment (5, 10, 20 mg/kg IP). These data suggest that fluprazine and CDP do not simply have opposite effects at the same site of action. It is suggested that fluprazine decreased the offensive motivation of animals, whereas CDP increased attacks indirectly by reduction of the approach-avoidance conflict in a social context.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310510
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    Imidazole has similar behavioural effects to yohimbine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 58-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Imidazole ; B-HT 920 ; Yohimbine ; Yawning-stretching behaviour ; Penile erection ; Dopamine ; Clonidine ; Adrenoceptors ; Chick ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A number of animal behavioural models were used to study the activity of imidazole (IMID) on the central nervous system. IMID antagonized in a dose-related fashion penile erections (PE) as well as stretching and yawning (SY) elicited in male rats by B-HT 920, an α2 and dopamine (DA) autoreceptor agonist. Inhibition of B-HT 920-induced PE and SY was also exhibited by haloperidol, a DA receptor blocker, and yohimbine, but not by prazosin, α2 and α1 receptor antagonists respectively. Moreover IMID behaved similarly to yohimbine in: 1) counteracting clonidine-induced hypothermia in mice; 2) antagonizing sedation and sleep induced by clonidine and B-HT 920 in chicks, while haloperidol was ineffective. When administered to sexually active rats before the copulatory test, IMID at low doses, significantly altered some aspects of mating, a result which is interpretable in terms of enhanced sexual arousal and resembling the aphrodisiac effect reported for yohimbine. The neurochemical mechanisms involved in these effects are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310513
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    Amphetamine, apomorphine and investigatory behavior in the rat: Analysis of the structure and pattern of responses (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 66-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Dopamine ; Exploration ; Locomotor activity ; Hole-board ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present experiments, the effects of a wide range of doses of d-amphetamine and apomorphine were studied on investigatory behavior in an automated eight-hole box. Amphetamine (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg/kg) increased frequency and total duration of responses, and decreased mean duration in a dose-dependent manner. The strategy and organization of responses, as measured by the order of hole-visits and hole-switching, were unchanged at lower doses of amphetamine but were altered at higher doses. Perseverative hole-poking was observed at the highest dose (5.0) as indicated by increased number of hole-pokes per hole-visit. Apomorphine (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg/kg) decreased mean duration of responses, but in contrast to amphetamine markedly diminished frequency. Locomotor activity was also measured at all doses of both drugs. Our observations indicate that these two stimulant drugs both of which increase motor activity, have markedly different effects on investigatory responses. It is likely that amphetamine increases prepotent response tendencies (i.e., hole-poking), although this does not necessarily reflect enhanced exploration. Further, the results obtained with amphetamine support predictions made by the Lyon-Robbins behavioral theory of amphetamine effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310515
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  • 70
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    Voluntary ethanol consumption in the absence of hunger and thirst drives (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Voluntary ethanol consumption ; Food intake ; Light-dark cycle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Voluntary ethanol consumption in Wistar rats was examined in a choice situation between water and ethanol. In each session continuing over 5 days, ethanol at five different concentrations from 2.5 to 45% (v/v) and water were given as reinforcers for FR-30 lever-press responses during 12-h light and 12-h dark periods with food available. The results indicated that rats preferred 2.5–5% ethanol to water, but water to 30 or 45% ethanol. Daily net ethanol consumption per kg body weight increased monotonically as a function of its concentration and reached a mean value of 9.08 g/kg at 45%. Rats drank most of the ethanol and water during the dark period, despite the large amount of ethanol intake occurring at that time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310521
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  • 71
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    Apomorphine anorexia: The role of dopamine cell body autoreceptors (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Sulpiride ; Central drug administration ; Dopamine ; Autoreceptors ; Feeding behaviour ; Microstructural analysis ; Eating rate ; Eating time ; Ventral tegmental area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anorectic effects of apomorphine were studied in a microstructural analysis paradigm. Systemic apomorphine reduced food intake by reducing both the rate of eating and the time spent eating. Peripheral administration of sulpiride reversed the apomorphine effect on both eating rate and eating time but central administration of this neuroleptic into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) selectively reversed the apomorphine effect on eating time, sparing eating rate. Administration of apomorphine directly into the VTA reduced eating time but not eating rate; the effect on eating time was blocked by peripheral sulpiride. The results imply that the two components of apomorphine anorexia result from actions at different sites. Effects of apomorphine on eating time appear to result from an action on DA cell body autoreceptors. The apomorphine effect on eating rate appears to be mediated elsewhere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175191
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  • 72
