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  • 1980-1984  (14)
  • 1960-1964  (4)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1920-1924
  • Catalysis
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 579-586 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rearrangement ; Synthetic methods ; Mercury ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mercury(II) and palladium(II) salts have found broad applications as catalysts for [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements leading to formation of C—O, C—N, C—S, and C—C σ bonds. Increases in reaction rate are often very large (1010 - 1014 at 1 M catalyst concentration) and allow many previously difficult transformations to be conducted at or near room temperature, often with attendant increases in stereoselectivity and decreases in by-product formation. The mechanism of these catalyzed transformations is briefly discussed, and evidence is summarized to suggest that many follow a cyclization-induced rearrangement mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 539-556 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Cycloaddition ; Synthetic methods ; Cobalt catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dicarbonyl (η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt functions as a matrix on which a variety of unsaturated organic substrates undergo mutual bond formation. In this way α,ω-diynes cocyclize with monoalkynes to give annelated benzenes, while o-diethynylbenzenes furnish biphenylenes, and α,ω-enynes lead to the formation of complexed bi-and tricyclic dienes. Nitriles cocyclize with two alkynyl groups to give pyridines and other heterocycles, isocyanates allow access to annelated 2-pyridones, and incorporation of carbon monoxide provides complexed cyclopentadienones. In many cases remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity are observed, partially facilitated by use of the trimethylsilyl substituent as a controlling group. The scope and level of maturity of the method are demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of hitherto inaccessible, novel, and theoretically interesting molecules, and by its utilization in several unique approaches to a variety of natural products, e.g. protoberberines, steroids, vitamin B6, and camptothecin.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 570-578 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Reduction ; Ketones ; Synthetic methods ; Biotechnology ; Alcohols ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microbial asymmetric reduction of ketones is a method widely used for the preparation of chiral alcohols. The present progress report deals with the basic concepts that govern enantioselectivity of enzymes and intact cells. Strategies to control the stereochemical course of microbial reductions of carbonyl compounds and the relationship of substrate structure to enantioselectivity are considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 23 (1984), S. 782-794 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chiral macrocycles ; Macrocycles ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionophores, whether of natural or synthetic origin, encapsulate their ionic “guests” using noncovalent bonding. This encapsulation process resembles, at least superficially, the bonding of a substrate by an enzyme-active site. The analogy to enzymes can be extended further if the ionophore is provided with functional groups that can react with a suitable guest molecule bound in the cavity of the ionophore. We have embedded in the periphery of a macrocycle a 1,4-dihydropyridine, a mimic of the coenzyme NADH. The macrocycle, in addition to having (weak) ionophoric properties, is chiral. The strategy has led to compounds that react as artificial hydrogenases and which are capable of distinguishing, in a predictable fashion, between the prochiral faces of suitable carbonyl substrates. Ancillary developments from this approach have been many. A remarkably general method for the preparation of a wide variety of macrocycles has been developed which depends on some remarkable chemical idiosyncrasies of the cesium ion. In attempts to exploit the chemical possibilities of these macrocycles, unusual chemistry, possibly relevant to the action of the enzyme, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, has been uncovered. In a similar vein, study of macrocycles has led to variants of the aldol condensation on chiral templates. Finally, catalytic CC bond formation mediated by transition metals is revealed to be an area in which chiral macrocycles can play a useful role by acting as chiral ligands for the transition metal.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Cluster compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular metal clusters form a very large and diverse family. They present the opportunity of modeling the intermediates involved in surface mediated catalytic reactions, of providing a source of very reactive mononuclear metal fragments, and of effecting catalytic cycles in which the cluster remains intact. The last mentioned aspect is the subject of this review article. The state-of-the-art of cluster catalysis is critically analyzed. The possibilities offered by molecular metal catalysts of performing catalytic reactions at multimetal atom sites are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 22 (1983), S. 897-907 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Rhodium catalysts ; Catalysis ; Enantioselectivity ; Hydrosilylation ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Following a survey of the asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins with transition