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  • 1985-1989  (627)
  • 1860-1869
  • Physical Chemistry  (627)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 646-652 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using a series of equations connecting experimental and theoretical values, it is possible to discuss the origin of the N-methylation effect in azoles dissolved in water and dimethyl sulphoxide. The existence in the azoles studied of a linear relationship between the gas → solution transfer enthalpies and the charge on the pyrrole hydrogen atom demonstrated the fundamental importance of the loss of an active centre for solvation. For the imidazole-N-methylimidazole pair, the complete thermochemical cycle has been determined, allowing the apparent lack of an effect of N-methylation on the basicity in solution to be discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 26-34 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A set of 4-monosubstituted cyclopentenes, , were synthesized and their relative rates (kX/kH) for bromination and chlorination were determined in methanol, ethanol and acetic acid at 25 °C by competitive method. log(kX/kH) for most of the substituents can be correlated by means of Taft's equation, log(kX/kH) = ρI σI + C. In methanol ρI, Br2 = -2·91, ρI, Cl2 = -0·49, in ethanol ρI, Br2 = -3·07, ρI, Cl2 = -0·70 and in acetic acid ρI, Br2 = -1·64, ρI, Cl2 = -0·65. The presence of C(〈0) is due to a constant steric effect. The deviation of X = H is ascribed to the absence of the steric effect and that of X = CO2Me and CO2Et is accounted for in terms of anchimeric assistance. For chlorination no anchimeric assistance was observed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cyclic vinyl ether dihydro-1,4-dioxin is converted to its cyclic hemiacetal hydration product, 2-hydroxy-1,4-dioxane, in aqueous solution by an acid-catalyzed reaction for which kH+ = 1·80 × 10-5 M-1 S-1 at 25°C. This reactivity and the solvent isotope effect kH+/kD+ = 2·2 show that the reaction occurs by rate-determining proton transfer from catalyst to substrate and not by a pre-equilibrium mechanism as recently proposed.2
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions between 1-phenylethyl benzenesulfonates (1-PEB) with N,N-dimethylanilines are investigated in methanol at 35·0°C. Reactivity and selectivity trends were found to be similar to those for the reactions of 1-PEB with anilines, but the magnitudes of cross interaction constants, ρXZ, between substituents X in the nucleophile and Z in the leaving group were substantially smaller indicating no hydrogen-bond bypass bridge formation in the transition state. However, the magnitude of ρXZ suggested a direct electrostatic interaction between the reaction centers in the nucleophile and leaving group in the frontside nucleophilic attack with a loose transition state structure.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: IR spectroscopy is presented as a convenient means to monitor the formation of acyl (and alkyl) cations from corresponding acid chlorides, with Lewis acids at low temperature in the solid state. Phenylacetyl chloride is co-deposited (under vacuum at -173°C with antimony pentafluoride on a KBr window), as in the ‘molecular beam’ method of cation generation. The initial IR spectrum of the deposition shows (in addition to starting materials) that a small amount of phenylacetyl cation (2274 cm-1) has been formed. Warming the solid matrix to -123°C Promotes the smooth conversion of acid chloride to acyl cation. Ultraviolet irradiation (through quartz windows) at -123°C to -73°C facilitates this conversion but does not result in the loss of carbon monoxide from the acyl cation to form benzyl cation. When benzyl chloride is used in place of phenylacetyl chloride, there is no noticeable difference between IR spectra taken before and after warming and/or photolysis of the solid deposition.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The formation of a σ-like complex by reaction between 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]-undec-7-ene was investigated in toluene at various temperatures. The kinetic data showed autocatalytic behaviour. Inspection of the reaction mixtures at zero reaction time indicated the presence of an equilibrium preceding the attack of the nucleophile, affording a molecular complex (substrate-nucleophile) which is responsible for the observed kinetic features. The present and the previous data led to the conclusion that the catalytic behaviours usually observed in SNAr reactions (in apolar solvents with amines as nucleophiles) are better explained by the presence of substrate-catalyst interactions than by catalysis on departure of the proton and leaving group from the zwitterionic intermediate.