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    Selective effects of pirenperone on analgesia produced by morphine or electrical stimulation at sites in the nucleus raphe magnus and periaqueductal gray (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 172-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pirenperone ; Serotonin ; Morphine ; Stimulation-produced analgesia ; Nucleus raphe magnus ; Periacqueductal gray ; Tail-flick test ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pirenperone, a new serotonin antagonist with a selective affinity for the 5-HT2 receptor, was administered in conjunction with tests for the antinociceptive effects of morphine sulphate and electrical brain-stimulation at sites in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Nociception was assessed by tail-flick latencies in a warm water bath and pirenperone (0.04–0.16 mg/kg) had no effect on baseline scores. When administered prior to morphine, pirenperone (0.16 mg/kg) caused significant attenuation of analgesia induced by morphine. Comparable effects of pirenperone were observed when analgesia was produced by electrical stimulation of the NRM. In contrast, pirenperone had no effect on the analgesic effects of PAG stimulation. This pattern of results suggests that a system involving supraspinal 5-HT2 receptors may modulate some of the antinociceptive effects of morphine and stimulation of the NRM. The differential effects of pirenperone on stimulation-produced analgesia at sites in the NRM and PAG is consistent with separate neural substrates for the analgesia observed from stimulation of these two brain regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652235
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  • 73
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    Effects of chlordiazepoxide training dose on the mixed agonist-antagonist properties of benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788, in a drug discrimination procedure (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Benzodiazepine antagonism ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In experiment 1, rats (n=12) were trained to discriminate the benzodiazepine (BDZ) compound chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 20 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure, and subsequently were tested for stimulus control with different doses of CDP, Ro 15-1788 (a proposed BDZ receptor antagonist) and Ro 15-1788 plus 20 mg/kg CDP. Ro 15-1788 (0.63–40 mg/kg) dose-dependently antagonized CDP, and induced predominantly saline appropriate responding when administered alone. Thereafter, the same rats were retrained by progressively decreasing the training dose, to discriminate 2.5 mg/kg CDP from saline, and were tested again with the same compounds. Ro 15-1788 (0.16–40 mg/kg) now failed to antagonize CDP (2.5 mg/kg) and increased the percentage of drug-appropriate responding in a dose-related manner when administered alone. In experiment 2, separate groups of rats (n=10) were similarly trained to discriminate either 15 or 3 mg/kg CDP from saline. Tests with CDP, Ro 15-1788 and Ro 15-1788 plus CDP (either 15 or 3 mg/kg) yielded similar results to experiment 1, suggesting that the training dose effects on generalization and antagonism of Ro 15-1788 were not affected by the manner in which the lower CDP dose acquired drug stimulus control. It is concluded that mixed agonist-antagonist properties are apparent after-variations of the BDZ training dose in a drug discrimination procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652236
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  • 74
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    Response decrement patterns after neuroleptic and non-neuroleptic drugs (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 98-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Food reward ; Reinforcement ; Avoidance ; Haloperidol ; Metoclopramide ; Pimozide ; Butaclamol ; Clonidine ; Morphine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Methocarbamol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous work has shown that administration of pimozide and other neuroleptic drugs can produce within-session response decrement patterns of appetitively-reinforced behaviour. This phenomenon has been described as an extinction-like pattern of responding and used as evidence for the hypothesis that these drugs attenuate the rewarding properties of food, water and electrical stimulation of the brain. The present study was carried out to investigate within-session patterns of responding maintained by food presentation or shock avoidance after administration of a variety of neuroleptic and non-neuroleptic drugs. Haloperidol, metoclopramide, pimozide and butaclamol produced within-session response decrements of both food-reinforced lever pressing and one-way shock avoidance. The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine did not consistently produce similar effects nor did the α-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, the opiate agonist morphine, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide and the muscle relaxant methocarbamol, although all these drugs were tested up to doses which markedly disrupted responding. Thus, within-session response decrement patterns are a characteristic effect of dopamine-blocking neuroleptic drugs. However, because of the generally similar effects of these drugs on appetitively-and aversively-motivated behaviour, these effects are probably best interpreted as actions on motor, rather than motivational, mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175198
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    Disinhibitory effects of buspirone and low doses of sulpiride and haloperidol in two experimental anxiety models in rats: Possible role of dopamine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buspirone ; Haloperidol ; Sulpiride ; Anxiolytics ; Punished responding ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Low doses of buspirone, haloperidol and sulpiride were compared with diazepam in two experimental models of anxiety in rats. In a conflict test, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg buspirone, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg haloperidol and 0.5 mg/kg sulpiride significantly increased punished responding. Buspirone 1.2 and 2.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of unpunished responses while haloperidol and sulpiride at the doses tested had no effect. Effects on punished responding were seen in a narrow dose range and were less pronounced with these drugs than with diazepam. Similar results were obtained with rats', activity in the two-compartment exploratory test. At doses causing no change in the locomotion of rats in photocell activity cages, buspirone (0.1 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.025–0.100 mg/kg) and sulpiride (0.5–1.0 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of crossings between the two compartments. Again, the peak effects were small when compared with the effect of diazepam and the active dose range was very narrow. Apomorphine 0.2 mg/kg SC significantly counteracted the effect of 0.1 mg buspirone and 1.0 mg/kg sulpiride in the two-compartment exploratory test with no effect on 2.5 mg/kg diazepam. The data show that buspirone, in a narrow dose range, shows disinhibitory effects in experimental models of anxiety. Similar effects are shown by low doses of haloperidol and sulpiride. It is suggested that buspirone and sulpiride produce these disinhibitory effects by blocking particular dopamine receptors in the brain, possibly those located in the nerve terminals, but it is likely that other mechanisms, particularly serotonin, are involved in the effects of buspirone in anxious states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175204
