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  • 1995-1999  (6,620)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4,332)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (2,287)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die heutigen Wälder, die man in Europa vorfindet, waren nicht immer dort. VOr 22000 Jahren - im Hochglazial - gab es nur im Mittelmeergebiet die klimatischen Voraussetzungen für das Wachstum von Bäumen. Allerdings waren dies meist keine dichten Wälder, sondern Steppen mit einzelnen Baumgruppen. Das bedeutet jedoch, daß die heute in Europa wachasenden Bäume während der letzten 12000 Jahre - also seit dem Ende der letzten Eiszeit - nach Mittel- und Nordeuropa eingewandert sein müssen. Am Beispiel der Waldbäume Eiche (Quercus), Hainbuche (Carpinus), Fichtet (Picea) und Tanne (Abies) soll diese Einwanderung aufgezeigt werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 6-11 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Irgendwie wird niemand mehr richtig glücklich mit der Wissenschaft, so erfolgreich sie auch ist und so sehr unsere alltäglichen Verrichtungen von ihren Ergebnissen und Lieferungen auch abhängen. Das Verständnis der öffentlichen Beobachter nimmt trotz aller Bemühungen nicht zu, sondern ab, und die professionellen Betreiber sehen sich unentwegt nach ihrer Verantwortung gefragt und in ethische Debatten verstrickt. Die ursprüngliche Idee, daß Wissenschaft nur gut sein kann, hat massiv an Überzseugungskraft verloren, und dieser Verlust tritt deshalb besonders deutlich hervor, weil man spürt, wie die alte Basis der Rationalität brüchig geworden ist, ohne einen neuen Grund zu erkennen, auf den man in Zukunft bauen kann. Dabei übersehen wir ein Fundament, auf dem Menschen immer schon gestanden haben und zu dem sie also auch zu jeder Zeit wieder zurückkommen können.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 55-55 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 56-57 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 60-60 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die fossile Überlieferung aus den letzten präkambrischen Jahrmillionen deutet darauf hin, daß gelatinös organisierte Formenj, also quallenähnlich gebaute Organismen, die das marine Pelagial (den freien Wasserkörper des Meeres) besiedelten ‘3’. Was sie dort vorfanden war jedoch wenig labensfreundlich. Zwar wimmelte das Meer von bakterien und Protozoen, aber im wesentlichen waren die riesigen Wasserräume leer und unbesiedelt. Crustaceen und andere Organisationsformen waren - wenn die Befunde stimmen - noch in der Entwicklungsphase beziehungsweise noch nicht zu der pelagischen Lebensweise übergegangen. Wie überlebten die quallenförmigen Organismen in dieser Umwelt, und warum leben sie noch heute in allen Bereichen des Meeres, von der Flach- bis in die Tiefsee, von den Polen bis zu den Tropen? Der pelagische Lebensraum beinhaltet Tausende von Arten, die viel “höher” organisierten Gruppen angehören, die schneller und kräftiger sind. Wieso wurden die gelatinösen Plankter nicht in irgendeine skurrile Nische gedrängt oder über die Konkurrenz völlig ausgeschaltet? Mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen finden wir in der Gegenwart.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 117-117 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Als Fertilitätsrate bezeichnet man die Zahl der Geburten pro Frau in ihrer Lebensspanne. Wenn Zu- Oder Abwanderung in einer Population gering sind, läßt eine Fertilitätsrate von 2,0 eine konstante Bevölkerungszahl erwarten. Bei der Entwicklung der Erdbevölkerung beobachtet man in den industrialisierten Ländern derzeit keinen Anstieg. Die Fertilitätsrate liegt in den USA bei 2,1 und in Europa durchschnittlich bei 1,4. Mit 1,2 und 1,15 haben Italien und Spanien dabei die weltweit niedrigsten Fertilitätsraten. Somit ist örtlich sogar ein Bevölkerungsrücksgang zu erwarten. Auch in ostasiatischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südasien und in afrikanischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südlich der Sahara finden wir jedoch nach wie vor relativ hohe Gebeurtenraten. Im westafrikanischen Nigeria liegt die Fertilitätsrate bei 6,3. Für Indien und Pakistan werden Werte von 3,5 und 5,6 angegeben. Es gibt also noch viele Regionen mit einer hohen Fertilitätsrate. Manche Wissenschaftler gehen sogar davon aus, daß sich die Zahl entsprechender Staaten eher noch erhöhen wird ‘7’. Deshalb weichen auch die Schätzungen voneinander ab, bei welcher Bevölkerungszahl Wachstumsstillstand eintreten wird. Viele Demographen gehen davon aus, daß sich die Erdbevölkerung bis zum Jahr 2050 bei 10 Milliarden stabilisieren wird ‘9’. Andere schätzen, daß danach ein weiterer Ansteig auf etwa 12 Milliarden menschen zu erwarten ist ‘7’. Der Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen in den industrialisierten Ländern wurde mit kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen erzielt, die uns schon lange zur Verfügung stehen und die gut eingeführt sind. Auf den ersten Blick Sch eint es somit aus bevölkerungspolitischer Sicht auf dem Gebiet der Kontrazeption keinen zwingenden Bedarf für Neuentwicklungen zu geben. Dennoch sind Forschungsaktivitäten im Gang, die auf eine pharmakologische Kontrazeption beim Mann gerichtet sind. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden neben den traditionellen Möglichkeiten, die dem Mann zur Kontrazeption offenstehen, der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund und der Entwicklungsstand einer “Pille für den Mann” vorgestellt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. X 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Generell ist der Markt für gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen und daraus hergestellte Produkte in den letzten Jahren gewachsen. In Deutschland zeigen sich indessen eher verhaltene Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung ‘3’. Die wirtschaftliche Entfaltung der Gentechnik und Biotechnologie ist in Deutschland noch gering. Als ein Maß für den Entwicklungsstand der Gentechnik in der Pflanzenzüchtung ‘2’ und damit unter anderem auch deren Auswirkung auf die Futter- und Lebensmittelproduktion kann die Anzahl von Freisetzungsvorhaben mit gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) gelten. Von den rund 1300 Freisetzungsvorhaben im Bereich der EU entfallen 90 auf Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu den anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten rangiert Deutschland damit auf dem siebenten Platz.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 188-188 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vielfalt in allen Erscheinungsformen kennzeichnet schon die unbelebte und in noch stärkerem Maße die belebte Natur. Dagegen drängt die Nutzung von Naturkräften durch den Menschen, insbesondere in ihren weiter entwickelten und technisierten Formen stets auf Vereinfachung. So werden landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen bei ein- bis mehrjähriger Nutzung im Regelfall in Reinkultur angebaut, ganz im Gegensatz zur standorttypischen Artenvielfalt eines natürlichen Pflanzenbestandes. Lediglich die verbliebene Unkrautflora erinnert dann and die ursprüngliche Artenvielfalt einer Pflanzengesellschaft. Es kommt hinzu, daß sich landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau auf nur wenige anbauwürdige Kulturpflanzenarten konzentriert. Weltweit nimmt das Ackerland etwa 10 % der Landoberfläche der Erde ein, die mit nur etwa 30 Kulturpflanzenarten von überregionaler Bedeutung bestellt werden. Allein 37,4% davon sind dem Anbau von nur dreif für die Ernährung der Menschheit besonders bedeutsamen Arten (Weizen, Resi und Mais) gewidmet. In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig sogar 33% der Landoberfläche als Ackerland genutzt. Von den insgesamt etwa 14 bei uns häufiger anzutreffenden Kulturpflanzenarten besetzen die drei dominierenden Arten (Winterweizen, Mais und Wintergerste) dabei 48% der Anbaufläche. Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau wird also generell artenarm betrieben.Die zweite Ebene bilogischer Vielfalt im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau stützt sich auf die mehr oder weniger regelmäßige Folge verschiedener in Reinkultur angebauter Kulturpflanzenarten. Bozogen auf die Gesamtfläche eines Betriebes order die Feldflur einer Gemeinde ergibt sich dann noch immer ein abwechslungsreiches Gesamtbild verschiedener Aussaat-, Blühund Erntezeiten. Für artenreiche Fruchtfolgen lassen sich darüber hinaus viele, für die Bodenbewirtschaftung vorteilhafte Argumente anführen. Die hohe Schlagkraft der vollmechanisierten Betriebe und die beliebige Verfügbarkeit von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Verbindung mit artunterschiedlichen Ertrags- und Preisrelationen haben jedoch auf intensive bewirtschafteten Betrieben in günstigen Lagen zu einer oft drastischen Reduktion der Pflanzenproduktion (auf den Anbau von nur noch drei, manchmal sogar nur zwei Arten) geführt, von denen der jeweils höchste Beitrag zur Deckung der Betriebskosten erwartet werden kann.Inzwischen hat sich jedoch die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß die Aufrechterhaltung “biologischer Diversität” ein wesentliches Element zur Sicherung der “Nachhaltigkeit” der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion darstellt. Dies hat in der Konferenz von Rio (1992) im Rahmen der Agenda 21 zum Abschluß einer “Konvention über Biologische Vielfatl” geführt, der auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist.Mit dem Begriff biologische Vielfalt werden in dieser Konvention nicht nur Naturschutzverpflichtungen zur Sicherung des Erhalts bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten übernommen, sondern es geht zu einem wesentlichen Teil auch um die 3. Ebene der biologischen Vielfalt in Form der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb der für die Welternährung grundlegend bedeutsamen Kulturpflanzenarten. In diesem Zusammenhang soll hier gefragt werden, ob mit der Einführung transgener Nutzpflanzen neben ihrem wirtschaftlichem Nutzen auch Risiken für die biologische Vielfatl verbuden sind.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 223-237 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zu den faszinierendsten “Waffen” im Tierreich gehören die Gifte. Auch viele Insekten setzen Gifte ein, zum Beispiel als Wehrgifte, wie sie von den staatenbildenden sozialen Hymenopteren, den Bienen, Hornissen und Faltenwespen bekannt sind. Die Wirkung dieser Gifte ist aufgrund ihrer medizinischen Bedeutung bereits intensiv untersucht. Über die Art und Weise der Giftinjektion sowie die Wirkungsweise der Gifte solitär lebender Wespenarten, etwa von Weg- und Grabwespen, ist vergleichs weise wenig bekannt. Eine Besonderheit der solitären Wespenarten ist, daß ausschließlich ihre Weibchen Insekten oder Spinnen jagen, um ihre künftige Brut zu versorgen. Spezielle jagdstrategien verringern dabei die Gefahr, daß potentielle Beutetiere die jagenden Wespenweibchen früch zeitig entdecken. Ist ein Beutetier optisch und/oder chemisch identifiziert. wird es je nach Wespenart durch einen oder mehrere Stiche paralysiert (gelähmt). Anfängliches Abwehrverhalten, selbst größerer Beutetiere, wird auf diese Weise unterbunden, und die Opfer können an einen sicheren Ort, ein Nest oder eine umfangreiche Nestanlage mit günstigem Mikroklima, gebracht werden, wo anschließend ein Ei abgelegt wird. Die sich auf ihrem Wirt entwickelnde Larve ist so vor dem Zugriff durch Feinde geschützt.Die an der Beute als Folge eines Stiches zu beobachtenden Giftwirkungen reichen von der vollständigen Paralyse, also dem totalen, in einigen Fällen auch irreversiblen Verlust der Fähigkeit, such zu bewegen, über vielfähigkeit, sich zu bewegen, über vielfältige, durch sas Gift bewirkte auffällige Verhaltensänderungen. Im Hinblick auf das Nervensystem lassen sich peri pher und zentral wirkende Gifte unter sscheiden, wobei der Wirkort durch das Stechverhalten der Wespe vorgegeben sein kann.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Asbstract.
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 260-260 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 268-277 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zu en vielen Schutz- und Verteidigungsstrategien, die von den Organismen entwickelt wurden, um dem Gefressenwerden zu entgehen, Zählen ein sperrigerwerden der Individuen, die Bildung von Panzern, Stacheln und Dornen, das Produzieren und Speichern von schwerverdaulichen Stoffen und Giften, aber auch die Entwicklung eines komplexen verhaltensrepertoires zur Vermeidung von Freßfeinden ‘8’. Bis zur dieses Jahrhunders glaubte man, daß die der Verteidigung dienenden Maßnahmen dauerhaft seien, also im Laufe der Evolution entstanden sind und im Verlauf ddes Lebens eines Individuums zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zur Ausprägung, gelangen, unabhängig von der gerad herrschenden Bedrohung. Heute wissen wir, daß neben einer solchen kionstitutiven Verteidigung in vielen Organismengruppen auch induzierbare Verteidigungsmechanismen existieren, welche nur dann wirksam werden wenn Freßfeinde im Biotop in größerer Dchte auftreten und somit eine ernstzunehmende Bedrohung darstellen. Das Spektrum induzierbarer Feindabwehrmechanismen ist der Palette der kionstitutiven Abwehrmaßnahmen dabei durchaus sehr ähnlich. Der entscheidende Unterschied ist jedoch der, daß der bedrohte Organismus erst auf ein bestimmtes Signal hin von seinem genetisch festgelegten Schutzmechanismus Gebrauch macht. Dadurch werden die Kostenfür die Feindabwehr minimiert. Neben physikalischen Signalen (wie Licht und Temperatur), welche dem Organismus indirekt Auskunft über den Grad einer aktuellen Bedrohung geben können, spielen von den Freßfeinden abgegebene chemische Signale (Kairomone) eine entscheidende Rollen als Auslöser der induzierbaren Verteidigungsmechanismen. An der Aufklärung der chemischen Natur der Kariomione wird zur Zeit intenxiv gearbeitet.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 307-307 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 21
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 309-309 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seit 1989 organisieren die beiden Zoologen Prof. Dr. H. K. Schminke aus Oldenburg und Prof. Dr. W. Westheide aus Osnabrück im Sommer einwöchige Intensivkurse zur Vermittlung taxonomisch-ökologischer Kenntnisse über einheimische Tiergruppen. BIUZ wollte mehr über diese Kurse und ihre Ziele wissen.
