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  • 1
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute rate constants for H-atom abstraction by OH radicals from cyclopropane, cyclopentane, and cycloheptane have been determined in the gas phase at 298 K. Hydroxyl radicals were generated by flash photolysis of H2O vapor in the vacuum UV, and monitored by time-resolved resonance absorption at 308.2 nm [OH(A2Σ+→X2Π)]. The rate constants in units of cm3 mol-1 s-1 at the 95% confidence limits were as follows: k(c—C3H6) = (3.74 ± 0.83) × 1010, k(c—C5H10) = (3.12 ± 0.23) × 1012, k(c—C7H14) = (7.88 ± 1.38) × 1012. A linear correlation was found to exist between the logarithm of the rate constant per C—H bond and the corresponding bond dissociation energy for several classes of organic compounds with equivalent C—H bonds. The correlation favors a value of D(c—C3H5-H) = (101 ± 2) kcal mol-1.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent interest in the measurement and the interpretation of heat capacities of activation has led to more rigorous methods to detect temperature-varient activation parameters. One such method devised by Blandamer and co-workers was applied to the sucrose hydrolysis data of Moelwyn-Hughes and Leininger and Kilpatrick. Both sets of investigators claimed that the energy of activation for sucrose inversion decreased with increasing temperature, while Heidt and Purvis and more recently, Kuhler's group contend that the energy of activation is constant. It was found that neither the data of Moelwyn-Hughes nor of Leininger and Kilpatrick warrant the inclusion of a temperature-dependent activation enthalpy.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction has been studied using a discharge-flow tube with resonant fluorescence detection of HO. Measurements of k1 have been made at temperatures between 237 and 404 K. Our results and earlier work suggest that the rate constant has a minimum at T ≃ 500 K. Below room temperature our results are given by the expression k = (2.0 ± 0.4) × 10-14 exp[(430 ± 60)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, where the error limits include an estimate of the measurement accuracy. No dependence of k1 on pressure at 300 K is observed in studies between 1- and 10-torr helium. An upper limit of kb 〈 1% k1 at 300 K is given.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a relative rate technique, rate constants have been determined for the gas phase reactions of Cl atoms with a series of organics at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. Using a rate constant of 1.97 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for the reaction of Cl atoms with n-butane, the following rate constants (in units of 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were obtained: ethane, 6.38 ± 0.18; propane, 13.4 ± 0.5; isobutane, 13.7 ± 0.2; n-pentane, 25.2 ± 1.2; isopentane, 20.3 ± 0.8; neopentane, 11.0 ± 0.3; n-hexane, 30.3 ± 0.6; cyclohexane, 31.1 ± 1.4; 2,3-dimethylbutane, 20.7 ± 0.6; n-heptane, 34.1 ± 1.2; acetylene, 6.28 ± 0.18; ethene, 10.6 ± 0.3; propene, 24.4 ± 0.8; benzene, 1.5 ± 0.9; and toluene, 5.89 ± 0.36. These data are compared and discussed with the available literature values.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the thermal reaction between SF4, and CF3OF has been studied between 142°C and 185°C. The reaction was found to be homogeneous and the only products formed are equimolecular amounts of SF6 and CF3O2CF3 and smaller amounts of CF3OSF5. The reaction mechanism was not affected by the total pressure, the oxygen pressure, or by the buildup of products. The experimental data can be explained by the following mechanism: The rate constants can be expressed as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{lr} k_1 = (4.58 \pm 0.30) \times 10^7 \,{\rm exp( - 18900} \pm {\rm 1000}\,{\rm cal/}RT)M^{ - 1} \,{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} \\ k_2 = (3.88 \pm 0.30) \times 10^9 \,{\rm exp( - 9800} \pm {\rm 1000}\,{\rm cal/}RT)M^{ - 1} \,{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} \end{array} $$\end{document}
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By addition of the light hydrogen isotope muonium (Mu = μ+e-) the 1-ethyl-hexen-1-yl radicals CH2 = CHCH2CH2CH2CHCH2Mu, CH2 = CHOCH2CH2CHCH2Mu, and CH2 = CHCH2CH2OCHCH2Mu are generated in liquids. Their Fourier transform muon spin rotation spectra show linewidths increasing with increasing temperature which are attributed to the ring closure reactions. Analysis yields the absolute rate constants and their Arrhenius parameters. Together with previously reported results on analogous cyclization and on related ring fission reactions they are discussed in terms of steric and electronic effects on the reaction pathways and compared with predictions of semiempirical calculations.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 55-81 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An eigenvalue-eigenvector analysis is used to extract meaningful kinetic information from linear sensitivity coefficients computed for several species of a reacting system at several time points. The main advantage of this method lies in its ability to reveal those parts of the mechanism which consist of strongly interacting reactions, and to indicate their importance within the mechanism. Results can be used to solve three general kinetic problems. Firstly, an objective condition for constructing a minimal reaction set is presented. Secondly, the uncovered dependencies among the parameters are shown to confirm or deny validity of quasi-steady-state assumptions under the considered experimental conditions. Thirdly, taking into account only sensitivities of observed species, the analysis is used to yield error estimates on unknown parameters determined from the experimental observations, and to suggest the parameters that should be kept fixed in the estimation procedure. To illustrate we chose the well-known hydrogen-bromine reaction and the kinetics of formaldehyde oxidation in the presence of CO.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the homolytic substitution of several trialkyltin iodides by iodine atoms are presented. Rate constants have been determined at three different temperatures and the following activation parameters calculated: A, Ea, and ΔS°≠. The observation that the activation energy, ΔG≠, is related to the driving force of the ion-pair formation, leads to the conclusion that the charge-transfer model is a valid approach for substitution in the reaction between R3SnI compounds and iodine atoms.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Di-tert-butyl nitroxide (DTBN) decomposes in aqueous solutions producing 2-methyl-2-nitroso propane (MNP) and tert-butanol. The process is acid catalyzed, it is of second order in DTBN, and takes place with a rate constant of (1.0 ± 0.1) M-2 s-1. The reaction is also catalyzed by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate and by Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions. The catalysis by Fe(III) involves a very fast reduction of Fe(III) ions with concomitant formation of 2-methyl-2-nitroso propane. The reaction catalyzed by Fe(II) also produces 2-methyl-2-nitroso propane with a formation rate given by: d[MNP]/dt = (0.25 ± 0.10) [Fe(II)] [DTBN]. This reaction rate is nearly pH independent.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vinyl and isopropyl radicals were generated by the pyrolysis of azoisopropane in the presence of acrolein at 473-563 K. Reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Rate constant ratios k2/k1 = 0.02 ± 0.01 and k4/k3 = 0.01 ± 0.005 are suggested for the following reactions: The rate constant ratio of reactions (7) and (c) obeys the Arrhenius equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_7 /k_c^{1/2} = (1.02 \pm 0.7)10^7 \,{\rm exp[ - (28}{\rm .42} \pm {\rm 2}{\rm .97)kJ/}RT]\,{\rm dm}^{{\rm 3/2}} \,{\rm mol}^{{\rm - 1/2}} \,{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1/2}} $$\end{document} The Arrhenius equation was derived for (k8 + k9).
