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  • 1990-1994  (509)
  • 1985-1989  (596)
  • Life Sciences (general)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Different methylated glucose derivatives and cellobiose were examined as the carbon sources for growth and cellulose formation by Acetobacter xylinum. HPLC studies were carried out to gain information about the kinetics of the utilization of the C sources used. The type and yields of the synthesized cellulose were described. Besides glucose, cellobiose was a substrate for the synthesis of this polysaccharide by the bacteria. Other methylated derivatives of glucose were not accepted for a comparable synthesis of this polymer. An estimation of citrate in an unmodified culture liquid (SH medium) showed utilization in a late phase of cultivation. The influence of this organic acid on the pH value, cellulose synthesis and growth is described. By the application of citric acid as a sole carbon source “gel-like” forms of cellulose were formed generally.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 274-274 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of ultrafiltration to fractionate dextran solutions in order to obtain fractions for the synthesis of dextran derivatives was investigated.Several experiments were carried out in two available commercial ultrafilters. The operation was evaluated by the recovery yield and process time.Dextran solutions can be fractionated being concentrated up to 9 fold in a PM30, but no more than double in a PM5 hollow fibre membrane cartridge.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five 4.02-1 UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors were continuously operated at 30°C under different hydrodynamic regimes for more than 120 days. The effect of the upflow liquid velocity (ULV) over the range of 0.25 to 2.0 m/h on the biological characteristics of the granules formed by treating vinasses (waste water of alcohol distilleries) from sugar cane molasses was investigated constantly maintaining the volumetric loading rate (VLR) (8 g COD/l · d). Granular sludge was found at all the ULV tested. The size, shape, etc., of the granules indicated that the ULV had a considerable effect on the sludge cultivated in this type of system, thereby acting as a selection process for the biomass. The best results in relation to the time of appearance, size, shape, consistence, stability, composition, and the accumulation were observed in the ULV range between 0.25 and 0.5 m/h.Microscopic studies of the granules using optical and epifluorescence microscopes and the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed a heterogeneous biomass and revealed the cell characteristics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nocardia autotrophica was grown in a medium containing ferulic acid and 14C-ferulic acid, labelled in various parts of a particle as a main carbon source. After incubation, the products were analyzed by thin layer, high performance liqid and gas chromatography and by IR and NMR spectra methods. The products detected were caffeic acid, catechol, coniferyl alcohol, eugenol, guaiacol, hydrocaffeic acid, isoeugenol, isoferulic acid, isovanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and aldehyde, vanillic acid, and vinylguaiacol. A liberation of 14CO2 during cultivation was noticed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes the continuous aerobic cultivation of a Pseudomonas strain with toluene as the substrate in a closed chemostat with oxygen or air as the gas phase. Due to the constant supply of a nitrogen-saturated aqueous medium, nitrogen passes from the liquid phase of the chemostat into the gas phase (head space). This results in an increasing nitrogen content (asymptotic approach to 100%). The concomitant decrease in the partial pressure of the oxygen in the gas phase finally leads to an oxygen limitation for the bacteria in the medium and an incomplete toluene degradation. The critical nitrogen content of the gas phase at which oxygen limitation begins depends on the toluene concentration in the incoming medium. However, when the gas is continuously removed from the head space, the nitrogen content reaches a steady-state value of less than 100%, depending on the flow rate of the outgoing gas. The oxygen limitation and the associated incomplete toluene degradation can be prevented in this way. The method of gas removal from the head space to avoid oxygen limitation is also applicable when the reactor is supplied with air instead of oxygen. Waste waters contaminated with highly volatile pollutants can thus be biologically decontaminated under aerobic conditions, without shifting the pollution problem from the liquid to the gas phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimization studies were carried out for the production of L-lactic acid from the fermentation of beet molasses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii. A Central Composite Design was used to determine the optimum values of the process variables (temperature, pH, inoculum concentration, and initial sucrose concentration) for obtaining the maximum yield and the maximum volumetric productivity of lactic acid. Among the variables selected for study, it was found that all of them apart from the temperature significantly affected the responses (yield and volumetric productivity of lactic acid). The Central Composite Design also permitted formulating two second-order polynomial empirical models relating to the responses and the significant variables. From these models it was possible to determine the value of the variables giving the maximum yield of lactic acid production (87.8%) and the maximum volumetric rate of lactic acid biosynthesis (2.7 g/l · h). Finally, the dependence of the lactic acid yield and productivity on the model variables was investigated. All conclusions are restricted to the experimental range studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hypericin content of in vitro regenerated plants of Hypericum perforatum L. was determined by spectrophotometry. A significant variability of some of the morphological characters, of the biomass production and the hypericin formation was found within the somaclones of the same genetic origin and among the regerants of different genotypes. The concentration of BAP which promoted the shoot differentiation did not affect the hypericin content and the gland density. New information on the ultrastructure of hypericin-containing multicellular glands is presented here.