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  • 22
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 23
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XII 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 24
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 318-318 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 25
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 336-345 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren wurden immer mehr RNA-Editingprozesse entdeckt, welche die Abfolge der Nukleotidbausteine einer RNA nach der Abschrift aus dem zugehörigen Gen variieren. Mit der modifizierten Sequenz der Nukleotide ändert sich natürlich auch der Informationsgehalt der RNA - eine Proteinsequenz ist damit in diesen Fällen nicht mehr vollständig aus der DNA-Sequenz vorhersagbar. Teilweise verändert sich ein RNA-Molekül durch Editing so sehr, daß der Zusammenhang zwischen RNA und dem entsprechenden Gen in der DNA überhaupt nicht mehr zu erkennen ist.Inzwischen sind bei vielen verschiedenen Eukaryoten viele Spielarten des RNA-Editing bekannt. RNA-Editing kann einzelne oder mehrere Nukleotide einfügen und andere entfernen. Manche reife “richtige” mRNA ist in Trypanosomen nach dem RNA-Editing mehr als doppelt so lang wie die ursprüngliche Kopie des Gens. In anderen Fällen, insbesondere bei den höheren Eukaryoten von Moos bis Maus, verändern Desaminierungsreaktionen einzelne Basen in ihrer Identität. An spezifischen Orten einer RNA entsteht dabei aus einem Cytidin ein Uridin oder aus einem Adenosin- ein Inosinnukleotid. Sind diese Veränderungen in den mRNA-Editing in den mitochondrialen mRNAs der Pflanzen zur Regel. Hier ist praktisch jede mRNA vom RNA-Editing betroffen, das die vererbte Information an bis zu 1000 Positionen in den mRNAs korrigiert.
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  • 26
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 374-374 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 28
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 377-377 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 126-126 
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  • 32
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XI 
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  • 33
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 200-207 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Es ist schon erstaunlich: Man setzt sich eine einfache Brille auf, die als “Gläser” zwei farblose Folien enthält, und schon spielt die räumliche Sehwelt verrückt. Farbige Felder in bunt gemusterten Flächen springen in der Wahrenhmung auf uns zu, und andere weichen zurück. Betrachtet man eine Person vor dunklem Hintergrund, die einen roten Pullover and eine blause Hose anhat, so sieht man die obere Hälfte viel näher als die untere. Und noch verrückter: Ähnlich wei bei Michael Endes “Scheinriese” Tur-Tur ‘1’ nimmt der Tiefeneindruck zu, je weiter man sich von dem betrachteten Objekt entfernt. Wie kommt dieser Effekt zustande?Das Grundprinzip der ChromaDepth-Brille (C3DTM glasses), die von der Firma Chromatek in Georgia/USA hergestellt wird, ist die Farbdispersion: Rotes Licht wird durch das Gitter der brillenfolie stärker seitlich abgelenkt (gebeugt) als blaues Licht (Abbildung 1). Das dies für beide Augen gegensinnig erfolgt, ergeben sich Bildunterschiede zwischen rechtem und linkem Auge; Disparitäten, die das Sehsytem im Gehirn wie gewohnt als Raumtiefe deutet(Farbtiefeneffekt, Abbildung 2) Deshalb seiht man mit der ChromaDepth-Brille bunt gemusterte Flächen räumlich, genauer formuliert: Setzt man die Brille auf, so springen die Bilder, die wir mit unseren beiden Augen sehen, etwas aufeinander zurote Bildteile mehr, blaue weniger, Die Folge ist: Vor dunklem hintergrund erscheinen rote Flachen näher als blaue. Vor hellem Hintergrund ist es genau umge Kehrt: Rot erscheint hinter Blau. Das Ausmaß der wahrogenommenen Tiefe ist beträchtlich. So scheint der rote Fleck eines Laser-Pointers, auf eine vier Meter entfernte weiße Wand fällt, 110 Zentimeter vor dieser Wand in der Luft zu schweben. Im einzelnen kan der Sachverhalt sehr kompliziert sein. Auch wenn wir meinen, eine bestimmte Farbe zu sehen, handelt es sich in Wirklichkeit meist um ein kompliziertes Gemisch verschiedener Wellenlängen, die alle mit der ChromaDepth-Brille auseinan-dersortiert werden und ganz unerwartete Tiefenstaffelungen erzeugen können.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 247-249 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Goethes eigenständige Untersuchungen zur Pflanzenchemie verknüspfen seine botanischen Studien mit seinen Arbeiten zur Farbenlehre. Bereits im Sommer 1796 begann er unter dem Einfluß von Alexander von Humboldt, die Wirkung des Lichts auf Pflan zen zu untersuchen. Zwanzig Jahre später protokollierte er die Experimente mit Pflanzenextrakten in seinem Notizbuch. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden erst als nachgelassene Schriften 1906 veröffentlicht.
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  • 35
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 255-255 
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 36
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  • 37
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 266-266 
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  • 38
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 286-291 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Kein Schiff überquert sden Ozean ganz ohne blinde passagiere. Muscheln undAsseln bohren sich in Holzplanken. Algen und Seepocken heften sich mi Unterwasserbereich an die Schiffsrümpfe. Planktische sporen und Larven gelangen in das Ballastwasser, das jedes moderne Schiff zur Stabilisierung mit sich führt ‘1 und 3’. Je größer und schneller ein Schiff ist, desto, besser ist dies für die unbeachteten Tramper der Weltmeere. Wer solch eine lange Seereise überlebt, ist auch widerstands- und anpassungsfähig genug, um sich an neuen Küsten zurechtzufinden (Abbildung 2). Günstige Gelegenheiten zur Mitreise ergeben sich auch, wenn Austern oder andere Meerestiere für die Weiterzucht an ferne Küsten versandt werden. Solch ein Handel hat weltweit zugenommen, ebenso wie der interkontinentale Schffsverkehr. Diese Entwicklung führte dazu, daß mehr und mehr Arten zu Bewohnern weit voneinander entfernter Küsten wurden. Der mensch half die natürlichen Ausbreitungsbarrieren zu überwinden und leitete eine Globalisierung der Lebensgemeinschaften an den Küsten ein. - Welchen Umfang aber hat dies im Bereich der Nordsee angenommen? - Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich? - Kann und soll dieser Trend aufgehalten werden? - Diese brisanten Fragen stellen sich weltweit für die Meeresküsten und ebenso auch für die Süßwasser und das Land ‘11-13’.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 59-60 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 58-58 
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 61-61 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 79-89 
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    Notes: Nach dem Grundsatz “Vermeiden geht vor Wiederverwertung oder Recycling und letzteres vor Ablagerung auf einer Deponie”, schreibt das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 3 zwingend die Wiederverwertung von Wertstoffen vor. Schlacke aus Müllheizkraftwerken (MHKWs) wird vom Gesetzgeber als ein Wertstoff klassifiziert und unterliegt damit dem Wiederverwertungszwang. Verwendung findet die MHKW-Schlacke im Straßenbau als Ersatz für Sand und als Versatzmaterial in au fgelassenen Bergwerken. Während der letztere Verwendungszweck relativ unumstritten, wenn auch sehr teuer ist, stößt der erstere auf herbe Kritik seitens ökologisch orientierter Gruppen, insbesondere wegen des hohen Schwermetallgehalts der MHKW-Schlacke. Dieses geschieht unbeschadet der Tatsache, daß der Einsatz von Schlacke als Baumaterial starken Einschränkungen unterliegt, die insbesondere einen Kontakt der Schlacke mit Grundwasser und Niederschlägen und damit eine Elution ausschließen ‘6’. In Zukunft dürfte die Schlackeproblematik noch mehr als bisher Gegenstand umweltpolitischer Disku ssion sein, da ab dem Jahre 2005 alle herkömmlichen Hausmülldeponien für unverbrannten Restmüll de facto geschlossen werden. Dieses wird zwangsweise zu einer vermehrten Verbrennung von Restmüll und somit zu einer verstärkten Schlackeproduktion führen. Damit erhebt sich erneut die Frage nach der Wiederverwendung von Schlacke und damit nach ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit. Als sowohl ökonomisch als auch ökologisch vertretbare Alternativen stehen bislang nur neue kostengünstige Formen der Deponierung im Raum. Der folgende Artikel befaßt sich mit dem Pro und Contra der Wiederverwendung von MHKW-Schlacke aus Sicht der Pflanzenphysiologie und gibt eine Übersicht über die Streßfaktoren, denen Pflanzen bei der Kultur auf Schlacke ausgesetzt sind.