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 135-147 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolyses of ketene (at 313 and 280 nm) and diazirine at 313 nm in the presence of cis-butene-2 were studied. Vibrational relaxation of chemically activated dimethylcyclopropane was shown to occur as a multistep process, and 17 ± 4 kJ mol-1 was obtained for the average energy transferred per collision with butene-2 collider. Activated cis-dimethylcyclopropane is formed in the reaction of singlet methylene and cis-butene-2 with broad energy distribution which originates from the energy partitioning in the photolytic act. About 30% of the energy released in the photolysis of the methylene source is carried by singlet methylene as vibrational energy at the time of reaction, and this fraction was found to be practically independent of the radical source.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetic deuterium isotope effect in the thermal dehydration stages of powdered SrCl2 · 2H2O was examined by means of both isothermal and dynamic gravimetries. These dehydration processes proved to be controlled by a random nucleation and its subsequent growth mechanism. No significant kinetic isotope effect was seen in these dehydration stages. It seems that there exists a kinetic compensation effect between the hydrate and its deuterium analog, if any isotopic differences in activation energy and frequency factor could exist.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: s-Butoxy radicals have been generated by reacting fluorine with s-butanol: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \mathop {\rm F}\limits^{\rm .} + {\rm CH}_3 {\rm CH}_2 {\rm CH}({\rm OH}){\rm CH}_3 \to {\rm HF} + {\rm CH}_3 {\rm CH}_2 {\rm CH}(\mathop {\rm O}\limits^{\rm .}){\rm CH}_3 $$\end{document} Over the temperature range 398.6 to 493.3 K the s-butoxy radical decomposes by two different pathways to yield acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde being the major product: The ratio k1/k2 was found to be temperature dependent. An Arrhenius plot of the data (398.6 to 493.3 K) yields the relative Arrhenius parameters, E1 - E2 = -11.2 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1 and (A1/A2) = 0.59 ± 0.14. The ratio of rate constants k1/k2 was shown to be independent of total pressure (80-600 torr) and of the pressure of s-butanol (2-13 torr). The kinetic results for these s-butoxy decomposition reactions are discussed in relation to the literature data and in terms of the thermochemistry of the reactions.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal dehydrochlorination CF2ClCH3 → CF2 = CH2 + HCl has been studied in a static system between 637 and 758 K. It is a homogeneous, molecular first-order reaction and its rate constant is given by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm log}_{{\rm 10}} {\rm }(k,{\rm s}^{ - {\rm 1}}) = - (53,400 \pm 100)/4.576{\rm T + (12}{\rm .21} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .03)} $$\end{document} This reaction has also been studied in the presence of CCl4 and mixtures of CCl4 and HCl between 585 and 662 K. It is then accelerated and the initial rate increase is given by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ v = d[{\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm = CH}_{\rm 2} ]/dt = k' \left( {1 + k'' {\textstyle{{{\rm [HCl]}} \over {{\rm [CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm ClCH}_{\rm 3} {\rm ]}}}}} \right)^{{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}} [{\rm CF}_2 {\rm ClCH}_3 ]^{{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 3$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}} $$\end{document} with log10 (k′, L½ /mol½ · s) = -(41,650 ± 180)/4.576T + (10.84 ± 0.06) and log10 k″ = (7900 ± 180)/4.576T - (0.59 ± 0.06). A radical chain mechanism is shown to be consistent with these latter results.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 177-216 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the gas-phase photooxidation of toluene-NOx-air mixtures at part-per-million concentrations has been carried out in a 65-m3, outdoor smog chamber to assess our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of toluene. In addition, six CO—NOx-air irradiations were conducted to characterize the chamber with regard to any wall radical sources. Measured parameters in the toluene-NOx experiments included O3, NO, NO2, HNO3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), CO, toluene, benzaldehyde, o-cresol, m-nitrotoluene, peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBZN), temperature, relative humidity, aerosol size distributions, and particulate organic carbon. Predictions of the reaction mechanism of Leone and Seinfeld [7] are found to be in good agreement with the data under a variety of initial conditions. Additional simulations are used to investigate various mechanistic pathways in areas where our understanding of toluene chemistry is still incomplete.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A kinetic study of the very low-pressure pyrolysis of ethylbenzene (I), 2-phenylethylamine (II), and N,N-dimethyl 2-phenylethylamine (III) above 900 K yields the heats of formation of aminomethyl (A) and N,N-dimethylaminomethyl (B) radicals: ΔHƒ, 300 K(A) = 30.3 and ΔHƒ, 300 K(B) = 27.5 kcal/mol. The difference of stabilization energies Es, (relative to methyl radicals): Δ = Es(B) - Es(A) = (2 ± 1) kcal/mol, conforms to similar effects in methyl substituted alkyl and amino free radicals.
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactivity of tert-butoxy radicals with methyl substituted aromatic compounds is almost exclusively determined by the aromatic moiety and almost independent of the methyl group position. The hydrogen abstraction from the carbon α to the aromatic ring is hardly sensitive to the produced radical stabilization. This lack of dependence can be explained in terms of the large exothermicity of the process.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 355-366 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction of OH radicals with methyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl nitrite \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm OH + RONO} \to {\rm products} $$\end{document} have been studied in a discharge flow system under pseudo first-order conditions. The OH radicals were generated by the reaction of H atoms with NO2 and the concentration of OH; monitored by resonance fluorescence, was followed as a function of time in an excess of each nitrite. Values of k(CH3ONO) = (0.6 ± 0.09) × 109 dm3 mol-1 s-1 k(n - C3H7ONO) = (1.39 ± 0.20) × 109 dm3 mol-1 s-1, and k(n - C4H9ONO) = (2.89 ± 0.43) × 109 dm3 mol-1 s-1 at 295 K were obtained. These results agree with previous relative rate measurements from this laboratory but the value for k (CH3ONO) is a factor of 7 greater than the value obtained by relative rate measurements elsewhere using a different OH source.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 367-380 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The available RRKM programs which cover the full pressure range (high → low-pressure limits) were written for nonreversible reactions. For reversible reactions the correct shapes of the fall-off curves can be estimated by applying a correction factor to the RRKM bimolecular rate constant, which depends on a ratio of state densities at the potential maximum. It is proposed that the analysis of such systems in terms of relaxation kinetics provides a more rational treatment, free of the ambiguities associated with specifying a “transition state.”
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 441-453 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of ethane was studied behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range 1200-1700 K and over the pressure range 1.7-2.5 atm, by both tracing the time variation of absorption at 3.39 μm and analyzing the concentration of the reacted gas mixtures. The mechanism to interpret well not only the earlier stage of C2H6 decomposition, but also the later stage was determined. The rate constant of reactions, C2H6 → CH3 + CH3, C2H6 + C2H3 → C2H5 + C2H4, C2H5 → C2H4 + H were calculated. The rate constants of the other reactions were also discussed.
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 525-534 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on an FTIR-product study of the photolysis of mixtures containing Br2—CH3CHO and Br2—CH3CHO—HCHO in 700 torr of N2, the rate constant for the reaction Br + CH3CHO → HBr + CH3CO was determined to be 3.7 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. In addition, the selective photochemical generation of Br at λ 〉 400 nm in mixtures containing Br2—CH3CHO—14NO2 (or 15NO2)—O2 was shown to serve as a quantitative preparation method for the corresponding nitrogen-isotope labeled CH3C(O)OONO2 (PAN). From the dark-decay rates of 15N-labeled PAN in large excess 14NO2, the rate constant for the unimolecular reaction CH3C(O)OO15NO2 → CH3C(O)OO + 15NO2 was measured to be 3.3 (±0.2) × 10-4 s-1 at 297 ± 0.5 K.
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 503-524 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: i-C4H9ONO was photolyzed with 366-nm radiation at -8, 23, 55, 88, and 120°C in a static system in the presence of NO, O2, and N2. The quantum yield of i-C3H7CHO, Φ{i-C3H7CHO}, was measured as a function of reaction of reaction conditions. The primary photochemical act is and it proceeds with a quantum yield φ1 = 0.24 ± 0.02 independent of temperature. The i-C4H9O radicals can react with NO by two routes The i-C4H9O radical can decompose via or react with O2 via Values of k4/k2 ≃ k4b/k2 were determined to be (2.8 ± 0.6) × 1014, (1.7 ± 0.2) × 1015, and (3.5 ± 1.3) × 1015 molec/cm3 at 23 55, and 88°C, respectively, at 150-torr total pressure of N2. Values of k6/k2 were determined from -8 to 120°C. They fit the Arrhenius expression: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log (k_6 /k_2) = - 2.15 \pm 0.22 - (836 \pm 159)/2.303{\rm T} $$\end{document} For k2 ≃ 4.4 × 1011 cm3/s, k6 becomes (3.2 ± 2.0) × 10-13 exp{-(836 ± 159)/T} cm3/s. The reaction scheme also provides k4b/k6 = 3.59 × 1018 and 5.17 × 1018 molec/cm3 at 55 and 88°C, respectively, and k8b/k8 = 0.66 ± 0.12 independent of temperature, where
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 535-546 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The alkyl nitrites, C2H5ONO, n-C3H7ONO, n-C4H9ONO, and i-C4H9ONO were photolyzed at 23°C in the presence of 15NO at 366-nm incident radiation. The quantum yields of the corresponding isotopically-enriched alkyl nitrites were measured by mass spectrometry. The results indicated that only part of the absorption leads to photodecomposition. The remainder forms an electronically excited state which isotopically exchanges with 15NO. The indicated reactions of the electronically excited state RONO*, are where k3/k2 = 0.50 ± 0.10, 0.62 ± 0.20, 0.42 ± 0.06, and 0.24 ± 0.03 torr, and that k2a/k2 = 1.0, 1.0, 0.64 ± 0.04, and 0.56 ± 0.03, respectively, for C2H5ONO, n-C3H7ONO, n-C4H9ONO, and i-C4H9ONO.