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of the casing soil during mushroom cultivation was studied with respect to the composition of the microflora. The thermophilic bacteria became more numerous and the number of mesophiles was clearly enhanced. The casing soil had a protective action against antagonistic microflora. Interactions between the microflora and the mushroom were also studied.Moreover, lignocellulose degradation was evaluated by enzymatic measurements during cultivation and process, and was documented by an ultrastructural study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Magnesium and potassium ions are present in sugar cane molasses in a concentration of about 0.3% and 2.5%, respectively, which is high enough to support biomass production from Candida utilis. Culture broth with 40 g/l of total reducing substances supplemented by the addition of 1 ppm of Mg2+ leads to a higher yield (Y x/s) in batch fermentation experiments. The subsequent addition of Mg2+ up to 10 ppm decreases the yield coefficient from 0.53 to 0.42 without affecting the growth rate. Fermentation media supplemented with 1 to 10 ppm of K+ decreased both the yield coefficient and the specific growth rate. A Mg/K ratio of about 0.1 seems to be optimal for yeast biomass propagation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction of different plasmids reported here on the basis of a broad-host-range RSF1010 replicon allows an efficient expression of heterologous genes in the acidophilic methanol-assimilating bacterium Acetobacter methanolicus B58.The promoter-probe vector pRS201 was used for the identification and isolation of the promoter containing sequences derived from the DNA of the Acetobacter phage Acm1. Further, this plasmid was coupled with the Escherichia coli promoters tac and pr creating the expression vectors pRS201tac and pRS201pr, respectively. After the insertion of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene of the cloned promoters downstream, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was determined in a cell-free extract of both E. coli and A. methanolicus.Using E. coli promoters as well as promoters of the Acetobacter phage Acm1 arranged in tandem with the promoters of the heterologous genes to be expressed, the pectat lyase gene (ptlB) of Erwinia carotovora and the threonine A gene (thrA) of E. coli were successfully expressed in A. methanolicus.The stability of recombinant plasmids under various conditions in A. methanolicus strains was tested using antibiotic-free media.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, the oxygen mass transfer efficiency and power consumption in a non-biological system and an antibiotic biosynthesis process, using a modified RUSHTON turbine agitator, were investigated. It was demonstrated that a simple modification of the blades through the increase of the blade height, simultaneously with the discontinuation of the blade surface, could improve the oxygen transfer efficiency by about 30%.Experiments performed in stirred tank bioreactors with an overall volume of 20 m3, equipped with the modified RUSHTON turbine agitator, showed that the power consumption diminished by a factor of 1.18 to 1.6 during the fermentation processes of Streptomyces erithreus, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces noursei, and Nocardia mediaterranei, compared to the witness bioreactor.The use of the modified RUSHTON turbine for the antibiotic biosynthesis process may contribute to the decrease of the overall costs and the obtainment of better productivity, allowing an intensive utilization of power inputs for aeration and agitation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to improve the methionine yield of the isolate B. heali, attempts were made to isolate mutants resistant to the methionine analogue DL-ethionine after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethionine for B. heali was found to be 2 mM. After mutagenesis and screening, five mutants resistant to 50 mM of ethionine were isolated. The yield of the best ethionine resistant mutant, B. heali Br EthR250, was 13 mg/l of methionine medium under optimum cultivation conditions.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 210-210 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 217-217 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 218-218 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus carbonarius NRC 401121 phytase was produced on canola meal in a solid-state fermentation process. A Km value of 0.345 mM and a vmax of 0.81 units were determined for sodium phytate. The optimum pH and temperature were 4.7 and 53°C, respectively. Activation of the enzyme occurred when it was preincubated at higher temperatures for a period of time. The energy of activation, the entropy and the enthalpy changes were evaluated to be 7,800 cal/mole, 74 cal/(mole · K) and 24,000 cal/mole for this enzyme, respectively.The effect of time and the extractant: solid state culture ratio upon the single step extraction of phytase from a solid-state culture were evaluated.Mathematical correlations which fit the experimental data reasonably well were proposed for some of the studied processes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Streptomyces rimosus Pfizer 18234-2 cells were immobilized in calcium alginate and used for the production of oxytetracycline. The influence of the incubation period, alginate concentration and storage in CaCl2 were investigated. From the results of the repeated batch fermentations of the shake flasks, a good level of antibiotic was maintained for a period of about 28 days using 4% calcium alginate. The cell leakage and cell concentration inside the beads were affected by the alginate concentration and storage in CaCl2 solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 311-311 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 315-335 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotechnology as a multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary field of science and engineering is regarded to be a key technology for the future, able to essentially contribute to sustainable development. In the first part of this paper, a critical analysis of the status quo in biotechnologies is given in the area of pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, and industrial biotechnology as well as food biotechnology. Here the general potential becomes clear, but also a series of disadvantages which are partly the result of the existing paradigm in science and technology and partly in direct connection to bioprocessing itself. Nevertheless, these biotechnologies will contribute to sustainable development, but mainly in a shallow sense of survival and livelihood.In the second part of this paper, another new dimension in bioprocessing is elucidated, which is in agreement with the new ecological, holistic world view. Here the so-called “eco-principles” are derived from a systems analysis of the ecosphere and represent the intelligence of nature as the result of evolution. The eco-principles will serve as guidelines for the general eco-restructuring of technology, being a drastic change within the next 2-5 decades. For the applying of eco-principles, a quantitative measure for sustainability in technology was developed (“sustainable process index”), which will enable us to design the new technology paradigm called “Eco Tech”. Ecological security and social equity, together with economic efficiency will define sustainable technology development in a deeper sense.Following this route, a completely new dimension of biotechnology will be reached, where the technosphere is fully embedded into the natural cycles of the ecosphere on a local basis.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to adapt a plant DNA preparation procedure for the isolation of biologically active DNA and DNA with a high molecular weight from the date palm and other related palms. Mature leaf tissue extractions of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., the coconut tree, Cocos nucifera, and the Mexican Fan Palm, Washingtonia robusta, were characterized for total genomic DNA yield, purity, integrity, as well as restriction digestion and ligation capabilities. It is demonstrated here that the DNA isolation procedure, modified for use with various palm leaf tissues, met the criteria for simplicity and low costs, and yielded DNA of high molecular weight (∼50 Kbp) and of sufficient purity suitable for molecular studies.