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Organocerium(III) reagents reacted with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to give 1, 2-addition products (allylic alcohols) in good to high yields. The reaction was studied from a mechanistic point of view by the use of (E)- and (Z)-1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ones and 4,4-ethylenedioxy-2,6-dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone as the probe compounds. A polar pathway was suggested for the reaction with the former enones. On the other hand, the operability of single electron transfer processes was demonstrated in the reaction with the latter probe compound.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A preliminary theoretical study of the mechanisms for the reactions of the perchlorofluoroethanes CF2ClCCl3 (1), CF2ClCCl2F (2) and CF3CCl3 (3), with nucleophiles has been carried out by the MNDO method, following the experimentally suggested process shown in Scheme 1. The unlikely chlorophilic attack in the first step of Scheme 1 has been shown to be feasible for 1, 2 and 3 by analysis of the MO interactions. The second step has been found to be affected by the anionic hyperconjugation which stabilizes the anions CF2ClCCl2- (4), CF2ClCClF- (5) and CF3CCl2- (6) and would make reactions (2) (the second step) unfeasible in gas phase, but in solution reaction (2) may still easily occur for 4 and 5.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The transamination reaction of α-amino acids with glyoxylic acid as catalyzed by copper(II) ions was investigated kinetically in an aqueous medium at pH 5·0 and 30·0°C. L-Phenylalanine transferred its amino group to glyoxylic acid most readily among seven different amino acids used here in the single-walled bilayer vesicle formed with N,N-dihexadecyl-Nα-[6-(trimethylammonio)hexanoyl]-L-histidinamide bromide (N+C5His2C16). Such rate enhancement was found to originate from the cooperative trifunctional catalysis: a coordination effect exercised by copper(II) ions, a general acid-base catalysis by the imidazolyl group of the lipid, and a hydrophobic field effect provided by the bilayer vesicle. Lack of any of the three functions failed to give out significant rate enhancement. As regards correlation between the reactivity and the nature of α-amino acids, the copper(II)-catalyzed transamination was progressively enhanced as hydrophobicity of the α-amino acid was increased in the N+C5His2C16 vesicle.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Gas phase ion/molecule reactions have been used to probe the structure of ions obtained by electron impact upon 1-(diphenylmethylene)cyclopropane and 2,2-diphenyl-1-methylenecyclopropane. The resulting ions of molecular composition C16H14 (m/z 206+) were reacted with charge transfer reagents (6·9 〈 IP 〈 8·8eV), giving evidence for the presence of isomeric ions with different reactivities. The less reactive ion is identified as a trimethylenemethane species (TMM+) in which one cyclopropane bond is broken; the more reactive ions are assigned as vertical ions in which the cyclopropane ring is unaffected. The vertical ions have recombination energies of 8·44 ± 0·05eV, whereas TMM+ has one of 7·41±0·05eV. The TMM+ fraction is not constant; it increases with increasing IP of the reagent. This is attributed to a reagent-catalyzed isomerization of the vertical ion to TMM+. In addition, the reagent ions are observed to undergo a unique reaction with the neutral methylenecyclopropane derivatives: electron transfer and ring opening to yield TMM+. These findings limit the application of the customary equilibrium measurements as a method to determine the substrate IP.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis(1,2-diaryl-1,2-ethylenedithiolato)metal(0) complexes (1; metal = Ni, Pd, and Pt) react with quadricyclane (Q) to give selectively 1:1 adducts which are identical with the adducts between 1 and norbornadiene (NBD). In the adducts, two sulfur atoms of the different dithiolato ligands are added to one of the double bonds of NBD. The reactions of 1 with Q are 103-104 times faster than those with NBD. The more electropositive dithiolatometal complexes react faster with Q and NBD. The adducts are dissociated to the free dithiolatometal complexes and NBD by UV-irradiation (254-436 nm). Upon irradiation with 254 nm light, the photodissociation