Library

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • 1990-1994  (1,122)
  • 1980-1984  (594)
  • Physical Chemistry  (1,714)
  • Nuclear reactions
Material
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reduction of 9-cyanoanthracene by two equivalents of potassium in liquid ammonia was shown to yield the 9-cyanoanthracene dianion, whereas 1-naptho- and benzonitrile gave the cyanodihydroaryl anions corresponding to the protonation of nitrile dianions at a position para to the cyano group. The 9-cyanoanthracene dianion underwent the same transformation in the presence of a stronger protonating agent, methanol. According to 13C NMR spectral data of the generated species, the cyano group extracts the negative charge from the π-electronic system: ca 0·20:0·25 e in the case of the 9-cyanoanthracene dianion and ca 0·14:0·17 e in the case of cyanodihydroaryl anions. These estimations and the general NMR pattern of π-charge distribution in all the anionic species under investigation are in accordance with data from quantum molecular orbital calculations at the PM3 and INDO levels, being reflected by the fairly good linear relationships between the changes of ring carbon chemical shifts on going to the anionic species from the respective neutral precursors on the one hand and the calculated π-charges on the other. The para-orienting effect of the cyano group in the protonation of nitrile dianions is discussed in terms of the π-charge distribution in the starting dianion and the tendency to form a most stable cyanodihydroaryl anion isomer.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 2,2-Dimethyl-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)propyl p-nitrobenzoate (ROPNB) was subjected to solvolysis in phenol in the presence of tetrabutylammonium [carboxy-13C]-p-nitrobenzoate, in which the ‘common ion rate depression’ was confirmed to arise at the stage of the second ion-pair intermediate (Int-2). The unchanged substrate recovered at 46% reaction contained the isotopically labelled leaving group, indicating the occurrence of common ion exchange to the extent of 41-46%. In the solvolysis of the optically active substrate under identical conditions, the unchanged substrate was recovered with 51·4% racemization and ROPh was produced with slightly (1·56%) retained configuration, similarly to the solvolysis in the absence of the common ion salt. These isotope-tracer and stereochemical outcomes indicate that the common ion exchange in this solvolysis system should be attributable to the retentive nucleophilic attack on Int-2 by the common ion salt via a quadrupole (four-centre ion pair) transition state, accompanying the common ion rate depression, and they suggest that the special salt effect also should proceed by an analogous anion-exchange mechanism to that for the common ion effects.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dipole moments, average molecular weights and IR spectra of 2-oxoidoline (I), 2-oxo-3-methylindoline (II) and 2-oxo-3,3-dimenthylindoline (III) and their N-methyl-substituted analogues were studied in CCl4 solutions at various concentrations. It was shown that the molecules with an N—B bond associate exclusively to cyclic dimers. The values of the association constants (K) were determined by IR spectrometry. Other methods gave too broad intervals of possible K values. The spectroscopic association constants of compounds I-III are very similar, 380, 350 and 370 dm3 mol-1, respectively. The vs(NH) band shift on association is 275 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 178-180 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The volumes of activation and of reaction were measured for the reaction between sulphur dioxide and 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene to form 3,4-dimethylsulpholene. Values of ΔV and ΔV* are -33 and -35 cm3 mol-1, respectively in accordance with a concerted reaction having a very product-like transition state.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 256-258 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relative thermodynamic stabilities of 2-propenylbenzene (allylbenzene), and the E and Z forms of 1-propenylbenzene were determined over the temperature range 50-170°C by chemical equilibration in DMSO solution with t-BuOK as catalyst. The values of the thermodynamic parameters ΔG⊖, ΔH⊖ and ΔS⊖ at 298·15 K for each isomerization reaction between the title compounds were evaluated.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 251-255 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: According to quantum chemical calculations, the anion radical of disilene adopts a syn- or anti-pyramidal geometry. The former is not a stable entity on the electronic hypersurface and it decreases further in energy by rotation of the Si-Si bond. Energy optimization of various structural alternatives reveals for the anion radical an Si-Si bond slightly longer than a single bond. The anti geometry prefers a C2h geometry whereas the syn geometry resembles a silylene coupled with a silylene radical anion. The fragmentation of disilene into two silylene units is less exothermic for the neutral species than for the anion (radical), as examined by the ab initio calculations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational properties of diethyl disulphide, a model compound for the disulphide bridges in peptides and proteins, were studied with ab initio methods. Stationary point structures were optimized at the HF/6-31G* level with consideration of electron correlation in subsequent single-point MP2 calculations. The six energy minima were also optimized at the MP2/6-31G* level with calculation of zero-point vibrational frequencies and thermal corrections. Additional single-point MP2 energy calculations employed larger basis sets up to 6-311G(2d, p). With positive disulphide chirality, the global energy minimum is a ‘spiral’ conformation with gauche + C-C-S-S torsion angles. The further stability order for energy minima deviates from previous ab initio results. In particular, the extended trans,trans conformer is subject to a significant relative destabilization on inclusion of electron correlation in the calculations and is only the fifth most stable energy minimum with estimated ab initio ΔH298 = 5·13 kJ mol-1. The results presented are relevant for the discussion of conformational properties for the structurally equivalent disulphide bridges in polypeptides and calculations of relative energies with molecular mechanics methods.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 615-624 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Substitutent effects of acceptor groups were measured for the gas-phase basicities of some substituted benzonitriles, methyl benzoates and acetophenones, and for gas-phase acidities of some substituted benzoic acids. Substitutents considered were NO2, CN, SO2CH3, SO2F, CF3, CH2Cl, COCH3 and COOCH3, always in the meta and para positions. By combination with the literature data, a general conclusion is drawn that the substituent effects are proportional in the two positions and almost equal (the para:meta ratio is 1·06). No sign of any resonance effect was detected within the accuracy of the approach. The substituent effects in solution were recalculated statistically and the result was similar with a higher ratio, 1·09-1·19. It follows that the conjugation of acceptor groups, particularly of NO2 as a typical example, has been overestimated by current theories when compared with the much stronger conjugation of typical donors. Moreover, the inductive effect is propagated more effectively from the para than from the meta position. Many correlations in the literature, neglecting this situation, have been in fact controlled by the more complex, and more striking, behaviour of donors, which has obscured the simpler and more monotonous effect of acceptors, usually less represented in the sample.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 625-628 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Over the H0 acidity range from + 2 to -8, four different mechanistic variations occur in the Fischer indole reaction, leading to an unusual parabolic dependence of the rate constants on the acidity of the medium. In strongly acidic media kinetic isotope effects indicate that the rate-determining step is deprotonation to form the ene-hydrazine tautomer, whereas in weakly acidic media the tautomerization is so rapid that [3,3]-rearrangement becomes rate limiting. At an intermediate acidity, the deprotonation is rate determining, with the rate being strongly dependent on the concentration of the anionic counter ion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 28-30 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The low temperature 1H NMR spectra of 2,2-bis(3,5-dibromomesityl)ethenol in CS2-CD2Cl2 (3:7) display new signals which indicate the presence of four enol species whose OH is hydrogen bonded. Oligomerization to intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded enol dimers or tetramers is suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Transition structures for the Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3,4-oxadiazole with ethylene, acrylonitrile, maleonitrile, fumaronitrile, and 1,1-dicyanoethylene were located with ab initio molecular orbital calculations with the RHF/3-21G theoretical model. The activation energies were calculated by single-point calculations with the RHF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* theory levels on the RHF/3-21G geometries. Geometries of two transition structures and the corresponding reactants were generated at the MP2/6-31G* and the energies evaluated at the MP3/6-31G* level. The values obtained are comparable to those generated by MP2/6-31G*//3-21G. The asynchronicity of the transition structures follow the same trend as the corresponding all-carbon