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 583-590 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effective energy distribution of activated molecules at the time of reaction under soft collision conditions ƒ′(E, ω) is pressure dependent and therefore difficult to recover from unimolecular decomposition data obtained at different pressures. We show in this work that the part of this function restricted to the condition that the collision frequency ω has to be equal to the microscopic rate constant k(E) at the energy given ƒ″[E,ω = k(E)] is a reasonable approximation to the input energy distribution ƒ(E) for quite soft collisions. This function is not pressure dependent and then recoverable at least in principle and as a matter of fact is not conceptually far from the function that the already reported deconvolution methods based in physical approximations attempt to recover. The deconvolution methods have been checked under soft collision conditions. We have found that the input energy distribution is recovered with reasonable accuracy for energies transferred by collision 〈ΔE〉 above 5 kcal mol-1, conditions common in polyatomic systems.
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  • 26
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 573-582 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recently, Atkinson et al. have developed a more sophisticated approach than simple additivity to determine group rate constants at room temperature for reactions of OH radicals with alkanes. In this article, use is made of reliable experimental data at room temperature and at 753 K to determine temperature coefficients for these reactions. Evidence based on experiment is cited in support of the expression k = AT1e-E/RT as a suitable quantitative expression for the variation of k with temperature between 300 and 1000 K for OH attack at any particular specific group in an alkane. Values are given for A and E for a number of groups found in both linear and branched alkanes. With highly branched alkanes, steric effects may limit the use of even the more sophisticated additivity approach used here. Use of the group values permits the calculation of both the overall rate constant for OH + alkane, the agreement with the limited amount of experimental data available being very good, and the proportions of each species of alkyl radical formed in the overall attack. Such information is vital to quantitative modeling of combustion processes currently being carried out extensively. The values given in the article are recommended for use over the temperature range 300-1000 K.
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  • 27
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 591-600 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the binding of alizarin yellow G to six nonequivalent binding sites on bovine serum albumin were investigated, using the stopped flow and T-jump techniques. The first step in the reaction sequence is very fast, and is followed by a slower step which is suggested to be an internal rearrangement of the collision complex formed in the first step. This temporal sequence shows that the strong cooperativity between the first and second binding sites is not due to the existence of different conformations in equilibrium in free albumin, but rather to a ligand-induced change. Next, an additional, still slower transformation is observed. From the fact that this transformation is not rate-determining for the formation of higher complexes we conclude that it corresponds to a branch reaction. The higher complexes are again formed with very high rate constants. The first complex has a high negative value of both ΔH and ΔS° of formation. For the second and higher complexes, the heat of formation is much lower, and the standard entropy of formation is positive. The formation of these complexes is thus largely entropy-driven. The difference between the thermodynamic parameters of the first and subsequent ligands is in accordance with the assumption that only the binding of the first ligand entails significant structural changes.
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  • 28
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 601-612 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction between nitric acid and thiocyanate has been studied both in batch and flow configurations. The batch reaction is autocatalytic with an induction period which is decreased by the addition of HNO2. At the nitric acid concentrations employed (1-10 M), a red NOSCNH+ intermediate is formed. The reaction in a flow reactor exhibits bistability. A model involving competitive reactions of SCN- and NOSCNH+ with NO2 is suggested, and computer simulations with this model give good agreement with both the batch and flow experiments.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the oxidation of naphthalene and phenanthrene by pyridinium fluorochromate, C5H5NHCrO3F, PFC, has been studied. The main product of the oxidation is the corresponding quinone. While each oxidation, studied in aqueous acetic acid (80-95%, v/v) medium, is first order with respect to the oxidant, the rate is almost independent of the substrate concentration. The reactions are catalyzed by acid, the acid-catalyzed reactions being very fast, which precluded determination of their order in acid medium. The kinetic isotope effect, kH/kD is 5.50 at 303 K for naphthalene. The reaction does not induce polymerization of acrylonitrile. The effects of temperature and solvent compositions were studied and activation parameters evaluated. Probable mechanisms are discussed.
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  • 30
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 613-628 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Relative rate constants for the removal of vibrationally excited OH in the ninth vibrational level of its ground electronic state [designated hereafter by OH† (9)] by interaction with a series of simple hydrocarbons at room temperature are reported. The reaction of hydrogen atoms with ozone was used to generate OH†(9) in a fast flow discharge system at 1.1 ± 0.1 torr total pressure. The decrease in the (9 → 3 band) Meinel band chemiluminescent emission intensity at 626 nm was followed as a function of the concentration of added organic or of a reference deactivator (O2), respectively, at a fixed reaction time; these data gave relative rate constants, k2X/k2O2, for the removal of OH†(9) by the organic. The relative rate constants determined in this study are as follows: C2H6, 2.7 ± 0.2; C3H8, 4.4 ± 0.4; n-C4H10, 7.5 ± 0.6; iso-C4H10, 7.3 ± 0.8; n-C5H12, 10.4 ± 0.7; C2H4, 22.9 ± 1.8; C3H6, 43.4 ± 1.4; cis-2-C4H8, 47.7 ± 3.1; C6H6, 29 ± 7. (Errors are two standard deviations of the weighted mean of experiments in two flow tubes with different wall coatings and carrier gases.) The implications of the trends in these rate constants for the relative contributions of energy transfer and reaction to the net removal of OH† (9) are discussed.
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  • 31
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 637-653 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of benzene has been investigated with a high-temperature alumina flow reactor in the temperature range of 950-1150 K at residence times of ca. 1 ms and pressures of ca. 400 mbar. Analysis of the reaction products at various stages of the reaction was carried out by direct expansion of the reacting gas yielding a molecular beam that was analyzed by a mass spectrometer. Product identification studies were made by comparing the results from the oxidations of C6H6 and C6D6. Besides the products found in previous studies a number of new oxygenated intermediate species were identified, namely benzoquinone, cyclopentadienone, acrolein, and a C4H4O species. In addition, some higher hydrocarbons have been found even at high oxygen excess. The role of the intermediates within the current ideas of the reaction mechanism is discussed.
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  • 32
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 33
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 655-683 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many methods involving a lag or retardation can linearize A exp(-kt) + Z data, allowing k to be obtained from the slope. A classification scheme is found in which the efficiencies are related to the classes of methods. The methods yielding k with the smallest standard deviations (σk) are compared quantitatively. The resulting error factors for k and the lags are tabulated for each of the four methods compared, for use by the experimenter. This is done for various ranges, backgrounds, and kinds of random noise. Effects on k and σk due to correlation, incorrect weighting, choice of lag, and the distribution of the plotted data are detailed. Effects at high noise levels are discussed for the (usually) best direct method, due to Guggenheim. These include the onset and extent of bias in k and failure of the method to yield any k.
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  • 34
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 709-711 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rate constants for the reaction OH + CO have been measured as functions of temperature (340-1220 K) and water concentration in the presence of 1 atm of argon. Results at zero water concentration yield the expression, log kƒ (cm3 molecule-1 S-1) = -12.96 + 4.7 × 10-4 T, for the reaction rate constant as a function of temperature. These results are in very good agreement with previous direct measurements and in reasonable agreement with flame and shock tube measurements. Explanations are offered for the involvement of the water molecule in the present experiments and earlier measurements from this laboratory throughout the entire temperature range. Results are consistent with previous results showing little, if any, pressure effect of Ar on the reaction up to 1 atm of Ar.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Part I: Kinetic data for the static system silane pyrolysis (from 640-703 K, 60-400 torr) are presented. For conversion from 3-30%, first-order kinetics are obtained, with silane loss rates equal to half the hydrogen formation rates. At conversions greater than 40%, rate inhibition attributable to the back reaction of hydrogen with silylene occurs. Overall reaction rates are not surface sensitive, but disilane and trisilane yield maxima under some conditions are. A nonchain mechanism capable of describing quantitatively all stages of the silane pyrolysis is proposed. Post 1.0% initiation is both homogeneous (gas phase) and heterogeneous (on the walls), and reaction intermediates are silylenes and disilenes. Free radicals are not involved at any stage of the reaction. Rate data at high conversions and with added hydrogen provide kinetics for the addition of silylene to hydrogen [reaction (-1)1] relative to its addition to silane [reaction (2)]: k-1,/k2 = 10-0.65 × e-3200 cal/RT. With E2 = 1300 cal, this gives a high pressure activation energy for silylene insertion into hydrogen of E-1 = 8200 cal.Part II: An analysis is made of each rate constant of the silane mechanism and the modeling results are compared with experimental results. Agreement is excellent. It is concluded that the dominant sink reaction for silylene intermediates is 1,2 - H2 elimination from disilane (followed by Si2H4 polymerization and wall deposition). The model is in accord with slow isomerization between disilene and silylsilylene and near exclusive 1,2 - H2 elimination from Si2H6. It is also concluded that disilene is about 10 kcal/mol more stable than silylsilylene and that the activation energy for isomerization of silylsilylene to disilene is greater than 26 kcal/mol.