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    An observational analysis of the effect of the selective kappa opioid agonist, U-50,488H, on feeding and related behaviours in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: U-50,488H ; Hyperphagia ; Feeding ; Grooming ; Activity ; Yawning ; Rat ; Satiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of partially pre-satiated rats consuming a sweet palatable food and treated with either vehicle or the specific kappa receptor agonist U-50,488H (0.1–3 mg/kg) was recorded on videotape. Analysis revealed that the hyperphagia induced by the kappa agonist (0.3–3 mg/kg) resulted from an increase in the duration of feeding and not from an increase in the local rate of eating. The increase in duration was due, in turn, to a greater frequency of bouts of feeding. The kappa agonist also increased the latency to the final feeding bout. The effect of U-50,488H was consistent with de-satiation, so that the increase in feeding duration was in evidence from the start of the test period, while the temporal pattern of later satiation was preserved but lagged behind that of control animals. At the largest dose, other recorded activities (rearing, locomotor activity, grooming) were suppressed, with a marked increased in inactivity. At the lowest dose (0.1 mg/kg) there was a significant increase in grooming behaviour. The results are discussed with reference to an hypothesis of opioid function in the control of food intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181245
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  • 77
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    Effects of adrenaline on the acquisition and maintenance of ethanol preference in a taste conditioning paradigm (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 336-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; Taste paradigm ; Ethanol preference ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of subcutaneous adrenaline administration on preference for ethanol (2.5% solution) have been investigated, using a two-bottle choice situation. Administration of the amine (50 μg/kg) immediately after the conditioning session significantly attenuated ethanol preference. Adrenaline treatment (10, 50 or 100 μg/kg) prior to the first retention test induced a significant reduction in ethanol preference. When the amine was injected prior to conditioning only the dose of 100 μg/kg reduced later ethanol preference. Our results indicate that systemically administered adrenaline impairs the acquisition of preference to a weak ethanol solution. It is suggested that this effect of the amine may be linked to interference with consolidation of memory and retrieval processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179187
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    Some behavioural and EEG effects of ascorbic acid in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ascorbic acid ; Dopamine ; Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ascorbic acid (50–200 mg/kg IP) activated gross behaviour and EEG of rats. The behavioural excitation induced by d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg SC) was significantly potentiated by ascorbic acid (100–200 mg/kg IP). Catalepsy induced by haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg IP) was attenuated by ascorbic acid (50–200 mg/kg IP) while pentobarbitone (20 mg/kg IP)-induced sleep in rats was dose-dependently antagonised by ascorbic acid (50–400 mg/kg IP). Ascorbic acid (50–400 mg/kg IP) desynchronized the EEG of the frontal cortex and optic cortex while the EMG activity was slightly enhanced in the rat. Ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg IP) potentiated d-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg SC)-induced EEG desynchronization and EMG activation in the rat. These results indicate that ascorbic acid exerts stimulatory effects in rats. The results also suggest that dopaminergic mechanism may contribute indirectly or directly to the observed behavioural and EEG effects of ascorbic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310622
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  • 79
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    Similar effects of antidepressant and non-antidepressant drugs on behavior under an interresponse-time 〉72-s schedule (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule ; Interresponse-time schedule ; Antidepressant ; Imipramine ; Chlorpromazine ; Haloperidol ; Buspirone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antidepressant drugs were reported to decrease responses and increase reinforcements in water-deprived male albino rats pressing a lever for water on a schedule requiring a pause of at least 72 s between responses (IRT 〉72). Subsequently other investigators, using food-deprived ovariectomized hooded rats pressing a lever for food, showed that antipsychotic drugs produced the same effect as antidepressants. Because methodologies differed somewhat, the present study was designed to replicate closely the experimental conditions of the original studies, e.g., same strain and sex, same reinforcer, similar baseline behavior. In this study the antidepressant imipramine, the antipsychotics chlorpromazine and haloperidol, and to some extent the anxiolytic buspirone produced qualitatively similar effects — decreased responses and increased reinforcements — although there were some quantitative differences. This result, and other results showing that some antidepressants increase responses and decrease reinforcements, suggest that the IRT 〉72-s task lacks specificity as a screening method for antidepressants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310639
