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  • 1985-1989  (5)
  • 1980-1984  (6)
  • 1960-1964  (6)
  • 1920-1924
  • Reaction mechanisms
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 135-145 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Reaction mechanisms ; Heterogeneous catalysis ; C-H activation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Heterogeneous catalysis is changing from an empirical art to an exact science. The various methods for the analysis of solids and surfaces, constantly refined by materials science and surface science, seem to be almost unlimited. The increasing availability of atomic resolution microscopy as well as synchrotron radiation allows the characterization of catalyst particles, surface structures, surface processes and surface intermediates. We have learned to determine the surface structure sensitivity of catalytic reactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic data of catalytic reactions are now determined routinely. Isotopic exchange and labeling experiments provide information about reactant-catalyst interactions. How much have we learned through these techniques about the nature or mechanism of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions? The following article attempts to summarize the progress and the problems encountered in mechanistic studies of C—H bond formation and activation in a hydrogen atmosphere as an example for the present state of the understanding of reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 969-980 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Stereoselectivity ; Reaction mechanisms ; Synthetic methods ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The regio- and chemoselectivities of free radical reactions are often high and largely predictable; systematic studies have now shown that the stereoselectivity of free radical reactions can also be directed. Examples involving five- and six-membered cyclic radicals will be used to show how steric and stereoelectronic effects influence the diastereoselectivity of reactions of cyclic radicals with olefins. The temperature, the solvent, and the nature of the radical scavenger used also play a role, so that, if the correct reaction conditions are used, the stereoselectivity of reactions for cyclic reactants can be very high. Lower stereoselectivities are often observed for reactions between acyclic radicals and acyclic alkenes. However, preliminary experiments have indicated that under certain conditions such systems can also react in a stereoselective manner.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 621-626 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pre-column photolysis ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Identification of photolysis products ; Reaction mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Photodecomposition of chloro- and bromoderivatives of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied under flow conditions using reaction gas chromatography. The photodegradation products were separated on a column coated with squalane and identified by comparing the measured retention data with those of standards and published retention indices, The results can be used to clarify the decomposition of such compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 1227-1266 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electron transfer ; Charge transfer ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The broad varieties of organic and organometallic reactions merge into a common unifying mechanism by considering all nucleophiles and electrophiles as electron donors (D) and electron acceptors (A), respectively. Comparison of outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfers with the aid of Marcus theory provides the thermochemical basis for the generalized free energy relationship for electron transfer (FERET) in Equation (37) and its corollaries in Equations (43) and (44) that have wide predictive applicability to electrophilic aromatic substitutions, olefin additions, organometallic cleavages, etc. The FERET is based on the conversion of the weak nucleophile-electrophile interactions extant in the ubiquitous electron donor - acceptor (EDA) precursor complex [D, A] to the radical ion pair [D⊕, A⊖], for which the free energy change can be evaluated from the charge-transfer absorption spectra according to Mulliken theory. FERET analysis thus indicates that the charge-transfer ion pairs [D⊕, A⊖] are energetically equivalent to the transition states for nucleophile/electrophile transformations. The behavior of such ion pairs can be directly observed immediately following the irradiation of the charge-transfer bands of various EDA complexes with a 25-ps laser pulse. Such studies confirm the radical ion pair [Arene⊕, NO2] as a viable intermediate in electrophilic aromatic nitration, as presented in the electron-transfer mechanism between arenes and the nitryl cation (NO2⊕) electrophile.
