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  • 1985-1989  (4,611)
  • Organic Chemistry  (3,492)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (1,119)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 2-6 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical isomers ; stereochemistry ; enantiomers ; Food and Drug Administration ; drug development ; drug regulation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The current regulatory position of the Food and Drug Administration is discussed with regard to the approval of racemates and pure stereoisomers. Circumstances in which stereochemically sensitive analytical methods are necessay to ensure the safety and efficacy of a drug are described. Regulatory guidelines are interpreted for applications for the approval of a pure enantiomer in which the racemate is marketed, for the approval of eitehr a racemate or a pure enantiomer in which neither is marketed, and for clinical investigations to compare the safety and efficacy of a racemate and its enantiomers. Examples of te basis for such regulation are drawn from historical situations (thalidomide, benoxaprofen) as well as currently marketed drugs (arylproionic acids, disopyramide, indacrinone).
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: (S)-, (R,S)-propranolol ; pharmacokinetic ; human study ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pharmacokinetics of (S)-propranolol were compared after the oral administration of a 40 mg dose of the pure enantiomer and an 80 mg dose of a racemic mixture of (R,S)-propranolol. The results of this study indicate that the bioavailability of (S)-propranolol, as expressed by the mean area uner the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum serum concentration, is lower after 40mg of the optically pure drug than after the racemic drug.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: asmmetric induction ; bacterial cell wall ; D-Ala-D-Ala ; dipeptide ; peptidoglycan ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute stereochemical control is employed in the synthesis of isosteres for dipeptide subunits 1; see Fig. (1) in which the amide linkage has been replaced by a trans carbon-caron double bond. The synthesis affords access to the four stereoisomers of 1 in which R and R' = CH3, including the isostere of D-alanine-d-alanine (D-ala-D-Ala), 2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 7-9 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: substrate enantioselectivity ; product enantioselectivity ; Michaelis-Menten analysis ; intrinsic activity ; potency ; receptor affinity ; efficacy ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 178-179 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: CD spectra ; optical rotation ; phthalideisoquinoline base and salts ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The appearance of positive charge on the nitrogen moiety of phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids brings about a strong change in the intensities of CD Cotton effects. Hence the optical rotations of enantiomeric salts and their parent base of identical configuration are often of opposite sign. Thus, the name (+)-bicuculline-methiodide for the methiodide salt of (+)-bicuculline is false.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 170-173 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: phenglutarimide enantiomers ; enantioselectivity ; antiparkinsonian drugs ; M1-selective antagonists ; rabbit vas deferens ; pirenzepine ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The affinity of the enantiomers of phenglutarimide at three muscarinic receptor subtypes was examined in vitro using field-stimulated rabbit vas deferens (M1 receptors) and guinea pig atria (M2α receptors) and ileum (M2β receptors). Extremely high stereoselectivity was observed and higher affinities (up to 6000-fold) were found for the (+)-S-enantiomer. The stereoselectivity ratios were different at the three subtypes, and the stereochemical demands made by the muscarinic receptors were most stringent at M1 receptors. (+)-(S)-Phenglutarimide was found to be a potent M1-selective antagonist (pA2 at M1 = 8.53). Its receptor selectivity profile is qualitatively similar to that of pirenzepine. (-)-(R)-Phenglutarimide showed no comparable discriminatory properties.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 174-177 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; terbutaline ; enantiomers ; human ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Terbutaline is a β2-agonist and administered as the racemic mixture. The pharmacokinetics of the separate enantiomers differ with respect to degree of absorption and clearance. In the present study, repeated doses of racemic terbutaline were given to six healthy volunteers. Plasma was analyzed for the concentrations of the two enantiomers. The observed plasma concentrations at steady state differed from those predicted from the values observed after single dose administration of the separate enantiomers. The difference between the observed and predicted values can be tentatively explained by a combined influence of (-)-terbutaline on the absorption of (+)-terbutaline and the influence of (+)-terbutaline on the elimination of (-)-terbutaline. The results have implications for the interpretation of effect/concentration studies with terbutaline, but do not affect the doses used in clinical practice.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: propranolol enantiomers ; enantiomers ; propranolol ; β-receptor-blocking drugs ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Only limited information is available on the stereochemistry of the in vivo distribution of β-receptor-blocking drugs. In this study we determined the levels of the propranolol enantiomers in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and central nervous system (CNS), and peripheral tissues in the dog following an intravenous dose of a deuterium-labeled pseudoracemate. The appearance of the propranolol enantiomers in the CSF was rapid and nonstereoselective, with maximum concentrations reached at 15 min after dosing. The levels of the enantiomers in both CSF and plasma then declined in a parallel biphasic fashion, with a terminal t1/2 of about 125 min. Except for an early high CSF/plasma concentration ratio of 0.35, the CSF propranolol levels corresponded to the unbound concentration in plasma, CSF/plasma 0.20. All areas of the brain showed a similar uptake of propranolol, with a tissue concentration exceeding that in plasma about 10-fold during the terminal phase of elimination. The uptake of propranolol by peripheral tissues varied widely, ranging from a 50-fold accumulation by the lungs compared to plasma to no accumulation by adipose tissue. However, as for the CSF, there was no evidence of stereoselective uptake of propranolol by any CNS or peripheral tissue except for the liver. A significantly higher level of (+)- vs. (-)-propranolol in liver tissue presumably was a reflection of stereoselective hepatic metabolism of (-)-propranolol by this tissue. The slight stereoselectivity in plasma binding of propranolol known to exist in the dog had no significant influence on tissue or CSF distribution.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomorphism ; dissymmetry ; chirality ; enantioselectivity ; diastereoselectivity ; steric complementarity ; asymmetric induction ; three-point contact ; circularly polarized radiation ; circular dichroism ; parity nonconservation ; electroweak interaction ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pasteur's conjecture (1860) that biomolecular homochirality arose from a chiral natural force as yet inaccessible in the laboratory was supplanted by Fischer's (1894) “key and lock” hypothesis of stereoselection in enantiomer to diastereomer conversions, whether in the laboratory or in living organisms. Elaborations of the “key and lock” hypothesis by Haldane (1930) and Pauling (1948) have been illustrated and supported with modification by X-ray diffraction crystal structures of enzyme-substrate complexes over the past quarter century.Two types of mechanism for the product diastereoselectivity in the reactions of an enantiomer with an achiral reagent, early proposed, have recent support: one proposes a quasidiastereomeric structure for the enantiomer attacked in the ground state, the other for the corresponding transition state of the reaction. Approaches to the differential biological activity of two enantiomers postulate either the complete binding of each isomer to a chiral receptor site, resulting in diastereomeric complexes with inequivalent bioactivities, or the differential binding of the two isomers to a set of three sites, with which only one isomer is sterically congruent.Biochemical homochirality, based on the chiral stereoselectivity of both biosynthetic and metabolic reactions, derives from the evolutionary pressure for a progressive enhancement of the kinetic efficiency and economy of those reactions. Recently Pasteur has been vindicated in part, and the problem of the original prebiotic enantiomeric excess left outstanding by Fischer has been solved. The unification of the electromagnetic with the weak interaction provided a universal chiral natural force, the electroweak interaction, which favours the chiral series selected during the course of biochemical evolution, both the D-sugars and the L-amino acids.