Diels-Alder reactions with buta-1,3-diene and cyclopentadiene, but the activation energies are almost in opposite correlation. This behavior is explained by the oxadiazole nitrogen lone pair repulsion with the π-orbitals of the nitrile groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Semi-empirical (AM1) calculations on the 12 isomeric products and the corresponding transition states of ketene-1-azabutadiene [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions as a model system for the reaction of ketenes with 4-iminobenzylfuran-2,3-diones are presented. A [4 + 2] type of reaction of the ketene C=C double bond leading to a six-membered lactam compound is found to be highly favoured both thermodynamically and kinetically. [2 + 2] Cycloadducts generally have significantly higher activation energies. Reactions involving the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond proceed in most cases via attack of the nitrogen lone pair leading to a zwitterionic intermediate. Depending on the respective cycloadduct, both two-step and concerted, albeit asynchronous, processes were obtained. Based on the structures of the various transition states, some predictions with respect to substituent effects are made. Similarities to and differences from the analogous reaction of ketenimines with oxa-1,3-dienes are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Laser flash photolysis of a series of alklylbromo- and alkylfluorodiazirines in pentane at ambient temperature generates alkylhalocarbenes by decomposition of the diazirine excited states. The halocarbenes can be intercepted with pyridine to form ylides. The ylides absorb intensely between 350 and 400 nm and are fairly long lived (τ » 10 μs), making them convenient probes of the yield and dynamics of the carbene. The yield of the ylides increases with increasing pyridine concentration up to 1·5 M. At pyridine concentrations 〉 1·5 M the yield of ylide is saturated, signifying that every carbene generated in a laser pulse is captured by pyridine prior to reaction with solvent or intramolecular rearrangement. The yield of trappable carbene generated from alkylbromodiazirines closely tracks the bond dissociation energy of the C—H bond adjacent to the diazirine moiety. The data indicate that the excited states of the alkylbromodiazirines suffer C—H migration (or C—C migration with cyclobutylbromodiazirine) and nitrogen extrusion in competition with carbene formation. The yield of trappable carbene derived from the alkylfluorodiazirines is independent of the bond dissociation energy of the adjacent C—H bond. This is probably a consequence of the great thermodynamic stability of α-fluorocarbenes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 323-323 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 325-351 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aromatic nitration is effectively carried out by the deliberate irradiation of the charge-transfer absorption band (hvCT) of the transient electron donor-acceptor complex [ArH, NO2Y+], where NO2Y+ represents common nitrating agents. Time-resolved spectroscopy demonstrates that the charge-transfer nitration effected in this way proceeds via an electron-transfer mechanism, in which the collapse of the reactive triad, [ArH+ ·, NO2·, Y] is critical to the formation of the Wheland intermediate. Comparative product analyses of toluene and anisole nitrations together with the ‘non-conventional’ products arising from NO+ catalysis, ipso attack and addition/elimination show that the activation process leading to charge-transfer (photochemical) nitration is indistinguishable from that leading to electrophilic (thermal) aromatic nitration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stereochemistry and kinetics of the methoxide ion substitution reactions (Z)- and (E)-methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanidc [PhC(CN)=NOCH3] were investigated. The reaction of the (Z)-hydroximoyl cyanide with sodium methoxide in DMSO-methanol (9:1) solution at 44·8°C gives a mixture of methyl (Z)-O-methylbenzohydroximate [PhC(OCH3)=NOCH3] and the O-methyloxime of α-ketophenylacetamide PhC(CONH2)=NOCH3. The (E)-hydroximoyl cyanide undergoes methoxide ion-catalyzed isomerization to the E-isomer faster than it undergoes nucleophilic substitution. These observations were interpreted in terms of an addition-elimination mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is elimination of the nucleofuge (AN + DN#).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 364-370 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The role of orbital control in product selectivity during electrophilic aromatic alkylation catalysed by zeolites was studied both theoretically and experimentally. In order to discuss this, the alkylation of toluene and m-xylene by methanol was carried out on a series of large-pore zeolites (HY). The changes in the para to ortho ratio observed on changing the framework Si/Al ratio of the zeolites were related to ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the LUMO energy of structurally alike model clusters but containing different tetrahedral cations around the active site. The observed correlation is discussed in terms of the HSAB principle by taking into account the influence of the catalyst composition on the reactivity of the electrophilic reagent.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 371-376 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aniline (or aniline hydrochloride) was intercalated into zeolite, zirconium phosphate and zirconium arsenate (proton form and sodium form) and subsequently oxidized to polyaniline (PAN) by ammonium peroxodisulphate. The structure of PAN in the host was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. PAN in the host gave a free-radical EPR signal at 2·0035-2·0037 for the hydrogen or 2·0047-2·0049 for the sodium form of the host, similarly to the ermeraldine salt (PAN-2S) or emeraldine base (PAN-2A) form of PAN. Saturation occurs in PAN-HZ and PAN-HS. In contrast, the intrachannel PAN in HY was unsaturated under the same conditions. Conduction in PAN-HZ and PAN-HS was predominately carried out by variable-range hopping and tunnelling respectively, and PAN-HY showed insulating properties.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 672-684 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reversed-phase HPLC capacity factors, as log k′, have been correlated through the LFER equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm log k}^\prime = {\rm c} + {\rm rR}_2 + {\rm s\pi }_2^{\rm H} + {\rm a}\sum {\rm \beta }_2^0 + {\rm vV}_{\rm X}$$\end{document} where k′ is the capacity factor for a series of solutes in a given stationary phase-mobile phase system, and the explanatory variables are the solute descriptors: R2 an excess molar refraction, π2H the dipolarity/polarizability, Σα2H the overall hydrogen-bond acidity, Σβ20 the overall hydrogen-bond basicity and Vx the McGowan volume. This equation was applied to various C18 stationary phases with methanol-water, acetonitrile-water and tetrahydrofuran-water buffered mobile phases. The solute and mobile phase factors that influence log k′ values are set out, and a comparison is made between log k′ values and water-octanol partition coefficients.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 685-695 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The substituent effects on the intrinsic basicity of a wide variety of thiocarbonyl compounds were investigated by means of a topological analysis of the electronic charge densities and their Laplacians for the neutral and the protonated species, and also by means of their harmonic vibrational frequencies. For the sake of comparison, a similar analysis was carried out for a reduced set of carbonyl compounds with similar substituents. The results show that the behaviour of the thiocarbonyl group with regard to the protonation process is similar to that predicted for the carbonyl group, in the sense that both groups are not much affected by protonation. The charge transferred to the proton results basically in a polarization and, in some cases, in a depopulation of the bonds in which the thiocarbonyl carbon atom participates. Accordingly, the intrinsic basicities of these kinds of compounds depend strongly on the ability of the substituents to be polarized. This conclusion seems to be ratified also by the shiftings undergone by the C=S stretching frequencies on protonation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 385-393 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Substrate and positional selectivity in the nitration reactions of benzene and its derivatives (halobenzenes, toluene and o-xylene) by nitric acid and acyl nitrates supported on zeolites H-Y and H-ZSM-11 were studied. The reaction mechanism and effects governing selectivity of the process are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 705-711 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An infrared spectroscopic study of the 1 : 1 hydrogen-bond association of amidates with both methanol and 4-fluorophenol showed that the site of complexation is the oxygen of the amidate function. However the formamidate HCON2Me3 forms a second 1 : 1 complex on the nitrogen of the amidate. The formation constants of the hydrogen-bond complexes of the amidates with the reference hydrogen-bond donor 4-FC6H4OH indicate that the amidates are stronger hydrogen-bond bases than are amides and amide vinylogues. As such, the amidates constitute the strongest carbonyl bases hitherto investigated on the hydrogen-bond basicity scale.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of a number of factors, i.e. amine basicity, substrate structure, temperature and deuterium isotope effect, on the rate of phenyl β-bromoethyl sulphone and aryl β-chloroethyl sulphone 1,2-elimination by reaction with amines in acetonitrile was investigated. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the ρ0, β, kH/kD, ΔH