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the distribution of free and esterified fatty acids, including triterpenes and sterols, on the mycelial growth of the basidiomycete Inonotus obliquus (Pers. ex Fr.) Pilat in malt extract and solid supplemented mineral media was investigated. The amino acids DL-alanine. DL-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-leucine, L-methionine, and L-serine were added to the cultures at nitrogen concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 g/l, respectively. Differences in the average mycelial growth were distinct at concentrations of 0.5 g/l and 0.9 g/l. L-Methionine had the highest inhibitory effect on growth. At all concentrations, the amino acids reduced the production of lanosterol. The other identified triterpenes were inotodiol, 3β,hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-al, 3β,21-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-diene, trametenolic acid, and ergosterol peroxide. The main fatty acids were either C 16:0 or C 18:2 both free or in glycerides.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 13-26 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five new methods for determining the relations between kinetic data of fermentations are described and applied to an industrial antibotic fermentation process. The input data for these method are the elements of the distance matrix dij, which quantify the sum of the deviation squares between the time dependent kinetics x (t) of the fermentation runs i and j. For each measurable or calculable kinetic state variable, one n x n distance matrix must be calculated where n is the number of fermentation runs. All methods compare these distance matrices by statistical or graph-theoretical approaches. The algorithms obtained are universally applicable if enough kinetic data are available, especially from more than 10 comparable fermentation runs. The algorithms were developed for the use in knowledge acquisition modules of expert systems.
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  • 34
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of the rheology of some antibiotic biosynthesis liquids produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens, Nocardia mediterranei and Penicillium chrysogenum on the volumetric liquid phase oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa, and gas holdup, εG, together with the influence of superficial gas velocity, were studied in a bubble column bioreactor, using samples of fermentation liquids taken from industrial stirred tank fermenters, at 30-hour intervals during fermentation batch.The results were compared to those of previous studies from literature on non-Newtonian homogeneous fluids, such as CMC-Na, xanthan and starch solutions, respectively.In the heterogeneous broths, εG and kLa decreased with increasing apparent viscosity of the broth and increased with increasing superficial velocity.The experimental data were correlated using non-linear regression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\varepsilon _{\rm G} } & = & {0.283v_{{\rm SG}}^{0.67} \eta _{{\rm eff}}^{ - 0.23} } \\\end{array}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {k_{\rm L} a} & = & {0.054v_{{\rm SG}}^{0.78} } \\\end{array}\eta _{{\rm eff}}^{ - 0.52} $$\end{document} with correlation coefficients above 0.85.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The batch propionic acid fermentation of sugar cane molasses by Propionibacterium acidi propionici PP-1 was studied at various pH values ranging from 5 to 7. The optimum pH range for cell growth was between 6 and 7, whereas the specific growth rate decreased with the pH in the acidic range down to 0.197 h-1 at pH 5.The propionic acid yield increased with decreasing pH; it changed from 22% (wt/wt) at pH 7 to 38% at pH 5. It has been obvious that this process is inhibited by the products of the fermentation and more severely in the acidic range where the acids are in an unionized state.A generalized equation of the non-competetive inhibition was adjusted for each pH value, and kinetic inhibition constants were estimated.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth inhibition of Candida utilis NRRL Y-660 took place in molasses stored at 60°C for 120 days. The specific growth rate (μmax) was reduced from 0.42 h-1 to 0.200 h-1 as a result of a lack of affinity from the microorganism to the substrate and the increasing maintenance necessities. The Ks values arose from 1.40 mg/ml to 4.28 mg/ml within the whole experiment. At the same time, the maintenance coefficient (m) increased from 0.250 to 3.80 mg/ml. In a continuous culture the “wash-out” conditions were reached at dilution rate values (D) close to 0.40 h-1. The process productivity decreased up to 15% from its original value in fresh molasses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of lysine plus threonine double auxotrophs have been isolated from a ethionine resistant methionine producing strain of Brevibacterium heali previously isolated from soil by mutagenesis with N-methyl N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in two steps. This strain excreted L-methionine in sufficient amounts. For the three potent mutants tested, the medium of ALFOLDI was judged to be the best. Biotin and ammonium nitrate were found to be optimal at 5 μg/l and at a 40 mM level, respectively. With such an optimal dose, the strain BhLT 27 yielded 25.5 g/l methionine in a flask culture containing methionine-analogue ethionine at a minimal inhibitory concentration.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 38
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the study of the behaviour of Amyloglucosidase covalently immobilized on acrylic supports in the maltodextrin hydrolysis process. The specific catalytic activity of the different immobilized Amyloglucosidase preparations critically depends on their protein content. The maltodextrin hydrolysis in the presence of the immobilized Amyloglusidase is a diffusion-controlled process. The simulated operational stability of the immobilized Amyloglucosidase tested by the specific activity and the substrate conversion proves the conservation of the catalytic enzymatic activity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 40
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previously described model system for the treatment of harzardous chloroaniline-containing waste waters using immobilized bacterial cells in a bioreactor was enhanced in its degradation efficiency. This was achieved by the substitution of the calcium alginate heads by an inert polyurethane (PU)-carrier. The supply of chloroaniline-polluted waste waters with the PU-carrier (1.25% w/v) resulted in a distinct decrease of the pollutant concentrations in the solution due to the effects of adsorption. Nevertheless, the initially bound amounts of the chloroanilines were also degraded, which was proved by the chloride balance. In comparative batch-degradation experiments with the Pseudomonas acidovorans strain CA50 with and without the addition of the PU-carrier (1.25% v/w), respectively, the advantages of the PU-supplied treatment system were demonstrated; among others a marked shortening of the degradation periods was achieved. The advantage of the PU-carrier was also shown by using a bubble reactor. In this connection, it is particularly worth mentioning, that high degradation rates can be achieved for a long time even for strongly persistent pollutants.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 44