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 202-208 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: opioid ligand ; 4-arylpiperidines ; conformation, NMR ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and stereochemistry (configuration and preferred solute conformation) of some 4-alkyl (methyl, n-propyl, isobutyl)-4-(3-hydrxyphenyl)-1-methylpiperidines and corresponding 3-methyl diastereoisomeric pairs are reported, together with their in vivo and in vitro activities as opioid ligands. All potent agonists exhibit a preference for axial 4-aryl chair conformations when protonated, and stereochemical analogies with rigid opioids of the benzomorphan class are discussed. Antagonist properties are found in compounds with preference for equatorial 4-aryl chairs, notably the cis 3,4-dimethyl derivative.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: fenofibrate ; chiral reduction ; species differences ; prochiral to chiral transformation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The prochiral carbonyl group of fenofibrate (isopropyl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl propionate) is reduced during its metabolism giving rise to a chiral secondary alcohol, “reduced fenofibric acid.” Chiral and diastereomeric HPLC methods have been developed for the determination of its enantiomeric composition and these have been applied to the measurement of the “reduced fenofibric acid” enantiomers in urine of rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and human volunteers given [14C]fenofibrate. In the three animal species, the reduction is markedly enantioselective for the (-)-isomer, the enantiomeric ratios (-/ +) being 95:5. This was not due to differences in the excretion of the enantiomers, since when racemic “reduced fenofibric acid” was given to rats it was recovered in the urine with the same enantiomeric composition as the dose form. In humans the ratio was 52:48 showing the lack of stereoselectivity of reduction in this species.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: affinity ; efficacy ; dissociation ; constants ; steroselectivity ; entropy ; enthalpy ; receptor ; interaction ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: After alkylation of a fraction of the total α-adrenoreceptors by phenoxybenzamine in rat vas deferens, the dissociation constants of (-)- and (+)-epinephrine in functional studies were 7 × 10-7 M and 2 × 10-5 M, respectively. In the adrenoreceptor-containing tissue fraction, when 3H-labeled WB4101 was used as the interacting ligand, for each enantiomer who affinity sites were found. Only the low-affinity dissociation consant for each isomer correlates with the constant obtained from the functional studies. If the change in Gibb's free energy. ΔG°, is calculated from the low-affinity binding constants, the values -8.1 and -6.2 kcal/mol for (-)- and (+)-isomer, respectively, are obained. The small difference in the value between isomers forms a hydrogen bond with the receptor. The interaction of epinephrine with this receptor appears to be driven largely by the entropy of the drug-receptor interaction with only a small nonsteroselective contribution from the enthalpy of ineraction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral stationary phase ; α-amino phosphonate ; chromatographic separation of enantiomers ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A chiral statonary phase (CSP) derived from an N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-aminobenzylphosphonate has been prepared and evaluated for its utility in the direct separation of enantiomers. This CSP, 2, is structurally related to earlier N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-acids acid-derived phases (e.g., CSP 1), but the mode of attachment to the support is different. In scope; CSP 2 is qualitaively similar to CSP 1. However, it differs quantitatively from CSP 1, showing either greater or lesser selectivity for different pairs of enantiomers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: column liquid chromatography ; chiral separations ; chymotrypsin on silica ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stereochemical separation of free and derivatized amino acids on active α-chymotrypsin bonded to silica is governed by two mechanisms based on the structure of the solutes or on the enzymatic activity of the enzyme. Te deactivation of the hydrolytically active site of the enzyme demonstrated that a significant portion of the retention on this support is due to hydrophobic interactions at other sites. These sites appear to be stereoselective for the ester derivatives of amino acids but not for the other studied solutes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 99-120 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: asymmetry ; enantiomers ; geometric isomers ; (+)- (-)-isomers ; D- and L-isomers ; R- and S-isomers ; Z- and E-isomers ; drug metabolism ; stereoselectivity and stereospecificity in drug action ; stereoselectivity and stereospecificity in drug metabolism ; psychotropic drugs ; stimulants ; antidepressants ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many drugs contain a chiral centre, or such a centre is introduced during metabolism of the drug in man and in animals. If a single chiral centre is present, the drug will normally exist as a mixture of two enantiomers, of which one may have quite different pharmacologic and/or toxic effects than the other. Chiral drugs that are used in psychiatry, and some other pharmacologically related drugs are identified, and the implications of the presence of one or two chiral centres in these drugs are discussed. Differences in pharmacologic properties of drug and metabolite enantiomers are identified and discussed. Also reviewed are the properties of some drugs used in psychiatry that both are chiral and display geometric isomerism.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: resolution by crystallization ; racemic mixture ; dansyl-D-leucine ; dansyl-L-leucine ; dansyl-D-norleucine ; dansyl-L-norleucine ; dansyl-D-phenylalanine ; dansyl-L-phenylalanine ; β-cyclodextrin ; γ-cyclodextrin ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical enrichment from racemic dansyl-leucine, dansyl-norleucine, and dansyl-phenylalanine with both β- and γ-cyclodextrins in water is reported. Initial crystallization yielded the dansyl-L-leucine isomer complexed in excess with β-cyclodextrin with an optical purity of 62-78% depending on experimental conditions. The optical purities obtained for L-norleucine and L-phenylalanine were 71 and 64%, respectively. The optical purity can be increased with continued recrystallization. The dansyl-D-leucine isomer was obtained in the mother liquor with an optical purity of 54-93% depending on experimental conditions. The optical purities obtained for D-norleucine and D-phenylalanine were 72 and 58%. The optical purity of the isomer depended on the molar ratio of host:guest and the pH value of the solution. Optimum enrichment of both enantiomers was achieved with host:guest ratios of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1. Although maximum crystalline yield of the dansyl-leucine/CD inclusion complex was obtained at a pH of 3.5, optical purity of both enantiomers was less than that obtained at other pHs. The influence of the molar ratio of host:guest and the pH value of the solution are discussed. This method is suitable for large-scale enantiomeric separations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stereoselectivity of carvedilol, a novel β-adrenoceptor antagonist and vasodilator with one asymmetric carbon atom, was examined at α1- and β1-adrenoceptors in vitro and in vivo. (-)-(S)-Carvedilol is a potent, competitive antagonist of the β1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive chronotropic response to isoproterenol in guinea pig atrium, with a dissociation constant (KB) of 0.4 nM. (+)-(R)-Carvedilol was more than 100-fold less potent than the (-)-S-enantiomer as an antagonist of β;1-andrenoceptors, having a KB of approximately 45 nM. Consistent with these findings (-)-(S)-carvedilol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a 25-fold rightward shift in the β1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive chronotropic response to isoproterenol in pithed rats, whereas the (+)-R-enantiomer had no β1-adrenoceptor blocking activity in vivo at this dose. In contrast to the marked degree of stereoselectivity observed at βl1-adrenoceptors, both (-)-(S)- and (+)-(R)-carvedilol produced equal antagonism of the α1----adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine in rabbit aorta, with KB values of 14 and 16 nM, respectively. Furthermore, in the pithed rat, the α1-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor dose-response curve to cirazoline was shifted approximately 6-fold to the right by both the (+)-R- and (-)-S-enantiomers of carvedilol at a dose of 1 mg/kg, i.v. In anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, (-)-(S)-carvedilol was 6-fold more potent as an antihypertensive than (+)-(R)-carvedilol. The vasodilator and acute antihypertensive activity of carvedilol results from α1-andrenoceptor blockade produced by both enantiomers, and the concomitant β1-adrenoceptor blockade produced by the (-)-S-enantiomer, which prevents reflex tachycardia that can offset the antihypertensive response, leading to greater overall antihypertensive potency of (-)-(S)-carvedilol relative to the (+)-R-enantiomer. These data also suggest that distinct regions of the carvedilol molecule are responsible for blocking α1- and β1-adrenoceptors, with β1-adrenoceptor blockade resulting from an area of the molecule containing the asymmetric carbon atom, specifically the carbazolyloxy propanolamine moiety, and α1-adrenoceptor blockade resulting from a part of the molecule that does not contain the asymmetric carbon atom, most likely the phenoxyethylamine moiety.