metal/phosphane catalysts, the problem of chirality transfer from the optically active ligands of the catalyst to the substrate is discussed. A new concept for this chirality transfer is introduced; the conformational analysis of model compounds as well as the development of catalysts for enantioselective hydrosilylation demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: HCN ; HCN Oligomers ; Chemical Evolution ; Primitive Earth ; Formaldehyde ; Cyanohydrins ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formaldehyde and other simple carbonyl compounds are known to react rapidly with HCN in aqueous solution to produce the corresponding cyanohydrin compounds. We have observed that these cyanohydrins markedly accelerate the rate of HCN oligomeri-zation, both in homogeneous solution as well as in the frozen state. These results, for which a tentative mechanism is suggested, significantly extend the possible range of conditions for HCN oligomerization on the prebiotic Earth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 21 (1982), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; Catalysis ; Cluster compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis counts among the industrial-scale processes having a versatile and broad product range, and has for decades offered the most attractive possibility for the use of coal as a source of heating oil and fuels. This conceivably simple reaction, the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, generally leads to simple hydrocarbons as well (i.e. short chain olefins) that have been sought as chemical feedstocks since the oil crisis of the seventies, but fails to provide the large-scale, economic process required, due in large part to the minimal selectivity of traditional Fischer-Tropsch processes. In an effort to solve this problem current research in this sector is concerned not only with the optimization of old and the development of new catalytic systems, but also increasingly with the elucidation of numerous relevant reaction mechanisms. This article will discuss, from the viewpoint of an organometallic chemist, the significance of typical model reactions, both with regard to some fundamental aspects of synthesis gas chemistry, and in comparison with previous views concerning the mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. The importance of various unique classes of complexes that have been studied in the context of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry is also evaluated with regard to their importance in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It emerges that the primary steps of the reductive oligomerization of carbon monoxide are best described by the carbide/methylene mechanism, as originally proposed by Hans Fischer and Franz Tropsch.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electron transfer catalysis ; Electrocatalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept of electron transfer catalysis (ETC), or more specifically “Double Activation Induced by Single Electron Transfer” (DAISET) gives an opportunity to connect experimental facts never previously correlated. The first activation results from the transfer of an electron to (or from) a molecular species; the second activation results from the build-up of a reaction chain able to reproduce the species formed in the first step. The starting point of this review is the SRN1 mechanism where principle and experimental diagnostic criteria are critically discussed. The thermal and photochemical exchange and substitution reactions of PtIV complexes are then reviewed together with the exchange reaction [AuCl4]-/Cl-, reactions with Grignard reagents and other organometallic reagents, as well as the redox behavior of electronically excited organic compounds. Photochemical applications, including solar energy conversion are discussed. New aspects are also presented for the mechanistic problem “SN2 reaction or SET process?” Moreover, the concept has significance for SH2 reactions at metal centers, molecule-induced homolyses, reactions of complexes, as well as electrochemical processes.-Unless otherwise specified, only double activation (DAISET) processes will be discussed in this article.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 617-626 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Activated carbon ; Adsorption ; Catalysis ; Competitive adsorption ; Haemoperfusion ; Intraparticle diffusivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thein vitro measurement of adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities for three types of activated carbon and four exogenous and endogenous toxins is described. Complications due to the chemical breakdown of creatinine and paracetamol in the presence of activated carbon are discussed. Three methods are compared for the estimation of intraparticle diffusivity from the kinetic data. The simplest method is also used to reinterpret literature data comparing diffusivity values using plasma or HSA solution as opposed to buffer as the solvent. The adsorption isotherms and intraparticle diffusivities comprise the fundamental data used to validate the mass transfer model of a haemoperfusion column developed in Part 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Clay ; Histidyl-histidine ; Oligopeptide ; Protoenzyme ; Autocatalysis ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The condensation of glycine to form oligoglycines during wet-dry fluctuations on clay surfaces was enhanced up to threefold or greater by small amounts of histidyl-histidine. In addition, higher relative yields of the longer oligomers were produced. Other specific dipeptides tested gave