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 98-109 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seen mit Wasser, so sauer wie verdünnte Essigsäure, so sauer wie manche Kraterseen, gibt es solche Seen in Deutschland? Ja, sie gibt es, und zwar sogar recht zahlreich in den alten und vor allem in den neuen Bundesländern. Alle diese Seen sind künstlicher Natur und treten im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbau von Bodenschätzen auf. Durch diesen Vorgang werden tiefere Schichten des Deckgebirges belüftet und mit Wasser versorgt, so daß eine chemische und vor allem mikrobiologische Oxidation von reduzierten Schwefelkver bindungen (Sulfiden) einsetzen kann. Dieselben Vorgänge laufe auch auf und in den Abraumhalden ab. Sulfide sind sehr häufige Begleiter von Braun- oder Steinkohlevorkommen. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Wasserkontaminationen im mitteldeutschen und Lausitzer Raum ist in der Tat mit der Braunkohleförderung verbunden. Ferner sind die meisten, abbauwürdigen Metallvorkommen ebenfalls in sulfidischen Erzen zu finden, so daß deren Abbau zu denselben Oxidation führt, die international als Als Mine Drainage bezeichnet werden.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 118-120 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Vielfalt des Lebens zu beschreiben, zu verstehen und zu bewahren gehört zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies ist mittlerweile auch auf allen Ebenen, regional, national wie international, erkannt und wird prioritär behandelt. Senckenberg ist in Deutschland eines der größten Institute, das diese Aufgabe mit neuem Schwung angeht. Die dabei entwickelte Infrastruktur steht getreu den Grundsätzen der “Blaue-Liste-Finanzierung” dem ganzen Land zur Verfügung.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 121-124 
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  • 46
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 125-125 
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  • 47
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VIII 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 218-222 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Scheinbar hat es Vortelie, Zwitter zu sein. Die Erstbesiedlung neuer oder gestörter lebensräume wird durch die Möglichkeit zur Selbstbefruchtung vereinfaht oder bei Abwesenheit von Sexualpartnern sogar erst möglich. Aus einem einzigen Samen einer selbstbestäubenden Pflanze kann sich bei gleichzetig hoher Reproduktionsrate, schnell eine große Population aufbauen. Viele kleine Brassicaceen (Kreuzblülter), wie etwa die Ackerschmalwand Arabidopsis thaliana, sind dafür gute Beispiele. Doch uneingeschränkte Selbstbefruchtung hat offensichtliche Nachtelie. Ungünstige Mutationen häufen sich im Genom an, und die durch Durchmischung des Erbgutes bewirkten heterosiseffekte entfalten sich nicht. Daher finden sich in etwa der Hälfte aller pflanzenfamilien Arten, bei denen Selbstbefruchtung (Autogamie) ausgeschlossen ist ‘5’. Verbreitete Mechanismen, die eine Allogamie (Frembdefruchtung) begünstigen, sind unterschiedliche Reifezeitpunkte und -orte der weiblichen und mänlichen gameten auf einer Pflanze oder die Diözie (Zweihäusigkeit), bei der weibliche und männliche Gameten auf unterschiedlichen Individuen gebildet werden. Weiterhin gibt es eine Vielzahl morphologischer Barrieren, die das zufällige Bestäuben mit dem eigenen Pollen behindern und Pflanzen häufig an Tiere als Pollenüberträger von Blüte zu Blüte binden. “Echte” selbstinkompatible pflanzen können den eigenen Pollen oder den der “näheren Verwandtschaft” erkennen und abn der Befruchtung hindern, sie sind aber nicht etwa steril, wie der früher gebrächliche Begriff Selbststerilität nahelegte, da sie fertile Gameten bilden. Erkannt wurde das Phänomen schon 1764 von Köreuter für die Königskerze Verbascum phoenichicum, doch die erste eingehende Analyse und Zusammen fassung dieser Daten und eigener Befunde erfolgte später (1867) durch Charles Darwin. Er erkannte als erster, daß die beobachtete Unfruchtbarkeit durchaus als “Begabung” angesehen werden kann.Viele landwirtschaftlich genutzte Arten sind heute selbstkompatibel, weil im Laufe ihrer Kulturgeschichte die Selbstinkompatibilitäts- Mechanismen verlorengegangen sind oder bewuß darauf verzichtet wurde. Dies hat gute Gründe: Einer davon ist vor allem eine Ertragssteigerung durch die ungehinderte (Selbst-) Befruchtung. Allerdings ist mit solchen Pflanzen die Produktion von Hybridsaatgut zur, “Handarbeit” des Züchters geworden. Im Zeitalter teurer menschilcher Arbeitskraft hat daher jede Art von Pollensterilität nicht zu unter schätzende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung gewonnen. Die (Rück-) Übertragung eines funktionierenden Selbstinkomatibilitätssystems auf kulturpflanzen erscheint hier als ein Lösungsweg, insbesondere da solche Pflanzen weiterhin fertilen Pollen produzieren könnten, also nicht steril wären. Allerdings ist man heutzutage noch zu weit von einem umfassenden Verständnis der natürlichen Selbstinkompatibilitäts Systeme entfernt, um deren übertragung auf selbstkompatible Methoden, erreichen zu Können.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 250-254 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 238-246 
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    Notes: Nur bei wenigen Wachstumsprozessen wird eine so groß Genauigkeit gefordert und erreicht wie bei der Abstimmung der Augenlänge auf die Brennweite von Linse und Hornhaut. Wenn das Auge um nur ein Prozent zu lang ist, besteht bereist eine Kurzsichtigkeit (Myopie) von fast einer Dioptrie (dpt). Dabei fällt die Sehschärfe in der Ferne auf etwa ein Drittel. ab. Ist das Auge daggen zu kurz (Weitsichtigkeit-Hyperopie), so kann man zwar in der Ferne meist noch gut sehen, aber die Arbeit in der Nähe wird schwierig, weil mehr Akkommodation aufgebracht werden muß. Die hat nichts mit der “Alterweitsichtigkeit” (Presbyopie) zu tun, wo zwar der Bau des Auges normal ist, aber der altersbedingte Verlust der Akkommodation scharfes Sehen in der Nähe unmöglich macht.Beim Menschen, einigen Afen und Vögeln erreicht die Abbildungsgüte im Bereich der Stelle des schärfsten Sehens (Fovea) die Grenze der physikalischen Möglichkeiten. Nicht optische Schwächen oder Ungenauigkeiten im Bau des Auges, sondern die Lichtbeugung an der Pupille, die zwangsläufig aus den Welleneigenschaften des Lichtes folgt, begrenzen weitere Auflösung. Es ist schwer vorstellbar, wie diese Genaukeit erreicht werden kann, wenn nicht eine Steuerung des Wachstums durch einen rückgekoppeltn Regelkreis erfolgt, der sein Fehlersignal aus dem Netzhautbild entnimmt. Bis vor wenigen Jahren herrschte dennoch die Meinnung vor, daß das Augenlängenwachstum weitgehend genetisch bestimmt ist. Inszwischen ist aber durch Experimente mit brillentragenden Hühnern und Affen gezigt worden, daß “normale” Seherfahrung tatsächlich Voraussetzung für genaues Wachtsum ist. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, ber bisherige Ergebnisse lassen Schlüsse über mögliche Ursachen von Kurzsichtigkeit zu.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 353-363 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Verbrennung von großteils fossilen Kohlenstoffverbindungen hat seit Beginn der industriellen Revolution einen Anstieg der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre von nahezu 30% bewirkt. Aus im Polareis eingeschlossenen Luftblasen ist bekannt, daß sich die Konzentration von 190 ppm (parts per million) zum Höhepunkt der letzten Eiszeit auf etwa 290 ppm um 1800 und heute durchschnittlich 364 ppm erhöht hat ‘;42’. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten ist die Zunahme der CO2-Konzentration in der Atomosphäre durch kontinuierliche Messungen belegt. Aufgrund der Eisbohrkerne wissen wir auch, daß der CO2-Pegel im Laufe der letzten 45000 Jahre immer zwischen 1990 und 290 ppm pendelte und nie aus dieser 100 ppm Bandlbreite ausbrach (Abbildung 1).
