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  • 1975-1979  (1,916)
  • 1890-1899
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,916)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating mutual diffusion coefficients for polymer-solvent systems are reviewed. Procedures are recommended for the determination of the temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependences of diffusivities both for dilute and concentrated solutions.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic observations and Coulter counter measurements of the secondary nuclei produced when a parent crystal of potash alum was contacted with a solid rod suggest that these nuclei are born by an attrition mechanism which appears to be dependent on the growth rate of the crystal. The nuclei can be up to 50 μm in size. The nuclei smaller than about 4 μm are relatively insensitive to supersaturation, whereas the number greater than about 4 μm is approximately linear in supersaturation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of two arrangements of multistage adsorption beds, parallel and series, was analyzed, and the optimal design problem of minimizing the capital and operating costs of the multistage adsorption bed systems was formulated. Solution of the optimization problem was obtained by using the Fibonacci search scheme. For the purpose of the study, data on the adsorption of liquid on activated carbon were taken from the literature for both single solute and multisolute adsorption systems and was used to derive the expressions for adsorption rate and the equilibrium relationship. Details of the performance of the optimally designed multistage adsorption bed systems are presented in terms of the physical and design parameters.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic behavior of paper pulp slurries in vertical laminar flow has been observed and modeled. Radiotracers were used to tag both the liquid and solid phases of slurries flowing in 4 and 30 cm pipes. Residence time distributions were determined for each phase and were used to derive and compare several flow models. A model consisting of a central core in plug flow circumscribed by a clear Newtonian annulus provides a good representation of the observed slurry behavior. Correlations between the model parameters and the Reynolds number and slurry consistency are presented, and implications of the results on the design of slurry flow reactors are discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 160-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (θ). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 185-188 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 200-201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 220-229 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow sheet material balance calculations are greatly simplified if all process input streams, reaction stoichiometry, and conversions, as well as all stream and component split fractions, are specified. Yet in many applications, especially those arising in process design, the available material balance specifications can take on many alternate forms. Each of these additional specifications can readily be expressed as a linear or nonlinear constraint equation involving species or total flow rates.In this paper, an approach is developed for incorporating such specifications within the computational framework for solving unconstrained material balance problems. The linear as well as the nonlinear constraints are accommodated by generating a parametric solution to the underlying unconstrained problem. The parameters are determined by solving simultaneously first the linear and then the nonlinear constraint equations. Only as many equations are solved iteratively as there are nonlinear constraints.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 246-258 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Motionless mixers are well suited to augment heat transfer and to provide a uniform thermal environment in laminar flow reactors. Heat transfer performance can be characterized with the Nusselt number, while the degree of thermal homogeneity can be characterized using the thermal time distribution which is the nonisothermal analogue of the residence time distribution. Theoretical results, calculations, and design strategies are presented for a variety of mixer types including flow inverters as well as the more common flow dividers. Two-channel, partial flow inversion is an excellent, near optimal, strategy for cooling or other situations such as polymerizations which give elongated velocity profiles. For flattened velocity profiles, perfect mixing can sometimes give better results. In practice, however, partial inverters can be expected to outperform those motionless mixers which are primarily flow dividers.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 272-283 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene were measured at 40.6°C and 1 atm in a recycle, trickle-bed reactor using a palladium/aluminum oxide catalyst. Data for different hydrogen concentrations in the gas and liquid feed streams suggested that except, at high liquid flow rates, on part of the outer surface of the catalyst the mass transfer limitation was very small, indicating a gas covered type of surface. A procedure was developed for evaluating effectiveness factors for the nonuniform boundary conditions existing when part of the particle surface is covered by gas.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 298-306 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A population balance approach is used to model solid phase reactions in terms of nuclei of the product phase dispersed in the reactant matrix. A conversion-time relationship is obtained by the solution of a set of moment equations derived from the population balance. Some previously known solutions for both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation are developed by this approach to demonstrate the relative ease of solution when compared with previously used integral techniques. A model for nucleus impingement at low conversions is formulated and applied to published data on the oxidation of cuprous iodide to illustrate the practical use of this technique. The classical Avrami model (Avrami, 1939, 1940, 1941) is modified to include the initial volume of a nucleus, and it is shown that insensitivities in the original model are removed by this improvement. The need for direct measurements of nucleation and growth rates is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationship between the shear stress and strain rate of a mixture consisting of solid particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid depends upon the physical properties of the mixture as well as kinematic features of the flow. Functional relationships for rheological properties of mixtures are derived and compared to measured results obtained by previous investigators.