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 60-60 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antibiotic producing microorganisms Streptomyces rimosus PFIZER 18234-2 and Amycolatopsis mediterranei CBS 42575 were immobilized in glass wool for the production of oxytetracycline and rifamycins B and SV. The growth of the immobilized cells was dependent on the type of the microorganism and on the amount of glass wool as well. After 5 exchanges of the medium, 530 mg O.T.C., 2138 mg rifamycin B and 8672 mg rifamycin SV were maintained. The periodic batch culture was continued for 20 days.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of tryptophan plus tyrosine double auxotrophic mutants isolated by the NTG treatment of a glutamate producing strain of Arthrobacter globiformis were found to excrete phenylalanine in a mineral salt medium. By controlling the pH of the medium to near neutrality, the active growth period could be extended up to 72 h and more phenylalanine was accumulated compared to the unregulated culture where the growth period took up to 48 h. Under optimum culture conditions, the best double auxotroph (TT-39) produced 3 g phenylalanine/l. Further improvement of phenylalanine production has been achieved by the step-by-step isolation of a mutant resistant to the phenylalanine analogues p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) and β-2-thienylalanine (TA) from the TT-39 strain. Under optimum culture conditions, the best double auxotrophic analogue resistant mutant TT-39 PTr-21 yielded 8.7 g/l phenylalanine.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Despite the prevalence of starch-hydrolyzing enzymes in bacilli, relatively few have been studied in detail. In an attempt to isolate an effective α-amylase-producing strain, Bacillus globisporus BH-1b has been isolated. The strain requires few nutritional supplements and shows induction in the presence of galactose. 2% potassium nitrate and pH 7.2 emerged as optimum for the fermentation medium. The durability of the enzyme has also been tested at a low pH and a high temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 48
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The in vitro effect of fermented tempeh-like food on intensive flatulence caused by intestinal bacteria after consuming soybeans (Glycine max) was studied.Six fungi strains of Rhizopus and Actinomucor were tested. Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710 proved to have the highest antibacterial activity. In vitro tests vs. Clostridium perfringens 546 showed that the soybean extract from the food fermented with the fungi mentioned above in about 80% of the experiments slowed the bacterial growth rate remarkably. The homogenization of tempeh-like food increased its antimicrobial activity. Cultures of Rh. oligosporus NRRL 2710 grown on the brewery wort medium did not show any antibacterial activity.
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  • 49
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 115-115 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 51
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behaviour of thermophilic anaerobic sludge from the UASB process was investigated under suboptimal conditions.Stability studies, carried out during the normal operation of the reactors, showed that a short-term decrease in temperature had no influence on the behaviour of the process.Nevertheless, interruptions in feeding and a long-term decrease in temperatures can produce very drastic effects on the stability of the system.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The immobilization of subtilisin, Novo type, on WHATMAN cellulose activated by the glutaraldehyde, diisocyanate, diazo-coupling, and S-triazine method, and on a dialdehyde derivative of cellulose has been studied. The best results of proteinase immobilization were achieved when cellulose was activated by hexamethylene diisocyanate. The preparations of a proteolytic activity of 70 PU/g of support and of an esterase activity of 2.3 EU/g of support were obtained with 14% and 38% yield, respectively.
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  • 53
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Monosporic isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were made from Punica grantum and one suitable isolate was selected for further work on carbon nutrition. Preliminary experiments showed that a pH value of 5, a temperature of 32°C and a period of 14 days were optimum conditions for the growth of this pathogen.Out of 41 carbon compounds tested, the pathogen showed excellent growth on starch, maltose, melibiose, dextrose, sucrose, raffinose, and dulcitol; good on tartaric acid, mannose, galactose, fructose, mannitol, and castor oil; fair on inulin, isopropyl alcohol, coconut oil, and pectin; poor on sorbose, n-butyl alcohol, arabionose, maleic acid, ethyl alcohol, succinic acid, citric acid, ribose, and malic acid, and no growth on the rest of the carbon compounds. In general, compounds which supported the best mycelial growth, yielded excellent or good sporulation of C. gloeosporioides and vice versa.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 234-234 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of the enzyme subtilisin DY for the synthesis of derivatives of DL-aspartic acid which are differently N and C-terminal protected and semiproducts of the peptide synthesis was investigated. The enzyme reaction was characterized by high yields and a comparatively short reaction time. Two of the substrates, Z-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 and PhAc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2, were hydrolyzed for about 15 min; the reaction time for Boc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 was 2.5 h. The values for the MICHAELIS constants obtained for Z-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 (Km = 0.576 mM) and PhAc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 (Km = 0.300 mM) showed a high affinity of the enzyme to the substrates. For Boc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 the affinity of the enzyme is considerable lower (Km = 14.07 mM).The results of these investigations can be effectively used for the separation of N-protected derivatives of D,L-aspartic acid and with a high probability also for other amino and racemic forms.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 58
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 355-366 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial aerobic decontamination of waste waters contaminated with highly volatile pollutants was experimentally investigated in a closed chemostat in [1]. The experiments, using a previously isolated Pseudomonas strain, were carried out with synthetic waste water containing toluene and saturated with either nitrogen or oxygen. A model for the interpretation of the experimentally determined process behaviour has been derived in this study. A comparison of the process curves obtained by simulation (numerical solutions of the model equations) with the experimentally determined results confirmed the model concepts. The model analysis supplied equations describing the process in a steady state as a function of the technical process parameters. These equations were used to draw conclusions for the practical operation of waste-water purification processes in closed chemostats.