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 534-544 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The bisporphyria N,N′-bis[4″-(meso-triphenylporphyrinyl)benzyl]-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 and its mono- and dizinc derivatives were synthesized in 66%, 46% and 53% yields, respectively, from 5-(4′-bromomethylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin or its zinc derivative and 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6. The zinc-containing bisporphyrins form dimers in solution at low temperature or at high concentration. The unsymmetrical bisporphyrin; monozinc N,N′-bis[4″-(meso-triphenylporphyrinyl)benzyl]-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 shows singlet-singlet energy transfer from the zinc porphyrin moiety to the free base moiety in both the monomeric and the dimeric form. The energy transfer rates were determined using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and were found to be 1·26 × 109 and 2·29 × 109 s-1 for the monomeric and dimeric form, respectively. The difference in energy transfer rates between the two forms can be rationalized by the difference in overlap between the donor fluorescence spectrum and acceptor absorption spectrum, donor-acceptor distance and donor-acceptor orientation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 545-550 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of the reaction of 2-chloroquinoxaline with piperidine in dimethyl sulphoxide was measured over a wide range of amine concentrations and at several temperatures. It was found that the order with respect to the nucleophile is close to 1 between 300 and 320 K, but is definitely less at lower and higher temperature. It is suggested that below 300 K an unreactive charge-transfer complex is formed between the reactants which dissociates at higher temperatures, whereas at temperatures higher than 320 K an unproductive σ complex is formed, the concentration of which increases with increase in temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 551-554 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular mechanics (MM3) calculations were carried out on the title compounds. Comparison between the MM3 results and those of semi-empirical and ab initio calculations and experiment indicates that the MM3 results are at least as good as results of much more expensive calculations. The MM3 calculations predict that unlike corannulene and cyclopentacorannulene, the transition state of the bowl-to-bowl inversion of the related C30H10 is non-planar, and the activation barrier is too high for this motion to occur.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Imidazole (Imz)-catalysed hydrolysis of benzoate esters proceeds via the intermediate formation of N-benzoylimidazoles. This paper considers the second step of this reaction, viz., Imz-catalysed hydrolysis of N-(4-X-benzoyl)imidazoles, X = CH3, H, Cl, CN and NO2, and N-(disubstituted benzoyl)imidazoles, 2-chloro-4-nitro, 2, 4-dinitro and 3,5-dinitro, in water-acetonitrile mixtures (10% or 14%, v/v, in organic solvent). On the basis of catalytic rate constants and the kinetic solvent isotope effect, it is shown that catalysis by Imz is of the general-base type. Unexpectedly, the hydrolysis of N-(2,4-dinitrobenzoyl)imidazole was found to be slower than that of N-(4-nitrobenzoyl)imidazole. It is shown that this reactivity order is due to a combination of a steric effect and stabilization of the reactant state due to a donor-acceptor interaction between the Imz moiety and the 2,4-dinitrophenyl ring.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A rigorous procedure was developed for measuring the relative rates of addition of bromine atoms to eleven substituted α-methylstyrenes (1-Y, with Y = CF3, NO2, F, CN, Cl, Br, CO2Me, Me, COMe, OMe and SMe). The reaction was run in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of HBr, O2 and dibutyl peroxyoxalate at 30°C. All products were derived from the YC6H4CMeCH2Br adduct radicals, which were immediately intercepted by O2. Correlation analysis of all the data confirmed the proposition that in the absence of measurable steric effects, the relative rates for radical additions can be correlated only by a dual-parameter equation and not by a single-parameter equation. Among various combinations of σ* and σx, the (σJJ* + σmb) combination yields the best correlation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. I 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of oxidation of metol (N-methyl-p-aminophenol) by thallium(III) have been studied in a perchloric acid medium. This organic compound is employed extensively in photographic work. The stoichiometry of the reaction is represented by: C6H4(OH)NHCH3 + TIIII → C6H4(O)NCH3 + TII + 2H+The kinetics indicate the rate law: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k' = \frac{{Kk\left[{metal} \right]}}{{1 + K\left[{metal} \right]}}$$\end{document} where k′ is the pseudo-first-order rate constant. The rate constants and thermodynamic parameters for the rate-limiting step have been evaluated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 122-141 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ionization constants for 214 dye molecules were calculated from molecular structures using the chemical reactivity models developed in SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry). These models used fundamental chemical structure theory to predict chemical reactivities for a wide range of organic molecules from molecular structure. The energy differences between the protonated state and the unprotonated state for a molecule of interest are factored into mechanistic components including the electrostatic and resonance contributions and any additional contributions to these energy differences. The RMS deviation was found to be less than 0·62 pKa units, which is similar to the experimental error.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An empirical formula relating directly H⃛O interatomic distance to H⃛O interaction energy is used to estimate this energy in intramolecular O—H⃛O hydrogen bonds calculated for systems of known precise geometry. The values obtained were correlated with spectroscopic characteristics of the H-bond (Δv for OH bands in IR spectra and NMR chemical shifts, δ, for protons) and CNDO and INDO estimations of H-bond energy. The regressions obtained had good or very good correlation coefficients.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cleavage reactions of α- and β-naphthylmethyl phenyl ethers and of α- and β-naphthyl benzyl ethers were studied by pulse radilysis. Transient spectra indicate that reactions occur via electron capture followed by cleavage of the resultant radical anions to give arylmethyl radicals and aryloxide ions. Product studies of extensively irradiated samples are consistent with this scheme and show patterns which are informative for radiation studies in general. The reactions were studied in several solvents. The behavior of transient spectra obtained in acetonitrile for these ethers shows clearly that radical anions of the naphthylmethyl ethers cleave more rapidly than do the radical anions of the naphthyl benzyl ethers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Calculations were carried out to study the validity of σ-scales for hydrogen abstraction from substituted toluenes by tert-butyl, tert-butoxyl and tert-butylperoxyl radicals. Rate constants were compiled and evaluated from the literature for meta- and/or para-substituted toluenes. The substituents were characterized by factored ionic sigmas (σI, σR, σR+), ionic scales (σ, σ+) and various radical sigmas (σσ). The dependence of log k values on these substituent descriptors was investigated using ‘stepwise linear regression’ and ‘all possible regression’ methods. The following predictive equations can be recommended: for tert-butyl radicals, at 321 K: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\log \,k_1 \, = \,1.024\, + \,0.776\,\sigma _1 \, + \,0.653\,\sigma _{\mathop C\limits^. }} \quad {(R\, = \,0.8137)} \end{array}$$\end{document} for tert-butoxyl radicals, at 313 K: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\log k_2 = 5.529 - 0.623\sigma ^ +} \quad {(R = 0.9376)} \end{array}$$\end{document} and for tert-butylperoxyl radicals, at 303 K: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\log k_3 = - 1.410 - 0.810\sigma + 0.337\sigma _{\mathop C\limits^. } } \quad {(R = 0.9628)}\end{array}$$\end{document} The results suggest that there is no unversal radical scale for hydrogen abstraction reactions, that the rate is primarily influenced by polar factors (inductive, resonance) and that only two radical scales (σĊ and σα·) are appropriate, showing a small, yet significant, role of radical stabilization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 192-195 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The secondary α-deuterium isotpe effect on the equiliburium constant (KD/KH) for the hydration of p-nitrobenzaldehyde is 1·39 ± 0·05. The Kinetic secondary α-deuterium isotope effect (KD/KH) for the addition of water to p-nitrobenzaldehyde is 1·18 ± 0·07. This result demonstrates that there is extensive carbon-oxygen bond formation in the transition state for addition of water to the carbonyl group of p-nitrobezaldehyde.