    Additional Material: 38 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 67 (1985), S. 91-113 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Reaction mechanisms ; synthesis planning ; molecular design ; potential surfaces ; reaction path
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A countable set of distinguished fundamental reaction mechanisms on a potential surface serves as the set of generators for the fundamental group of reaction mechanisms. The effects of a change in the upper limit for energy on such groups are described with the aid of a lower semilattice, introduced into the family of all fundamental groups of reaction mechanisms, supported by the given potential energy surface. The algebraic structure of all reaction paths is described with the aid of groupoids and various subgroupoids and semigroups derived from them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 556-569 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Addition ; Alkoxy carbonyl compounds ; Synthetic methods ; Chelates ; Stereoselectivity ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of C-nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents or enolates to chiral α- or β-alkoxy aldehydes or ketones creates a new center of chirality and is therefore diastereogenic. In order to control stereoselectivity, two strategies have been developed: (1) Use of Lewisacidic reagents which form intermediate chelates, these being attacked stereoselectively from the less hindered side (chelation control); (2) use of reagents incapable of chelation, stereoselective attack being governed by electronic and/or steric factors (non-chelation control). Generally, the two methods lead to the opposite sense of diastereoselectivity. It is possible to predict the outcome by careful choice of organometallic reagents containing elements such as Li, Mg, B, Si, Sn, Cu, Zn, or Ti.For corrigendum see DOI:10.1002/anie.198407461
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 21 (1982), S. 734-750 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oxygen transfer ; Peroxides ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this progress report an attempt is made to rationalize, from a mechanistic point of view, the different ways in which oxygen is transferred from inorganic and organic peroxides to nucleophilic substrates, particularly olefins. Oxygen transfer from transition-metal peroxides, which is relevant to catalytic oxidations using O2, H2O2 or ROOH, occurs via a cyclic or “pseudocyclic” peroxymetalation in which a dioxametallacycle is formed. Owing to the wide discrepancy between peroxymetalation and the conventional oxidation mechanism, i.e. nucleophilic attack of the substrate at the electrophilic “active oxygen”, we propose an alternative mechanism involving dioxiranes as the reactive species. The generation of dioxiranes appears to be a common denominator in the reactions of most organic peroxides e.g. peroxy acids, the reaction of electrophilic ketones with H2O2, or ozonizations. Oxygen transfer from dioxirane reagents probably involves the formation of a charge-transfer π-complex between the substrate and the carbon atom of the dioxirane, and the subsequent formation of a cyclic peroxidic intermediate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electron transfer catalysis ; Electrocatalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept of electron transfer catalysis (ETC), or more specifically “Double Activation Induced by Single Electron Transfer” (DAISET) gives an opportunity to connect experimental facts never previously correlated. The first activation results from the transfer of an electron to (or from) a molecular species; the second activation results from the build-up of a reaction chain able to reproduce the species formed in the first step. The starting point of this review is the SRN1 mechanism where principle and experimental diagnostic criteria are critically discussed. The thermal and photochemical exchange and substitution reactions of PtIV complexes are then reviewed together with the exchange reaction [AuCl4]-/Cl-, reactions with Grignard reagents and other organometallic reagents, as well as the redox behavior of electronically excited organic compounds. Photochemical applications, including solar energy conversion are discussed. New aspects are also presented for the mechanistic problem “SN2 reaction or SET process?” Moreover, the concept has significance for SH2 reactions at metal centers, molecule-induced homolyses, reactions of complexes, as well as electrochemical processes.-Unless otherwise specified, only double activation (DAISET) processes will be discussed in this article.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 21 (1982), S. 401-410 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Regioselectivity ; Radical reactions ; Addition ; Radical reactions ; Reaction mechanisms ; Substitution ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relative importance of bond strength, steric effects, and polarity in determining the rate and orientation of free radical subsitution and free radical addition reaction is considered. The factors which control substitution reaction (radical transfer reaction) are gathered together as five “rules”, and a similar five “rules” are proposed for addition rections. These “rules” are shown to be special cases of two “laws” which govern all free radical reactions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 60 (1981), S. 97-110 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Reaction topology ; Potential surfaces ; Reaction mechanisms ; Critical points