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  • 80
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    Involvement of different dopamine receptors in rat diphasic motility response to apomorphine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DA receptor subtypes ; Apomorphine ; Motility ; Neuroleptics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A critical dose of apomorphine (300 μg/kg SC) given immediately before placing rats into a novel environment produced a diphasic motility response (initial sedation followed by enhanced locomotion). Various neuroleptics having different clinical and/or pharmacological profiles were studied by using such a model. (−)-Sulpiride and sultopride preferentially antagonized apomorphine inhibition; haloperidol and tiapride antagonized both phases of apomorphine response at similar doses; chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine, metoclopramide and SCH 23390 preferentially antagonized apomorphine stimulation. The results are discussed in terms of the dopamine receptor subtypes involved in the two phases of apomorphine effect. Apomorphine stimulation can be antagonized by D-1 as well as D-2 receptor blockade. A higher affinity for D-2 receptors seems a necessary requisite for the antagonism of apomorphine inhibition; moreover, the ability of neuroleptics to antagonize apomorphine inhibition seems to depend on the ratio of their presynaptic versus postsynaptic D-2 activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174356
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  • 81
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    Rolipram forms a potent discriminative stimulus in drug discrimination experiments in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rolipram ; Drug discrimination ; Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ; Dibutyryl-adenosine cyclic 3′5′-monophosphate ; Oxaprotiline ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Long Evans rats were trained to discriminate 0.2 mg/kg IP (±)-rolipram from vehicle injection in a food-motivated two-lever operant task. Eight out of nine rats acquired the discrimination after an average of 91 sessions (min 65, max 137). The ED50 of (±)-rolipram was 0.06 mg/kg IP. Generalization tests with (−)- and (+)-rolipram showed that the (−)-isomer was 8 times more active than (+)-rolipram with an ED50 of 0.06 and 0.4 mg/kg IP respectively. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor RO 20-1724 partially (83%) generalized to (±)-rolipram in doses of 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg IP. IBMX 5 mg/kg IP showed 63% generalization. Tests with imipramine and the (+)- and (−)-isomer of the noradrenaline uptake inhibitor oxaprotiline suggest that NA-uptake inhibiting drugs do not form an interoceptive cue which is (±)-rolipram-like. dbcAMP 12.5 mg/kg SC and 100 mg/kg SC dbcGMP did not generalize to the training drug. The nature of the discriminative stimulus produced by this dose of (±)-rolipram in rats remains to be elucidated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174358
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    Intrastriatal injection of dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5) induces sniffing stereotypy that is antagonized by haloperidol and clozapine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Glutamate ; Dopamine ; Stereotyped sniffing ; AP-5 ; Haloperidol ; Clozapine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5), which blocks glutamatergic transmission at the NMDA-preferring receptor, was injected into the antero-dorsal striatum of rats. AP-5-induced behavioural changes were assessed i) using a stereotypy rating scale and ii) using an experimental chamber designed to quantify sniffing. In both behavioural situations it was shown that AP-5 (10 μg/0.5 μl) induced continuous intensive sniffing similar to that induced by small doses of systemically administered amphetamine or apomorphine. However, oral stereotypies were not induced by AP-5. Systemically injected clozapine (5 and 10 mg/kg SC) as well as haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg IP) antagonized AP-5-induced sniffing. These results show that besides dopamine receptors, NMDA receptors are involved in the control of sniffing. In behavioural terms, the effect of glutamate mediated by the NMDA receptor in the striatum is opposite to that of dopamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172883
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    Synergistic effect of donor pretreatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet irradiation of the graft plus azathioprine and prednisolone therapy in prolonging rat renal allograft survival (1986)
    Springer
    Urological research 14 (1986), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Kidney transplantatioon ; Rat ; PUVA therapy ; Ultraviolet irradiation ; Azathioprine ; Prednisolone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pretreatment of the kidney donor with 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP) and direct longwave ultraviolet (UVA) irradiation of the kidney graft (PUVA therapy) significantly prolonged survival in allogeneic recipients. 40% of the recipients survived more than 100 days with normal transplant function. The addition of standard clinical immunosuppressive agents azathioprine and prednisolone (both at dosages of 15 mg/kg body weight/day for 21 days) to the PUVA therapy further improved graft survival rate, with a recipient survival rate of 62.5%. The two drugs alone were less effective in prolonging graft survival rate (28.5%). A synergistic effect of PUVA therapy and standard immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone was demonstrated. This suggested a possible clinical application of this type of immunosuppression and immunoregulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255528
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  • 84