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 181-191 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: [2.1.1] Cryptated lithium salts of a wide range of CH-acids were studied spectrophotometrically and conductimetrically in solvents of low polarity. Such salts exist in media of different dielectric constants in the form of cryptand-separated ion pairs which are identical in their spectral and conductance properties with common solvent-separated ion pairs. No formation of higher ionic clusters was observed for the studied ions at concentrations below 10-3 mol-1 even in the benzene. The relative equilibrium acidities in benzene, N-methylmorpholine and tetrahydrofuran for a number of CH-acids are reported. Solvent polarity does not influence the cryptate ion-pair acidity of the investigated compounds. The relative free ion acidities were calculated for some of the studied acids in different solvents by combination of the ion-pair acidity values with the conductimetric data on dissociation constants of the cryptate ion pairs. A linear relationship between the free ion acidity and the reciprocal of the dielectric constant was found. An extrapolation method is suggested for the calculation of gas-phase acidity from the data obtained in solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 196-206 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Structural effects on the melting points of substituted alkanes, both branched and unbranched, ranging in length from 1 to 19 carbon atoms, were successfully correlated with a variant of the intermolecular force equation which included a variable capable of accounting for the packing energy contribution of the alkyl group. The final data set had 366 data points. The regression equation obtained accounted for 91·85% of the variance of the data with a standard error of 17·9 K. Twenty-nine data points could not be included in the correlation; nine of these are carboxamides. The contributions of the polar variables are slightly larger than those of the nonpolar variables while the contribution of structural variation in the substituent is greater than that in the alkyl group. It will be necessary to determine appropriate values of the packing parameter if compounds with chains longer than 20 carbon atoms are to be included in the model.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 268-271 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acidities of a representative range of carbon acids were calculated by various levels of ab initio theory and by the semi-empirical methods AM1 and PM3 in order to ascertain what level is necessary in order to obtain consistently reliable results. The semi-empirical methods give good agreement with experiment in about a third of the cases, but are significantly, and sometimes seriously, in error for the rest. The 3-21G ab initio method consistently underestimates acidities by a substantial amount. The best results were obtained at the MP2/6-31 + G*//6-31 + G* level. Higher level Møller-Plesset corrections worsened the agreement with experiment.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nucleophilic substitution reactions of benzoic anhydrides, in which one of the rings is substituted, with anilines were investigated in methanol. The product-formation step coincides with the rate-limiting step so that the two rate constants, kXZ and kXZ, for the competitive reaction pathways can be dissected. The two cross-interaction constants, ρXY and ρXY, especially an unusually large magnitude of the latter, indicate that the reaction proceeds by a frontside SN2 attack on either one of the caronyl carbon with a strong interaction between the nucleophile (X) and the leaving group (Z). The mechanism is also supposed by the trends in the activation parameters.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 280-286 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The 15N chemical shifts of various m- and p-substituted anilides and related derivatives, ZNHC6H4Y [Z = C6H5CO, CH3CO, CF3CO, CH3SO2, (C6H5O)2PO and H], were correlated with σ- constants. With all series of anilides investigated, the plotted points for the m- and p-substituted derivatives tend to be separated from each other and to lie on two different regression lines. Reinvestigation from this point of view revealed that similar separations occur generally with substituted aniline derivatives. The anomalous polar substituent effect was ascribed to the very large contribution of a resonance effect. In addition, the local π-polarization effect causes a negative slope for the m-substituted series in the case of carboxylic anilides.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 641-645 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Transition states for the hetero-Diels-Alder addition of formaldehyde, formaldimine, diazene and nitrosyl hydride to cyclopentadiene were located with ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Asynchronous transition structures were located for the asymmetric hetero-dienophiles, whereas the symmetrical hetero-dienophile, cis-diazene, produced a synchronous transition structure. The relative reactivities are in good agreement with the LUMO energies of the hetero-dienophiles, and the transition states with the exo oxygen or nitrogen lone pairs have lower energies than the corresponding endo lone electron pair transition states. Endo/exo energy differences are much higher than in the addition of ethylene derivatives to cyclopentadiene.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 655-656 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 646-651 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of 2-(p-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide with hydroxide ion was studied at 50 and 25°C in the presence of cationic chemodegradable surfactants, i.e. [2-alkyl(1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl] trimethylammonium bromides Ia-c (alkyl: a = n-C9H19, b = n-C11H23, c = n-C13H27). The kinetic data were interpreted with the pseudo-phase ion-exchange (PIE) formalizm at both temperatures. The results indicate that the major source of rate enhancement is the increased reactant concentration in the small micellar reaction volume. The surfactant stability in micellar conditions was probed by means of a hydrolysis reaction of the surfactant 1,3-dioxolane ring. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis of Ia-c micelles, as a result of specific hydronium ion concentration, is one order of magnitude smaller than that of unaggregated systems.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 54
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The label incorporation and Z → E isomerization in the reaction of 3-azidomethylenedihydro-(3H)-furan-2-one with Na15NN2 in 1:1 water-acetone were measured as a probe for internal clockwise vs anticlockwise rotation in the intermediate carbanion.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 55
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A calorimetric method is described for the determination of the hydride affinities, ΔHH-(R+) of seven dioxolenium ions from the title compounds and also tropylium, trityl and 9-phenyl xanthylium cations by hydride transfer to the carbocations from BH3CN-. Cyclic voltammetric methods yield free energies for reduction of the cations to the conjugate radicals and to the carbanions. The ΔHH-(R+) values correlate well with the first reduction potentials of the cations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 56
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The gas-phase basicities of eight pyrazoles substituted only at position 4 (R4 = H, NO2, F, Cl, CO2C2H5, CH3, NH2, 1-adamantyl) were measured by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. The experimental values were treated in two ways, first by comparing these values with the AM1-calculated proton affinities. Since the correlation was reasonably good [PA(calc.) = -11·3 + 1·063PA(exp.), n = 8, r = 0·984], a set of 17 further 4-substituted pyrazoles and their cations were calculated using the AM1 approximation and their gas-phase basicities were estimated. Second, both the experimental and the AM1-calculated values were considered within the framework of the Taft-Topsom analysis of substituent effects. Comparison of the analyses for pyrazoles and pyridines led to the unexpected result that, in spite of differences in ring size and number of heteroatoms, both systems behave remarkably alike.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 359-363 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl arenesulphonates with anilines and benzylamines in acetonitrile and methanol at 65·0°C were studied. The cross-interaction constants, ρXZ, between substituents in the nucleophile (X) and leaving group (Z) are relatively small (0·10 for XC6H4NH2 in MeCN) but similar to those for other SN2 processes at a secondary carbon atom. This provides further evidence for an approximately constant, loose SN2 transition state at a secondary carbon regardless of the size of the Cα substituent. The transition-state variations with substituents X and Z are in accord with that expected from the positive ρXZ value observed: a stronger nucleophile and/or nucleofuge leads to an earlier transition state, i.e. a lower degree of bond making and breaking.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 377-384 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-Substituted carbonimidodithioic acid dimethyl esters, when reacted with an active methylene compound such as nitromethane, undergo carbon-carbon bond formation followed by carbon-sulphur bond cleavage in the presence of zeolite catalysts to give 1-substituted amino-1-methylthio-2-nitroethenes. This carbon-sulphur bond cleavage is facilitated by the presence of rare earth cations in the zeolite-Y framework. The shape selectivity of the zeolite also plays an important role in this cleavage reaction. Force field calculations adopted for the molecules involved in the reaction indicate the geometry and conformational flexibility of these molecules. The computer-simulated model for the zeolite-Y is correlated with the conformation and shape of the reactant and product molecules to explain the variation in yields obtained in the conversion of substituted dimethyl esters.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 394-394 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 696-704 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dissociation pK values of picric acid, tetrabutylammonium picrate, bromide and hydroxide and tetramethylammonium hydroxide in some 2-methylpropan-2-ol-cosolvent mixtures were determined and correlated with the Taft and Kamlet solvatochromic parameters π*, δ, α and β. The results show the most important solvent properties that affect electrolyte dissociation are polarity, polarizability and hydrogen bond acidity. These results were confirmed by analysis of published literature data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 395-398 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction which forms hydroxymethylbenzodioxane from epibromohydrin and catecholate anion was examined by ultraviolet spectroscopy for the kinetics and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to follow the fate of CD2 from reactant to product. Over the practical temperature range it was found that both CH2 positions in the epihalohydrin are attacked by catecholate anion to give product. Therefore, the difference in energy for the two pathways was small. The individual rate constants were obtained from the total rate constants. Further, the individual ΔH