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous pH parametric pumping separations of a haemoglobin-albumin-CM Sepharose system were experimentally investigated. The parapump has a feed containing the protein mixture to be separated, introduced alternately to the top and bottom of the chromatographic column. The top and bottom products are withdrawn from the apparatus, respectively, during the bottom and top feed. It is shown that under certain conditions the pH driven parametric pump has the capacity for removal of protein components from one product fraction and large enrichment in the other fraction. Moreover, the continuous process can be operated with a large feed throughput.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of step polymerization involving a monomer with unequal reactivities has been obtained. The polydisperity index (PDI) has also been calculated both as a function of conversion and the initial stoichiometric ratio. It has been shown that the usually assumed maximum value of 2 for PDI can lead to erroneous molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 122-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting absorption rates for liquid layers flowing along a wall. It is based on results presently available in the literature as well as on the results of studies we recently carried out on the rate of oxygen absorption from a flowing air stream into water layers on the bottom of a horizontal enclosed channel and on the inside of a vertical pipe. Absorption measurements can be interpreted by assuming that the process is controlled by eddies whose length and velocity are characterized by bulk turbulence properties and that in a region of thickness δ close to the interface the turbulence is dampened by viscosity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 152-159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For every viscoelastic fluid studied in the contraction geometry, it was found that increasing the flow rate beyond a certain limit resulted in disturbance to the stable entry flow patterns described in Parts I and II. An examination of the development of the entry flow disturbances was carried out using still and cine photography. Still photographs are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the unstable flow patterns. The time varying nature of the flow has been recorded on a cine film Flow Patterns in Abrupt Entry Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids which is available for loan. Critical condition criteria for the onset of the periodic flow disturbances were obtained in terms of the fundamental fluid properties and are presented and compared with other suggested criteria for the onset of unstable entry flow of viscoelastic fluids.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 395-405 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steady gas convection model of heat transfer to a horizontal cylinder immersed in a large particle gas fluidized bed has been developed. The model is based upon the hypothesis that the large particles will be isothermal and includes the effect of radiation as well as interstitial turbulence.Results of calculations based on the model, for a two-dimensional bubbling bed, indicate that a single bubble, having a diameter equal to the cylinder diameter, has a relatively small influence on the total heat transfer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from a conventional distillation system without heat integration, a series of bottlenecks from the viewpoint of energy conservation is sequentially found by a thermodynamic analysis using a heat availability diagram, and modified systems are evolutionally synthesized as the result of debottlenecking. The present approach has made possible a unified interpretation of various energy integrated distillation systems with multieffect columns, intercondensers/interreboilers, heat pumps, etc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with the derivation and application of the finite-stage transport concept for modeling residence time distributions (RTD's) originally proposed by Adler and Hovorka (1961). This six-parameter model is shown to be more versatile and accurate than the common two-parameter tanks-in-series or axial dispersion models. Radioactive tracer results are given for a number of particulate unit processes with special emphasis on wet-discharge ball mills.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equation of motion for the two phase flow within a bubble column, operated within the recirculation flow regime, has been solved, and the profile of liquid flow has been determined. Nicklin's relation for the bubble flow regime has been extended to the recirculation flow regime.Data analysis shows that the mean slip velocity between bubble and liquid is approximately constant and that the kinematic turbulent viscosity increases rapidly with increasing diameter of the column. These observations lead to the conclusion that scale-up has but little influence upon the mean gas holdup.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A qualitative theory is developed to explain the roles of surface tension and the two surface viscosities in the displacement of foams through porous media. There is a critical value of the surface tension above which a foam cannot be displaced under a given pressure gradient. The displacement efficiency of a foam can be raised by increasing the surface tension to only slightly less than this critical value, by increasing the viscosity of the aqueous surfactant solution from which the foam is formed and by increasing the surface viscosities. These predictions are in agreement with available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 416-423 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sorption processes in a perfectly mixed reactor are analyzed by using two models: The equilibrium model and a kinetic model which considers the effect of the external mass transfer resistance. In both cases, a general non-linear equilibrium isotherm is considered.The influence of the different model parameters on the response of the perfectly mixed sorber and their effect on a design parameter (the breakthrough time) are discussed.A criterium is derived in order to predict when the equilibrium model is valid.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 429-439 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transient response of dry ash and slagging moving-bed coal gasification reactors is analyzed for small step changes in feed conditions. The approach to the new steady state for perturbations about the optimum in the Lurgi gasifier has a time scale of about 10 hr. Transients in the slagging gasifier can result in a decrease in the coal bed height, which occurs on a time scale of several hours. There is a rapid initial response in both types of reactors in product gas temperature and heating value.