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  • 37
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1103-1118 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ArF excimer laser was used to perturb radical concentrations and a tunable dye laser was used to follow the rise and subsequent decay of OH and CH in rich (φ = 1.6-1.8) atmospheric pressure methane flames. The excimer beam is only slightly focussed to minimize temperature excursions and the influence of diffusion and convection on the decay rates. The observed OH decay is consistent with that predicted using a detailed kinetic mechanism. The observed CH decay is much faster than predicted. The effects of equivalence ratio and height above burner suggests that a major CH decay channel involving an intermediate with higher concentration in rich flames is not properly treated in the mechanism.
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  • 38
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1333-1345 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rates of oxidation of four α-keto acids, glyoxylic, pyruvic, phenylglyoxylic, and 2-oxobutyric acids by Cerium(IV) in H2SO4—HaHSO4 and H2SO4—HClO4 solutions, have been studied spectrophotometrically. The rate data suggest that CeSO42+ is the most reactive of the Cerium(IV)-sulfate complexes present in the H2SO4—NaHSO4 and H2SO4—HClO4 systems. The oxidation reaction is proposed to be a one-electron process with the rate-determining step being the decomposition of a α-ketoacid-Cerium(IV) complex to a free radical and carbon dioxide through a transition state.
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  • 39
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1365-1373 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The accuracies of the approximation of the temperature integral of the Arrhenius law proposed by Coats and Redfern(CR), Doyle(D), Gyulai and Greenhow(GG), and MacCallum and Tanner(McT) have been tested. It has been demonstrated that these methods (only with the exception of the MacCallum and Tanner procedure) generally lead to accurate enough values of the activation energy of solid state reactions.The accuracy of these methods increases in the sequence: CC 〉 D ≃ GG ≫ McT.
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  • 40
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1347-1364 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The variational method of sensitivity analysis is applied to a recent chemical kinetic mechanism for photochemical smog. It is demonstrated that the variational method is capable of readily handling a large mechanism. The analysis can be applied to a single chemical species or to an arbitrarily large group of species contained in an objective function. Examples of the use of different objective functions are given. The variational method provides temporally distributed sensitivity coefficients. Therefore, the results are presented as a time-dependent ranking of reactions in orderof decreasing importance with respect to the objective function species. This ranking permits the time-dependent relative influence of each reaction to be readily determined by inspection. Particular attention is paid to reactions governing daytime O3 formation and nighttime NO3 and HONO formation.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas phase pyrolysis of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloropropane was studied in a static system and seasoned vessel over the temperature range of 393.0-452.8°C and pressure range of 27.5-118.5 torr. The reaction is homogeneous, unimolecular, follows a first-order rate law, and is not affected by the presence of the free radical inhibitor, toluene, or propene. The main dehydrochlorination products are 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propene and 1,1,2-trichloro-1-propene. The temperature dependence of the rate coefficient is given by the Arrhenius equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log {\rm }k_1 ({\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}}) = (11.98 \pm 0.34) - (205.1 \pm 4.6){\rm kJ/mol/2}{\rm .303}RT $$\end{document}The Arrhenius parameters of this reaction are apparently low. Consequently, in estimating the transition state of A = 1013.5, the following expression is obtained \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm log }k_1 ({\rm s}^{ - {\rm 1}}) = 13.5 - 225.1{\rm kJ/mol/2}{\rm .303}RT $$\end{document} The partial rates and kinetic parameters for the parallel elimination products have been estimated and reported. The trichloromethyl substituent has been found to affect this elimination process through its electron withdrawing effect.
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 255-255 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 44
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cis- and trans-buten-2-yl free radicals are shown to react with butene-2 cis (Bc) and D2S in the following metathetical steps: giving rise to butenes-1 (B1). The initial formations of butene-1,3 d1 and total butene-1 in D2S—Bc mixtures have been studied in the initial pressure range 20-200 torr for Bc, 0-41 torr for D2S and at 717-817 K. The main initiation and termination steps are shown to be: Assuming a rapid equilibrium between cis- and trans-C4H7⋅, ki ≃ 1015.5 exp(-85.5/RT) s-1 (RT in kcal mol-1) and kt ≃ 1013 mol-1 cm3 s-1, we get: k2c′ = 1.1 k2t′ = 1012.0 exp[(-9.25 ± 2)/RT] mol-1 cm3 s-1 and k2 + 1.5 k2′ ≃ 1012.1 exp[(-15.2 ± 2)/RT] mol-1 cm3 s-1. Isotopic effects relating to processes (2c′) + (2t′) and to (i′) have been evaluated.
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  • 45
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this article, we present low-pressure steady-state results for carbon monoxide oxidation over Rh(100). The results are comparable to those found for other Group VIII transition metals. For a fixed oxygen pressure, the reaction rate is first order in CO pressure until a critical pressure is reached, above which the reaction rate sharply diminishes and the order becomes negative in CO pressure. Coverages of carbon monoxide under steady-state working conditions have been measured.
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  • 46
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 401-411 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tripeptide alanylalanylalanine reacts with either HOCl or HOBr to form a N,N-dihalopeptide. These compounds decompose to the N-halo-N′-(α-iminoketo)peptides plus halide ion. The rate constants for these reactions in 0.4-M NaCl were determined to be \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{*{20}c}{{\rm Cl:}} \hfill & {k_4 = 1.52 \times 10^{15} e^{ - 19,600/RT} \,{\rm min}^{{\rm - 1}} \,({\rm pH}\,{\rm 6}{\rm .7)}} \hfill \\\end{array} \\ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{{\rm Br:}} \hfill & {k_4 = 1.06 \times 10^{15} e^{ - 18,400/RT} \,{\rm min}^{{\rm - 1}} \,({\rm pH}\,{\rm 6}{\rm .6)}} \hfill \\\end{array} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where the activation energies are in cal/mol. The N-halo-N′-(α-iminoketo)-peptides slowly decompose either by a two-step hydrolysis reaction to form ammonia, halide ion, and an N-(α-acylketo)peptide, or by direct decomposition to a nitrile, an isocyanopeptide, and a halide ion.
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 419-428 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl salicylate has been studied at 35°C within the [ŌH] range of 0.001-2.00 M. The observed hydroxide ion concentration dependence of rate has been explained by proposing the occurrence of two parallel kinetic steps shown as in the rate law: rate = k1[H2O] [ES] + k2[ŌH] [ES] where ES- represents ionized ethyl salicylate. The value of k1, is ca. 106 times larger than the expected value of rate constant for uncatalyzed aqueous cleavage of ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. This rate advantage is attributed to intramolecular general base catalysis. The analysis of observed activation parameters indicates that ca. 106 times rate enhancement is entirely due to favorable entropy change. The Brønsted-type plots show an extremely low sensitivity of rate constants k1 and k2 with respective Brønsted coefficient of βlg1 = -0.03 ± 0.01 and βlg2 = -0.01 ± 0.05, on the basicity of leaving groups of salicylate esters (alkoxide and phenoxide ions). The low values of these Brønsted coefficients indicate essentially little or an insignificant amount of bond cleavage between carbonyl carbon and leaving group in the rate-determining step in both the k1 and k2 steps. The rate constants obtained at different ethanol concentration follow Grunwald-Winstein mY equation with m = 0.14 ± 0.01.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction between chlorite ion and thiourea has been studied both in a closed (batch) system and in a flow reactor (CSTR). The principal stoichiometry is given by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ 2{\rm ClO}_{\rm 2} ^{\rm - } + {\rm CS(NH}_{\rm 2} {\rm)}_{\rm 2} + {\rm 2NH}_{\rm 4} ^ + + {\rm CO}_{\rm 2} + 2{\rm Cl}^{\rm - } + {\rm SO}_{\rm 4} ^{{\rm 2 - }} $$\end{document} In batch, the reaction displays an induction period, whose length is proportional to [CS(NH2)2]/[ClO2-] [H+], followed by the rapid buildup and disappearance of a ClO2 intermediate. At [ClO2-]/[CS(NH2)2] ratios between 2.5 and 3.5, a second peak in the ClO2 absorbance is observed. In the CSTR, this iodine-free system displays simple and complex periodic oscillation, bistability, aperiodic oscillation, and birhythmicity.