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 403-411 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A means for determining the stabilization energies, Ec(X), resulting from σ-π and n-π interactions in vinyl and phenyl compounds is described. It is based on extensions of the additivity principle for thermochemical data for organic compounds. The results also provide a method for predicting heats of formation of unsaturated compounds from those of (known) saturated analogues. It is shown that there is a linear relationship between the stabilization energies Ec(X) and the Hammett substituent constants σp+(X). The new results have been used to predict the heats of formation of a number of saturated and unsaturated Si-, Ge-, Sn-, P-, As-, Se-, Zn-, Cd- and Hg-containing species.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of nitrosobenzene with aniline, to give azobenzene, in basic conditions was studied. It was shown that the reaction exhibits general base catalysis by different buffers giving a Brønsted coefficient β = 0·318. As in previous studies, a two-step process with a first step of attack of aniline on nitrosobenzene to give an addition intermediate and a second step of dehydration of this intermediate is proposed to interpret the mechanism of the reaction. The analysis of the Brønsted relationship and of the intermediate of the reaction led to the suggestion that hydoxide ion catalyses the reaction by a mechanism of general base catalysis in the dehydration step.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 412-419 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of the concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, Na2CO3 and BaCl2 on the rates of reactions of hydroxide ion with ionized N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP-) at 30°C and in H2O-MeCN solvents containing 10, 50, 60, 66, 70, 76 and 80% (v/v) MeCN reveal the formation of ion-pair complexes between cations of the salts, which probably exist in solvent-separated loose ion-pair forms (Mn+⃛Xk-) and NHP-. An increase in MeCN content from 2 to 76% (v/v) causes an increase in the association constants (K) by factors of 40, 21 and 9 for LiCl, NaCl and KCl, respectively, while the respective increase in the rate constants (k′s1) for the collapse of the ion-pair complexes to product is ca two-fold. The values of k′s1 remain almost unchanged whereas the values of K increase 7·5-fold with an increase in MeCN content from 2 to 70% (v/v) for CsCl. Ion-pair complex formation was not detected in the presence of Me4NCl at 70% (v/v) MeCN. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants are highly sensitive to the valence state of cations and almost insensitive to the valence state of the anions of the salts.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 420-430 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The MM3 force field has been extended to cover alkyl iodides. Structures, vibrational spectra and heats of formation have been well fitted to available experimental data. The experimental and ab initio conformational relationships are also satisfactorily reproduced.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 555-560 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic studies on the reversible reactions of benzyl bromides with N, N-dimethylanilines were carried out for both the forward (kf) and reverse (kr) directions. The equilibrium constants, K were calculated using the ratio kf/kr and the equilibrium cross-interaction constant, ρeXY was determined. The ρeXY value was shown to represent a maximum intensity of interactions between substituents X and Y through covalent bonds within a molecule. The normalized values of ρX (ρnuc) and ρXY indicate that in the transition state the fractional development or loss of polar and resonance interactions in the benzyl system are imbalanced or non-perfectly synchronized. In the forward reaction the fractional loss of resonance interaction becomes enhanced, whereas in the reverse reaction the fractional development of resonance interaction lags behind the corresponding changes of polar interactions by ca 45%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 561-566 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The enthalpic contribution to the anomeric effect in r-2-carboethoxy-trans-4,trans-6- and r-2-carboethoxy-cis-4,cis-6-dimethyl-1,3-dithianes was determined by reaction-solution calorimetry. The enthalpy of solution of both isomers in pure p-dioxane and the enthalpy of solution and isomerization in the same solvent and in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid were experimentally measured. From these results the corresponding enthalpies of isomerization in solution were calculated, and were found to be ΔHax→eq = -0·16 ± 0·04 kcal mol-1 (-0·67 ± 0·18 kJ mol-1) and ΔSax→eq = -2·68 ± 0·1 cal K-1 mol-1 (-11·2 ± 0·4 J K-1 mol-1). The slightly negative ΔH term nevertheless reflects a substantial anomeric effect owing to the countervailing steric effects in the axial isomer. The significant entropy loss in the equatorial isomer was explained in terms of intramolecular electrostatic effects. The results are in agreement with those obtained from NMR studies of the conformational behaviour of 2-carboethoxy-5-methyl-5-aza-1,3-dithiacyclohexane.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 578-584 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The acid-catalysed solvolysis of 9-(2-phenoxy-2-propyl)fluorene in mixtures of water with acetonitrile or methanol at 25°C provides 9-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)fluorene, 9-(2-propenyl)fluorene, and 9-(2-acetamido-2-propyl)fluorene or 9-(2-methoxy-2-propyl)fluorene, respectively. The overall kinetic deuterium isotope effects for the reactions of the hexadeuterated analogue 9-(1,1,1,3,3,3-2H6)-9-(2-phenoxy-2-propyl)fluorene in 90 vol.% acetonitrile in water were measured as (kEH + kSH)/(kED6 + kSD6) = 1·54 ± 0·05, which is composed of the isotope effect kSH/kSD6 = 1·4 ± 0·1 for formation of the substitution products and kEH/kED6 = 4·0 ± 0·2 for production of 9-(2-methoxy-2-propyl)fluorene. Similar isotope effects were measured in other solvent mixtures. The results strongly indicate a branched mechanism involving rate-limiting formation of a common carbocation-molecule pair (with a secondary isotope effect of 1·54), which either undergoes nucleophilic attack by a solvent molecule (with a secondary isotope effect of ca 1), or is dehydronated (isotope effect ca 2·8) by the leaving group or by the solvent. The ion-molecule pair shows very low selectivities. Thus, in 50 vol.% acetonitrile in water, an acetonitrile molecule is as efficient as a water molecule as a nucleophile towards the ion-molecule pair, kMeCN/kHOH ≥ 1 (ratio of second-order rate constants). The discrimination between methanol and water is anomalously small, kMeOH/kHOH = 0·7.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 69
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The utility of desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (DI/MS) techniques in dealing with physical organic problems involving fragile onium salts and carbocation salts has been explored. The efficacy of these methods, especially when coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, goes much beyond the analytical aspects dealing with identity/purity determinations. For example, insight can be gained regarding the role of the counterion in subsequent cation decomposition pathways. Guest-host chemistry of onium ions and various hosts (crowns, calixarenes) can be probed. The decomposition chemistry of the resulting ion-molecule clusters can be studied. Examples of onium salts and carbocation salts that have been studied are few, probably because research in this area has been mainly a domain for analytical chemists. This paper calls attention to the possibilities for dealing with topical physical organic problems.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 479-484 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The determination of stability constants by measuring the increase in solubility of a nearly insoluble host molecule due to complex formation with a soluble guest is discussed. If the host molecule absorbs in the UV-visible region, spectrophotometric measurements are easily performed to obtain the stability constants. The solubilities of the crown ether dibenzo-18-crown-6 and of the cryptand (222BB) in aqueous solutions and the molar absorptivities of these ligands and their complexes with alkali and alkaline earth metal cations were determined. The increase in solubility of these ligands due to complex formation with cations was used to calculate the stabilities of the complexes formed. Even under the assumption that neither the molar absorptivities nor the solubilities are known, the calculated stability constants agree very well with those obtained using the measured values of the molar absorptivities and solubilities. The accuracy of the stability constants even increases with decreasing solubility of the ligands.