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 284-292 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: absolute configuration ; crystal structure ; resolution ; solid-state circular dichroism ; torsional isomerism ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure and absolute configuration of the (-)589-dibenzoylmonohydrogentartrate salt of the cation [Co(pyridine)4Cl2]+ have been determined from a three-dimensional X-ray analysis. Single crystals were grown from dimethylsulfoxide: space group P212121, Z = 4, and cell dimensions a = 21.463(4), b = 23.112(3), and c = 7.490(1) Å. Full-matrix least-squares refinement on F converged at R = 0.075, 196 variables and 2029 observations. The cation has pseudotetragonal coordinate geometry, with axial Cl and equatorial N atoms. The dihedral angles between the pyridine ligands and the equatorial plane are 47(1), 39(1), 50(1), and 45(1)° and torsional isomerism is responsible for the solid-state chiroptical properties of the cation. The preferential crystallization of the P atropisomer of the cation is attributed to a general electrostatic attraction between cation and anion.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 94-95 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 98-98 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: terutaline ; enantiomers ; determination ; liquid ; chromatography ; coupled columns ; cyclodextrin ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a method for the separation and determination of the enantiomers of terbutaline in plasma and intestinal juice. Terbutaline was extracted from plasma and intestinal juice by liquid-solid extraction on small C18 cartridges. The extract was then analyzed by coupled column liquid chromatography with amperometric detecton. For ciral separation a β-cyclodextrin phase was used.The within-day variation (Cv) on spiked plasma samples was in the rane 0.8-6.4% at 3.8-33.8 nmol/liter for the (-)-enantiomer, and 2.6-23.0% at 1.3-11.3 nmol/liter for the (+)-enantiomer. The between-day variation on spiked plasma samples was 5.5% at 10.7 nmol/liter and 13.6% at 4.3 nmol/liter for the (-)- and (+)-enantiomers, respectively. The within-day variation for inestinal juice was i the range 0.7-1.5% at 5.6-30.0 μmol/liter for the (+)-enantiomer.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 97-97 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: stereoselective metabolism ; sulfate conjugation ; in vitro sulfation ; sympathomimetic amines ; chiral separation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Little is known about the stereochemistry of sulfation of chiral phenolic drugs. In this study we examined several in vitro approaches to this question, using (+)-, (-)-, or (±)-terbutaline as the substrate and the rat liver cytosol as the phenolsulfotransferase enzyme source. The cosubstrate PAPS was either generated by the cytosol from inorganic sulfate and ATP or added to the cytosol. The intact sulfate conjugates formed were determined by HPLC. Using the PAPS generating system, which is best suited for the production of relatively large quantities of sulfate conjugates, with the individual enantiomers as substrates, (+)-terbutaline was conjugated to a much greater extent than (-)-terbutaline; the (+)/(-)-enantiomer ratio was 7.3 ± 0.3 (mean ± SE). When (±)-terbutaline was the substrate and chiral derivatization was employed to separate the sulfate enantiomers formed, a similar (+)/(-)-enantiomer ratio of 7.9 ± 0.2 was obtained. With PAP35S added to the cytosol, an approach best suited for kinetic studies, the substrate concentration dependence of sulfation could be determined. The Km app for this reaction was identical for (+)- and (-)-terbutaline. However, the Vmax app was 8.1 ± 0.4 times greater for (+)-terbutaline. This study for the first time shows enantioselectivity in sulfation of a chiral phenolic drug. The experimental approaches used should be valuable for human studies of stereoselectiven sulfation of terbutaline and other chiral drugs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantioselective epoxidation ; cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases ; species dependence of microsomal epoxidation ; product enantioselectivity ; substrate enantioselectivity ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantioselectivity of the in vitro conversion of simple prochiral and chiral aliphatic alkenes into oxiranes by liver microsomes of untreated or induced (phenobarbital) rats, of untreated or induced (phenobarbital, benzo[α] pyrene) mice, and of humans was determined by complexation gas chromatography. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the epoxides extends from 0 (trimethyloxirane) to 50% (ethyloxirane). The configuration (R or S) of the enantiomers formed in excess is consistent for homologous oxiranes but is species dependent and in some cases influenced by enzyme induction. Enantioselectivity differences of aliphatic alkene epoxidation by human liver microsomes of four individuals are negligible.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 154-160 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomers ; chiral discrimination ; drugs ; hydrophobic interaction ; biopolymers ; elution order ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical resolution on the analytical scale of a number of racemic pharmaceuticals and some other biologically active compounds has been studied using immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the stationary phase. For some of the compounds the elution order was determined by the use of optically enriched fractions obtained from a preceding passage of a sample through a preparative column containing microcrystalline triacetylcellulose (MCTA). The reversal in the sign of optical rotation shown in the polarimetric elution profile from the latter, combined with the integrated peak area ratio obtained on resolution on the analytical column, gave directly the order of elution. For one of the benzothiadiazines studied (bendroflumethiazide), increasing the pH of the mobile phase produced opposite effects on the retention of the two enantiomers, leading to a large effect on the separation factor. For many of the compounds studied, high separation factors (α 〉 2) could be achieved.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomeric separations ; chiral stationary phase ; Pirkle-type phases ; HPLC ; anthelmintics ; benzimidazole sulfoxides ; albendazole ; fenbendazole ; oxfendazole ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The direct enantiomeric resolution of albendazole sulfoxide (SOABZ), an anthelmintic drug belonging to the benzimidazole class, is reported on a chiral stationary phase (CSP) synthesized by covalent binding of (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)tyrosine-O-(2-propen-1-yl) methyl ester on a γ-mercaptopropylsilanized silica gel. A comparison with the resolution achieved on commercially available Pirkle-type CSPs obtained from N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) derivatives of (R)-phenyglycine or (S)-phenylalanine is described. Some structurally related chiral sulfoxides including oxfendazole (SOFBZ) are also studied. Optimization of the mobile phase nature and composition is investigated showing that a hexane-dioxane-ethanol ternary mixture affords an almost baseline resolution (Rs = 1.25); however, in this case, albendazole sulfone (SO2ABZ) is eluted between the two sulfoxide enantiomers; accordingly, a hexane-ethanol mobile phase would be preferred for biological samples containing both metabolites. The influence of temperature on the resolution is depicted with a hexane-ethanol mobile phase. Finally, application to the enantiomeric assays of SOABZ in plasmatic extracts of rat, sheep, bovin, and man after oral administration of albendazole (sulfoxidized to SOABZ and SO2ABZ) is reported. Some distortions in the enantiomeric ratios are evidenced depending on the species.