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  • 49
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 50
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 455-476 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: C2H5ONO was photolyzed with 366 nm radiation at -48, -22, -2.5, 23, 55, 88, and 120°C in a static system in the presence of NO, O2, and N2. The quantum yield of CH3CHO, Φ{CH3CHO}, was measured as a function of reaction conditions. The primary photochemical act is and it proceeds with a quantum yield φ1a = 0.29 ± 0.03 independent of temperature. The C2H5O radicals can react with NO by two routes The C2H5O radical can also react with O2 via Values of k6/k2 were determined at each temperature. They fit the Arrhenius expression: Log(k6/k2) = -2.17 ± 0.14 - (924 ± 94)/2.303 T. For k2 ≃ 4.4 × 10-11 cm3/s, k6 becomes (3.0 ± 1.0) × 10-13 exp{-(924 ± 94)/T} cm3/s. The reaction scheme also provides k8a/k8 = 0.43 ± 0.13, where
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  • 51
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 477-501 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: n-C3H7ONO was photolyzed with 366 nm radiation at -26, -3, 23, 55, 88, and 120°C in a static system in the presence of NO, O2, and N2. The quantum yields of C2H5CHO, C2H5ONO, and CH3CHO were measured as a function of reaction conditions. The primary photochemical act is and it proceeds with a quantum yield φ1 = 0.38 ± 0.04 independent of temperature. The n-C3H7O radicals can react with NO by two routes The n-C3H7O radical can decompose via or react with O2 via Values of k4/k2 ≃ k4b/k2 were determined to be (2.0 ± 0.2) × 1014, (3.1 ± 0.6) × 1014, and (1.4 ± 0.1) × 1015 molec/cm3 at 55, 88, and 120°C, respectively, at 150-torr total pressure of N2. Values of k6/k2 were determined from -26 to 88°C. They fit the Arrhenius expression: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log (k_6 /k_2) = - 2.17 \pm 0.20 - (879 \pm 117)/2.303{\rm T}{\rm .} $$\end{document} For k2 ≃ 4.4 × 10-11 cm3/s, k6 becomes (2.9 ± 1.7) × 10-13 exp{-(879 ± 117)/T} cm3/s. The reaction scheme also provides k4b/k6 = 1.58 × 1018 molec/cm3 at 120°C and k8a/k8 = 0.56 ± 0.24 independent of temperature, where
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  • 52
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 53
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 547-558 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of Cl-atom-initiated reactions of CHO—CHO were studied using the FTIR detection method to monitor the photolysis of Cl2-CHO—CHO mixtures in 700 torr of N2-O2 diluent at 298 ± 2 K. The observed product distribution in the [O2] pressure of 0-700 torr combined with relative rate measurements provide evidence that: (1) the primary step is Cl + CHO—CHO → HCl + CHO—CO with a rate constant of [3.8 ± 0.3(σ)] × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1; (2) the primary product CHO—CO unimolecularly dissociates to CHO and CO with an estimated lifetime of ≤ca. 1 × 10-7 s; (3) alternatively, the CHO—CO reacts with O2 leading to the formation of CO, CO2, and most likely the HO radical, but no stable products containing two carbon atoms; (4) the HO2 radical, formed in the secondary reaction CHO + O2 → HO2 + CO, reacts with the CHO—CHO with a rate constant ca. 5 × 10-16 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to form HCOOH and a new transient product resembling that detected previously in the HO2 reaction with HCHO.
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  • 54
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 559-571 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction by which thallium(III) acetate oxidizes cyclohexene in glacial acetic acid medium, has been studied by UV spectrophotometric observation at 30°C. The consumption of thallium(III) acetate follows a second-order rate law exhibiting first-order dependence on each of thallium(III) acetate and cyclohexene; however, the first-order dependence on cyclohexene disappears at high cyclohexene concentrations as pseudo-first-order conditions prevail above 0.2 M cyclohexene. A steady-state model of the following form is proposed: where Tl, Cy, and Com are units of Thallium(III) acetate, cyclohexene, and a reaction complex. The value of k2 has been evaluated as 0.00027 and (k-1 + k2) as 0.0385k1. For low thallium(III) acetate concentrations the reaction kinetics follow the rate law: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ d[{\rm Tl}]/dt = - 0.00027([{\rm Tl}] + \alpha)[{\rm Tl}]/(0.0385 + 2[{\rm Tl}] + \alpha) $$\end{document} where α = the excess concentration of cyclohexene over thallium(III) triacetate. For thallium(III) acetate concentrations above 0.02 M, double salt formation of thallium(III) acetate with product thallium(I) acetate removes thallium(III) acetate from the reaction and a modified rate law is observed. Runge-Kutta numerical solutions to the differential equations provide confirmation that the rate expressions are valid in predicting the observed concentrations of thallium(III) acetate.
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  • 55
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 685-708 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We investigate the distribution of transit or residence times of a trace reactant in laminar flow. We present measurements of this distribution for hydrogen atoms in a typical flow system, and show that the results are consistent with known theory and previous measurements of the diffusion coefficient. The use of the measured distribution as a diagnostic of flow behavior is discussed. It is also shown that the measured or calculated transit time distribution can provide a convenient means of correcting results of kinetic measurements for the departure from plug flow. In the case of firstorder, and also second-order decay of a single reactant, this correction is a useful approximation to the more rigorous solution of the partial differential equation for diffusion and reaction in laminar flow. Effects of the deviation from plug flow on a complex rection system are illustrated qualitatively for the H + NO2 titration system.
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  • 56
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 713-723 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxygen-hydrogen system, including the reactive species H, O, H2, O2, O3, OH, and HO2, is very complex, and contains numerous reactions whose kinetics and branches have been insufficiently explored. In the present study we use computer modeling to simulate observations made in a 300-K ozone-hydrogen mixture, in which a critical H2 pressure leads to rapid ozone decomposition, and generation of high concentrations of atomic oxygen. Initiation of the reaction chain involves heterogeneous O and/or H atom production, and the chain branching step is the reaction OH(v) + O3 → OH + O + O2, which is shown to be the predominant pathway for these reactants. The critical H2 pressure (ca. 3 torr) sets important constraints upon the system kinetics.
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  • 57
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 725-734 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Products of the reaction of OH radicals with 1-butene have been investigated in the presence of NO in one atmosphere of air at room temperature using gas chromatography and in situ long pathlength Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. The major product observed was propionaldehyde, with a formation yield (after allowing for its subsequent loss processes) of 0.94 ± 0.12. Minor yields of organic nitrates (RONO2) and of peroxypropionyl nitrate, a secondary product arising from propionaldehyde, were also observed. However, none of the products expected from the reactions subsequent to H-atom abstraction from 1-butene by OH radicals were observed, allowing an upper limit of 10% for this process to be derived. These data are compared with the available literature results and the implications are discussed.
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  • 58
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 735-747 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reversible recombination of the 2-phenyl- (I), 2-p-methoxyphenyl-(II), and 2-p-nitrophenyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene-2-yl (III) radicals have been investigated. Recombination rate constants of R(I-III) have been determined in different solvents (2k1 ∼ 109 M-1 s-1). The rate of reaction (I) with R(I-III) decreases with increasing solvent viscosity η. In the toluene-vaseline oil mixture (2 ≲ η ≲ 120 cP) the recombination of R(I-III) is molecular mobility limited. The thermodynamic parameters of reaction (I) have been determined: ΔH0 = 20-30 kcal/mol. Activation volumes ΔV1≠ for recombination of R(II) have been measured. In n-propanol ΔV1≠ is equal to the viscous flow activation volume of the solvent ΔVd≠. In toluene and chloroform ΔV1≠ 〈 ΔVd≠. For the last two solvents the activation volumes of the cage reaction have been estimated ΔV1≠(r) = -(2-3) cm3/mol. Visible-range absorption spectra and ESR spectra have been recorded for R(I-III). The role of cage effect in the reactivity anisotropy averaging of R(I-III) is discussed. The potential of the high-pressure tests for deriving information about the elementary act of a fast bimolecular reaction is considered.
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  • 59
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 763-768 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics and products of the decompositon of 9-diazofluorene by copper(II) tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile solvent have been investigated. The reaction is first order with respect to both 9-diazofluorene and copper(II) tetrafluoroborate. A reaction mechanism has also been proposed.