occurs before the decomposition of the dithiolatometal complexes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 161-176 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cyclobutanediyl (2) has been studied in both its singlet and triplet states by ab initio electronic structure theory. The triplet, which is the ground state of the molecule, exists in both C2h and C2v forms which interconvert via a Cs transition state. For the singlet, only a C2h form is found. It passes, via a Cs transition state, onto the C2v surface on which bicyclobutane (3) is the only minimum. The ring-flipping (inversion) process in 3 includes the singlet biradical as an intermediate, and involves a novel, non-least motion path similar to one previously proposed by Gassman. Semiclassical periodic orbit theory indicates that the various minima on both the singlet and triplet surfaces can interconvert via quantum mechanical tunneling.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 4-O2NC6H4OCH2CH2NHPh undergoes clean base-catalyzed Smiles photorearrangement to 4-O2NC6H4N(Ph)CH2CH2OH in dimethyl sulfoxide-water (25:75). A linear plot of φ-1 vs [OH-]-1 indicated that the limiting quantum yield at high [OH-] is 0·12 and that uncatalyzed photorearrangement does not occur. Rate constants for the deprotonation step were determined for a variety of bases having conjugate acid pKa values in the range 5-10. When plotted according to the Brønsted Catalysis Law, these data gave a non-linear plot approaching slopes of zero and unity above and below a pKa of 6-7. This indicates that the proton-donating intermediate in this photo-Smiles rearrangement is the zwitterion diradical (pKa ≈ 7) rather than the Meisenheimer complex (pKa ≈ 2).
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 146-160 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The alkaline hydrolysis of several alkylphosphonates and alkylphosphonyl chlorides has been investigated by molecular mechanics calculations (MM2, 1985 version). The difference of the steric energies (ΔE) between tetracoordinate substrate and pentacoordinate transition state of phosphorus compounds represents the activation energy (ΔE≠) in hydrolysis. The change of ΔE for various alkyl groups relative to methyl group (ΔΔER) is suggested as a measure of the steric effect of substituents. Thus the correlation analysis involving log k and ΔΔER of the branched alkyl group gives good results and it is reasonable to anticipate that analogous treatment using ΔΔER for the straight chain alkyl group is not satisfactory owing to the minor contribution of steric effect of the latter. However, the multiple regression analysis of log k with ΔΔER and Taft's σ* provides very good results. As shown by us, for the hydrolytic reactions studied, the proposed ΔΔER is much better than Taft's Es and Charton's ν, the commonly used well-known steric parameters in the chemistry of carbon compounds.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated analytically at the 6-31** level for azetidine using the GAUSSIAN 82 program. The results strongly indicate the presence of several errors in a recent assignment of the fundamentals of azetidine based on a normal coordinate analysis and a revised assignment is suggested. It is concluded that reliable vibrational data for azetidine in the gas phase are needed in order to resolve the remaining ambiguities in the interpretation of the spectra.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 187-204 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction products of bifunctional chain molecules with structure X—(CH2)n—Y may critically depend on the chain length n. When the chain length is short (n ≤ 5), reaction products particular to an intramolecular reaction can be dominant, while a process corresponding to an intermolecular reaction between X—CH3 and H3C—Y may take place for higher homologues having large n (≥10). The reaction switching dependent on n is explained in terms of the encounter probability for both end groups (X and Y) with conformations pertinent to product formation. The reaction switching of this sort is discussed on the basis of a reactivity profile recorded as a function of the chain length. Similar reactivity profiles have been observed for thermal Friedel-Crafts cyclization and photo-Smiles rearrangement/photoredox reaction. It is anticipated that the magic methylene chain length of 7 may give rise to an appreciable decrease in reaction yields (e.g. ‘difficulty in medium-sized ring closure’) or an anomalous switching of reaction pathways due to chain length effects.