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  • 33
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    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantioselectivity ; three-point model ; chiral receptors ; chiral separations ; didactic model ; elusion of the three-point model ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hands can be used to demonstrate the three-point model of chiral recognition. The points of attachment are thumb, forefinger, and middle finger. This vivid model has the advantages of simplicity, perspicuity, and availability at any time, although two persons are necessary. It can be shown that two interactions are not sufficient for chiral recognition but that three attractive or two attractive and one repulsive attraction are needed. It can also be used to explain some possibilities of weakening or elusion of the three-point model.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chromatography ; chirality ; chiral recognition ; β-aminoalcohols ; stereochemistry ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three chiral stationary phases, obtained by derivatizing γ-mercaptopropylsilanized silica gel with quinine, quinidine, and cinchonidine, have been employed in the resolution of N-acyl derivatives of β-hydroxyphenethylamines. The use of circular dichroism for detection and NMR analysis of analyte-selector mixtures provides an experimental basis for preliminary assignment of a recognition mechanism.
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  • 35
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    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 178-179 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 36
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    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 246-248 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical resolution ; HPLC ; chromatography ; antiinflammatory drug ; ibuprofen ; ketoprofen ; flurbiprofen ; tiaprofenic acid ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct optical resolution of antiinflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, and tiaprofenic acid were attempted by high-performance liquid chromatography using tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)s of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phases. Although ibuprofen was not sufficiently resolved, the other three 2-arylpropionic acids were completely resolved by amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). Ibuprofen was resolved as anilide derivative.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method for the preparation of (E)-3-acylprop-2-enoic acids ( = (E)-3-acylacrylic acids) of type II via acid-catalyzed isomerization of the corresponding 3-acylprop-2-ynal acetals of type I (Scheme 1) has been found. The described reaction gives a rapid and quite general access to these compounds known to exhibit a number of interesting biological activities. Some studies toward the elucidation of the reaction mechanism have been made, and a hypothetical mechanism is proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray structures of the Cu2+ complexes of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane derivatives with an ethylpro-pionate and diethylphosphonate group, 5 and 6, respectively, indicate that the metal ion is pentacoordinated by the four N-atoms of the macrocycle and one O-atom. In the case of 5, it is the carbonyl O-atom of the carboxylate group, whereas for 6 it is the phosphonyl O-atom of the phosphonate group. The hydrolysis kinetics of the functional group in the Cu2+ complexes with the 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanes 3-6 have been measured by pH-stat and stopped-flow techniques. The rate law for the hydrolysis of the carboxylates 3-5 is proportional to the complex concentration and to [OH-] up to pH 13, whereas that of the phosphonate 6 is proportional to [OH-] up to pH 11.5, becoming independent of [OH-] at pH 〉 11.5. The mechanisms of these two reactions are discussed, considering the possibility of an intra- or an intermolecular OH- attack and the results of the X-ray structure analyses.
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  • 40
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 125-139 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A close scrutiny of the relationship between geometric constraints and motion in a system of water molecules allows the prediction of a role of solvent dynamics in the solvent-mediated interaction between two solutes and between different parts of one solute. The predicted mechanism is cooperative, and its operation is widely supported by experiments (not only by our group) in which solvent dynamics were modulated by isotopic or cosolvent perturbations. More recent experimental work by our group and simulation work of MCY water by Fornili et al, strengthens this evidence and visualizes how an immobilized water molecule can “seed” or “pin” a high-connectivity patch of H bonds. Involvement of the mechanism in pattern-specific, solvent-mediated driving forces of significant size (additional to those due to electrostatic recognition determinants) and in functional proton-transfer is inferred from available evidence.
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  • 41
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A complete understanding of the role of carbohydrates in biological systems is to a large extent dependent on the information available about the equilibrium mixture and about the preferred conformation of the carbohydrate molecules in solution. The conformational analysis offers a tool which can determine all possible conformations which influence the solution behavior of carbohydrates.This paper attempts to survey the progress in the theoretical conformational analysis of saccharides in solution. The conformational analysis will be discussed in detail both with respect to the strategy for the investigation of conformational properties but also with regard to the quality of the method used for calculations of the energy of the isolated molecule and free energy of solvation.Finally, examples will be given to illustrate how the methods of conformational analysis can be used to estimate the solution behavior of cyclic model compounds of carbohydrates 2-methoxytetrahydropyran, monosaccharide D-glucopyranose, and two disaccharides; β-maltose and β-cellobiose.
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of a proximate condensed environment as the solvent and cellular structured patterns (biopolymers, membranes, etc.) play an important role in determination of the courses of molecular processes in biology. We present here the background of methods developed for such an environmental effects estimation combining the continuum and discrete models. Their applications within theoretical studies into the mechanisms of carcinogenic action of alkylating N-nitrosocompounds are shown. The results given cover four different areas, namely the quantitative structure-activity relationship, mechanistic studies into their metabolic activation reactions, interactions of the ultimate carcinogens with DNA, and finally their genetic consequences.
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 167-180 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: There are significant differences between the conditions for chemical and biochemical reactivity. There-fore, models for treating chemical reactions are mostly not suitable for investigating interactions and transformations of bio(macro)molecules. Common features of numerous processes occurring in vivo and in vitro (such as the role of water, ions, and colloids and the significance of Helmholtz energy surfaces) are outlined. Some characteristics of a model suitable for studying van der Waals interactions between biomacromolecules, based on Brownian dynamics and the Lifshitz theory, are described.
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  • 44
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 45
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 241-252 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 46
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent studies performed in our group on a classical problem of quantum chemistry, with strong implications for theoretical biochemistry and pharmacology, are here summarized. Ab initio descriptions of noncovalent interactions, and in particular H bonds and acid-base couples, have been reexamined using as novel tools the decomposition of ΔE with the inclusion of CP corrections and a further decomposition of the ΔE components into group contributions. Some results of systematic analyses performed over H-bonded dimers are reported, supplemented by a successful application of this approach to a problem of noticeable economic importance (the identification of catalysts for the industrial synthesis of tensioactives). A new feature, presented here for the first time, is the extension of the CP-corrected decomposition of ΔE to bimolecular interactions in solution.