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  • 29
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 355-358 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 384-384 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 385-395 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simulation procedure for predicting the dynamic behavior of a deep bed filter over the entire practicable range of filter operation is developed. The method is based on synthesizing available quantitative results relating to filtration, and to porous media flows, within an overall framework which views the process to consist of two principal stages dominated by appropriate limiting deposition modes. Evaluation of the results through comparison with available data indicates, to the extent the nature of these types of data permits, that the method is surprisingly effective and even capable of predicting on satisfactorily quantitative basis some intricate details of observed filter behavior.
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The turbulence intersities and spectra in water very close to an air interface have been measured with a hot wire anemometer. The turbulence in the water has been induced in three ways: with a stirrer, by a submerged jet, and by flow of a thin film of water over inclined plates, both rough and smooth.We find that the root-mean-square fluctuation velocity Ṽx′ shows for the first system no regular trend with the distance y below the surface, while for the second system Ṽx′ increases markedly as the surface is approached. In water films over the rough plates, Ṽx′ can be as high as four times the shear stress velocity.The turbulence energy spectra close to the surfaces in the first and second systems show (Figure 6) no extended region of slope -5/3, whereas for flow over the plates, there is an appreciable subrange of this slope (Figures 8 and 9).Intensities of turbulence in the surface region are as high as 30 to 50% in the first system, up to 100% in the second system, and 17% over smooth plates and up to 60% over rough plates.These turbulence characteristics can be related to the rates of mass transfer for oxygen absorbing into water by comparing plots of k/D1/2 with the square roots of the different eddy frequencies. The Levich treatment [interpreted by Equation (15)] gives good agreement with the stirred cell and jet results. For the smooth and rough plates, mass transfer depends on eddies intermediate in size between the x directional and the y directional large eddies. In all cases, the Kolmogoroff eddy frequencies are much too high to correlate with mass transfer rates.Further, the energy spectra show that 60 to 80% of the total eddy energy lies in the larger eddies, with only 1% (or less) in the Kolmogoroff range.We conclude that the Prandtl sized eddies, and even larger eddies, determine mass transfer rates at a free surface.Direct measurement of concentration fluctuation frequencies, using platinum microelectrodes, was found to be unsatisfactory because of the poor frequency response of the amplified signals.
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  • 34
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on the ice formation rate are presented for a salwater drop suspended by drag forces in a flowing cold organic liquid. The effects of refrigerant undercooling, salt concentration, drop size, and time were studied. Ice formation rates in drops of 3 wt % sodium chloride solution were two to three times lower than in pure water drops. A parallel plate model was used to correlate the data and predict ice formation rates for other drops and refrigerants.Dispersing drops of brine or fruit juices in a countercurrent cold organic refrigerant is a method of desalination (or freeze concentration) that deserves further study.
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  • 35
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simulation studies are presented of three different modes of operating a two-component adsorption system. The efficiency with which an activated carbon adsorbent is utilized is compared for a single fixed bed, a periodic countercurrent system in which the adsorbent is equally distributed over two, four, and six beds and a continuous countercurrent system. The carbon utilization in the single fixed bed was shown to be one third to one half of that in a continuous countercurrent adsorber of the same length, whereas the periodic countercurrent system achieved a utilization of 79 to 98% of that in the continuous system.The mathematical models used to describe the three different modes of column operation include the effects of axial diffusion in the columns, mass transfer resistance in the boundary layer surrounding each particle, and fluid diffusion within the porous particles.
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 487-493 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aggregates are considered as a porous medium. Stresses within the porous solid matrix are calculated when the particle deformation is ignored. The maximum size of the aggregates is derived from a yield condition, and the settling velocity is deduced. The influence of the mechanical properties and concentration of the aggregates are detailed and discussed.