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  • 18
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mechanism of the Grignard reactions of aromatic ketones in THF was studied by spectroscopic and kinetic methods. The stable radical intermediates generated in the initial electron transfer from Grignard reagent to ketones are in a state of aggregated dimer of corresponding ion-radical pairs; in which two ketone anion radicals are bridged by a dimer di-cation of Grignard reagent. Subsequent alkyl radical transfer from dimeric Grignard reagent cation moiety to ketone anion radical aggregated each other are promoted by a participation of another neutral Grignard reagent. Proposed mechanism by present authors is able to explain well addition products/reduction products ratios in the Grignard reactions.
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  • 19
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 214-224 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solvolysis of 21 different 3- or 17-androstanyl tosylates or chlorides with halogen, hydroxy or oxo substituents in 17- or 3-position shows rate constant variations in hexafluoro isopropanol of up to 6·3 with regular differences for epimeric substituents. Similar variations ae seen over a distance of ∼10 Å in 13C-NMR shifts at C-17-ones of androstan-17-ones with varied halogen substituents in C-3, whereas the shielding observed at other distant carbon atoms excludes significant through bond effects. It is shown how, on the basis of suitable Coulomb-type equations and of force field minimized geometries, both the stability variation of carbocationic transition states and the carbonyl group polarization are predictable by linear electric field effects, using the same parametrization.
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  • 20
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The gas-phase pyrazole elimination of N-alkyl pyrazoles has been studied using MNDO semi-empirical molecular orbital (MO) theory with complete geometry optimization of all stationary points. We found that the activation energies (Ea) of the concerted processes are around 80 kcal/mol, 25 Kcal/mol higher than experimental values. But the differences in Ea between compounds with different substituents are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
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  • 21
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 232-242 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Characteristic vector analysis of a set of six physical and empirical parameters of 103 commonly used organic solvents (bp, ∊r, μ, nD, ETN, and δ) gives four vectors describing 95% of the total data variability. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis, applied to our results, leads to ten separate classes of organic solvents.
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  • 22
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The photostimulated reaction of neopentyl halides with different nucleophiles by the SRN1 mechanism of nucleophilic substitution has been studied. Neopentyl halides do not react with carbon nucleophiles, diethylphosphite, diphenylphosphonite and azide ions, but they react with arsenide and selenide ions. The photostimulated reaction of neopentyl bromide with diphenylarsenide ions gave only the straightforward substitution product neopentyldiphenylarsine. On the other hand, the photostimulated reaction of bromobenzene with dineopentyl arsenide ions gave three arsines: dineopentylphenylarsine, neopentyldiphenylarsine and triphenylarsine. Neopentyl chloride reacts under irradiation with diphenylphosphide ions giving good yields of the substitution product.
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  • 23
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 300-322 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various modifications of the Marcus equation have been applied to the problem of photochemical proton transfer, using available data on general acid-catalyzed photohydration reactions. These include incorporation of asymmetry and tightness parameters, as well as distance variation as a function of exoor endothermicity. The intersecting state model of Formosinho has also been successfully applied to these reactions. The overall conclusion from all of these approaches is that the reactions are characterized by somewhat asymmetric and ‘loose’ transition states, with a small but significant degree of charge development on the in-flight proton at the transition state. Estimates of the intrinsic barriers and work terms place these in the 5-7 kcal and 2-3 kcal ranges respectively. A simple valence bond configuration mixing model leads to similar qualitative conclusions about the nature of the transition states in these reactions.