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 48
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 425-432 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of possible approaches to the CI method is based on Boys bonded functions which can be generated in a systematic way forming an independent set of high internal symmetry. The main disadvantage of bonded functions is their nonorthogonality. In this paper a scheme is proposed for passing to orthogonalized set of bonded functions together with the appropriate algorithm for the transformation of the energy matrix H. The orthogonalization matrices are shown to reflect high symmetry of the canonical set of bonded functions, and in what follows they can be defined by short vectors. Moreover, the orthogonalization transformation can be handled in a blockwise manner.
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  • 49
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We show that even when the nuclear motion is quantum mechanically described, the energy of a molecular state can be exactly expressed as a sum of terms, each one related to a nuclei of the molecule. This is a generalization of a similar result obtained by Politzer and Parr for the case in which the nuclei are in fixed positions. In fact, the nuclear motion is exactly taken into account through a modified screening function derivative evaluated on each nucleus of the molecule. We discuss how the screening function derivatives corresponding to the fixed nuclei case relate to those which take into account the nuclear motion. A simple relation between these two arises in the so-called crude Börn-Oppenheimer approximation.
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  • 50
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 461-470 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A combinatorial derivation of the product of the class of three cycles, [(1)N-3(3)]N with an arbitrary class operator of the symmetric group SN is presented. The form of this result suggests a conjecture concerning the expression of the general class operator product in terms of a relatively small number of reduced class coefficients. The conjecture is applied to the determination of the products of [(1)N-4(4)]N, [(1)N-4(2)2]N, and [(1)N-5(5)]N with arbitrary class operators. General expressions for the reduced class coefficients of the simplest type are obtained.
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  • 51
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 471-481 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An interaction range analysis of electronic structures has been developed with density matrix approximation techniques. A successive error analysis of electronic interaction of differing ranges reveals clear pattrns. Aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles are used as examples. The developed technique is proposed to be used as an illustrative tool for the description of delocalization and as a guide for studies where delocalized systems are modeled by small subsystems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structural parameters of a set of five thiocarbonyl molecules in the lowest nπ* states are calculated by using a generalized orbital optimization algorithm (a variant of the orthogonal gradient method) in an INDO MCSCF framework. Transition energies, singlet-triplet splittings, planar inversion barriers, and dipole moments in nπ* states of different spin multiplicities are reported. Predicted structural features agree reasonably well with available experimental or theoretical data. Some interesting trends are noted in the computed inversion barrier heights, singlet-triplet splittings, and dipole moments in nπ* states.
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  • 53
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The local energy is examined as an indicator of the accuracy of approximate wave functions for the ground state of helium. It is observed that at a given point (1) an inaccurate local energy may or may not correspond to an inaccurate value of the wave function or probability density, but (2) a value of the local energy within 0.1 a.u. of the ground-state energy corresponds to a value of the approximate wave function or probability density within about 10% of that for the ground-state wave function.
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  • 54
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 519-549 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The contributions of the triple and quadruple excitations to the fifth-order perturbation energy for the perturbation configuration interaction using localized orbitals (PCILO) method are derived. This completes the development of a fifth-order constant denominator perturbation theory initiated in a previous paper [5] with the single and double excitations. This theory is tested on molecules containing strained ring geometries, stretched bonds, strongly polarized bonds, and delocalized pi systems: cases where the starting zero order reference wave function poorly describes the system. Although the perturbation expansions turn out to be slowly convergent, the Padé approximant taken from an energy series which itself is constructed from Padé approximants provides results accurate to within a few kilocalories/mole of benchmark calculations. Computational times as in the original PCILO procedure remain proportional to N3, where N is the number of bonds.
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  • 55
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 551-566 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The explicit formulas for the evaluation of the Hamiltonian matrix elements are presented. The calculation of the integral coefficients is independent of both the nature of the orbitals and th spin coupling schemes. It is fully automatic and only dependent on the number of doubly and singly occupied orbitals. Further-more, the symmetric group representation matrices are not needed, and the N! problem can be avoided.
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  • 56
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 567-575 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A configuration-averaged Fock (CAHF) operator is developed within the restricted open-shell formulation (ROHF) for the case of any number of open-shell orbitals containing any number of electrons. The resulting orbitals and energies should be useful for those cases where there is a great degeneracy of states, either preventing self-consistent field convergence, or negating the value of a pure state description itself. This procedure is compared with the hyper-Hartree-Fock method of Slater and the grand canonical Hartree-Fock ansatz of Abdulnar, Linderberg, Öhrn, and Thulstrup.
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  • 57
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 58
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 581-581 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 59
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new unitary operator U, which can transform the Fock space of a three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator into the space in which the Hamiltion of three coupled oscillators is diagonized, is found. The coordinate representation of U is presented and is used to directly derive the wave function of the energy eigenstate of the coupled oscillators.
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  • 60
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 593-612 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A practical method for generating irreducible matrix reps of point groups and a concise formula about projection operators are proposed. By using this formula as well as versatile classification schemes, the symmetry adaptation of a many-electron system is simplified. A unified algorithm and program of symmetry adaptation of spin-free space have been developed.
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  • 61
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 613-628 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe how the local equilibrium electronic structure in a large system can be determined by using the recursion method of Haydock. By applying this method to the polyacetylene molecule, the energies of each atomic site and the forces acting on each bond are estimated and the equilibrium structure near the end of polyacetylene is determined. It is found out that the degree of localization of π electrons and the bond length alternation become stronger near the end of the polyacetylene molecule.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 62
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 679-685 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The self-consistent multiple scattering Xα (MSXα) method is used to arrive at the electronic structure of a helium-trapped vacancy in aluminum using a cluster model. The calculated orbital energies, electron density, and charge distributions are compared with the available theoretical results. It is shown that helium trapping causes the reshuffling and upward movement of the cluster levels (with vacancy).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 63
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 665-677 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-Nitrosamines are believed to act as carcinogens by alkylating DNA in their ultimate carcinogenic forms which are produced by metabolic activation. Alkylation at certain oxygen sites in DNA, described as “promutagenic,” appears to be of particular significance for mutagenesis and cancer, as indicated by experimental findings. This theoretical study deals with two factors involved in the alkylation of these promutagenic oxygen sites by N-nitrosamine ultimate carcinogens. The first is the competition between alkylation at the promutagenic O6-guanine and O4-thymine sites and that at the nonmutagenic N7-guanine site, which is here related to the degree of participation of cationic ultimate carcinogens as compared with neutral ultimate carcinogens. Parent dialkylnitrosamines are classified structurally according to their degree of cationic ultimate carcinogen participation and preference for promutagenic alkylation. The second factor is the thermodynamic facileness of alkylation at the O6-guanine and O4-thymine sites. Heats of alkylation by candidate ultimate carcinogens are calculated here for numerous parent dialkylnitrosamines. Finally, these two factors are jointly considered in an attempt to correlate them with experimental carcinogenic potency of the parent nitrosamines. Out of the patterns of correlation observed, light is shed on mechanistic factors likely to be involved in the modulation of parent carcinogenic potency.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 64
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 65
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 687-700 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We consider the Hückel approximation to the π-electron spectrum of molecules which are built by linking a number of identical fragments to a central atom in an identical manner. The Hückel matrix H of the composite molecule (or equivalently the adjacency matrix of the molecular graph) is simply related to the Hückel matrix h of the fragment and a vector \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ vec{f} $\end{document} which encodes the bonding of a fragment to the central atom. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of H are obtained from those of h. The orbitals of the composite molecule are of three types: (1) a molecular orbital of the fragment localized on one of the fragments, (2) a molecular orbital of the fragment spread over more than one fragment, and (3) orbitals spread over the entire molecule including the central atom. The orbital energies Λ of the first two types of orbitals are same as the orbital energies λ of the fragment. Energies of the third type of orbitals separate a subset of orbital energies of the fragment and, barring accidental degeneracy, they are distinct from all orbital energies of the fragment. It is only through the third type of orbitals that the composite molecule manifests itself as a new entity rather than an aggregate of noninteracting fragments. It is shown that the graph group of H fails to explain its degeneracy if any eigenvector of the subgraph, not orthogonal to the connection vector \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ vec{f} $\end{document}, belongs to a degenerate manifold of h. This solves a long-standing puzzle regarding degeneracy in the Hückel spectrum of triphenylmethyl.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 66
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 801-811 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some aspects of R matrix theory that derive from a finite element method implementation of a hyperspherical coordinate formulation of the quantum mechanical three-body problem are analyzed with a view of designing suitable algorithms. Propagation of the R matrix from a hyperspherical surface to asymptotically appropriate wave fronts is given special attention.