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  • 59
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 367-378 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sweet sorghum was used as the raw material for the lactate production by a strain of Lactobacillus paracasei. The submerged conversion of sugar juice obtained from sweet sorghum by extraction could be accomplished with the same efficiency as observed in a control experiment with MRS-glucose medium (final lactate concentration of 88-106 g/l, lactate yield of 91-95%, duration of the fermentation of 24-32 h). Finely ground stalks of sorghum served as the substrate in the solid-state fermentation. The lactate accumulation in the solid medium and the lactate yield were optimized up to values comparable with the results from the submerged fermentation (final lactate concentration of 90 g/kg, lactate yield of 91-95%). However, the duration of the fermentation amounted to 120-200 h in the solid-state process. The data from a series of experiments performed at variable values of temperatures between 30°C and 36°C and initial sugar concentrations between 60 g/kg and 115 g/kg, and degrees of moisture between 78% and 82% was the basis of a polynomial multidimensional regression. As a result, simple three-dimensional model functions were obtained for the maximum productivity of lactate formation, the lactate yield and the time required for a 90% conversion.
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  • 60
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Yeast protein isolate with 85% of pure protein and 1.2% of nucleic acids in dry matter was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a procedure of two pre-treatment steps, acidic extraction and isoelectric precipitation. The application of this yeast protein isolate was limited by its functionality resulting from the partially extreme isolating conditions.An enzymatic partial hydrolysis with Thermitase to a degree of hydrolysis of 5% not only improved the solubility and foaming properties, but also the water binding capacity and the emulsifying properties. The hydrolysate was free of bitter taste and could be applied either in two fractions of different solubility after centrifugation or as a whole product in food systems to improve the physiological and functional quality. The yeast protein hydrolysate had the same or even better properties than conventional protein products.
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  • 61
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  • 62
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  • 63
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of pH, temperature, reactant concentration, and reaction time has been investigated for the synthesis of N-benzhydryl-N′-acetamidopiperazyl-6-penicillanic acid and N-benzyl-N′-acetamidopiperazyl-6-penicillanic acid from 6-aminopenicillanic acid by the immobilized penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli. The synthesis of penicillins from carboxylic acids proceeds most rapidly at pH 5; with ethyl ester derivatives of carboxylic acids the pH optimum is higher (6-7). The most rapid synthesis of penicillins was obtained with ethyl ester derivatives of carboxylic acids. The optimum temperatures were 25-35°C.
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  • 64
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Different samples from a reactor system for the cleaning of an emulsified waste oil containing approximately 1% of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were studied for the diversity of phenanthrene, anthracene, and acenaphthene-metabolizing bacteria. From more than 28 different taxa found in the airlift-suspension reactor, nine were able to mineralize at least one of the PAH, belonging to the genera Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Sphingomonas, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, and the Flavobacterium/Cytophaga group. In the sludge from the thickener of the reactor system, a reduced number of metabolically active groups could be detected. The impact of different precultivation substrates on the degradation capability was investigated with five PAH-degrading bacterial strains. Four isolates were influenced by the precultivation substrates, however, one isolate (Alcaligenes-like) as well as the mixture of the five strains showed no changes in their degradation capability. The results indicated a strong impact of the precultivation methods on the composition of bacterial communities and the activity and the degradation characteristics of bacteria with respect to different PAH.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of the non-ionic surfactant, Pluronic F-68, on the growth of shoots regenerated from seedlings (14 days post-germination) of Hypericum perforatum L. were studied. The supplementation of agar-solidified medium with 0.001% (w/v) of Pluronic increased the mean fresh weight of the regenerants after 60 days by 40% and the mean number of plant regenerants recovered per seedling by 34%; a less pronounced increase in the number of regenerants occurred with 0.01% (w/v) of the surfactant. By contrast, the mean fresh weight of the regenerants cultured in the presence of 0.1% (w/v) Pluronic F-68 was 15% lower than untreated controls, although the mean number of regenerants per seedling remained unaltered. The growth of seedling leaf-derived Hypericum callus after 60 days was unaffected by all the concentrations of Pluronic tested. However, there was a tendency for callus cells grown in the presence of Pluronic to be more highly pigmented with anthocyanins. The cultivation of leaf explants with 0.001% or 0.01% (w/v) Pluronic did not affect either the mean fresh weight of the regenerants or the mean number of regenerants per explant. However, decreases in both the mean fresh weight and the mean number of regenerants (both 33.0% lower than the control) occurred following the cultivation with 0.1% (w/v) Pluronic.