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 516-521 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of helical ribbon agitators to mix viscous non-Newtonian fluids has been investigated. A generalized model, based on an appropriate definition of effective viscosity, is proposed to predict power consumption. This model is most successful with fluids that do not have a high degree of elasticity.It was found that the efficiency of mixing of pseudoplastic fluids was about half of that of Newtonian fluids in the same mixer, while the efficiency of mixing viscoelastic fluids was still lower and approximately independent of the mixer geometry. Blade width was the primary variable affecting the mixing efficiency on inelastic fluids.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 38
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 522-534 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical study has been conducted to investigate the effects of large temperature differences on the rate of pure heat transfer from a very hot gas to stationary spheres.In the numerical analysis, the momentum and energy equations for variable property flow past a sphere were solved simultaneously, using finite difference techniques. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 50 and surface temperature to gas temperature ratios varying between 0.25 and unity. These ranges cover most of the conditions commonly encountered in heterogeneous plasmas, transferred arc, and other high temperature chemical engineering processes. The flow behavior, drag coefficients, and Nusselt number were calculated for each case.The constant property solutions were in excellent agreement with numerical and experimental results reported in the literature, thus justifying the validity of the model and of the underlying assumptions. In general, the effect of variable properties was to drastically increase the flow velocity, vorticity, and temperature and vorticity gradients near the surface.A generalized heat transfer correlation was derived which, in addition to constant property conditions, included the effect of large variations in the physical properties of the fluid as a result of large temperature differences.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 555-556 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 560-560 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 583-591 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present research concerns mechanism and rate of reaction between dissolved ozone and phenol in homogeneous solutions. The stopped-flow technique was employed to obtain absorbances during reactions; the kinetic experiments were conducted at temperatures varying from 5° to 35°C in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 1.5 to 5.2.The kinetic data indicated that the absorbance of a mixed solution increased rapidly in the very early portion of the reaction and then declined slowly in the remaining period. The rate of reaction in the early period was first order with respect to both phenol and ozone concentrations. The rate constant increased with pH value and temperature, and an activation energy of 5.74 K cal/mole was obtained. Further tests showed that the dissolved ozone was consumed completely in the first period and that in the second period the intermediate products were decomposed without depletion of ozone. Catechol, o-quinone, hydroquinone, oxalic acid, humic acid, and a dimer were identified from mass spectra as products of the ozonization reaction.A free radical mechanism, with initiation of an electrophilic reaction for the formation of catechyl radical, has been proposed to explain the experimental data for phenol-ozone reaction in aqueous solutions. According to the proposed mechanism, the reaction path through the attachment to ortho position is much more favorable compared with that through the paraposition because of geometric advantage, though quinones and hydroxyphenol can be formed through parallel paths. The products of reaction detected in this research, therefore, are accountable by this mechanism. A rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism also agrees well with that observed from the kinetic experiments.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 592-599 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chromatography experiments and pressure-composition isotherm measurements were carried out on the vanadium-hydrogen system in order to obtain an understanding of the equilibrium and kinetic factors affecting hydrogen isotope exchange. Analysis of the results yielded values of the hydrogen equilibrium distribution coefficient, the tritium-protium separation factor, the rate of the gas-solid exchange reaction, and the axial dispersion coefficient.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 615-622 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Characteristics of the gel layer were investigated by direct measurement of its concentration treating polyvinylalcohol and ovalbumin aqueous solutions, using cellulose acetate tubular ultrafiltration membranes. The concentration of the gel layer was not constant but a function of bulk concentration and feed velocity. The mass transfer coefficient obtained agreed with Deissler correlation. There was a definite correlation between the resistance of the gel layer and its concentration.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 863-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of a periodically forced chemostat (CSTR) in which two microbial populations compete for the same nutrient has been examined. Easily implemented criteria for the stability of the resulting cycles have been obtained, using the Floquet stability theory. After examining several possibilities it was found that stable periodic trajectories of coexistence can be achieved: (a) when the dilution rate of the chemostat is properly varied in a periodic manner between two values so chosen that the growth of one population is favored by the first and the growth of the other population is favored by the second, (b) when a certain percentage of biomass and growing medium is harvested periodically from the chemostat, and (c) when both the dilution rate and the concentration of the substrate in the feed are varied simultaneously and in a periodic manner.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 885-890 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 907-907 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 909-909 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 938-948 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were made of the drag coefficients of smooth solid particles moving singly through still air at Reynolds numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Spheres were observed during acceleration, deceleration and at terminal velocity. Discs were tested during acceleration and at steady velocity. Other particles in the shapes of discs, circular cylinders and rectangular parallelepipeds were tested at steady velocity in their preferred and, in some cases, non-preferred orientations. The effects of non-steady velocity and of particle form were determined. An unexpected influence of particle density was observed for some of the particles.