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  • 67
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989), S. 887-893 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New solutions for reaction-diffusion equations, called singletons and polytons, are found to be of fundamental significance. They exhibit properties of self-formation. In the presence of nonlinear saturation effects their evolutions in time have pronounced maxima. Information about details of an initial spatial distribution is found to be carried along in time with the dynamic process of forming a growing singleton and to be restored at a later stage.
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  • 68
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compton spectra excited by 241Am radiation have been measured on thin single-crystal slices with the scattering vector oriented parallel and perpendicular to the pair of hydrogen bonds in the (HCO3)22- dimers as well as to the plane of the dimers. the reciprocal form factors extracted from the spectra are strongly anisotropic with two extra zero passages in the direction of the hydrogen bonds. the results are in very satisfactory agreement with theoretical data that are calculated for the dimer with and without additional point charges simulating the neighboring ions in the crystal. The calculations have been done with Gaussian basis sets of double-zeta quality within the Hartree-Fock approximation. The theoretical reciprocal form factors of the monomer HCO3- and the dimer show only small differences in the directions perpendicular to the hydrogen bonds, whereas the differences in the hydrogen bond direction are remarkable and account for the experimentally observed features. In comparison to this effect the influence of the neighboring ions by their charges is much smaller, which is even true when taking into account the influence of the neighboring dimers in the crystalline stack in more detail by symmetrical orthogonalization of the combined wave functions. The same orthogonalization procedure applied to a pair of monomers in the spatial arrangement of the dimer yields a reciprocal form factor that in the experimentally reliable range above 1.8 Å accounts for most of the dimerization effect in the direction of the hydrogen bonds. Thus also for this prototype of paired hydrogen bonds (cf., carboxylic acids, DNA, and RNA), it confirms our earlier experimental finding on liquid water now unambiguously, namely that, in the same way as the cohesion in ionic crystals, hydrogen bond formation in bulk matter is distinctly dominated by electrostatic attraction, which is compensated by repulsion owing to the Pauli principle.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 70
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problem of the validity of the mass-velocity operator in computational quantum chemistry is discussed. The opinion that the mass-velocity operator is incorrect is shown not to be well founded.
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  • 71
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ab initio calculation has been performed with the addition pathways of HLi and its dimer to acetylene at the RHF/3-21G basis set. It shows that the reaction mechanisms of these two reactions are rather similar. In either of two reaction pathways, there is a meta-stable molecular complex near the isolated reactant state. This kind of addition can be treated approximately as the unimolecular reaction in which the molecular complex rearranges into the product. We have estimated the activation entropies and the statistical A factors of these two reactions by the use of RRKM theory. Frontier molecular orbital analysis of these two transition states reveals their HOMOS to be formed from both HOMO-LUMO and HOMO-HOMO interactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 72
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A spin-free polynomial representation of antisymmetrized geminal products is presented for several cases. In particular, products of identical geminals, which possess different spin multiplicity, are considered. The cases of singlet geminals, singlet geminals with one or two triplet geminals coupled to the lowest possible spin multiplet, and triplet geminals coupled to an arbitrary multiplet are considered in detail, and explicit polynomial representation is given.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 73
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A set of 18 aryltriazenes and the antitumor drug DTIC, whose mutagenicity has been determined in the Ames test, has been studied using octanol-water partition coefficients (P) as a measure of relative hydrophobicity and MNDO molecular orbital energies and electron distributions to account for variation in their electronic characteristics. A good structure-activity relationship was found using log P in combination with either εHOMO, or qHOMO, where the latter is defined as the HOMO electron density on N1 of the triazene. The dependence of mutagenicity on hydrophobicity is similar to what had been found earlier by Venger, Hansch, Hatheway, and Amrein [4] for the aryltriazenes alone using σ+ as a descriptor of electronic characteristics. A consistent role for electronic factors is found using σ+, εHOMO and qHOMO, namely, increased mutagenicity is associated with structural variations that increase the electron donating ability of the triazenes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 74
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A perturbative SCF CI treatment to obtain energy levels of coupled oscillator systems is proposed. The method uses the virtual SCF basis set, and the SCF equations are solved by means of a perturbative treatment that provides the diagonal matrix elements involved in the CI calculation. The off-diagonal matrix elements are calculated using a commutation relationship derived from exact quantum theorems. Numerical results for several systems are obtained and compared with those from others SCF, SCF CI, and variational treatments.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 75
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Riccati equation is shown to be suitable for obtaining implicit approximate analytic expressions for the eigenvalues of quantum-mechanical systems. The Hamiltonian operator H = (1/2)p2 - (Z/r) + λr2 is used as a test example, and the resulting formulae are modified to deal with the Zeeman effect in hydrogen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 76
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 67-91 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to apply the TDHF equations in the matrix form we established previously, we conceive a model for which the static Hartree-Fock equations are rigorously solved; so we study problems only linked to the TDHF method, independent of any further approximation (for example, of LCAO type). This model is made of a spherical box containing electrons subject to a particular potential. We solve, numerically, the TDHF equations at different orders, and we calculate the third order hyperpolarizability tensor. We then compare our results with the ones given by a variation-perturbation method.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 77
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Static longitudinal polarizabilities αzz and cubic hyperpolarizabilities γzzzz are obtained by the FPT-INDO method for finite chain C4N+2H2N+4 (N = 1-15) models of polydiacetylene and polybutatriene. For the acetylenic structure the onset of saturation first becomes evident at about C14—C18 for the linear polarizability and C22—C26 for the cubic term. The values per C4H2 unit are accurately extrapolated to the infinite chain limit. In the case of the butatrienic structure, no saturation is observed through C54.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 79
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 36 (1989), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of molecular interaction on the O—H stretching force constant of methanol (MeOH) is reported for its associated species. The various electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) considered include organic molecules such as methanol, dimethylether, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, and ions such as F-, Cl-, Li+, and H+. The variation in the O—H stretching force constant of MeO—H…D species on interaction with the electron acceptor such as in the species is explained on the basis of the cooperativity effect. (CE). The effect is discussed in terms of the relationship CE = (ΔF/F) × 100, where ΔF is the reduction is force constant of the hydrogen-bonded O—H stretching mode of the associated methanol species MeOH…D when the lone pair electrons on oxygen of the methanol molecule are involved in hydrogen bonding with A, and F is the hydrogen-bonded O—H stretching force constant of the species when the lone pair electrons are free. The cooperativity effect (CE) is found to increase with increasing electron acceptor and electron donor capacities of A and D. The calculated force constants are compared with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bivariational Hartree-Fock scheme for a general many-body operator T is discussed with particular reference to the complex symmetric case: T† = T*. It shown that, even in the case when the complex symmetric operator T is real and hence also self-adjoint, the complex symmetric Hartree-Fock scheme does not reduce to the conventional real form, unless one introduces the constraint that the N-dimensional space spanned by the Hartree-Fock functions φ should be stable under complex conjugation, so that φ* = φα. If one omits this constraint, one gets a complex symmetric formulation of the Hartree-Fock scheme for a real N-electron Hamiltonian having the properties H = H* = H†, in which the effective Hamiltonian Heff (1) may have complex eigenvalues εk. By using the method of complex scaling, it is indicated that these complex eigenvalues - at least for certain systems - may be related to the existence of so-called physical resonance states, and a simple example is given. Full details will be given elsewhere.