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    Effects of chronic administration of a methionine-enkephalin analogue on the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex (1986)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Zona glomerulosa ; Enkephalins ; Aldosterone ; Rat ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) on the zona glomerulosa of dexamethasone-ACTH-treated rats were investigated by coupled radioimmunologic and morphometric techniques. Short-term DALA administration provoked a significant increase in the aldosterone plasma level along with a notable lipid droplet depletion in zona glomerulosa cells. Long-term DALA treatment induced a striking hypertrophy of zona glomerulosa cells and a further rise in the blood concentration of aldosterone. These findings seem to indicate that DALA is involved not only in the acute enhancement of aldosterone output but also in the stimulation of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal zona glomerulosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852042
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    Further studies on the effects of prolonged prolactin administration on the zona glomerulosa of the rat andrenal cortex (1986)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Zona glomerulosa ; Prolactin ; Aldosterone ; Rat ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a prolonged treatment with prolactin on the morphology and hormone secretion of adrenal zona glomerulosa of gonadectomized testosterone-replaced rats were investigated by coupled morphometric and radioimmunologic techniques. The dexamethasone/captoprilinduced atrophy of zona glomerulosa cells (−42%) and fall in the blood level of aldosterone (−37%) were partially counteracted by chronic prolactin administration: the values had increased by about 15% and 17%, respectively, but remained lower than in the control animals. The prolonged treatment with prolactin of dexamethasone/captopril-administered ACTH/angiotensin II-replaced rats provoked a striking increase in the zona glomerulosa cell volume (24%) and in the blood level of aldosterone (33%) above the control values. The possibility is discussed whether prolactin may be directly involved in the stimulation of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat zona glomerulosa, without interacting with the gonads and interfering with the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis and the renin-angiotensin system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852307
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    The immunosuppressive effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 455-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Experimental diabetes ; Immunosuppression ; Rat ; Heart transplantation ; Streptozotocin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Streptozotocin-diabetic isogenous Brown-Norway (BN) rats received heterotopic Wistar-Furth (WF × BN) F1 heart transplants. The functional graft survival time after different duration of diabetes and during insulin-treated diabetes was recorded. Some diabetic rats were challenged with sheep red cells, and their spleens were used in PHA stimulation and plaqueforming assays. Prolongation in heart transplant survival was found to be independent of the duration of diabetes. The prolongation disappeared promptly when insulin was administered to the diabetic rats. A depression of cellular immunoresponsiveness as measured by PHA stimulation assay was recorded during diabetes. Valid results were not obtained in the plaque-forming assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852199
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  • 87
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    The behaviour of prostanoids during the course of acute experimental pancreatitis in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 186 (1986), S. 449-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Prostacyclin ; Thromboxane A2 ; Experimental pancreatitis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavior of two vasoactive prostanoids was studied in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. The stable metabolites of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2, respectively, were measured during the course of experimental AP. Blood samples were taken at 3, 6, and 8h after the induction of AP. In AP both plasma 6-keto-PGF1α plasma TXB2 and serum TXB2 increased up to 6 h simultaneously (6-keto-PGF1α from 271.1 ± 77.2 pg/ml (mean ± SD) to 459.4 ± 192.6 pg/ml, plasma TXB2 from 752 ± 350 pg/ml to 3640 ± 2160 pg/ml and serum TXB2 from 22.3 ± 14.8 µg/ml to 140.8 ± 52.8 µg/ml). After 6h 6-keto-PGF1α remained elevated, whereas serum TXB2 dropped significantly. We suggest that in AP the balance of PGI2 and TXA2 is initially maintained, but later on an imbalance appears to favor vasodilatory PGI2. These agents may contribute to the regulation of the blood flow in the pancreas and thus play a role in the pathophysiology of AP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852198
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  • 88
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    The vascular anatomy of the spiral lamina and the spiral limbus in the adult rat (1986)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1986), S. 24-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Microcorrosion casts ; Spiral lamina and limbus vessels ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of corrosion cast preparations of the vessels of the spiral lamina and the spiral limbus was carried out in adult rats. This method confirms present knowledge of the modiolar vascularization and also shows its distribution in a three-dimensional model. As a result of this technique we have been able to demonstrate the modiolar vascular supply of the organ of Corti at different levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00457902
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  • 89
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    6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens, but not of the caudate nucleus, attenuate enhanced responding with reward-related stimuli produced by intra-accumbens d-amphetamine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 390-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned reinforcement ; d-Amphetamine ; Nucleus accumbens ; Caudate nucleus ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intra-accumbens d-amphetamine enhances responding for reward-related stimuli (conditioned reinforcers, CRs), whereas intra-caudate d-amphetamine has only weak and variable effects (Taylor and Robbins 1984). The present experiment further examined the involvement of the nucleus accumbens and the role of dopamine (DA) in this effect. Thirsty rats were trained to associate a flash of a light and movement of a dipper (CR) with water. After implantation of permanent guide cannulae aimed at the nucleus accumbens, they were assigned to one of four groups, receiving either bilateral 6-OHDA (4 mg/ml free base in 2 