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 90-95 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Transfer of the cobalt-bound methyl in MeCo(III)Pc to thiophenoxide ion was studied (H2Pc is the planar macrocyclic phthalocyanine; the cobalt is held in the center in this plane). In dimethylacetamide solution, the reaction is rapid, requiring stopped flow for the kinetics, and yielding MeSPh and Co(I)Pc- in good yield. The kinetics are not simple second order, but instead approach a constant rate at high [PhS-], attributed to the reversible formation of an inert complex with PhS- occupying the vacant octahedral site in MeCo(III)Pc, on the other side of the phthalocyanine plane from the methyl group. The kinetics allow the estimation of the equilibrium constant, K, and the SN2 rate constant, k, which at 25°C have values of ca. 9·4 × 103 l mol-1 and 1·8 × 104 l mol-1, respectively. Although these values are rough, the ratio k/K is firm at 1·91 ± 0·02 s-1; this is the limit of the rate at high [PhS-]. An alternative mechanism, which is entirely consistent with the kinetics, involves a rate-determining homolysis of the Co—S bond of the same complex. The mechanism is not favored because the product yields are high for a radical combination process and alternative chain processes are kinetically unacceptable. Further, the rate constant is about what would be expected from the reactivity of other nucleophiles in SN2 reactions. Further arguments in favor of the SN2 mechanism are presented. This transfer of the methyl group from Co to S is part of the possible analogy to the vitamin B12-promoted methionine synthesis in nature. The other step in the biological, enzymatic process is the transfer of methyl from the nitrogen of N-methyltetrahydrofolate to cobalt. An attempt to model this with the very reactive N-methyl-2,6-dichloropyridinium ion was unsuccessful; the reaction took an entirely different course, presumably initiated by electron transfer, but leading to substantial loss of Cl- from the pyridine. No more than 0.5% methyl transfer took place. This system does mimic well the complete natural enzymatic process.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 72
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Protonation of tetrafluoro-2,11-dithia [3·3]paracyclophane and tetrafluoro-2,11-dithia [3·3]metaparacyclophane in high-acidity super acid media, namely FSO3H.SbF5 (1:1) ‘magic acid’-SO2CIF, gave their corresponding acidic disulfonium ions. Additional ring protonation to give a disulfonium-monoarenium trication was not observed. With the non-fluorinated 2,11-dithia [3·3] cyclophanes, the disulfonium ions can be ring protonated in equilibrium to give a dynamic disulfonium-monoarenium trication. Tetrafluoro [2·2]-metaparacyclophane is monoprotonated at the meta ring and gives a complex mixture of conformational isomers. Multinuclear magnetic resonance data on the cyclophane precursors and their derived cations are compared and analysed. The energies, conformations and charge distributions of the isometric fluorinated and non-fluorinated [2·2] - and dithia [3·3] cyclophanes were calculated by the AM1 and PM3 methods, respectively. In all but one case the cyclophane arenium ions predicted by theory to be energetically most favoured are those observed in solution under stable ion conditions. In agreement with experiment, the instabilities of S,S,C-cyclophane trications are also theoretically predicted.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 73
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In constrast with recent molecular orbital calculations on the decarboxylation of O-protonated 2-oxetanone, this experimental work indicates that no decarboxylation of this cation occurs in sulphuric acid solution up to 150°C, but instead a clean isomerization to protonated acrylic acid takes place. Parallel theoretical work shows that the gas-phase model is too crude to account successfully for the experimental facts obtained in acidic media. However, the latter are well reproduced when the effect of the solvent is taken into account. The present findings do not necessarily invalidate the reaction mechanism currently accepted to explain the rate enhancement and change of stereochemistry accompanying the decarboxylation of 3,4-disubstituted 2-oxetanones under acid catalysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 74
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The enol-keto tautomerism of the Schiff bases formed by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) with ethylenediamine (Etd) and ethylamine (Et) was studied by electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. The spectroscopic results revealed differences between the two reactions, i.e. the enolimine/ketoenamine ratio observed in PLP-Etd mixture is higher than that of PLP-Et. The differences observed in the electroreduction mechanism and stability of the Schiff bases formed provide additional evidence for an unusually high concentration of enolimine in PLP-Etd in buffered aqueous solutions.The results are consistent with a cyclic structure such as that previously proposed by Robitaille et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 3034-3047 (1989)] on the basis of spectroscopic data. Protonation of the terminal amino group of the Etd moiety in the Schiff base involves the formation of the cyclic species. The low basicity of ethylenediamine favours the formation of similar concentrations of the enol and keto tautomers of the Schiff base at neutral pH. This behaviour, also observed in the Schiff base formed by PLP and polylysine, may be involved in coenzyme-protein linkages.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 75
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solvent effects on the absorption spectra of N-(p-nitrophenyl)dimethylenediamine (Ia), N-(p-nitrophenyl)trimethylenediamine (Ib), N-(p-nitrophenyl)tetramethylenediamine (Ic). N-methyl-N-(p-nitrophenyl)tetramethylenediamine (II), N-butyl-p-nitroaniline (III) and N-(o-nitrophenyl)trimethylenediamine (IV) were studied at different temperatures. Whereas II, III and IV do not show any variation in their spectra characteristics with changes in temperature, I shows a hypsochromic shift with a hypochromic effect when the temperature is increased. The Kamlet and Taft solvatochromic comparison method was applied. A strong effect of the β parameter on I and III was interpreted as being due to the hydrogen bond donor ability of the H atom in the aromatic amino groups. In I, the β influence increases with increase in temperature. These facts are explained by proposing the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between amine groups in all compounds I, besides the intermolecular interactions between compounds I and the solvent. On the other hand, the values of vo, s and b for Ib are smaller than the corresponding values for Ia and Ic. Since in Ib a six-membered ring may be formed, a more stable bond is expected. Comparative 1H NMR of the aniline hydrogen for I and IV (in non-hydrogen bond acceptor solvents) shows a particular downfield chemical shift for I which suggests hydrogen bond formation. Since this effect is independent of concentration, the hydrogen bond is assumed to be intramolecular, in agreement with solvatochromic and thermochromic studies. These conclusions were corroborated by IR spectroscopy in the solid state and in chloroform solutions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 76
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of aryliminodimagnesium [ArN(MgBr)2, IDMg] with nitrobenzene (Ar1NO2) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gives unsymmetrical (unsym) azoxybenzene, which is deoxygenated to give unsym-azobenzene. The reaction is utilized for the independent preparation of ONN and NNO isomers of unsym-azoxy compounds. The effects of the relative value of the difference between oxidation and reduction potentials of para-substituted reactants, special effects of ortho-substituents of the substrate and also effects of structure and concentration of mono- and bis-IDMg reagents were studied previously, and ‘cooperation of their aggregate excess needed for product formation’ was proposed. This unfamiliar concept for reactions of magnesium reagents was studied further. Supporting evidence was obtained from the retarding effect of trimethylene chains of nitro [3.3] metacyclophanes and the derived azoxy [3.3] metacyclophanes and also from the effect of the length of bis-IDMg's central α,ω-polymethylenedioxy chain appropriate for azoxy deoxygenation. By comparison with deoxygenation by X3P reagents (X = EtO, Me2N), the general needs of cooperation of excess magnesium reagents were confirmed and its role in their reactions is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 629-633 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic studies were carried out on the aminolysis of propargly and 1-methylpropargyl arenesulphonates in acetonitrile at 45·0°C. The cross-interaction constants, ρxz and βxz, are similar to, but smaller than, those for the SN2 processes at other primary and secondary carbon centers. Compared with the allyl series, the smaller magnitude of ρxz and βxz reflects a looser transition state, which in turn leads to a lower rate despite the greater Taft's σ* value and the lower intrinsic (ΔE0≠) and thermodynamic barriers (ΔE0).