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  • 81
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two gossypol analogues 2a and 2b were synthesized for biological evaluation as male contraceptive agents. The naphthol 8c was prepared by analogy with a known procedure starling from 3-isopropylcatechol (3). (t-Bu)2O2-Mediated phenolic coupling of 8c furnished the binaphthol 9c which, after pyrane ring closure, deprotection. and selective bisformylation with SnCl4/Cl2CHOCH3, gave the target compound 2a. The corresponding tetrahydroxy analogue 2b was prepared in a similar way.
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  • 83
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 361-364 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of (+)-Abscisic Acid.Starting from (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone (2), a short synthesis of the natural (+)-abscisic acid ((+)-1) has been accomplished.
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  • 84
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Access to 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone from 4-Oxoisophorone2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (1), a versatile starting material for the preparation of some carotenoids and several natural products, was efficiently (73% yield) prepared from oxoisophorone 3. After conversion of 3 to the alcohol 4 or the acetate 5, H2O was eliminated (4→1) under acidic distillative conditions, whereas AcOH could be eliminated (5→l) under Pd(O) catalysis.
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  • 85
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A synthetic route leading to bis-heteroleptic cyclometalated complexes is described. The complexes [2-(2′-thienyl)pyridinato-N, C-3′]{2-[3′-(trimethylsilyl)2′-thienyl]pyridinato-N, C3′}platinum(II) ([Pt(thpy) (TMS-thpy)]; I) and (l-phenylpyrazolato-N2, C2′)[2-(2′-thienyl)pyridinato-N, C3′]platinum ([Pt(Phpz)(thpy)]; II) are characterized by UV/VIS, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Thermal and photochemical oxidative addition reactions yield two out of the 10 possible pairs of enantiomers of octahedral Pt(IV) compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radical cation of bicyclo[2-2.1]hepta-2,5-diene (8,9,10-trinorborna-2,5-diene; 1) in CF2ClCFCl2, and CF3CCl3 matrices and that of bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene (2,3-dihydrobarrelene; 2) in CFCl3 and CF3CCl3 matrices have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. For \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 1}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document}, the coupling constants of the olefinic, methano-bridge, and bridgehead protons are -0.780 ±0.005, +0.304±0.002, and -0.049±0.002 mT, respectively. The hyperfine tensor for the methano-bridge protons is axial, Ax = +0.263 ± 0.002 and Ay = +0.386 ± 0.002 mT, while that for the olefinic protons is orthorhombic, Ax = -0.594 ± 0.005, Ay= -0.913 ± 0.005, and Az = -0.834 ± 0.005 mT (x parallel to C—H- z parallel to 2pπ axis). For \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 2}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document}, the coupling constants of the olefinic, ethano-bridge, and bridgehead protons are -0.68 ± 0.01, +0.162 ± 0.005, and -0.108 ± 0.005 mT, respectively. The hyperfine data for \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 1}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 2}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document} fully support the presentation of their singly occupied orbitals as antisymmetric combinations, b2(π), of the two bonding ethene π-MO's.
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  • 87
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 401-402 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present the application of several homo- and heteronuclear 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques to assign the 1H-NMR chemical shifts of the dominant conformation of didemnin B (2; three different conformations in (D6)DMSO solution in the ratio 8:1:1) and its conformational analysis, as well as the solution conformation of didemnin A (1). The conformations were refined by restrained molecular-dynamics calculations using the GROMOS program and by MOMO, a novel personal-computer-based interactive molecular-graphics and molecular-mechanics package, using experimental distances (via a H…H pseudo potential function) as restraints. The solution structures of 1 and 2 obtained by GROMOS and MOMO calculations were compared with each other and related to the recently solved crystal structure of 2. Focusing on the main conformer, the two kinds of the distance-restrained conformational calculations for 2 yielded a ‘solution structure’ close to the crystal structure. Almost all of the 40 restrained H…H distances coincided (within the estimated standard deviations) with those observed in the crystal structure. One more hydrogen bond was detected in solution involving the lactoyl OH group (disordered in the crystal structure) and the dimethyltyrosine (Me2Tyr5) carbonyl O-atom. The macrocyclic ring system in the modeled solution structure of 1 exhibited a topology close to those of the solution and crystal structures of 2. The main difference between 1 and 2 could be traced back to a significant change in the Ψ angle of the N-methyl-D-leucine (MeLeu7) residue. In 1, the N-methyl moiety of MeLeu7 points inward within the macrocyclic ring toward the 1st and Hip region. We also tested the suitability of structures obtained from NMR data as ‘search fragments’ in the ‘Patterson search approach’ of crystal-structure analysis. It proved possible to resolve the crystal structure of 2 a posteriori with the Patterson search program PATSEE, in this way.