μ1 0.1% ascorbic acid/0.9% saline) or sham (vehicle) infusions into the nucleus accumbens or the caudate nucleus. In the test phase, two novel levers were available. Responding on one lever (CR lever) produced the light and dipper stimuli without water presentation, whereas responding on the other (NCR lever) had no effect. All four groups received four counterbalanced intra-accumbens infusions of d-amphetamine (3, 10, 20 μg/2 μl) or vehicle. On the 5th test day, subjects were pretreated subcutaneously with apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg). Intra-accumbens d-amphetamine in both sham-lesioned groups produced a dose-dependent increase in responding on the CR lever, but no significant change on the NCR lever. No selective increases in responding on either lever were found in animals with 6-OHDA-induced depletion of DA (〉80%) in the nucleus accumbens following intra-accumbens d-amphetamine; however, in subjects with DA depletion of the posterior caudate nucleus (〉80%), increases in responding on the CR lever were observed to be similar in magnitude to those of both the sham-lesioned groups. Following systemic administration of apomorphine, only rats in the nucleus-accumbens-lesioned group continued to respond, preferring the CR lever, thus suggesting the involvement of DA receptors in these effects. These results indicate that enhanced responding for CR following administration of psychomotor stimulant drugs is critically dependent on dopaminergic activation of the nucleus accumbens, rather than the caudate nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179197
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Potentiation of disruptive effects of dextromethorphan by naloxone on fixed-interval performance in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 408-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dextromethorphan ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Fixed-interval schedule ; Potentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A centrally acting antitussive agent dextromethorphan (DM) was tested to determine its possible interaction with naloxone in rats responding under a fixed-interval schedule of positive reinforcement. A sugar sweetened milk reward was used as a positive reinforcer. Under the same experimental conditions the effects of morphine alone and in combination with naloxone were also determined. Low dose DM (10 mg/kg) produced a slight increase, while higher doses (20–40 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in response rate. Morphine (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in response rate. When doses of naloxone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) were administered after the injection of DM the rate-decreasing effects of DM were potentiated even after the rate-increasing dose of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) was used. When a dose of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) was administered after the injection of morphine the rate-decreasing effects of morphine were markedly antagonized, i.e., the morphine dose-response curve was shifted to the right. The observed potentiation of DM disruption by naloxone on fixed-interval performance in rats is consistent with findings showing that naloxone potentiates the disruptive behavioral effects of a number of drugs that are psychotomimetic in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179200
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  • 91
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    The effects of d-amphetamine, alpha-flupenthixol, and mesolimbic dopamine depletion on a test of attentional switching in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 72-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Attention ; d-Amphetamine ; alpha-Flupenthixol ; Mesolimbic dopamine ; Nucleus accumbens ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A test of attentional switching was devised for the rat in which it obtained sucrose reinforcement by an appropriate nose-poke response that discriminated which of two visual events terminated first, in a specially designed chamber. The effect of mesolimbic dopamine depletion (to 20% of control values) produced by infusions of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc) on stable discrimination was measured alone and in the presence of a range of doses of d-amphetamine (0.4–2.3 mg/kg IP). The 6-OHDA lesion of the N. Acc impaired post-operative performance transiently by reducing choice accuracy and slowing response latency. By post-operative days 12–16, however, performance recovered to control levels and was not differentially affected by a mainpulation of task difficulty. d-Amphetamine produced dose-dependent performance impairments, which were antagonised by the 6-OHDA treatment. In a second group of N. Acc lesioned rats, the neuroleptic alpha-flupenthixol (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) led to fewer trials being completed and longer latencies than in the sham-operated control group. The results are discussed in terms of the possible attentional mechanisms underlying the d-amphetamine-induced disruption of performance mediated by the N. Acc and of the implications for psychopathology resulting from possible dysfunction of this region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172874
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    The effects of clonidine on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Continuous reinforcement ; Partial reinforcement ; Resistance to extinction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clonidine has been reported to exert anti-anxiety effects in animals and man similar to those of benzodiazepines. The present experiment examined the effects of clonidine administration on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) which is known to be sensitive to benzodiazepine action. Two groups of rats were trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. All animals were then tested in extinction. Clonidine 50 μg/kg was administered in a 2×2 design, i.e., drug-no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased resistance to extinction exhibited by PRF animals as compared to CRF animals, was obtained in animals that received saline in acquisition, independently of drug treatment in extinction, as well as in animals that received clonidine in both acquisition and extinction, but not in animals that received clonidine in acquisition alone. The administration of clonidine in extinction alone increased resistance to extinction in both the CRF and PRF animals. The increase in resistance to extinction, typically obtained with benzodiazepine treatment, indicates that clonidine exerts anxiolytic effects, supporting the involvement of the noradrenergic system in anxiety. However, clonidine did not fully reproduce the effects of benzodiazepines on the PREE, suggesting that the two classes of drugs may act via different noradrenergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172878