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  • 66
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  • 67
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  • 68
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 387-393 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The possibility of producing monoacyloglycerols (MAGs) from poultry fat or beef tallow using selected microorganisms or enzymatic glycerolysis was established. The highest content of MAGs (16.21-17.63% w/w) in the lipids was obtained after the cultivation of Candida lipolytica on a medium with poultry fat. The concentration of MAGs in the lipids which remained in the medium was influenced by the microorganisms strains and their cultivation conditions. The yield of MAGs obtained by the enzymatic glycerolysis of poultry fat or beef tallow ranged from 3.52% to 55.10% w/w, respectively.
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  • 69
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) degrading plasmid, pJP4, was transferred into Rhizobium trifolii ANU843 from its nature host Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 by conjugation. The ability to degrade 2,4-D was expressed in the transconjugant ANU843p as shown by a total loss of UV-absorbent compounds and by gas chromatographic analysis. However, the transconjugant was unable to grow on 2,4-D alone. When the transconjugant strain ANU843p was inoculated onto white and subterranean clover plants in laboratory trials, the transconjugant retained the capacity of nodulation, but the nitrogen-fixation activity was diminished, particularly in the case of subterranean clover. The plasmid in the transconjugant was stable in nodules for at least nine weeks after inoculation and could be of value in applications requiring the protection or removal of the 2,4-D involving cometabolism with plant substrates.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial activity of pristine and contaminated soils was investigated by measuring the following parameters: glucose induced respiration, dimethylsulphoxide reduction and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. The viable counts were determined by the plate count method.The ability of the autochthonous microorganisms of the investigated soils to degrade diesel fuel was determined in a closed system on the basis of the oxygen consumption and by direct measurements of the hydrocarbon concentrations.As expected, compost showed the highest microbial activity with regard to all three parameters, followed by the grassland and the arable soil samples which were also found to have high activity. However, soils that had been exposed to mineral oil for a long period of time showed significantly lower values.Microorganisms from contaminated sites had a high degradation potential; few pristine soils reached similar turnover rates. The investigations showed that the level of the degradation of diesel fuel in pristine soils correlated with their microbial activity, but this correlation was not found in the investigated contaminated soils.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A toluene-degrading Pseudomonas species isolated from waste water was studied with regard to its growth behaviour. The dependence of the growth rate on the pH value, on the toluene concentration and on temperature, as well as the O2 consumption of the isolate were determined. The fact that toluene is a highly volatile substrate, which is present both in the liquid and in the has phase of a reactor, was considered in the experiments. It is shown that the volatility of toluene has to be taken into consideration for an accurate determination of the toluene concentration in the medium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 354-354 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 73
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1707-1726 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 74
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1727-1740 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; systematics ; ribosomal RNA/DNA ; molecular evolution ; phylogeny ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The term ‘yeast’ is often taken as a synonym for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is illustrated by their assignment to two taxonomic classes of fungi, the ascomycetes and the basidiomycetes. Subdivision of taxa within their respective classes is usually made from comparisons of morphological and physiological features whose genetic basis is often unknown. Application of molecular comparisons to questions in yeast classification offers an unprecedented opportunity to re-evaluate current taxonomic schemes from the perspective of quantitative genetic differences. This review examines the impact of molecular comparisons, notably rRNA/rDNA sequence divergence, on the current phenotypically defined classification of yeasts. Principal findings include: 1) budding ascomycetous yeasts are monophyletic and represent a sister group to the filamentous ascomycetes, 2) fission yeasts are ancestral to budding and filamentous ascomycetes, 3) the molecular phylogeny of basidiomycetous yeasts is generally congruent with type of hyphal septum, presence or absence of teliospores in the sexual state, and occurrence of cellular xylose.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 75
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1753-1790 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Metabolic messenger ; glucose repression ; cAMP ; Ras ; adenylate cyclase ; nitrogen signalling ; Fermentable-growth-medium induced pathway ; growth control ; pheromone signaling ; mating pathway ; cell cycle progression ; start point ; heat shock response ; high-osmolarity response ; hypotonic stress ; phosphatidylinositol pathway ; protein kinase C ; MAP kinase ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 76
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 77
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1683-1683 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 78
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1685-1688 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 79
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1689-1706 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast genome analysis ; genome sequencing ; functional analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiaesequencing ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The yeast genome is currently being sequenced by a Consortium of European laboratories, in collaboration with a wider international network of researchers. It is expected that within the next two years Saccharomyces cerevisiae will become the first eukaryotic organism to have been completely genetically mapped and sequenced. This article traces the sequencing enterprise from its beginnings, outlining the intentions, the organisation, and the achievements so far. The tasks which remain are discussed, emphasising the follow-on research into the evolution of primitive karyotypes, and, more particularly, into the nature of novel genes revealed during sequencing. The functional analysis of novel genes is attracting an ever wider community of yeast scientists, so that research which began with a decision to sequence a simple genome promises to remain a focus for international cooperation.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 80
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1741-1752 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cell wall ; β-glucan ; mannoprotein ; GPI anchor ; flocculation ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To a yeast, the cell wall is an important living organelle performing a number of vital functions, including osmotic and physical protection, selective permeability barrier, immobilized enzyme support and cell-cell recognition and adhesion. Our basic model of wall structure involves attachment of secreted mannoproteins to a fibrillar inner layer of β-glucan. Recent work has emphasised the importance of chitin in lateral walls, examined the mechanisms of attachment of mannoproteins to the various cell wall glucan fractions and elucidated the pathway of β-glucan synthesis, by means of resistance to glucan-binding killer toxins. The conventional view of wall structure has been challenged by the discovery of a class of GPI-anchored, serine/threonine-rich wall-proteins. It has been suggested, that these proteins are anchored in the plasma membrane, spanning the wall with extended O-glycosylated structures and protruding out into the medium. Examination of these proteins shows a diversity of structures, sizes and behaviour that makes it improbable that these represent a new class of wall proteins. The possible roles of one of these proteins associated with flocculation, Flo1p, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 81