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1006-1015 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating the properties of electrolytic solutions are reviewed, with emphasis on molecule-molecule, molecule-ion, and ion-ion interactions. The algorithms of Parts I and II, to search for global minimum in Gibbs free energy, are extended to handle electrolytes and compared with an algorithm using k-values. Results are presented for SO2-H2O and H2S-NH3-H2O systems and agree with experimental values.
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 733-733 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 734-734 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 735-735 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 759-762 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calculation of the phase diagram for saturated aqueous multi-ion solutions of strong electrolytes, based upon use of the thermodynamic solubility products, is illustrated for the four-ion system: Na+, K+, Mg++, SO4=. Solid phases are identified along with the ion concentrations of the associated saturated solutions.
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  • 57
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 737-759 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The main problems which are relevant to a fundamental understanding of deep bed filtration are the nature of and the conditions leading to the retention of particles throughout a filter bed, the change of the filter media structure due to deposition, and its effect on filter performance. The purpose of this review is to discuss in a systematic manner the more recent advances in the investigation of all these problems. A reasonably complete understanding of the pertinent phenomena is essential for the establishment of a comprehensive deep bed filtration theory which can be used as a basis of rational design.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of seven coals of different ranks and from various locations were heated in air under relatively mild conditions to measure the rates of oxidation and the production of carbonic gases in the effluent stream. The gas flow rate, coal particle size, and reactor temperature were changed as independent variables. Each sample was exposed for from 6 to 9 hr under atmospheric pressure at temperatures in the range of 200° to 250°C. The results show two kinds of rate behavior depending primarily on the relative porosity of the coal under study. The small pore coals followed the expectations of the earlier Kam-Hixson-Perlmutter (KHP) model, but the large pore coals gave rates sensitive to transport effects. Correlations were also obtained on the ratio of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced and on the relationship between the carbon content of an exposed coal and its heating value.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical formulation is presented describing the reduction of iron oxide pellets with hydrogen in a counterflow moving-bed arrangement under conditions such that both the gaseous and the solids streams may be maldistributed. This maldistribution is imposed on the system by prescribing a radial variation in the void fraction and the particle size, together with a radial variation in the axial velocity of the solid stream.In the formulation, allowance has been made for realistic chemical kinetics and nonisothermal behavior. Computer results are presented for both the maldistributed system and for base line cases where uniform gas and solids flow have been postulated.It was found that maldistribution may play a very marked role in affecting the performance of the system, in particular, when the gas and the solid streams are mismatched, for example, preferential flow of gas near the walls and preferential flow of solids in the central core.
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  • 60
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 831-838 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The temporal variation of particle size and chemical composition of a marine aerosol exposed to SO2, NH3, NO, NO2, H2SO4 and H2O vapor is studied to determine the effect of these parameters on the sulfate and nitrate levels in the particle. Results show that, for gas phase SO2 oxidation to sulfate, and liquid phase nitrate formation, those parameters that enhance sulfate formation tend to inhibit nitrate formation, and vice versa. Further, for the situation considered, the ratio predicted for sulfate and nitrate ions to ammonium ions is very nearly that found if all these ions were present in the form of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. This compares favorably with data on sulfate, nitrate and ammonium levels in the Los Angeles area. The model used is capable of representing a general growing, reacting aerosol; other cases studied by this approach are briefly outlined. Limitations of its use are discussed.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 855-863 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the slow settling rates of thickened Gairome clay slurries, when initial concentrations are sufficiently concentrated for settling due to the so-called consolidation mechanism from the beginning of settling, can be greatly enhanced by application of D.C. voltages. Equations for settling due to the consolidation mechanism are developed in view of the influence of the gravitational and the applied electric field. It is demonstrated that the settling rates increase remarkably with increasing electric field intensity. The settling rates and the porosity distributions in settling sediments calculated by the new equations compare favorably with experimental observations.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 873-882 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general analysis of continuous recycle systems and models is presented by considering the fluid history inside the systems. The history of a fluid element is expressed in terms of the number of cycles it completes, its residence time in the system and the total time it resides in a specific section of the systems. Concepts from probability theory are used to derive expressions for the number of cycles distribution (NCD), the residence time distribution (RTD), and the total regional residence time distribution (TRRTD) and their means and variances. Applications of these distributions in various processes are considered. Relationships between the number of cycles, the residence time, and the total regional residence time are expressed in terms of the covariances and correlation coefficient of pairs of these variables. These relationships allow the estimation of one variable for a given value of the other, and thus provide a mathematical means to completely describe the history of fluid in a recycle system.