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    A method for quantifying state-dependency with chlordiazepoxide in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 144-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: State-dependency ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Method ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A state-dependency procedure is described in which changes from the chlordiazepoxide state yield a robust and dose-dependent response decrement in rats. The format of data that are obtained with this procedure permits that the response decrement following a state change be defined accurately in individual animals, and that transfer be quantified. Dose-response studies revealed 13 (7.4–22) mg/kg to be the ED50 of chlordiazepoxide at which transfer occurred in animals that had acquired the response with 40 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide; the ED50 acquisition dose of chlordiazepoxide at which transfer to saline failed to occur was 3.7 (2.2–6.4 mg/kg).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172887
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Potentiation of morphine analgesia by d-amphetamine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; d-Amphetamine ; Analgesia ; Potentiation ; Pain ; Opiate ; Rat ; Escape threshold
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to escape from aversive electrical brain stimulation delivered to the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). The threshold for this escape behavior was determined by a modification of the classic psychophysical method of limits. Escape thresholds were determined after the administration of morphine alone, d-amphetamine alone, and the combination of d-amphetamine and an ineffective dose of morphine. Morphine alone caused a dose-dependent raising of the escape threshold (1.0–16.0 mg/kg IP) while d-amphetamine alone (0.06–2.0 mg/kg IP) had no effect or caused a slight lowering of threshold. For each animal, a dose of morphine that produced no change in escape threshold was then selected to be administered concomitantly with various doses of d-amphetamine. The co-administration of morphine and d-amphetamine resulted in a significant, dose-dependent increase in the escape threshold, which was not seen with d-amphetamine alone and was as great or greater in magnitude than the increase seen with the highest dose of morphine tested. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that opiate analgesia is potentiated by concomitant d-amphetamine administration. The mechanisms involved in this potentiation warrant further investigation for the clinical management of pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181233
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    The enhancement by lithium of the 5-HT1A mediated serotonin syndrome produced by 8-OH-DPAT in the rat: evidence for a post-synaptic mechanism (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 488-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; 5-HT1 receptor ; 8-OH-DPAT ; P-Chlorophenylanine ; 5-HT-mediated behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Administration of lithium chloride (10 mmol/kg on day 1 and 3 mmol/kg twice daily on subsequent days, SC) for 3–14 days enhances the components of the serotonin syndrome produced by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in the rat. The hypothermic response produced simultaneously was unaltered. Following lithium administration for 3 days the motor response to 5-methoxy,N,N-dimethyltryptamine was also facilitated. These data suggest that lithium administration enhances post-synaptic 5-HT receptor-mediated behavioural responses. (−)-Propranolol (20 mg/kg, IP) but not (+)-propranolol (20 mg/kg IP) fully antagonised the facilitated response to 8-OH-DPAT seen following lithium administration; ritanserin (200 μg/kg, IP) was without effect. These findings favour a mechanism for the action of lithium involving the 5-HT1A receptor. Depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg, IP on day 1 and 2 of lithium administration) did not prevent the facilitation by lithium of the response to 8-OH-DPAT. These data strengthen the suggestion that lithium has its effect on 5-HT1A-mediated motor function by a post-synaptic action. By contrast, motor responses to the putative 5-HT1B receptor agonist 5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole (RU 24969) were unaltered by repeated lithium administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174066
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  • 96
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    Central noradrenaline depletion antagonizes aspects ofd-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: NA depletion ; d-Amphetamine ; DSP4 ; Neonatal 6-OHDA ; Adult 6-OHDA ; Dorsal mundle 6-OHDA ; DMI ; Hyperactivity ; Rearing ; Locomotion ; Dose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of noradrenaline (NA) depletion upon amphetamine-induced hyperactivity were examined in five experiments. Central NA depletion via either systemic DSP4 or neonatal 6-OHDA antagonised the amphetamine-induced (2 mg/kg SC) increase in rearing behaviour, whereas lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle using 6-hydroxydopamine antagonised the increase in locomotor activity. Peripheral NA depletion following systemic 6-hydroxydopamine to adult rats did not cause any changes in motor activity after acute amphetamine administration. Desipramine, the selective NA uptake inhibitor, blocked the effects of DSP4 upon amphetamine-induced rearing. NA depletion antagonised hyperactivity produced by the 2 mg/kg dose of amphetamine, but not the hyperactivity (rearing or locomotion) effects of amphetamine at 1, 4 or 8 mg/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652230
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  • 97