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  • 60
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 931-955 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was used to study the gas-phase reaction between HO⋅ and toluene. HO⋅ was generated by the in situ photolysis of nitrous acid. Flow reactor operation at steady-state conditions with a residence time of 20 min allowed investigation of primary and very rapid secondary reactions. CSTR and batch reactor experiments were also performed with selected products. Both gas-phase and aerosol products were identified by chromatography and mass spectroscopy, with total product yields between 55 and 75% of reacted carbon. Toluene reaction products included cresols, nitrocresols, nitrotoluenes, 3,5-dinitrotouluene, benzaldehyde, benzyl nitrate, nitrophenols, methyl-p-benzoquinone, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, formaldehyde, methyl nitrate, PAN, and CO. The fraction of HO⋅ methyl hydrogen abstraction was calculated to be 0.13 ± 0.04. The ratio of reaction rate constants for nitrotoluene versus cresol formation from the HO⋅-adduct was calculated to be about 3.3 × 104. Also, the ratio of cresol formation versus O2 addition to the HO⋅-adduct was estimated to be ≥0.5 for atmospheric conditions. Comparisons of these measurements with previous values and the implications with respect to photochemical kinetics modeling of the atmosphere are discussed.
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  • 61
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 957-966 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals with a series of cycloalkenes have been determined at 298 ± 2 K, using a relative rate technique. Using an equilibrium constant for the NO2 + NO3 ⇄ N2O5 reactions of 3.4 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1, the following rate constants (in units of 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were obtained: cyclopentene, 4.52 ± 0.52; cycloheptene, 4.71 ± 0.56; bicyclo[2.2.1]-2-heptene, 2.41 ± 0.28; bicyclo[2.2.2]-2-octene, 1.41 ± 0.17; bicyclo[2.2.1]-2,5-heptadiene, 9.92 ± 1.13; and 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, 12.6 ± 2.9. When combined with previous literature rate constants for cyclohexene and 1,4-cyclohexadiene, these data show that the rate constants for the nonconjugated cycloalkenes studied depend to a first approximation on the number of double bonds and the degree and configuration of substitution per double bond. No obvious effects of ring strain energy on these NO3 radical addition rate constants were observed. Our previous a priori predictive techniques for the alkenes and cycloalkenes can now be extended to strained cycloalkenes.
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  • 62
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 967-990 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The origin of autocatalysis in the pyrolysis of methane has been investigated by kinetic modeling. A mechanism is presented that provides good agreement with experimental data at 1038 K and 433 torr into the autocatalytic region. The main causes of autocatalysis are secondary initiation by hydrocarbon products larger than C2H6 and chain radical methylation sequences.
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  • 63
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 991-1006 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pulsed laser photolysis of N2O5 near 290 nm coupled with fluorescence detection (calibrated by NO2 photolysis) showed that the O(3P) quantum yield is ≤0.1. A pulsed laser optoacoustic technique in a flow tube (ca. 6 torr of N2) was tested by photolysis of NO2 and then applied to N2O5. Nitric oxide was added to react with NO3 free radical and the resulting increase in the optoacoustic signal confirmed the presence of NO3 free radicals. Based on the relative optoacoustic signals observed for NO2 and N2O5, the quantum yield for NO3 production is 0.8 ± 0.2.
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  • 64
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1017-1023 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetics of oxidation of fumarate, acrylate, cinnamate, and maleate anions by hexavalent manganese has been studied in aqueous alkaline medium. The order in [oxidant] was unity while that in [substrate] was fractional. The order of reactivity of anions is fumarate → acrylate → cinnamate → maleate. The reactions followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics suggesting the formation of a cyclic intermediate between Mn(VI) and the substrate followed by its disproportionation in a slow step. The equilibrium constant (K) for the preequilibrium step and the rate constant (k) for the slow disproportionation step have been calculated from the intercept and the slope values of the linear plot of 1/kobs versus 1/[substrate]. Activation parameters are also presented and discussed. A convenient iodometric method is reported for the estimation of Mn(VI).
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  • 65
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 66
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1067-1083 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic data and product studies are reported for the silane pyrolysis in the presence of olefins and acetylene. The kinetics of silane loss in the presence of acetylene was found to be identical to the initial gas phase silane decomposition step (SiH4 + M → SiH2 + H2 + M) when corrected for pressure fall-off effects. This result and the absence of methane or ethane from the pyrolysis of SiH4 in the presence of 1-butene or 1-pentene demonstrate that silyl radicals and H atoms are not involved in silane-olefin or silane-acetylene reactions. Qualitative aspects and kinetic data from the SiH4 pyrolysis in the presence of propylene are in accord with propylsilane formation via propylsilylene formed by silylene addition to propylene.
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  • 67
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1153-1154 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flash photolysis of dimethyl oxalate produced the radicals CH3, CH3O, and COOCH3. Thermally equilibrated methoxycarbonyl radicals did not decompose during radicalradical reactions in the presence of 40-torr cyclohexane in the temperature range 298-448 K. Cyclohexyl radicals were also generated during the flash photolysis of the reaction mixture. Rate coefficients of radical-radical reactions were calculated from the amounts of stable products determined by gas chromatography: CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, CH2O, CH3OH, CH3OCH3, HCOOCH3, CH3COOCH3, CH3OCOOCH3, CH3C6H11, and CH3OC6H11. Calculations were performed using an iterative computer integration program. Absolute values of rate coefficients were based on the rate coefficient of the reaction between methyl radicals, k1 = 2.7 × 1010 dm3 mol-1 s-1, measured with the same equipment. The rate coefficients for reactions (5)-(8) are: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} k_5 = (3.1 + 0.5) \times 10^{10} \,{\rm dm}^{\rm 3} \,{\rm mol}^{{\rm - 1}} \,{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} \\ k_6 = (2.1 + 0.2) \times 10^{10} \,{\rm dm}^{\rm 3} \,{\rm mol}^{{\rm - 1}} \,{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} \\ k_7 = (2.3 + 0.1) \times 10^{10} \,{\rm dm}^{\rm 3} \,{\rm mol}^{{\rm - 1}} \,{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}
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  • 69
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1169-1185 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A discharge-flow apparatus with resonance fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection has been used to monitor O2(b 1σg+) production from several reactions of the HO2 radical at 300 K and 1-torr total pressure. O2(b), HO2, and OH were observed when F atoms were added to H2O2 in the gas phase. Signal strengths of O2(b) were proportional to initial concentrations of H2O2 and HO2. These observations were analyzed by using a simple three step mechanism and a more complete computer simulation with 22 reaction steps. The results indicate that the F + HO2 reaction yields O2(b) with an efficiency of (3.6 ± 1.4) × 10-3. By monitoring [O2(b)] and [HO2] upon addition of an excess second reactant to HO2, O2(b) yields from the reactions of HO2 with O, Cl, D, H, and OH were found to be 〈1 × 10-2, 〈5 × 10-4, 〈2 × 10-3, 〈8 × 10-3, and 〈1 × 10-3, respectively. Yields of O2(b) from the HO2 ± HO2 reaction were found to be less than 3 × 10-2.
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  • 71
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1191-1199 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Low pressure (4.67 kPa) CH4/O2/Ar flames were seeded with approximately 5300 ppm NH3. The concentration profiles of stable and radical species in lean (φ = 0.92) and rich (φ = 1.13) flames were determined by molecular beam sampling mass spectrometry. Temperature profiles in these flames were measured with thermocouples whose readings were corrected for radiative losses by the Na-line reversal method. Regions of the flames were selected where the principal reaction leading to the destruction of NH3 was By correcting the measured concentrations for diffusion, the net rate of NH3 loss rate was determined in the temperature range 2080-2360 K. The rate constant k1 was determined from the net loss rate with correction for the reaction using measured values of (O) and k2 values given by Salimian, Hanson, and Kruger [1]. The best-fit Arrhenius expression for k1 in the temperature range 2080-2360 K is 1013.88 exp(-4539/T) cm3/mol-s. The results of this study combined with previous lower temperature data confirm the non-Arrhenius behavior of k1 suggested by Salimian, Hanson, and Kruger [1]. The best-fit modified three parameter expression for the range 300-2360 K is 106.33±0.2 T2 exp(-169/T) cm3/mol-s.
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  • 72
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1201-1214 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate constants of the reaction between OH and H2S in He, N2, and O2 over the temperature range 245-450 K have been determined using the discharge flow-resonance fluorescence technique. At 299 K, k1 = (4.4 ± 0.7) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The temperature dependence of the rate constant can be fitted either by k1 = 5.6 × 10-12 exp(-57/T) or by k1 = (3.8 × 10-19)T2.43 exp(732/T) to within 8 and 9%, respectively. However, the non-Arrhenius behavior can be confidently confirmed. The absence of the pressure dependence and the third-body effect at low temperature suggest that the complex formation mechanism is not important over the temperature range of our study.