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Magnetic coupling between two sterically protected phenoxyl radicals through the cis- and trans-stilbene chromophores was studied by means of their EPR fine structures. While the zero-field splitting parameters D, which are governed by the magnitude of dipolar coupling, were dependent on the geometrical isomerism, the sign of exchange coupling was independent of it and dictated by the topology of the π-conjugated systems: ferromagnetic in o,m-isomers and antiferromagnetic in m,m'-isomers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of absorption and emission spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) and lifetimes (τf) of ω-(1-pyrenyl)alkyl para-substituted benzoates PnX (X = H, Cl, CF3, CN, NO2, with n = 1-4) were carried out in solvents of various polarity. Intramolecular interaction in the ground state is not observed in any of these compounds. PnCN (n = 2-4) shows an intramolecular exciplex emission in solvents of low to high polarity. The broad, structureless emission at longer wavelength observed in ethyl acetate solution of P1CN is ascribed to an ‘exciplex-type’ emission which does not require actual overlapping of the two chromophores. P2CF3 also shows an exciplex emission in solvents of medium to high polarity. The solvent dependence of both Φf and τf increases as the electron-withdrawing ability of the para-sustituents increases. The relationship between fluorescence quenching by electron transfer and para-substituent of PnX is discussed by means of the free energy for electron transfer, ΔGET, obtained from the oxidation and reduction potentials of pyrene and methyl para-substituted benzoates in acetonitrile, respectively. PnH, with positive ΔGET, does not show a solvent dependence of Φf, except for P1H, in which ca 40% of the fluorescence is quenched in acetonitrile. PnCl, with slightly negative ΔGET, shows more efficient quenching, but does not show exciplex emission. PnCN, PnCF3 and PnNO2 have ΔGET values between -0·36 and -0·65 eV, and their fluorescence is fairly efficiently quenched. The fluorescence of PnCN is concluded to be strongly quenched by intersystem crossing from the singlet exciplex to the locally excited pyrene, and by electron transfer from the pyrene part to the benzoate part. That the formation of a singlet exciplex is necessary for intersystem crossing in bichromophoric compounds containing pyrene is thus clearly illustrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 50-53 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The magnitude ρx(ρnuc) is shown to decrease with increase in the extent of bond making estimated by the kinetic isotope effect for the reactions of Y-benzoyl chlorides with anilines, XC6H4NH2, in acetonitrile at 25·0°C.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 68-79 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The evidence for the mechanisms proposed for aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions by primary and secondary amines in aprotic solvents of low relative permittivity is reviewed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The radical cation of N,N′-bis-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)pyridazine (3·+) has a near-IR band with a transition energy of 29·7 ± 0·5 kcal mol-1 (1 kcal = 4·184 kJ) in acetonitrile. This band is assigned to a Hush-type charge-transfer band, and the transition energy to the Marcus λ value for electron transfer. Such a large λ is inconsistent with previous estimates of λ for intermolecular electron transfer between mono-p-phenylenediamines and their radical cations. It agrees well with estimates of λ based on AM1 semi-empirical MO calculations, which gives the enthalpy contribution to λin at about 21 kcal mol-1 for 3·+. It is suggested that the traditional method of estimating λin by summing bond displacements weighted by force constants produces values which are significantly too low for systems such as phenylenediamines, where pyramidalization changes are important. The results suggest that λ for tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine self-electron transfer (10/·+) has been significantly underestimated, and that this prototype organic electron transfer reaction is not as strongly diabatic as was previously concluded.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relative basicities of six monosubstituted dipolar trimethylamines (XCH2NMe2) were determined in nine different solvents from potentiometric titration. Solvation effects on basicity variations were analyzed by the solvatochromic parameters (π*, α and β). Non-specific solvation of the substituted dimethylammonium ions is not reflected adequately by the solvent's dipolarity-polarizability constant, π*. A better representation of non-specific interaction between solvents and the monosubstituted dipolar trimethylammonium ions is gained from the product of π* and the solvent dipole moment (μ). For these ions where the dipolar substituents are separated from the reaction center by one methylene unit, there is an interaction between the charge of the ammonium ion and the dipolar substituent. As a result, solvent molecules must not only solvate the dipolar substituents, but must also gain access between the lines of force of the dipolar substituent and the charge. Bulky solvents, such as nitrobenzene, cannot access adequately the region between the dipolar substituents and the reaction center to accomplish similar solvation as less bulky solvents.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 85
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates and products of solvolyses of 4-methylene-2ax- and -2eq-adamantyl p-toluenesulphonates (tosylates) (4a-OTs and 4e-OTs, respectively) were studied. Compound 4a-OTs solvolysed more slowly than 2-adamantyl tosylate (1) in methanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) by factors of 2·3 and 2·5, respectively, at 25°C. However, by taking the inductive decelerating effect of a β-methylene substituent into account, the rates were revealed to be enhanced by α-participation by a factor of 50. The products of solvolyses of 4a-OTs in methanol, 80% acetone and TFE at 100°C were 2ax- and 2eq-alkoxy(or hydroxy)-4-methyleneadamantanes (4a-OR and 4e-OR, respectively), exo-4-alkoxy(or hydroxy)-5-methyleneprotoadamantane (exo-5-OR) and 5-[alkoxy(or hydroxy)methyl]-4-protoadamantene (6-OR) with adamantyl to protoadamantyl product ratio of 39:61 (in methanol), 56:44 (in 80% acetone) and 71:29 (in TFE). Despite the nearly symmetric nature of the intermediate cation, the 4a-OR: 4e-OR product ratio was essentially constant with 83:17 (in methanol), 85:15 (in 80% acetone) and 82:18 (in TFE). The formation of considerable amounts of 4e-OR was interpreted as showing the intermediacy of a pair of rapidly equilibrating classical ions. The rates of 4e-OTs were 2300-4300 times faster than those expected from inductive electron-withdrawing effect of a β-methylene substituent. The major product (84·5% in methanolysis and 98·7% in trifluoroethanolysis) was 4e-OR accompanied by small amounts of 2-alkoxy-2,4-methanoadamantane (9-OR) and 2-(alkoxymethyl)-2,4-didehydroadamantane (10-OR), no formation of 4a-OR having been observed. These results suggested that 4e-OTs solvolyses via a π-bridged intermediate cation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 86
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of the solvolysis of 3-R-4-homoadamantyl methanesulphonates (mesylates) (3) were determined in 80% aqueous ethanol. The relative first-order rate constants at 25 °C were 1·0 (R = H), 2·29 (R = Ph), 3·26 (R = p-anisyl), 73·6 (R = Me) and 209 (R = Et). The methanolysis of 3 gave rearranged methyl ethers and rearranged olefins as major products together with small amounts (0·9-3·4%) of unrearranged products. The order of the accelerating effect suggests that the transition states involve significant σ-participation, despite the fact that 3 (R = H) solvolyses via a classical ion intermediate. The logarithms of the solvolysis rate constants of 3 showed linear correlations with those of 1-R-2-adamantyl tosylates (1) and 1-R-exo-2-norbornyl tosylates (2), indicating that the linear free-energy relationship between the β-substituent effects on the solvolysis rate is not a definite measure to distinguish between classical and non-classical intermediates.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 503-510 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of the photochemical decomposition of 1,4-oxazin-2-one to azacyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide was investigated by the semi-empirical MO method SINDO1. The relevant singlet and low-lying triplet potential energy hypersurfaces were studied and intermediates and transition structures were optimized with limited configuration interaction. The first step transforms 1,4-oxazin-2-one into a bicyclic lactone via internal cyclization. Then a stepwise bond breaking mechanism on the first excited triplet state yields azacyclobutadiene and CO2, whereas a reaction on the first excited singlet state is not common. It is shown that a simultaneous bond-breaking mechanism on the first excited singlet or on the first excited triplet is possible.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of m,n′-diazidodiphenyl ethers (m ≤ n, m = 3,4; n = 3,4) was photolyzed at 77 K in frozen, glassy 2-methyltetrahydrofuran matrices to generate the corresponding diphenyl ether m,n′-dinitrenes for study by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. 3,4′-Diazidodiphenyl ether gave an ESR spectrum dominated by a mononitrene peak with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·972 cm-1, and also showed a weak dinitrene quintet spectrum with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·162 cm-1 having ESR spectral intensity vs temperature dependence (Curie law) consistent with either a high-spin ground state or a very small singlet-quintet gap. Di(3-azidophenyl) ether gave a strong mononitrene peak with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·996 cm-1 and a quintet dinitrene ESR spectrum (∣D/hc∣ = 0·162 cm-1) which exhibited non-linear Curie law intensity behavior consistent with the quintet being a thermally populated excited state 40 cal mol-1 above a singlet ground state. Di(4-azidophenyl) ether gave a strong mononitrene peak with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·961 cm-1, but no observable spectrum related to a high-spin open-shell dinitrene. The results are consistent with oxygen being a weak exchange coupling linker in pi-conjugated open-shell molecules. The observed ground-state spin multiplicities are in accord with qualitative superexchange and connectivity models, despite any perturbations due to resonance effects between the oxygen linker and p-nitrene sites.