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1036-1043 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The commonly employed internal isothermal model for gas-solid catalytic reactions, wherein the pellet is assumed internally isothermal but with internal concentration gradient, is justified by analyzing the full non-isothermal diffusion-reaction equations as an appropriate perturbation problem (β small, and Bih/β finite). The internal isothermal model is shown to be the zeroth order solution of the perturbation problem. Analytic expressions for the first order corrections are given for a first order reaction.
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 65
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 24-32 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two time delay compensation techniques, the Smith predictor and the analytical predictor, are used for bottom composition control of a pilot scale methanol-water distillation column. The closed-loop performance of the two predictor schemes is compared to that for a proportional-integral controller in experimental and simulation studies. The predictors resulted in improved control for both set point and feed flow disturbances.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is an experimental and theoretical study of horizontal stratified gas-liquid two phase flow in a circular tube. Both phases are considered to be in turbulent flow, and the liquid phase flow field is modeled by applying eddy viscosity expressions developed for single phase flow. The pressure drop and in situ volume of liquid are predicted from the gas and liquid flow rates, physical properties, and pipe size by means of an iterative procedure which terminates when calculated gas and liquid pressure drops match. The iterative design procedure is compared with new data for air-water flow in a smooth tube of 63.5 mm ID and with data available in the literature. For conditions corresponding to small amplitude interfacial waves, the average deviation between predicted and experimental results is 24.3% for the pressure drop and 7.7% for the holdup. For roll wave conditions, the corresponding average deviations are 4.6 and 26.4% for pressure drop and holdup, respectively. These results are substantially better than the predictions obtained using the Lockhart-Martinelli correlations.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concentration profiles in a countercurrent hollow fiber bundle mass exchanger dialyzer is derived, assuming a uniform distribution of fibers in the dialyzer shell. Mass transfer coefficients are obtained as a function of fiber packing density, membrane thickness, membrane material, and solute type.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 108-113 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of a reliability synthesis for a system with control loops is proposed by introducing a concept which we call a critical transition set. The set is an extended set of an exact failure mode and is important in that each occurrence of the system failure has to correspond to a mode in the set. This means that the system can be improved in such a way as to eliminate all the dominant modes in the set.First, the system diagram is obtained by connecting outputs of components to the inputs of succeeding components. Time delays are introduced in the feedback loops to represent the internal system state (memory). Then, the components are modeled by decision tables. The critical transition set can be obtained easily by simple tabular manipulations once the system failure is defined. Finally, the system reliability and availability improvements are made based on the set.
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex relationships among multiple chemical species during unsteady diffusion and reaction are shown to cause hysteresis, pH dependent response rates, and general nonfirst-order transient behavior in agreement with common experimental observations. Response improvement by enzymic catalysis of the carbon dioxide hydration reaction also is considered.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 170-179 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical investigation of ultrafiltration through hollow fibers used in artificial kidney applications is presented. The hollow fibers are considered to be cylindrical tubes with ideally selective semipermeable walls which retain cellular particles (red and white cells, platelets) and plasma proteins in the blood perfusing the fibers. In contrast, water and species of low and medium molecular weight can freely permeate the membranes. The assumption is made that secondary flows avoid the formation of concentration boundary layers at the wall. Proper nondimensionalization of the equations for axial and radial transport results in the identification of parameters which are important in the characterization of the ultrafiltration through semipermeable tubes. Perturbation analyses for small values of these parameters lead to sets of differential equations which were solved analytically. These closed form solutions demonstrate the influence of hydraulic conductivity of the fiber walls, geometry, and axial and transmembrane pressure drop on the efficiency of hollow fiber artificial kidneys.