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  • 89
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 570-593 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The transformations of 12 bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ols (V or VI) to 3-(cyclohex-3-enyl)-2-alkanones (III or IV), via β-cleavage of their potassium alkoxides in HMPA, has been investigated (cf. Table 1). As an illustration of this synthetic methodology, a stereoselective synthesis of (±)-trichodiene ((±)-1) is described which involves the β-cleavage of the tricyclic potassium alkoxides 46a and 47a to cyclopentanone 4 (cf. Scheme 7).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: About 65 diverse phenyl benzoates incorporating a trans-1,4-disubstituted cyclohexane ring and at least one lateral substituent have been synthesised. The dependence of the liquid-crystal transition temperatures of these materials on various lateral substituents (F, Cl, CN, and Br) in different positions of the esters has been investigated systematically. The influence of up to four F-atoms in various positions of a standard ester has been thoroughly studied and the optimum combination for a broad smectic C mesomorphic range established. In consequence, three homologous series incorporating the 4-alkoxy-2,3-difluorobenzoic-acid moiety were prepared. An additional C=C bond was introduced into the alkyl chain attached to the cyclohexane ring of some of these esters and the resulting modifications of the transition temperatures determined. Three ester series incorporating a lateral substituent and the optically active (+)-(S)-(1-methylheptyl)oxy substituent have also been synthesised, and similar effects have been observed. These materials can be used as important components of commercial chiral smectic C mixtures for electro-optic display device applications.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermolysis of steroidal 5α, 8α- peroxides of type 3a-d generates as major products the corresponding diseco compounds containing a 14-membered ring instead of the standard A-B-C-ring skeleton. Depending on the reaction conditions, either the primary products of type 9 or the α, β-unsaturated ketones of type 4, formed by subsequent elimination of AcOH, are isolated. The latter, configurationally uniform compounds undergo epoxidation of the C(9)=C(10) bond followed by a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to give, as final products, the 15-membered cyclic epoxyenol lactones of type 20 and 21. The structures of the various products were determined by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The conformations of the 14- and 15-membered rings were established by X-ray structure analyses of 7 and 21a. A reaction mechanism for the above transformations is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 631-631 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 624-630 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: X-Ray Crystal-Structure Analysis of 2,4,6-Tri(tert-butyl)phenyllithium · N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylpropane-1,2-diamine: a Monomeric Organolithium CompoundTri(tert-butyl)phenyllithium is an important reagent for the preparation of derivatives of main-group elements with low coordination state as well as a highly hindered base for the generation of amine-free Li-enolates. Its monomeric nature in solution was previously deduced from NMR measurements. While Et2O, THF, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylene-1,2-diamine (tmen) led to crystalline samples which were not suitable for structure analysis, the N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylpropane-1,2-diamine (tmpn) gave good single crystals of the title compound from Et2O/hexane (disorder along the two-fold crystallographic axis running through Li—C(1) and C(4) of the Ph ring. The structure (Fig. 1, Table 1) has some remarkable features: (i) it is one of the very few monomeric organolithium compounds so far, (η1-Li on aromatic ring); (ii) it has the rare trigonal-planar coordination of the Li-atom; iii) there are close contacts between the Li-atom arid one of the Me groups in each ortho-position (Fig. 3). The internal angle on the Ph-ring ipso-C-atom is 114°. This angle as well as those of the other known phenyllithium (Table 2), -magnesium, and -aluminum structures are included in a plot of ipso-angles against Pauling electronegativities (Fig. 2).
    Notes: No abstract.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloartenol (4), a natural plant sterol, was shown to be an effective membrane reinforcer; this was attributed to its conformation. We now present a conformational analysis of 4 by molecular modeling and NMR. Molecular modeling suggests that two conformations I and II coexist, differing mainly at the level of ring C, and of nearly equal energy, I and II each having ring A and B in a chair and half-chair conformation, respectively, with ring C 1,3-diplanar in I (solid-state structure as determined by X-ray crystallography) and in chair conformation in II. A complete assignment of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of 4 and the entire coupling network in rings A and B is determined by various modern NMR techniques. The conformation of rings A and B thus determined is in agreement with conformations I and II. Low-temperature NMR experiments show a fast equilibrium between two conformations, presumably I and II. It is concluded, therefore, that the cyclopropane ring of 4 produces a flexibility at the level of ring C which may be important for the membrane properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Influence of the Acceptor Part of the Chromophor of Dimethinemerocyanine Dyes upon the Aggregation Tendency in Aqueous SolutionA series of novel long-chain alkyl-dimethinemerocyanine dyes containing sulfonate groups is synthesized in good yield and their aggregation tendency in H2O and in organic solvent/H2O mixtures investigated. The merocyanine dyes 11 and 15 only exhibit an intense, red-shifted absorption band due to J-aggregation in H2O without addition of salt. The influence of cationic and anionic tensides and other compounds as urea, glucose, and polysaccharides upon the J-aggregation tendency is investigated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction between the chiral allenic acid (+)-(S)-1 and the carbodiimides 2a-d and the keten-imine 6 gives, under mild conditions, the tricyclic compounds 3-5, 7, and 8. Low diastereoselectivity and a partial loss of optical activity are observed. A stepwise mechanistic pathway via a biradical intermediate is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempted Synthesis of Calicene from Trisubstitued Cyclopropanes and CyclopentenoneThe Li carbenoids 4, prepared by treatment of substituted 1,1-dihalocyclopropanes with BuLi, are reacted with cyclopent-2-enone under thermodynamic and kinetic control (Scheme 1). In general, the latter procedure gives better yields of cyclopropylcyclopentenols 5a-e, but the reaction seems to be controlled mainly by the steric and electronic properties of the substituent Y. So, with 4b and 4e, the main reaction is the attack of the carbenoid at C(1) of cyclopent-2-enone, while 4a (Y = PhS) predominantly deprotonates the ketone (Scheme 4). Whereas 5d and 5e can easily be converted to the dihydrocalicenes 6d and 6e (Scheme 6), the attempted elimination of H2O from 5a-c leads to the rearranged products 13-2 due to the opening of the cyclopropane ring (Scheme 5). Finally, the generation of the parent compound 2 from the silylated precursor 6d is attempted: treatment with MeO- gives the addition products 18A/18B, while the reaction with Br2 provides 19 by a bromination/dehydrobromination sequence (Scheme 7).
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular cations of 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene (COT+·) and bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene (BCO+·) can be observed intact in γ-irradiated Freon glasses, as opposed to Ar matrices where ionization is accompanied by extensive rearrangements. This proves the superiority of the Freon-glass method for the generation of metastable primary cations. The electronic absorption (EA) spectra reveal a) that a previous analysis of the BCO+· electronic structure on the basis of the ultraviolet photoelectron (UP( spectrum of BCO was incomplete, and b) that COT undergoes planarization upon ionization, in accord with qualitative expectations and MNDO calculations. A previously proposed LCBO model was used to assess the influence of the above geometry change on the electronic structure of COT+·.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and complexation properties of 1,4-dimethyl-8-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetra-decane (2) are described. This ligand forms with Cu2+ two complexes, one of which has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The structural, spectral, and kinetic studies indicate that the two Cu2+ complexes are isomers with the macrocycle in the trans-III and trans-I configuration. The rate of the interconversion of the trans-I isomer to the thermodynamically more stable trans-III species is proportional to [OH-]. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 35 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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