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  • 24
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photoreactions of Cr(CO)5(Im) (Im = 1,3-dimethyl-4-imidazolin-2-ylidene) have been investigated by laser flash and continuous photolysis. Quantum yields for the disappearance of Cr(CO)5(Im) in benzene under Ar or CO were very low, although transients observed by laser flash photolysis reacted rapidly with CO. This suggests that photodissociation of the carbene ligand is very minor. The laser flash photolysis at 337 nm in benzene (B) gave a transient (λmax = 630 nm), which converted to the second transient (λmax = 455 nm) within ∼100 ns. The kinetic studies of these transients revealed that the first one is a ‘free’ coordinatively unsaturated species (Cr(CO)4(Im)) and the second one carries a solvent molecule as a ligand (Cr(CO)4(Im)(B)). From the comparison of Cr(CO)4(Im) and Cr(CO)5, apparently lower reactivity of Cr(CO)5 was found to be due to the strong coordination of a solvent molecule. The Im ligand neutralizes the deficit of electron density on Cr. A simple synthesis of Cr(CO)5(Im) was also described.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The difference in reactivity of small [n]cyclophanes towards CF3CO2H is discussed in terms of charge densities, strain energies and proton affinities. These data are calculated with MNDO and MINDO/3 for para-, meta- and ortho-cyclophanes and for their ipso-protonation products; an attempt is made to transform gas phase ΔHf0 values into liquid phase ΔH0f values. Experimental evidence is presented that the acid catalyzed rearrangement of [5]paracyclophane to its ortho-isomer proceeds via two consecutive 1,2-carbon shifts without deprotonation; intermediate adducts were identified by NMR-spectroscopy. Thus, a gradual shift in reaction pattern in the series [4]-, [5]- and [6]paracyclophane is observed experimentally, in line with the calculational results.
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  • 26
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 27
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reaction pathway of urea formation by selenium-catalysed carbonylation of secondary amines with carbon monoxide in the presence of oxygen was studied using piperidine as a secondary amine. It was established that selenium reacts with carbon monoxide and piperidine to give carbamoselenoate as an intermediate, which affords biscarbamoyl diselenide by the oxidation with molecular oxygen. Aminolysis of biscarbamoyl diselenide gives the urea derivative, accompanying the regeneration of selenium catalyst.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An excellent linear correlation of oxygen-17 substituent chemical shifts (SCS) for twelve α, α, α-trifluoroacetophenones with single σ+ constants, δ = 24·6σ+ + 556·3 (correlation coefficient 0·998) has been observed. However, from this plot, an SCS of 34·3 ppm for 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone will give a corresponding σ+ (γ+) value of 1·44 for a methyl group, which is not in agreement with 0·63-0·79 obtained from solvolytic rate data.
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  • 29
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of N-methylation of pyridine and its ring-substituted derivatives by trimethyl phosphate were measured in D2O and in CDCl3. Relative rates, together with the solvent activity coefficients of substrates for the transfer form chloroform to water, were used for determining the solvent activity coefficients of the activated complexes for this SN2 reaction. The results indicate early activated complexes for all pyridines, with the most nucleophilic substrate showing the most reactant-like activated complex.
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  • 30
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relative rates of hydrogen atom abstraction from a series of twelve saturated cyclic ethers and sulfides were determined at 70°C. The abstracting radical could be generated from bromotrichloromethane both photolytically or by the thermal decomposition of AIBN. The reaction rates did not show a dependence upon method of radical generation. Reaction occurred only at the position adjacent to the heteroatom. The reactivity of the cyclic ethers was in the order C4H8O 〉 C6H12O 〉 C3H6O 〉 C5H10O. This trend would indicate appreciable influence by ring strain, however, the slightly greater reactivity of tetrahydrofuran relative to oxepane suggests a contribution by stereoelectronic factors as well. The reactivity of the cyclic sulfides, which reacted faster than the corresponding ethers, was in the order C4H8S 〉 C5H10S 〉 C6H12S. This would imply little influence of ring strain. The major structural effect would be that of variable electron donating ability of the sulfur atom. The rate of reaction of thietane was also determined. It was found to preferentially undergo SH2 attack at the sulfur atom followed by ring opening rather than hydrogen abstraction. The reactivities of both series of compounds were decreased by the inductive effect of a second heteroatom beta to the reaciton site.
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  • 31
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Norbornadiene, isolated in argon, xenon and nitrogen matrices at 20 K, was irradiated with UV light. Characterized by UV-VIS-IR absorption spectroscopy the photoproduct, representing a single species, was assigned to quadricyclane. This result is compared with the literature data on photochemistry of norbornadiene in the gas and liquid phase. The role of the rigid matrix environment on selectivity of the photochemical reaction is discussed.