no enhancement, and imidazole, histidine, and N-acetylhistidine gave only slight enhancements. Histidyl-histidine apparently acts as a true catalyst (in the sense of repeatedly catalyzing the reaction), since up to 52 nmol of additional glycine were incorporated into oligoglycine for each nmol of catalyst added. This is the first known instance of a peptide or similar molecule demonstrating a catalytic turnover number greater than unity in a prebiotic oligomer synthesis reaction, and suggests that histidyl-histidine is a model for a primitive prebiotic protoenzyme. Catalysis of peptide bond synthesis by a molecule which is itself a peptide implies that related systems may be capable of exhibiting autocatalytic growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 178-183 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Intermediates ; Hydroformylation ; Rhodium catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give aldehydes is referred to as hydroformylation (oxo reaction). As catalyst for this reaction rhodium is about three to four orders of magnitude more active than the more commonly employed cobalt. With special rhodium compounds, e.g. di-ν-chlorobis(ν-1,5-cyclooctadiene)dirhodium [RhCl(C8H12)]2, in the presence of chiral phosphanes, even asymmetric hydroformylations can be achieved; however, the enantiomeric purity of the products (20-30%) is not high enough for industrial-scale syntheses.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 19 (1980), S. 362-375 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Trimethylphosphane complexes ; Phosphane ligands ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Catalysis ; Cobalt ; Nickel ; Iron ; P ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of the greatest achievements of organometallic chemistry in the last ten years has been the experimental proof that transition metal-to-carbon bonds are thermodynamically about as stable as those between main group elements and carbon. The present contribution demonstrates how simply constituted alkylnickel, -cobalt, and -iron complexes are obtained by means of a kinetic stabilization using suitable neutral ligands and what information these model compounds can provide with respect to the course of processes in homogeneous catalyses.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Proton transfer ; Catalysis ; Enzyme catalysis ; Hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton occupies a special position as a promoter and mediator in chemical reactions occurring in solution. Many reactions in organic chemistry are catalysed by acids or bases; likewise, most enzymes contain active groups which promote acid-base catalysis. To understand the reaction mechanisms involved, it is necessary to identify the elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps has become possible only with the development of new methods for studying very fast reactions. The present paper reviews the information obtained in this type of investigation. The result is a relatively complete picture of the elementary proton transfer mechanisms and a comprehensive description of the modes and laws of acid-base and enzymatic catalysis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Coordination modes ; Catalysis ; Cyclooctatetraenes ; Reppe chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relationship between the structure and the catalytic activity of nickel(II) complexes in the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene by the method of W. Reppe is discussed. The cyclotetramerization of acetylene takes place within labile Ni(II)-acetylene π-complexes. Inhibition tests have made it probable that four molecules of acetylene are grouped around the nickel ion in the transition state, in a configuration which favors the formation of the eight-membered ring.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Organometallic catalysts ; Catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Lithium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic investigations of the polyreaction of isoprene with organolithium compounds as initiators in n-heptane as solvent indicate the following sequence of reactions: 1. formation of an adduct between a monomeric form of the organolithium compound and the isoprene and 2. reaction of this adduct with an associated form of the organolithium compound with insertion of the isoprene. The adduct formation is considered to be due to chemisorption, and proof of such chemisorption of a monomer (ethylene) is also demonstrated for a homogeneous Ziegler-type catalyst. All the reactions can be formulated in the form of cyclic structures with electron-deficient character. Postulation of such ring structures explains the surprising values obtained for the frequency factors and equilibrium constants.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 80-88 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oxidation ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of olefins to carbonyl compounds with palladium compounds, especially the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, is at present carried out on a technical scale. The reaction takes place via a palladium-olefin complex, the formation of which is inhibited by halide ions. Hydrolysis to the carbonyl compound is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The knowledge gained by studying the reaction of olefins with pure solutions of palladium salts allows important conclusions to be drawn concerning the action of technical catalyst solutions containing copper and palladium chloride.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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