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1791-1791 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 82
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    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1793-1808 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast genome analysis ; in-frame replacement ; PCR-targeting ; G418 resistance ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have constructed and tested a dominant resistance module, for selection of S. cerevisiae transformants, which entirely consists of heterologous DNA. This kanMX module contains the known kanr open reading-frame of the E. coli transposon Tn903 fused to transcriptional and translational control sequences of the TEF gene of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. This hybrid module permits efficient selection of transformants resistant against geneticin (G418). We also constructed a lacZMT reporter module in which the open reading-frame of the E. coli lacZ gene (lacking the first 9 codons) is fused at its 3′ end to the S. cerevisiae ADH1 terminator. KanMX and the lacZMT module, or both modules together, were cloned in the center of a new multiple cloning sequence comprising 18 unique restriction sites flanked by Not I sites. Using the double module for constructions of in-frame substitutions of genes, only one transformation experiment is necessary to test the activity of the promotor and to search for phenotypes due to inactivation of this gene. To allow for repeated use of the G418 selection some kanMX modules are flanked by 470 bp direct repeats, promoting in vivo excision with frequencies of 10-3-10-4. The 1·4 kb kanMX module was also shown to be very useful for PCR based gene disruptions. In an experiment in which a gene disruption was done with DNA molecules carrying PCR-added terminal sequences of only 35 bases homology to each target site, all twelve tested geneticin-resistant colonies carried the correctly integrated kanMX module.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cultivation of Acetobacter methanolicus on various substrates revealed that the respective maximum growth rates are obtained at an almost identical oxidative capacity of about 16 mmoles of oxygen g (biomass)-1·h-1 under conditions of energy generations by complete substrate oxidation. This is considered to be an indication that the energy production rate determined by the capacity of the respiratory chain limits the growth rate in this strain. However, with glucose and glycerol, for example, a further increase in the growth rate is observed accompanied by the generation of products (gluconic acid or dihydroxyacetone, respectively). The incomplete oxidation should play the role of an additional energy generation. The potential for this rate increase is looked for in a higher energy gain derived from reduction equivalents (PQQH2) in this periplasmic oxidation step in relation to the cytoplasmic reduction equivalents.
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  • 84
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 85
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pretreated wheat straw was enzymatically hydrolyzed in 250-ml flasks using the culture filtrate of Trichoderma reesei QM-9414. The influence of the initial enzymatic activity in the liquid phase was studied. The unreacted core model was used to analyze the experimental data obtained at 40, 46 and 50°C. The model adequately describes the data for hydrolysis times lower than 10 h.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 299-301 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 87
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 305-305 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 89
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell disruption studies for the extraction of HBsAg from a recombinant P. pastoris strain (r-HBsAg) were done using a bead mill disintegrator. Three sequential passages (4 min retention time each) were enough to disrupt the cells and extract most of the r-HBsAg and soluble proteins. An acid precipitation step was performed just after cell disruption to precipitate proteins together with the cell debris. Different precipitation pH values (2.5 to 6.0) were investigated. A pH value of 4.2 was selected as a compromise between recovery and improvement of specific activity. A 6 to 8-fold enhancement of the specific activity was obtained, having a r-HBsAg overall yield of about 80%. The influencing presence of a chaotropic salt (potassium thiocyanate) during the acid precipitation step was also studied.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 91
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 211-242 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In biotechnological processes, fundamental performances of microorganisms are used. The economy of these processes is essentially determined by the efficiency, velocity (productivity) and quality of the products. Therefore it is a permanent task and challenge for basic and biotechnological research to seek out measures for improving the actually attained parameters. The auxiliary substrate concept supplics an approach. It is based on the fact that chemo-organo-heterotrophic substrates differ in the carbon: energy ratio, thus, growth yield is limited in energy and/or reducing power. It says that, by simultaneous utilization of physiologically similar substrates (mixed substrates), the growth yield increases. The substrates are to combine in such a way that with their simultaneous utilization a minimum of carbon is dissimilated merely for the purpose of the generation of biologically useful energy and/or reducing power. Since all chemo-organo-heterotrophic substrates are more or less energy-deficient, an increase in growth efficiency can be expected if the individual substrates of the mixture are assimilated more efficiently than the respective substrates alone. This may result, for instance, from an immediate assimilation of a substrate (according to the “manner of finished part construction”).An increased growth rate is rather the rule than the exception in mixed substrate utilization.In product syntheses the substrates are, depending on the concrete product and metabolic pathway, either energy-excess or energy-excess or energy-deficient. or, in other words, the processes are energy-generating or energy-consuming, respectively. If this is responsible for discrepancies between the possible yields determined by the carbon metabolism and the experimentally obtained yields, the discrepancies should be able to be decreased and the yields increased by mixing substrates. The substrates are to choose and combine so that, due to simultaneous utilization, the product formation process becomes energy neutral.As a rule, the enhanced efficiency is accompanied by an increased velocity. This does not only apply to syntheses, but also to degradation (and detoxification) reactions. Even supposedly inert compounds or persistent substances can be activated by simultaneous (co-)metabolization of another (an auxiliary substrate, victim substrate or co-substrate) and converted at a considerable rate. It is of interest for syntheses of products but in particular for degradation and decontamination of harmful and waste products in the environment that the residual concentrations of the substrates are smaller than those achieved if the compounds of a mixture are metabolized separately.The auxiliary substrate concept has proven to be fruitful, both for theoretical and practical questions. It was practically already being used before it was formulated (mixed substrate utilization, cometabolism). However, an abundance of regulatory and energetic aspects are waiting to be investigated in more detail.