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  • 73
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1215-1219 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique was used to show that simple alkyl radicals readily abstract hydrogen from 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Rate constants for the reaction were ca. 104-105 M-1 s-1 at 300 K and activation energies 5-7 kcal mol-1. For the stabilized radicals, allyl and benzyl, the rate constants were 〈102 M-1 s-1 at 300 K. The data suggest that 1,4-cyclohexadiene could be used as an effective trap to probe rearrangement reactions of carbon centered radicals and biradicals.
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  • 74
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 75
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1273-1274 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1275-1279 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1247-1261 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of OH radicals with dimethylsulfide (DMS) diethylsulfide (DES), tetrahydrothiophene (THT), and thiophene have been studied at room temperature for DES and THT, at 273, 293, and 318 K for DMS, and at 293 and 318 K for thiophene by the discharge flow EPR technique in a halocarbon wax coated reactor. The following rate constants were obtained at room temperature. For the reaction OH + DMS (1), a very low temperature dependence was noticed.Some additional results concerning the mass spectrometric analysis of the products are also reported.
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1263-1272 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetics of the complex formation of chromium(III) with alanine in aqueous medium has been studied at 45, 50, and 55°C, pH 3.3-4.4, and μ = 1 M (KNO3). Under pseudo first-order conditions the observed rate constant (kobs) was found to follow the rate equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{{\rm obs}} = \frac{{(k_{{\rm an}} K_{{\rm IP}} K_a [{\rm H}^{\rm + }] + k'_{{\rm an}} K'_{{\rm IP}} K'_a K_a)[{\rm Alanine}]_T }}{{[{\rm H}^{\rm + }]^2 + [{\rm H}^{\rm + }]K_a + [{\rm H}^{\rm + }]K'_a + K_a K'_a + (K_{{\rm IP}} K_a [{\rm H}^{\rm + }] + K'_{{\rm JP}} K'_a K_a)[{\rm Alanine}]_{\rm T} }} $$\end{document} Values of the rate parameters (kan, kan′, KIP, and KIP′) were calculated. Activation parameters for anation rate constants, ΔH≠(kan) = 25 ± 1 kJ mol-1, ΔH≠(kan′) = 91 ± 3 kJ mol-1, and ΔS≠(kan) = -244 ± 3 JK-1 mol-1, ΔS≠(kan′) = -30 ± 10 JK-1 mol-1 are indicative of an (Ia) mechanism for kan and (Id) mechanism for kan′ routes (‥substrate Cr(H2O)63+ is involved in the k route whereas Cr(H2O)5OH2+ is involved in k′ route). Thermodynamic parameters for ion-pair formation constants are found to be ΔH°(KIP) = 12 ± 1 kJ mol-1, ΔH°(KIP′) = -13 ± 3 kJ mol-1 and ΔS°(KIP) = 47 ± 2 JK-1 mol-1, and ΔS°(KIP′) = 20 ± 9 JK-1 mol-1.
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  • 79
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1299-1314 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements made during the Fe3+ ion catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 have been analyzed using the computer simulation method. Improved values of the rate constants of the “complex scheme” and of the molar absorptivities ofthe intermediates were obtained: k3/KM = 4.94 M-1 min-1, k4 = 193 M-1 min-1, εI/KM = 52.3 M-2 cm-1, εII = 25.7 M-1 cm-1. The simulation revealed details of the reaction which were unavailable by other means and which explained several features of its kinetics. The total amount of O2 evolved in the reaction using [H2O2] ∼ 10-2 M has been calculated and found to be nearly stoichiometric. O2 evolution experiments in this region cannot, thus, distinguish between the “complex mechanism” predicting nearly stoichiometric evolution of O2 and the “free radical mechanism” predicting exactly stoichiometricamounts of O2. There are discrepancies within the “free radical scheme” with regard to the correct values of the rate constants to fit the reactions of H2O2 both with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, as well as other reactions assumed to proceed via free radicals.
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  • 80
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1315-1320 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quenching rate constants of O2(1Δg) with n-butylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, and tripropylamine have been determined in a discharge flow system. The rate constants are found to be (1.6 ± 0.2) × 103, (8.5 ± 0.6) × 104, (9.8 ± 0.5) × 104, (2.1 ± 0.1) × 105, and (8.6 ± 0.5) × 105 1 mol-1 s-1, respectively. The rate constants are found to increase in the order, tertiary amine → secondary amine → primary amine. The “inductive effect” of alkyl substitution is also found to increase the rate constant in a given series of amines.
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  • 81
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1281-1297 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with HCl (k1) have been measured as a function of temperature over the range 240-1055 K. OH was produced by flash photolysis of H2O at λ 〉 165 nm, 266 nm laser photolysis of O3/H2O mixtures, or 266 nm laser photolysis of H2O2. OH was monitored by time-resolved resonance fluorescenceor pulsed laser-induced fluorescence. In many experiments the HCl concentration was measured in situ in the slow flow reactor by UV photometry. Over the temperature range 240-363 K the following Arrhenius expression is an adequate representation of the data: k1 = (2.4 ± 0.2) × 10-12 exp[-(327 ± 28)/T]cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Over the wider temperature range 240-1055 K, the temperature dependence of k1 deviates from the Arrhenius form, but is adequately described by the expression k1 = 4.5 × 10-17 T1.65 exp(112/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The error in a calculated rate coefficient at any temperature is 20%.
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  • 82
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1321-1331 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of liquid phase chlorination of methane in a difluorodichloromethane medium has been studied in a temperature interval of 293-150 K. The value of activation energy found for the hydrogen abstraction stage by a chlorine atom (E1) equals 14.2 ± 2.5 kJ/mol, with the processes of chlorine atoms recombination and the cage effect being taken into account. The method of competitive reactions has been employed to assess the constants of reaction of chlorine atoms (k1) with ethane, propane, hexane, ethylene, allyl bromide, allyl chloride, ethyl chloride, and cyclohexane in nonpolar solvents, viz. difluorodichloromethane and 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane. The values (k1) obtained in the liquid phaseare two to four orders lower than those in the gas phase, while the activation energy is 2-6 kJ/mol higher.
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  • 83
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 254-254 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 84
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 225-253 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high temperature pyrolysi of 1,3-butadiene has been investigated in the shock tube with two time-resolved diagnostic techniques: laser schlieren measurements of density gradient with 1, 2, 4, and 5% C4H6 in Ar or Kr, 0.26 〈 P2 〈 0.66 atm, over 1550-2200 K, and time-of-flight mass spectra for 3% C4H6-Ne, P5 ∼ 0.4 atm, 1400-2000 K. When combined with a recent single-pulse shock tube product analysis covering 1050-2050 K, these measurements permit a complete modeling of major species in C4H6 pyrolysis. Extrapolated density gradients and product analyses show initiation is dominated by C4H6 → 2C2H3., significant falloff and Arrhenius curvature being seen in the derived rates. A restricted rotor, Gorin model RRKM fit to these rates with reasonable parameters generates \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_\infty = 4.1 \times 10^{16} {\rm exp(} - 47000/{\rm T)s}^{ - 1},{\rm 1600} - 1900{\rm K}{\rm .} $$\end{document} The derived barrier, ΔH0º = 99 ± 4 kcal/mol, translates to ΔHfº,298 = 63.4 ± 2 kcal/mol for the heat of formation of vinyl radical. A mechanism for the formation of all products detected in the above experiments is given, together with a successful but semiquantitative kinetic model for major products. The measurements require the rate of vinyl radical dissociation, C2H3 + M → C2H2 + H + M, to be extremely low, k 〈 109 cm3/mol s for 1600 K, so that the dominant chain carrier in C4H6 pyrolysis is vinyl radical.
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  • 85
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Decomposition of 1-phenylethyl-hydroperoxide has been studied in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol inhibitor in ethylbenzene and chlorobenzene both in oxygen and nitrogen. The oxygen consumption and the inhibitor concentrations were measured against the initial inhibitor concentrations. Two methods were applied for the determination of the rate coefficients of the reaction: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm HROOH + InH}\mathop {\hbox to 30pt{\rightarrowfill}}\limits^{k_1 } {\rm HRO}^{\rm .} + {\rm In}^{\rm .} + {\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} $$\end{document} Its value is about 3 × 10-4L × mol-1 × S-1, at 120°C. However, large experimental errors we deal with, the existence of a reaction yielding radicals, presumably an interaction between hydroperoxide and inhibitor molecules, can be established emphasizing the importance of measurements carried out with various initial concentrations of the inhibitor.