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 372-373 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 364-370 
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    Notes: Bioindikatoren sind lebende Anzeiger für Umweltfaktoren. Flechten, die vordergründig unscheinbaren Doppelwesen aus Pilz und Alge, können auskunft über das Ausmaß der Luftbelastung einer Region geben. SIe werden in der Umweltüberwachung neben anderen Bioindikatoren unter Verwendung teilweise hoch standardisierter Verfahren eingesetzt. Mit entsprechender Anleitung können jedoch auch Schülerinnen und Schüler der Jahrgangsstufen 10 bis 13 oder erwachsene Laien Flechtenkartierungen durchführen und so Information über den Zustand der Luftqualität ihrer Region erhalten. Die gewonnenen Daten bieten eine gute Grundlage für weiterführend Auswertungen und Arbeiten im Bereich Stadt- oder Landschaftsökologie (Abbildung 1).
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 377-377 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 384-384 
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 74-78 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Polypeptides ; subcritical fluid chromatography ; supercritical fluid chromatography ; carbon dioxide ; additives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The effect of mobile phase modifier and additive on the chromatographic properties of various small polypeptides was explored under subcritical conditions. A polymeric column was used to separate various enkephalin analogs, bradykinin, and oxytocin using a carbon dioxide-based mobile phase with either an ethanol or a 2-methoxyethanol modifier. The role of the modifier was found to be secondary to that of the mobile phase additive. As progressively stronger acidic mobile phase additives were used, the peak profiles of the various polypeptides improved and retention decreased. Heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid was found to be the most useful additive for these types of solutes under near-critical conditions, while the potassium salt of heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid failed to elute any of the polypeptides. At low temperatures, pressure gradients with a carbon dioxide/ethanol/heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid ternary mobile phase produced reasonably good peak profiles with the polymeric column.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Large volume injection ; programmed-temperature vaporizer ; organic acids ; phenols ; derivatization ; trimethylsulfonium hydroxide ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The combination of on-line methylation using trimethylsulfonium hydroxide with large volume injection of 100 μL was evaluated for the analysis of organic acids and phenols in water. Solvent split injection was applied with complete evaporation of the solvent before analytes were transferred onto the GC column. Despite complete solvent removal, losses were very low compared to conventional splitless injection even for volatile acidic compounds such as propionic acid and phenol. This is explained by intermediate formation of low volatility trimethylsulfonium salts of the analytes which were held in the injector for long evaporation times of up to 10 min, if the evaporation temperature was as low as 10°C. Using a simple liquid/liquid extraction procedure, volatile fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, benzoic acids and phenols could be detected in 5 mL of water at concentrations of 0.04-0.1 μmol/L with GC/MS in full scan mode. Lactic, pyruvic, and also malonic acids could only be detected at higher levels because of their limited extractability from water as well as their poorer methylation yields. The method provides an easy way to sensitively detect acidic compounds of medium to high volatility in water. It was applied for screening of organic acids and phenols in batch cultures of anaerobic bacteria of which one example is shown.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective gas chromatography ; heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; γ(δ)-thionolactones ; olfactometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The even numbered γ(δ)-thionolactones (C6-C12) were investigated, using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography. The odor characteristics of γ(δ)-thionolactone enantiomers were investigated by enantioselective gas chromatography/olfactometry.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; PTV and on-column injectors ; milk fat triglycerides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The PTV (Programmable Temperature Vaporizer) is a split/splitless injector which allows the sample to be introduced at a relatively low temperature, thus affording accurate and reproducible sampling. After injection the PTV is rapidly heated to transfer the vaporized components into the capillary column. This type of injector has proved to be an efficient tool for the evaluation of fatty acids, essential oils, and pesticides in food analysis. In this work the suitability of PTV for the analysis of milk fat purity by the Official EU method was evaluated. This method is based on the gas chromatographic determination of triglycerides only according to their total number of carbon atoms followed by the application of formulae deriving from multiple linear regressions. The analysis is currently carried out with a packed column or a short capillary column and an on-column injection system. Several samples of pure milk fat and mixtures of milk fat with foreign fat were analyzed with the same capillary column and by using both PTV and on-column injection systems. The results show that the gas chromatographic profile obtained by PTV is comparable with that obtained by the on-column injector, while repeatability and reproducibility data meet the requirements indicated in the Official Method. Therefore, this study demonstrates that it is possible to use the PTV instead of the on-column injector to determine the purity of milk fat with this method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Vapor analysis ; nerve agents ; sulfur mustard ; data acquisition ; automation ; valve injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A method is presented for the continuous analysis of generated vapors of the nerve agents soman and sarin and the blistering agent sulfur mustard. By using a gas sampling valve and a very short (15 cm) column connected to an on-column injector with a “standard length” column, the system can either be calibrated or used for performing high speed gas analyses. When using a flame ionization detector, the detection limit was ca. 100 ppb (ca. 0.5-1.0 mg/m3). This technique is applied in inhalation toxicokinetic studies of nerve agents and mustard gas in the guinea pig.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multi-dimensional chromatography ; LC-GC ; AED ; memory effects ; fossil fuel ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Conventional operation of the GC Atomic Emission Detector (AED) system involves backflushing of the microwave induced plasma (MIP) during the elution of small volumes of solvent from the GC column. When performing multi-dimensional, on-line LC-GC-AED, significantly larger solvent volumes are introduced into the system and must subsequently be removed. Thus solvent venting procedures are required and the backflushing of the plasma must be extended to facilitate solvent but not solute removal. This study demonstrates the significance of memory effects imparted upon the MIP of the AED if solvent venting is incomplete. Comparison of conventional GC-AED and multi-dimensional LC-GC-AED is made with respect to a fossil fuel sample.