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  • 92
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimization task was performed using the gluconic acid synthesis by the Acetobacter methanolicusMB 58 strain. The microorganisms were grown continuously on methanol as the growth substrate. After finishing the growth process by the deficiency of N and P, the gluconic acid synthesis was started by adding glucose. The synthesis process was performed continuously. The oxygen transfer rate depended on the gluconic acid concentration. During the growth process, the oxygen transfer rate reached a value of about 13 g O2 · kg-1 · h-1using a 30-l glass fermenter equipped with a 6 blade stirrer and fully baffled. This rate declined to a value of between 2 and 5 g O2 · kg-1 · h-1 in the presence of gluconic acid concentrations above 150 g gluconic acid · kg-1medium. The yield (g gluconic acid · g-1glucose) depended on the gluconic acid concentration and amounted to y = 0.7 in relation to 150 g gluconic acid · kg-1medium and y = 0.8 in relation to 200 g · kg-1medium, respectively. The fermenters were coupled with ultrafiltration moduls (Fa. ROMICON and Fa. SARTORIUS). The biomass concentrations amounted from 5 to 40 g dry mass kg-1medium. The ultrafiltration modules retained the biomass within the fermentation system. A glucose solution (30 to 50 weight percent glucose) was continuously dosed into the fermenter. The retention time was chosen between 2 and 30 h. The gluconic acid synthesis rate reached values of up to 32 g gluconic acid · kg-1 · h-1. Within a range of up to 250 g gluconic acid · kg-1medium, the acid concentration had no influence on the enzyme activity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dual or multiple parameter flow cytometric analysis is developing into a powerful method for characterizing microbial populations. The distinguishing of the populations only by assignment of size/shape measurements by scattered ligth renders as not satisfactory.To differentiate between the cells, the employment of a specific fluorescence marker is absolutely necessary. Methods are presented for the flow cytometric determination of DNA and the polymer poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) content in three different bacterial strains. The measurement of the 3β-hydroxysterol content enables the differentation between yeast and bacterial organisms in mixed microbial populations. Monitoring the ratio of live to dead bacterial cells in soil or water samples, e.g. in pure culture systems, is shown.
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  • 94
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 95
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 96
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 306-306 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 97
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 98
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 311-322 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of batch fermentation during the growth of S. cerevisiae ATCC 36859 was studied in various glucose/fructose mixtures. It was found that the growth is inhibited equally by glucose and fructose even though fructose is not consumed to any large extent by the yeast under the conditions tested here. The inhibition of growth by the substrate and ethanol is represented by linear equations. These equations were combined with the MONOD expression in order to formulate equations for the biomass growth, glucose and fructose consumption and ethanol production. Parameter estimates were obtained by fitting these equations to batch fermentation data and so developing models which indicate that the growth is completely inhibited when 62 g/l ethanol is produced by the yeast, while glucose consumption and ethanol production continue up to an ethanol concentration of 152 g/l. Products containing a high concentration of fructose are best produced by using a high initial biomass concentration.
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  • 99
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimization studies have been carried out for the production of L-lactic acid from the fermentation of whey by Lactobacillus casei. Two Statistical Designs, a full 24 Factorial Design and a full 32 Factorial Design, have been used to determine the most suitable values of the operational variables for obtaining the maximum lactic acid production rate. The variables selected for study were temperature, pH, lactose concentration, and inoculum concentration. Among them only temperature and pH were found to affect the response significantly. A second-order polynomial empirical model relating both the response (lactic acid production rate) and the variables was formulated. The maximum acid production rate was found when the values of pH and temperature were 5.4 and 38°C, respectively. All conclusions are restricted to the experimental range studied.
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  • 100
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    Acta Biotechnologica 13 (1993), S. 351-359 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: α-Galactosidase (E.C.3.2.1.22) from Penicillium janthinellum was purified by precipitation and fractionation with ammonium sulphate, cold acetone or ethanol, calcium phosphate gel, and column chromatographies on Sephadex G-100 and G-200. The enzyme was purified about 110.39-fold when Sephadex G-100 was used. α-Galactosidase exhibited the optimum pH and temperature at 4.5 and 60°C, respectively. The optimum enzyme stability was obtained at pH 3.5 for 24 h (at room temperature). The enzyme was found to be thermostable below 65°C up to 40 minutes and was gradually inactivated by increasing the temperature above this degree. The MICHAELIS constant was 0.55 mM for p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactoside. The α-galactosidase activity was strongly inhibited by Hg++ and slightly activated by Mn++. The results show the possibility of producing a thermostable enzyme from a low-priced agricultural product, for instance, lupine.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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