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  • 86
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A flash photolysis-shock tube technique is described for making kinetic measurements at high temperature. Coupled with sensitive atomic resonance absorption detection, this method allows bimolecular rate constants for atom-molecule reactions to be measured directly under conditions free from kinetic complications. Experiments were performed in the reflected shock regime, and the temperature and density were calculated using ideal shock wave theory in this initial work. Results for the reaction of atomic hydrogen with ammonia are presented to illustrate the potential of the technique. The values of the Arrhenius rate parameters found in these experiments, 900 K ≤ T ≤ 1850 K, were A = (1.14 ± 0.12) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and Ea = 13,216 ± 242 cal mol-1. This result gives rate constants that are about five times larger than those from previous studies. Although corrections for nonidealities in the reflected shock region are anticipated and under investigation, the expected changes will be relatively small and thus the large discrepancy noted here will remain.
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  • 87
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 345-354 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calculations are performed to model several phenomena observed when a photosensitive oscillating chemical reaction, the Briggs-Rauscher (BR) reaction, is subject to irradiation in a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor. The BR mechanism proposed earlier by De Kepper and Epstein is supplemented by additional steps involving the photogeneration and subsequent reaction of iodine atoms. The calculations show qualitative agreement with the following experimentally observed phenomena: (a) change in the period and amplitude of oscillation as a function of the intensity of constant illumination, (b) synchronization between periodically varying illumination and the period of chemical oscillation, (c) phase shifts induced by single light pulses, and (d) dark steady states which are excitable by single light pulses and become oscillatory at appropriate levels of constant illumination.
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  • 89
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 337-343 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas-phase eliminations of several tert-butyl esters, in a static system and in vessels seasoned with allyl bromide, have been studied in the temperature range of 171.5-280.1°C and the pressure range of 23-98 torr. The rate coefficients for the homogeneous unimolecular elimination of these esters are given by the following Arrhenius equations: for tert-butyl pivalate, log k1(s-1) = (13.44 ± 0.30) - (169.1 ± 3.1) kJ · mol-1 (2.303RT)-1; for tert-butyl trichloroacetate, log k1(s-1) = (12.41 ± 0.08) - (141.1 ± 0.7) kJ · mol-1 (2.303RT)-1; and for tert-butyl cyanoacetate log k1(s-1) = (11.31 ± 0.44) - (137.8 ± 4.1) kJ · mol-1 (2.303RT)-1. The data of this work together with those reported in the literature yield a good linear relationship when plotting log k/k0 vs. σ* values (ρ* = 0.635, correlation coefficient r = 0.972, and intercept = 0.048 at 250°C). The positive ρ* value suggests that the movement of negative charge to the acyl carbon in the transition state is rate determining. The present results along with previous investigations ratify the generalization that electron-withdrawing substituents at the acyl side of ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl esters enhance the elimination rates, while electron-releasing groups tend to reduce them. The negative nature of the acyl carbon and the polarity in the transition state increases slightly from primary to tertiary esters.
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  • 90
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 901-924 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using the method of freezing radicals in conjunction with ESR spectroscopic measurements, the kinetics of the thermal oxidation of methane has been studied under atmospheric pressure depending on the temperature, composition of the mixture, and nature of the surface of the reaction vessel. It has been shown that in a reactor treated with boric acid, the intermediates methylhydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide are responsible for chain branching. It has been established that the leading active centers of the reaction are the HO2 radicals, while chain branching occurs as a result of the decomposition of peroxy compounds - methylhydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. In reactors treated with potassium bromide, the concentrations of radicals and peroxy compounds were found to be lower than the sensitivity of the method of measurement. Computations were performed for the scheme of methane oxidation at 738 K for a reactor treated with boric acid. Satisfactory agreement was found between the experimental and computed kinetic curves of accumulation of main intermediates CH2O, H2O2, CH3OOH. The influence of their addition on the kinetics of the reaction has been considered. It has been shown that the addition of formaldehyde does not lead to chain branching, however; it contributes to the formation of those peroxy compounds that bring about chain branching. Mathematical modeling confirmed conclusions made on the basis of experimental data concerning the nature of the leading active centers and the products that are responsible for the degenerate chain branching.
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  • 91
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 925-930 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzyl chloride and benzyl acetate were photolyzed in 30% methanol-water mixtures (V/V) at 0°C. The photolysis produces benzyl carbocations that react with nucleophiles. The reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography. From the amounts of products the relative values of rate constants of reactions of benzyl carbocation with nucleophiles N and water k(N)/k(H2O) were calculated. Benzyl carbocation reacts with I-, Br-, Cl-, and Ac- ions with approximately diffusion-controlled rate. A value of 2.4 × 107 dm3 mol-1 s-1 for the rate constant k(H2O) and a lifetime of 0.7 ns were estimated for benzyl carbocation in the aqueous solution.
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  • 92
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1025-1028 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1007-1015 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of oxygen exchange between trans-[Re(py)4O2]+ and solvent water in pypyH+ buffer solution follows simple first-order kinetics and both oxygens are equivalent. The half-life for isotopic oxygen exchange is about 12 h at a pH of 5.0, 25°C, and [py] = 0.10 M. The observed rate constant for exchange increases with acidity, in the pH range 4 to 6, decreases with [py], and is nearly independent of ionic strength. A small but significant increase of kobs occurs with increasing complex concentration. The rate of exchange follows the rate equation kobs/2 = k0 + k1/[py] with k0 = 1.4 × 10-5(2) s-1 and k1 = 4.7 × 10-7(1) M, s-1 at 25°C. The activation parameters for the reaction at pH = 7.15 (predominately the k0 term) are: ΔH* = +137.(1) kJ/M and ΔS* = +126.(1) J/MK. The pH effect and complex concentration effect are discussed in mechanistic terms. These results are compared to those found for [Re(en)2O2]+ and [Re(CN)4O2]3-.
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  • 94
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1085-1090 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The condensed-phase thermal decomposition of aliphatic nitrate ester explosives is generally autocatalytic. The object of this article is to show that the agent of the autocatalysis is not the product NO2, as is generally believed, but to suggest that it may be the product formaldehyde.
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  • 95
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1119-1123 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the case of catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclohexane, the linear relation between reaction rate and affinity holds at an appreciable distance away from equilibrium on both sides. In fact, in order to explain this observation, it is necessary to invoke a high value of three for the stoichiometric number of the rate determining step. This in turn can be explained by a reasonable mechanism for the reaction.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: These tables of evaluated rate constants for use in stratospheric modeling have been taken from the most recent report of the NASA Panel that has been periodically producing such reviews. They are reproduced here to make a broader community aware of their existence. This article should NOT be cited, nor should these rate constants be used without consulting the full report. All citations should be to that original report (JPL Publ. 85-37), which contains extensive documentation and discussion of the rationale of the evaluation. Copies may be obtained by requesting JPL Publ. 85-37 from Documentation Services, 111-116B, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109.
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  • 97
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 1231-1245 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the chlorination of various tertiary alcoholamines by hypochlorite have been studied in alkaline media. A reaction mechanism consistent with the experimental results is put forward, and a relationship is established between the rate constants and the polar parameter (Σσ*) of the substituents.
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  • 98
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 99
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The total rate constant for the reaction of Cl atoms with HO2NO2 was found to be less than 1.0 × 10-13 cm3 s-1 at 296 K by the discharge flow/resonance fluorescence technique. The reaction was also studied by the discharge flow/mass spectrometric technique. k1a + k1b was measured to be (3.4 ± 1.4) × 10-14 cm3 s-1 at 296 K. The reaction is too slow to be of any importance in stratospheric chemistry.
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  • 100
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 17 (1985), S. 303-313 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rate coefficients for OH reactions with the 2-5 carbon aliphatic aldehydes have been measured under pseudo first-order conditions in OH. OH was generated by flash photolysis of H2O at wavelengths greater than 165 nm and its concentration monitored using time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy. Two reactions were studied only at 298 K while five reactions were studied over the temperature range 250-425 K; negative activation energies were observed for all five reactions. Aldehyde reactivity toward OH is nearly independent of the identity of the hydrocarbon side chain. Our results are compared with those obtained in previous studies of OH-aldehyde reaction kinetics and their mechanistic implications are discussed.
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