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Topologies are introduced into the nuclear configuration space R of molecular systems, based upon equipotential contour hypersurfaces on the otential energy hypersurface E. Critical level topologies T fc and T fc′, based upon the number and distribution of various critical points of E, are of particular importance, since they represent convenient yet rigorous mathematical models for relations between elementary reaction mechanisms, and for relations between open sets of nuclear geometries which are classically accessible at a given total energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Reaction mechanisms ; Multidimensional energy hypersurfaces ; Energy hypersurfaces ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical investigation of a chemical reaction requires detailed knowledge of the potential energy of the molecular system. As a first step in such a study, minimum-energy reaction paths have to be mapped on a generally multidimensional molecular potential surface. Even at this stage problems are encountered that have only recently been solved satisfactorily. The difficulties involved and various ways to handle them are discussed in connection with a two-parametric model potential. Three chemical reactions examined illustrate the usefulness of such theoretical investigations as well as their current limitations.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Willgerodt-Kindler reaction ; Ketones ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ketones react with sulfur and NH3 or amines at room temperature to produce Δ3-thiazolines, 5-alkylidene-Δ3-thiazolines, Δ3-imidazoline-5-thiones, hexathiacycloheptane derivatives, α,α′-dioxodisulfides, bis-(1-aralk-1-yl) disulfides, or thiocarboxamides, depending on the coreactant and on the reaction conditions. It was recognized that the formation of all of these numerous types of compounds can be explained basically by primary thiolations and geminal dithiolations, which in conjunction with their reverse reaction (desulfurization) and the assumption of a thioreductone equilibrium permit a new interpretation of the course of the Willgerodt-Kindler reaction of alkyl aryl ketones.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Organometallic catalysts ; Catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Lithium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic investigations of the polyreaction of isoprene with organolithium compounds as initiators in n-heptane as solvent indicate the following sequence of reactions: 1. formation of an adduct between a monomeric form of the organolithium compound and the isoprene and 2. reaction of this adduct with an associated form of the organolithium compound with insertion of the isoprene. The adduct formation is considered to be due to chemisorption, and proof of such chemisorption of a monomer (ethylene) is also demonstrated for a homogeneous Ziegler-type catalyst. All the reactions can be formulated in the form of cyclic structures with electron-deficient character. Postulation of such ring structures explains the surprising values obtained for the frequency factors and equilibrium constants.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Dipolar cycloaddition ; Cycloaddition ; Heterocycles ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Criteria for the mechanism of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions which lead to 5-membered rings are provided by the stereoselectivity observed with cis-trans isomeric dipolarophiles, by the effect of solvent and substituents on the rate constants, by the activation parameters, and by orientation phenomena. A concerted addition, which can also be described in terms of molecular orbitals and in which the two new σ-bonds are formed simultaneously, although not necessarily at equal rates, offers the best explanation of the experimental facts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2 (1963), S. 723-735 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Phenol oxidation ; C-C coupling ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of well-known phenol oxidation reactions for the preparation of compounds arising from C—C and C—O coupling has recently received increased attention. A selection from the large number of products obtainable by oxidation of mono- and polyhydric phenols and a discussion of the reaction mechanisms indicate the scope of this method. The formation of hydroxyphenylquinones and orceine dyes from resorcinol derivatives is explained. The synthesis of natural products by way of phenol oxidations is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Elimination ; Reaction mechanisms ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In bimolecular β-elimination (E 2 mechanism), several bonds are ruptured or formed in one concerted reaction step. However, the various aspects of bond-making or -breaking need not be completely synchronous. In the E 2 transition state for elimination HX, rupture of the C—X bond may be more advanced than that of the C—H linkage, or vice versa. Factors influencing the relative extents of rupture of these two bonds at the transition state are discussed, and the consequences of non-synchroneity in one sense or the other are developed from theory and illustrated from experiment. This treatment provides an understanding of the Hofmann-vs.-Saytzeff orientation problem.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 382-393 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electrophilic reactions ; Reaction mechanisms ; Substitution ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results obtained in recent years from investigations into the mechanisms of electrophilic substitution reaction at sp3-hybridized carbon atoms are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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