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    Vasopressin has general rate-decreasing effects on schedules maintaining either high or low response rates (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DRL ; DRH ; [Arg 8]-Vasopressin ; Response rates ; Response efficiency ; Sex differences ; Lever press ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male and female Wistar rats were treated with different doses of vasopressin (0.05, 0.25, 1.25, 3.75 and 6.25 μg/kg) after responding had stabilized on either a differential reinforcement of low rate 15 s (DRL 15 s) or a differential reinforcement of high rate 0.75 s (DRH 0.75 s) schedule of reinforcement. Low to moderate doses of vasopressin did not affect response rates, response efficiency or the number of reinforcers obtained during vasopressin sessions on both the DRL and DRH schedules. Administration of 6.25 μg/kg vasopressin reduced low response rates and the number of reinforcers obtained during vasopressin sessions, but increased response efficiency. High response rates and response efficiency were reduced after administration of 3.75 and 6.25 μg/kg vasopressin, while the number of reinforcers obtained during vasopressin sessions was reduced at 6.25 μg/kg. Sex differences in the effects of vasopressin were not observed on either schedule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175192
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  • 98
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    d-Amphetamine differentially affects low, but not high response rates of male and female Wistar rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DRL ; DRH ; d-Amphetamine ; Response rate ; Rate-dependency ; Sex differences ; Lever press ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiments investigated sex differences in the effects of d-amphetamine on schedule-controlled behavior. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to either a differential reinforcement of low rate 15 s schedule, or a differential reinforcement of high rate 0.75 s schedule and challenged with different doses of d-amphetamine (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg). d-Amphetamine in low to moderate doses increased low response rates. High doses of d-amphetamine decreased low and high response rates in both males and females. The response rate increasing effects of d-amphetamine on low baseline rates were significantly higher for females than for males. Sex differences for high baseline rates were not observed. The results of these experiments show not only that hormonal and neurochemical variables influence the effects of d-amphetamine administration on schedule-controlled behavior, but also that environmental contingencies maintaining the behavior can modify these effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175193
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Chlorpromazine and pimozide alter reinforcement efficacy and motor performance (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 346-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlorpromazine ; Pimozide ; Response rate ; Reinforcement efficacy ; Motor performance ; Matching law ; Variable-interval schedule ; Lever press ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluated the effects of chlorpromazine and pimozide on reinforced responding. In each session, rats were exposed to a series of five variable-interval reinforcement schedules. The response requirement was a lever press, the reward was a small portion of water, and the reinforcement rate varied from about 20 to 660 reinforcers per hour. Response rate was a negatively accelerated function of reinforcement rate, and the relationship between the two variables was described by the equation for a rectangular hyperbola (the matching law). One parameter of the hyperbola is equivalent to the asymptotic response rate and the other parameter is equivalent to the rate of reinforcement that maintains a one-half asymptotic response rate. Chlorpromazine (0.75–3.0 mg/kg) and pimozide (0.1–0.4 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased response rates. At low doses, the response rate decreases were, for the most part, restricted to the low reinforcement rate schedules. In contrast, the highest dose tested decreased response rates at both low and high reinforcement rates. The patterns of response rate decreases resulted in dose-dependent changes in the parameters of the matching law equation. The shifts in the matching law parameters were discussed in terms of the motoric and motivational interpretations of neuroleptic-induced response rate changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180837
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual and morphological differences in the behavioural response to apomorphine in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Stereotypy ; Environmental influence ; Automatic recording ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The topography of stereotyped behaviour produced by apomorphine in rats was studied by using either a scoring system, based on observation in a wire cage, or by quantification of horizontal and vertical activities, and of the total distances run in an open field, using an automatic recording system. The latter design was combined with a classification of the type of stereotyped behaviour observed during recording. In addition, the reproducibility of the nature of the stereotyped behaviour and its dose-dependence in individual animals was evaluated. In rats observed in a wire cage, apomorphine at lower doses (0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg SC) produced stereotyped sniffing. Increasing the doses led to stereotyped licking and the largest dose (5.00 mg/kg SC) produced predominantly stereotyped gnawing, as was demonstrated graphically. The type of behaviour produced by 2 mg/kg apomorphine in the open field was reproduced well in individuals after a second administration 4 days later. The shift from sniffing to gnawing was observed in most, but not all of the individually classified animals after administration of the largest dose (5 mg/kg). The locomotor part of motility was highest in “sniffing animals” and lower when gnawing occurred. The non-locomotor part of motility was low in “sniffing rats” and increased when licking and gnawing occurred. In some of the animals a characteristic “climbing” behaviour was observed in addition after the larger doses, which did not interfere with sniffing, licking or gnawing. A combination of classification by observation and automatic recording seems the most appropriate way to study the topography of stereotyped behaviour produced by apomorphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172869
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