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Food packaging ; functional barrier ; gas chromatography ; laminated paperboard ; mass spectrometry ; single sided headspace ; paperboard ; plastic film ; polymer film ; test cell ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new cell for single sided headspace sampling has been developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds from food packaging paperboard and laminated paperboard. The cell, which samples the volatile organic compounds over a selected surface, is useful for determining the barrier function of laminated paperboards with respect to volatile compounds. The analysis of volatile organic compounds is carried out by purge and trap capillary gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric detection and compound identification. The new sampling cell was constructed to facilitate specific analysis of organic compounds from only one side of a laminated paperboard. The construction and the operating principles of the new sampling device are described. The repeatability of the single sided headspace procedure was found to be quite good. Relative standard deviations of about 5-7% were obtained for the major compounds quantified in replicate headspace analyses of a laminated paperboard. The volatile compounds released from the inner side of a food packaging paperboard sample with different surface composition on the two sides were determined. The barrier function against volatile organic compounds of some laminated paperboards was investigated employing the new headspace cell.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 181-182 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; microwave induced emission spectrometry ; speciation ; mercury ; SPME, headspace SPME ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) ; solid phase extraction (SPE) ; phenylurea(s) ; herbicide(s) ; monuron ; linuron ; diuron ; isoproturon ; monolinuron ; drinking water ; environmental water ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The present paper describes the application of capillary electrophoresis in the micellar mode to the separation and quantitative determination of five phenylurea herbicides, viz. monuron, linuron, diuron, isoproturon, and monolinuron, in water samples. Using uncoated fused silica capillary and phosphate-borate buffer (pH 7.0) containing SDS, the five pesticides are resolved in less than 15 min and quantitatively determined by an ultraviolet detector at 244 nm. Method optimization and validation parameters are presented. Good linearity and repeatability were observed for all the compounds studied (correlation coefficients 0.999). The feasibility of the method developed was tested by simultaneous determination of these herbicides in environmental and drinking water samples at the minimum residue levels (MRLs) (0.1 μg/L) after solid-phase extraction (SPE) preconcentration procedure.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrolysis gas chromatography ; microstructure determination ; syndiotactic copolymers ; styrenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The composition and microstructure of syndiotactic para-methylstyrene/styrene copolymer was determined by a pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) method. This method uses the styrene and para-methylstyrene monomer peak intensities to determine the styrene and para-methylstyrene composition in the copolymer. The number average sequence length of styrene was calculated by using the triad peak intensities. Because of the low concentration of para-methylstyrene in the copolymer, the number average sequence length of para-methylstyrene was determined with formulas that incorporate the copolymer composition and the number average sequence length of styrene. The distribution of para-methylstyrene defined by the terms “percent of single units” and “percent of desired distribution” was calculated by the number average sequence of para-methylstyrene. This method has been tested with copolymers containing up to 24 mole% of para-methylstyrene. The composition results from Py-GC of para-methylstyrene and styrene copolymers used in this study were in excellent agreement with 1H-NMR results.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; electroosmotic flow ; frit ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of bubbles in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is well documented: possible origins include Joule heating and variations in EOF velocity on passing from the stationary phase through the frit and into the open tube. Methods for the prevention of bubble formation are discussed which are confirmed by experimental results. Using frit lengths varying from 1 mm to 6 mm it is shown how frit length is directly related to the likelihood of bubble formation and how this is affected by applied voltage. It is shown that the change in applied voltage across a capillary affects the formation of bubbles and also that rebonding octadecylsilane (ODS) onto the silica frit after formation of the frit can minimize the formation of bubbles and how this effects the chromatography. A method is also described for increasing the robustness of silica capillaries using a column coupler along with modifications made to conventional capillary electrophoresis equipment to cater for CEC.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; CE ; chemical migration ; food contact plastics ; dihydroxybenzenes ; packaging ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A capillary electrophoresis method has been developed to determine 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and 1,3-dihydroxybenzene in the food simulants distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 15% ethanol, and olive oil. Both substances, used as monomers and additives to make food packaging plastics, could be analyzed within 15 min. The 1,4-dihydroxybenzene isomer was unretained and eluted with the electroosmotic flow, and so the CE method can give only a semi-quantitative estimate of this isomer if it is present as a migrant. The analytical recovery for the 1,2- and 1,3-isomers from spiked simulants was good at 87% to 98% except for 1,2-dihydroxybenzene which could only be recovered to the extent of 58% from olive oil. Calibration graphs were linear and the limit of detection for each substance was 0.6 mg/kg, which is well below migration limits for these substances. It is concluded that CE offers a rapid and reliable analysis for the control of migration from plastics intended for food contact which employ 1,2-dihydroxybenzene or 1,3-dihydroxybenzene during manufacture, and offers a screening method for 1,4-dihydroxybenzene migration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) ; GC-AED ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Programmed temperature vaporization injection (PTV) coupled to gas chromatography and atomic emission detector (AED) has been studied for large volume injection of gaseous samples. As examples of the effectiveness of the technique, the results of the analysis of a series of headspace samples of foods such as garlic and onion, and of landfill gases are presented. The volumes of gaseous samples reconcentrated varied from a few milliliters up to liters depending on analyte dilution, through focusing onto a sorbent trap, then rapid liberation into the GC-AED system by programmed thermal desorption. Despite the high carrier gas flow rates associated with direct PTV-GC, AED performance and sensitivity were unaffected. The detailed elemental information obtained from the PTV-GC-AED analyses was confirmed using a PTV coupled to a gas chromatograph with ion trap detector mass spectrometer as detector (PTV-GC-ITD/MS).