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  • 72
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 73
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 190-192 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 74
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The UNIFAC group contribution method has already proved highly valuable for predicting excess Gibbs energies of liquid mixtures and hence vapor-liquid equilibria. The solution of groups concept is extended to cover the total Gibbs energy of any system, pure or mixed, relative to a well-defined standard state. The result is a correlation which is capable of predicting simultaneously pure component vapor pressures and standard Gibbs energies of formation and mixture vapor-liquid equilibrium compositions. The results presented strongly support the approach and indicate that the method should be further developed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 76
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study is made of the structure and properties of material balance simulation problems, and a technique is developed for their efficient solution. The method requires neither simultaneous solution of all balance equations nor iterative convergence methods. Instead, for each stream mixing point in the flow sheet, a vector balance equation is developed which contains as unknowns only mixer output streams. This unique set of vector equations is sequenced for solution by using precedence ordering and substitution techniques. It is shown that only as many vector equations need to be solved simultaneously as there are streams which would require iteration in the conventional sequential approach. Once the mixer output streams are calculated, the remaining intermediate process streams are evaluated directly with no further equation solving. Computational results are presented showing the efficiency of the method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, annular flow of gases and non-Newtonian liquids through horizontal pipes is modeled, and a prediction method for pressure drop and gas volume fraction is proposed. The prediction method consists of a modification, based upon shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity of the liquid phase, of Lockhart-Martinelli correlations for Newtonian liquids. The model applies to the case of laminar flow of the annular liquid film. Experimental data, obtained with several aqueous polymer solutions and air, agree closely with predicted values of pressure drop and void fraction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 352-354 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 79
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 358-359 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 365-367 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 81
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 82
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 83
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 188-190 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 84
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 202-202 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 86
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 207-208 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 87
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 368-370 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 382-382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 376-381 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new solution is obtained to the kinetics of a fixed-bed adsorber in response to a step change in feed concentration for a linear equilibrium system with consideration for the resistance to mass transfer in both the mobile and stationary phases. The differential equations of continuity and mass transfer are integrated upon simulating the intraparticle concentrations with a parabola. The results agree with Rosen's rigorous but complex solution in the range of conditions of practical interest. The present solution is more convenient for computer application for the calculation of breakthrough curves.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 306-311 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen from heavy gas oils is affected by the chemical composition of supported molybdate catalysts. Cobalt and nickel, when added to these catalysts, have a promoting effect on these reactions. However, the relative rates always follow the same trend; that is, the hydrodesulfurization is the fastest, followed by hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 338-344 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical development is presented for the theory of a reactor heat exchanger in which the heat generated in the reaction stream is simultaneously transferred to a co-currently flowing coolant stream. The advantages of this scheme include isothermal conditions for the reaction stream, decreased parametric sensitivity, and improved stability.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 461-469 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental and modeling study of the dynamic behavior of an individual catalyst pellet as influenced by deactivation and dilution has been made. The reaction system employed was benzene hydrogenation over nickel/kieselguhr catalyst pellets diluted with 10% graphite, 10% silica, or undiluted; thiophene was employed as the catalyst poison.A one-dimensional effective transport model was developed, and the parameters for this model were determined principally from separate off line experiments or steady state experimental information. The adequacy of the model was determined from a direct comparison of the experimental and computed time-temperature profiles.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 549-551 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 609-615 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sparse linear systems in bordered block-triangular form can be efficiently solved by block-triangular splitting, a new technique that provides a drastic reduction in the fill-in (loss of sparsity) that occurs in the direct solution of such systems. This technique is applicable in the iterative solution of the large systems of nonlinear equations that arise in the equation oriented approach to process simulation and design calculations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation of a water jet impinging on a melting solid surface has been carried out. Ice, octane, p-xylene, and olive oil served as the meltable solid materials, comprising a Prandtl number range of 5 to 2 800. An available laminar stagnation flow model was utilized to describe melting heat transfer in the jet impingement region. Melting rate measurements were found to agree quite well with the values predicted with this model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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