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 511-517 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The gas-phase acidity and basicity of thioacetamide and the basicity of N,N-dimethylthioformamide were measured by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass sectrometry under conditions which minimized the extent of their decomposition. Thiocarboxamides are both much stronger acids and stronger bases than carboxamides. The relative stabilities of individual neutral and ionic species were assessed in terms of isodesmic reactions, using the published or estimated enthalpies of formation. The neutral molecules of carboxamides and thiocarboxamides are stabilized by interaction between the C = X and NH2 functional groups. This interaction is of a similar magnitude in the corresponding protonated forms but it is of greater strength in the deprotonated forms. With regard to the difference between thiocarboxamides and carboxamides, the most significant factor is probably the Ione pair-Ione pair repulsion operating in the anions.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 518-524 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the nucleophilic cleavage of phthalimide (PTH) in buffer solutions of ammonia and pyrrolidine were determined. The reaction rates for ammonolysis of PTH revealed a buffer-catalysed second-order term in the rate law, but the reaction rates for pyrrolidinolysis of PTH showed buffer-catalysed second- and third-order terms in the rate law. Both ammonia and pyrrolidine revealed nucleophilic reactivity towards ionized PTH (S-) only within the pH range of the present study. This is attributed to the occurrence of intramolecular general base-acid catalysis. General base catalysis is detected in the reactions of pyrrolidine with both non-ionized PTH (SH) and S-. The general base-catalysed third-order rate constant for pyrrolidinolysis of SH is nearly 28 times larger than that of S-.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 717-724 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) spectrometry was used to study and recheck the proton transfer equilibria for a large number of low-basicity compounds, particularly those which are less basic than H2O. The data obtained were used for the construction of a continuous scale of the relative gas-phase basicities between H2S and SO2F2. The present results are compared with the results obtained by McMahon and co-workers using ICR spectrometry and high-pressure mass spectrometric (HPMS) techniques. Satisfactory agreement is found with the existing ICR spectrometric data. The results, however, show unexplained variances with earlier and recent HPMS results that also not internally self-consistent. The substituent effects for some families of low-basicity compounds (nitriles, carbonyl compounds, ethers and some others) are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 712-716 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The general solvation equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm logSP} = {\rm c} + {\rm rR}_2 + {\rm s\pi }_2^{\rm H} + {\rm a}\sum {\rm \beta }_2^{\rm H} + {\rm vV}_{\rm X}$$\end{document} was applied to the partition of solutes between water and isobutanol, pentanol, hexanol, octanol, decanol and oleyl alcohol. It is shown that the two main factors that influence partitioning are solute hydrogen-bond basicity Σβ2H and solute volume Vx. The b coefficient becomes steadily more negative along the above series of alcohols, showing that the alcoholic phases, which are all less acidic than water, become less and less acidic as the chain length increases, and the water content of the alcoholic phase decreases. The v coefficient, on the other hand, becomes gradually more positive, indicating that as the chain length increases and the water content decreases, the alcoholic phase becomes more and more hydrophobic. Of great significance is that for all six alcohols, the a coefficient is effectively zero, so that all alcoholic phases have the same basicity as bulk water, no matter what their water content is. It is suggested that, contrary to results of solvatochromic measurements, the alcohols have similar hydrogen-bond basicity to water.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 725-733 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The superbase gas-phase scale has been further extended up to proton affinities of ca 1080 kJ mol-1 by use of cyclic and acyclic guanidines and vinamidines. Structural features such as Y-conjugation, vinylogy and intramolecular ionic hydrogen bonding leading to their superbasic behaviour are analysed. Solvation effects by water and acetonitrile on basicity are discussed. From a correlation pKa(acetonitrile) vs gas-phase basicity, proton affinity values in the range 1070-1410 kJ mol-1 are predicted for Schwesinger phosphazene compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 734-742 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper extends previous work on the dynamic averaging of distinct liquid environments by cage exchange to include potential energy fluctuations at the cage centers due to Brownian motions of molecules in the cage walls. After a brief review of the effect of cage exchange on the Schrödinger wave train associated with the electronic ground state of the caged molecule, typical magnitudes and time-scales for the Brownian potential energy fluctuations are estimated. Then a zig-zag model for the resulting noise in the wave trains is developed, and applied to analyze distinguishability in the presence of noisy cage exchange. When distinguishability survives the noise, the distinct caged species are fully fledged environmental isomers. Applications of these concepts are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An LSER analysis based on the partitioning of 15 proton acceptor heterocycles has succeeded in extracting Σβ values, but only at the cost of demonstrating solvent dependence for some of them. As noted by Abraham, the division lies between protic and aprotic organic phases. His observation that pyridine and quinoline are less effective acceptors when surrounded by solvent than in 1 : 1 association was confirmed, and possible reasons for this are discussed. Two other such cases are N-methylimidazole and pyridazine, both of which give lower Σβ values in octanol than in PGDP. For both, Σβ in PGDP is what would be expected on the basis of log Kβ. The value for pyridazine in octanol suggests that, here, the ‘α-effect’ is no longer operative; it is possible that this result can be generalized to other such heterocycles. Elsewhere, the most remarkable finding is that, where there are two proton acceptor sites in one heterocyclic ring, Σβ is the simple unattenuated sum of the separate βf values. If this result is general, it leads to a very simple way of estimating Σβ for heterocycles by calculation where data are unavailable. Evidence was also found, in certain cases, for hydrogen bonding to the π-donor heteroatom or the aromatic ring. The QSAR implications of these results are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 97
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reactions of benzo-, naphtho- and anthraquinone derivatives (unsubstituted and substituted) with aryliminodimagnesium [ArN(MgBr)2] and aryloxymagnesium of a weak electron-donating ability were studied. In addition to the reduction products (quinhydrones and hydroquinones), nuclear substitution and condensation products were formed. The efficiency of single electron transfer (SET) from ArN(MgBr)2, evaluated by the relative values of the difference between the oxidation and reduction potentials of the reactants (ΔE = Eox - Ered), varies with the electron-accepting power of quinones. ΔE governs the modes of semiquinone appearance (ESR signals) and the relative amounts of the heat of reactions, reflecting the types and yields of the products. It is concluded that condensation products of both components are produced in the reactions of quinones with the lower SET efficiency by the presence of a fused benzene ring or MeO substituent. The structure-reactivity relationship proposed previously for reactions of various magnesium reagents is extended in the reactions with a variety of quinones even in cases of higher SET efficiency.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 80-89 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measured pseudo-first-order rate constants for intramolecular formation of tetrahedral intermediates from N-2-hydroxyethylphthalimide, N-2-aminoethylphthalimide and N-2-thioethylphthalimide at pH 〉 6 are reported. The reaction is specific and general base catalysed, with β(Brønsted) values 0·44, 0·52 and 0·52 respectively. From a plot of log kb (general base rate constants) vs γ′ [the affinities of EtXH (X = O, NH, S) toward the carbonylic carbon], β′nuc values of 0·01 (with OH- as specific base), 0·25 (with imdidazole as general base) and 0·27 (with HPO42- as general base were obtained). The observed relationships pxy = ϑβ′/ - ϑpKa = -ϑ(Brønsted)/ϑγ′ = 0·03 is supported by the predictions of an energy contour diagram, which, on extrapolation to a non-stable tetrahedral intermediate, predicts a late and slightly protonated transition state for the cleavage process. At pH 〈 3, these intermediates cleave to yield only the corresponding diacylimides. These reactions are general base and acid catalysed with β 〉 0·3 and α 〈 0·1. A fast equilibrium between the intermediate and its N-protonated (amide) form is reached. The general base rupture of the latter is faster than that of the corresponding non-protonated intermediate by a factor of ca 109 - 1010-fold.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994), S. 116-116 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 7 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...