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  • 71
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography ; sample dissolving solvent ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin ; micellar electrokinetic chromatography ; separation of regioisomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Divinylbenzene copolymers ; exclusion limit ; size exclusion chromatography ; surface area ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: RP-HPLC ; GC-MS ; trioxanes ; thermolysis products ; quantitative analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Trace analysis ; air samples ; BTX ; equilibrium-sorptive enrichment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cryogenic modulation ; LMCS ; GC×GC ; multidimensional GC ; comprehensive gas chromatography ; petroleum analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 245-246 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chloride ; suppressed ion chromatography ; concrete ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 547-552 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Water analysis ; polar pollutants ; solid-phase extraction ; chemically-modified polymeric resins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This study assesses how the physical characteristics of styrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) resins affect the extent to which they are modified when they are functionalized, and how they affect recoveries in on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) of some polar phenolic compounds, pesticides, and metabolites from water samples which were analyzed by liquid chromatography and UV detection. For this purpose, three commercial PS-DVB resins with different physical characteristics (Amberchrom GC-161m and two different PLRP-S resins) were chemically modified by placing a hydrophilic group, an o-carboxybenzoyl moiety, on their surface; although the physical characteristics are different, the extent of modification did not vary significantly. The results from the SPE process with each sorbent were related to their physical and chemical properties. The polymers with higher surface area provided better recoveries. Moreover, the recoveries for these analytes were better with the chemically-modified polymers due to the higher polarity of these sorbents. The best recovery values were with the sorbent obtained from the chemical modification of Amberchrom GC-161m, the commercial sorbent with higher surface area. For instance, in the analysis of 50 mL of a sample of 2 μg L-1, the recovery of phenol was 40% with Amberchrom GC-161m and 65% with the chemically-modified Amberchrom GC-161m.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Selenium ; water ; SPME ; GC/MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A method for the selective determination of Se4+ and Se6+ using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and GC/MS analysis is presented. Se4+ is selectively derivatized by reaction with 4,5-dichloro-1,2-phenylenediamine to form the corresponding piazselenolo complex, extracted by the SPME fiber, and determined by GC/MS. The RSD at a 5 μg/L concentration was 9.88% and the theoretical detection limit 6 ng/L. The method was employed to test real matrices; tap and river water were analyzed before and after spiking giving a recovery rate of 102% in river water and 97% in tap water.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Mycotoxin ; T2 ; solid phase microextraction ; GC/FID ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 683-686 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Vacuum gas oils ; packed column chromatography ; n-paraffins ; carbon number distribution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Gas chromatographic methods are of widespread use in the petroleum industry for assessing petroleum and derivatives quality. The feedstocks for catcracking processes are very sensitive to the n-paraffin contents, which can be accurately determined using capillary column chromatography. Nevertheless, packed column chromatography does have potential advantages, viz. sometimes shorter analysis times, lower costs, higher column capacity, for vacuum gas oil analysis. This paper presents a method for such a determination using a Dexsil-300 packed column. The results obtained (n-alkane contents, carbon number distribution) agree fairly well with those obtained on a 30 m × 0.25 mm DB-1 fused silica capillary column.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC-MS) ; methylcitric acid (MCA) ; inherited metabolic disease ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Methylcitric acid (2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid-MCA) is a structural analogue of citric acid, but due to an additional methyl group it is a chiral molecule with two stereogenic centers and thus four stereoisomers are conceivable. MCA occurs naturally as prominent metabolite in body fluids of patients with inherited metabolic diseases such as propionic acidemia, methylmalonic aciduria, or holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Therefore methylcitric acid is considered to be an important diagnostic marker for these diseases. MCA is most likely produced from accumulated propionyl-CoA in these diseases by the enzyme si-citrate synthase from the citric acid cycle; however, there are other enzymes known which could catalyze the same reaction with different stereoselectivity, such as re-citrate synthase or the more specific enzyme methylcitrate synthase, found in microorganisms. Almost all methods dealing with MCA in the literature are non-enantioselective. For that reason there is no information about occurrence of MCA enantiomers in healthy people, patients with propionic acidemia, methylmalonic aciduria, or holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency and about value of enantiomeric distribution for diagnosis and long-term treatment. The enantioselective analysis of MCA as corresponding trimethyl ester was achieved by enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phase. The described method allows a reliable screening of MCA in complex matrices like urine without time consuming sample preparation and with mass selective detection. During this investigation urine samples from various patients and healthy controls were analyzed. As concluded, MCA is a good diagnostic marker and can be easily measured by the method presented. Only the two stereoisomers (2S,3R) and (2S,3S) were detectable in patients and healthy controls. The varying ratios of these stereoisomers cannot presently be correlated with the health status of patients, although there are some indications that this might be possible. However, the quantitative levels of MCA, determined as the ratio of MCA absolute peak area divided by 1,000 to the creatinine contents of urine samples in this investigation, showed a dependence on the state of health and MCA would thus also be a possible marker for long-term treatment. Such a substance is of major interest nowadays since there are different studies searching for such a long-term marker in propionic acidemia or methylmalonic aciduria.
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  • 83
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 294-296 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; capillary ; fused silica ; rotenone ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Deproteinization ; polychlorobiphenyls ; polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins ; restricted-access reversed-phase packings ; sample preparation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 300-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical-fluid-extraction ; supercritical-fluid-chromatography ; vitamin E ; pharmaceuticals ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; food analysis ; pesticide residues ; thiabendazole ; imazalil ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Glycopeptide antibiotics ; chiral selectors ; Teicoplanin ; enantioseparations ; CZE ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Baseline separation of the enantiomers of a number of negatively charged amino and mandelic acid derivatives was achieved in less than 10 min by capillary electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide coated capillary, using the “partial filling method” (PFM) with submillimolar concentration of Teicoplanin (TE) as the chiral selector. The influence of the charge and concentration of TE, electrolyte solution composition and pH, on the enantioresolution was examined. Further proofs were brought to corroborate the hypothesis that the enantiorecognition takes place at the D-Ala-D-Ala binding site, whose blockade is responsible for the antibacterial activity of glycopeptide antibiotics. While the dependence of the chiral recognition capabilities of TE on electrolyte solution composition and pH could limit its applicability, improved sensitivity, reduction of TE wall adsorption, resulting in a good efficiency, and high cost reduction, due to the very small amount of chiral selector required, were shown as advantages of the PFM adopted in this study.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 305-307 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High temperature gas chromatography ; chocolate analysis ; triacylglycerols determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 89
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; isomers ; pneumocandins ; separation ; transition metal ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The novel separation of a 3-hydroxyproline containing a semi-synthetic macrocyclic antifungal agent from its structurally related 4-hydroxyproline isomer using capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is described. The molecular weight of the two compounds is 1093 Daltons and they differ only in the placement of a proline -OH group. The separation is achieved using capillaries packed or coated with ODS particles (C18) or with glycerol bound to silica through a carbon chain linker. The presence of a transition metal (Ni(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), or Cu(II)) as buffer additive in the phosphate buffer (pH=2.5):CH3CN (75:25, v/v) is essential to achieve a baseline separation. HPLC columns packed with similar ODS particles showed no selectivity. Capillaries packed or coated with C18 material under similar conditions showed partial selectivity compared to the glycerol capillaries. Some fundamental aspects of CEC, such as capillary temperature, applied voltage, and buffer composition were varied in order to study the mechanism of the separation. This mechanistic study included the testing of first and second row transition metal ions (individually or in combination), the use of organic solvents, the use of an ion pair reagent, and the use of β- and γ-cyclodextrin to assess the impact on the separation. The resolution was dependent on the metal ion concentration and is consistent with a mechanism of metal-oxygen complexation through the hydroxyl groups of the two isomers and glycerol.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Large volume on-column injection ; partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; solvent trapping ; retaining precolumn ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---When 0.53 mm i.d. uncoated precolumns connected to a solvent vapor exit are used for sample introduction with partially concurrent solvent evaporation, substantial losses of volatile solutes are often observed. They were found to be the consequence of solute accumulation at the front end of the flooded zone, which in turn is the result of a strong pressure drop over the flooded zone owing to the formation of plugs of sample liquid. The pressure drop causes significant solvent evaporation at the front, which enriches the solute material there and causes its loss. The use of 0.32 mm i.d. restrictions between the uncoated precolumn and the vapor exit greatly reduced this problem.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC trace analysis of C2-C4 hydrocarbons ; signal-to-noise ratio, improvement ; post column cryogenic trapping ; thermal remobilization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A method for the improvement of signal-to-noise ratios and hence detection limits in capillary gas chromatographic trace analysis of C2-C4 hydrocarbons was developed. It is based on the post column cryogenic trapping of the separated hydrocarbons using liquid nitrogen as coolant and its fast reinjection into the detector by rapid heating of the capillary tubing used for trapping. The improved signal-to-noise ratios were applied to decrease the sample volume and/or to lower the detection limit 10 to 27 times. The concentrations of these hydrocarbons in an urban air sample determined without and with post column cryogenic trapping were in good agreement but the precision was better when applying the cryogenic trapping mode.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 647-665 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Two-dimensional GC ; statistical method of overlap ; petroleum ; fuels ; enviromental samples ; organochlorine compounds ; flavors ; aromas ; foods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The writer of this review published in 1978 a three-part article on two-dimensional gas chromatography in the first three issues of this journal [1]. The review was written at a time when capillary column GC was still in its infancy. Commercial columns were (essentially) unavailable and sample introduction into capillary columns was done exclusively in the split mode. Two-dimensional separations were explored in only a few laboratories. The limitations of capillary column technology made this exercise rather difficult. The introduction of fused silica capillary columns in the early eighties drastically changed the landscape in which gas chromatography was practiced. It took the chromatographic community just a few years to convert from packed columns to capillary columns. Instrumentation and accessories specifically designed for capillary column use came onto the market. This writer had great hopes that the revolution in capillary column GC would be mirrored in the development of instrumentation for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. This never materialized. On the contrary, tentative steps taken by a few manufacturers and suppliers of chromatographic equipment fizzled out. It was perhaps the introduction of relatively inexpensive and user friendly GC/MS instrumentation, in combination with nearly indestructible fused silica capillary columns that took away the incentive to develop commercially viable Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Much of the thinking went like this: why insist on good chromatography if mass spectrometry can do the job without the need for complete separation. Some progress in the further development of conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography has certainly been made over the last 20 years but there has not been a great deal of excitement. Applications have also been relatively sparse and they are limited to just a few areas. Science does not remain static and chromatography is no exception. Progress in gas chromatography is driven by new technology and ideas. Substantial improvements in two-dimensional GC were not forthcoming until Phillips and his research group introduced and implemented an entirely new form of Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, called comprehensive two-dimensional GC, or GC×GC. This breakthrough occurred only in 1991 [2]. It does take some time before scientists change attitudes and habits. There is always a time lag between the introduction of new technology and its general acceptance. The public's attitude toward comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography is probably no exception. The number of scientists who are actively pursuing this new branch of gas chromatography is still very small. It is often a single individual who carries the torch. J.B. Phillips' name is synonymous with comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. He is not only its inventor and proponent but his fertile mind has initiated research in other related areas. Sadly, he passed away shortly before this review was written. This contribution is dedicated to his memory.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 483-486 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; alumina ; evaporative light-scattering detection ; non-polar lipids ; wax esters ; sterol esters ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This study describes the performance and capacity of alumina as stationary phase in an HPLC-ELSD (evaporative light-scattering detection) method optimized for the separation of the non-polar lipid classes hydrocarbons, wax esters, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, and sterols, including quantitative determination of these lipid classes in natural samples. By using gradient elution and constant equilibration times between injections, highly reproducible separations of triacontane, stearyl oleate, and cholesterol oleate were accomplished with a binary mobile phase system. Phase A contained 0.5% tetrahydrofuran in hexane and phase B 20% isopropanol and 20% tetrahydrofuran in hexane. The same system was also used to determine the non-polar lipid classes in a zooplankton sample, the major lipid class being wax esters, followed by triacylglycerols, sterol esters, sterols, and hydrocarbons. Substantial amounts of an unknown compound, possibly acylated glyceryl ethers, were also found. The equilibration time of alumina was relatively slow compared to a polyvinyl alcohol stationary phase used earlier by the authors and calibration curves for different lipid classes were more uniform and linear with alumina.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multichannel silicone trap ; water analysis ; flow rate ; methanol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The application of Multichannel Silicone Rubber Traps for the direct analysis of organic compounds in water was studied. The optimum collection flow rate for a 10 mL sample was found to be ca. 150 μL·min-1. The effect of methanol on the retention power of the trap was evaluated. The addition of a methanol fraction of up to 40% to the water standards did not show any loss in collection efficiency. It was shown that the extraction of organic compounds from water with the multichannel trap is uncomplicated, i. e. methanol is not required to achieve accurate analyses, concentration of the sample onto the trap is by gravity flow, and excess water remaining in the multichannel trap after water extraction is removed by centrifugation. With the use of the multichannel silicone rubber trap a wide boiling point range of compounds were analyzed from aqueous samples at levels of 1-4 μg·L-1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 509-513 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast GC ; fast temperature programming ; resistive heating techniques ; short columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---One possible way to speed up a gas chromatographic analysis is the application of fast temperature programming by using resistive heating techniques. With this heating technique programming rates up to 20° per second can be reached. A relative standard deviation of retention times better than 0.2% is obtained. Using fast temperature programming the analysis-times of a mineral oil sample, an industrial oligomer sample, and toxic compounds in diesel fuel have been reduced 5 to 20 times, compared to a standard temperature programmed analysis. In most cases resistive heating cannot be applied to reduce the analysis time of a complex sample. The use of fast temperature programming is preferable to the use of short columns and columns operated at above-optimum carrier gas velocities.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; thickeners ; monosaccharides ; PMMA capillaries ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Gelling agents based on polysaccharides have become extremely important in the food industry. As more and more products like soups and sauces have become available in lyophilized form, thickeners have to be added to give a controlled consistency to the finished meal. A capillary electrophoretic method has been developed to investigate the monosaccharide composition of hydrolyzed thickeners. 2-Aminoanthracene was used as a derivatization reagent to allow sensitive fluorescence detection. This system was applied to a set of standard thickeners as well as to food samples.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solid-phase microextraction ; capillary gas chromatography ; volatile polar compounds ; water matrix ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A method was developed for the analysis of volatile polar compounds in a water matrix using open cap vials Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) and Capillary Gas Chromatography (CGC). Both SPME techniques - direct sampling and headspace - were tested. Optimization of experimental conditions - exposure time, desorption time, with headspace SPME in addition the influence of the temperature and ionic strength of the sample solution on compound sorption, and finally GC response - were investigated. The analytes were extracted by directly immersing the 85 μm polyacrylate fiber in the aqueous sample or in the headspace. The linear range of the preconcentration process and the precision were examined. The amount of polar analytes sorbed on the fiber was determined and was found to be concentration dependent; it amounted to 0.014-0.64% in the concentration range of 0.00425-425 ppm studied in aqueous solution for direct sampling SPME and to 0.011-2.76% for solutions of concentration 0.0425-255 ppm for headspace SPME. The limits of determination were ascertained. Headspace SPME was applied to the analysis of real-life samples.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 123-125 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography (GC) ; atomic emission detection (AED) ; human plasma ; drug monitoring ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast gas chromatography ; peak band broadening ; packed capillary columns ; narrow-bore columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Large volume on-column injection ; flooded zone ; capacity of 0.53 mm i. d. precolumns ; solvent trapping ; solvent vapor exit ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---0.53 mm i. d. uncoated precolumns of about 10 m in length followed by a solvent vapor exit have become a standard set-up for large volume on-column injection. It went unnoticed, however, that the introduction of a vapor exit requires two modification of previous working guidelines. First, the capacity of the precolumn to retain sample liquid is increased by a factor of 2.3-3 as a result of the around 100 times higher carrier gas flow rate. Secondly, it must be considered that this gain in retention of liquid is lost again upon closure of the exit: as the gas flow rate is reduced to a few mL/min, the layer of the residual sample liquid expands about 2.3-3 times. Hence, closure should occur late, and a section of the precolumn must be assigned for this secondary spreading.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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