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  • 32
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 389-409 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A gas-phase experimental investigation of the competition between carbon and oxygen alkylation of a series of cyclic and acyclic enolate ions is described. Perfluoropropylene is shown to react in a characteristic way with oxyanions and carbanions to produce distinctive ionic products. The relative yields of these products formed in reactions with ambident enolate ions provides a measure of their intrinsic carbon vs. oxygen regioselectivity. The results for a series of enolates derived from aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides and related compounds show a wide range of reactivity which is a function of the nature of the central substituent. Most aldehyde and ketone enolates react mainly through oxygen, while enolates with σ-acceptor of π-donor type central substituents react mainly thorugh carbon. Ring-size in cyclic ketone enolates also influences C vs. O regioselectivity, i.e. small-ring enolates react mainly through carbon, while larger ring enolates (C7-C9) react preferentially through oxygen. The enolate reactivity patterns can be generally accounted for by the keto-enol energy differences for the parent carbonyl compounds, although some exceptions are evident. The origins of the highly variable, kinetically determined regioselectivities are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 580-584 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rate constants were determined for the combination reactions of a series of cation radicals derived from substituted anthracenes with acetate, p-nitrobenzoate, trifluoroacetate, nitrate and perchlorate ions. Rate constants, depending on the identities of the cation radicals and the nucleophiles, ranging from about 200 to 2 × 1010 1 mol-1 s-1 were observed in acetonitrile at 293 K. The key steps in the reaction are (1) reversible complex formation between the anion and the cation radical followed by (2) irreversible bond formation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\rm{Ar}^{ + \cdot } + \rm{X}^ - \rightleftharpoons {{\rm{Ar}^{ + \cdot } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm{Ar}^{ + \cdot } } {\rm{X}^ - }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\rm{X}^ - }}} &&&&& {(1)} \\ {{{\rm{Ar}^{ + \cdot } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm{Ar}^{ + \cdot } } {\rm{X}^ - }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\rm{X}^ - }} \to \rm{Ar}^ \cdot - \rm{X}} &&&&& {(2)} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}.The preliminary results show that cation radical-anionic nucleophile reactions can be very facile. The cation radicals of 9-nitro- and 9-cyanoanthracene are particularly reactive, giving rise to rate constants close to the diffusion-controlled limit with all anionic nucleophile studied and even react moderately rapidly with perchlorate ion. The reaction with perchlorate ion can be compared to the behavior of stable carbenium ions that coexist with the anion in solution and in crystalline salts.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 602-610 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to assist in the interpretation of the D5h molecular structure of [45] (1,2,3,4,5)ferrocenophane (1) obtained from x-ray crystallographic analysis, a hypothetical hydrocarbon C30H40 (2) was derived from 1 by removing the iron atom and subjected to geometry optimization by molecular mechanics. A stable D5 conformer was found for 2, which has a g+ g- g+ helical bridge conformation and a ring-ring distance almost identical with that in 1 and ferrocene itself. Optimization of a perhydrogenated hydrocarbon model gave a highly strained C1 structure.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 611-622 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solvent effect on two SN2 reactions was evaluated by discrete, continuum and discrete-continuum models. The potential energy profiles were found to change dramatically on introduction of the solvent effect. The double-well shape which characterizes the F- + CH3F → FCH3 + F- reaction in the gas phase becomes unimodal when the solvent is introduced, in good agreement with experimental data. The solvation parameters are found to intervene in the reaction coordinate. Recent Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics calculations are discussed.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of aromatic nucleophilic substitutions by amines in protic solvents is well established; on the contrary the mechanism/s of the reactions in aprotic solvents is/are still subject of controversy. The present paper describes several systems for which fourth-order kinetics (third-order in amine) were observed. A mechanism is proposed to account for this as well as other observation such as: overall negative energies of activation, quadratic dependence of kA with non-nucleophilic tertiary bases, spectacular effects of hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA) catalysts, etc. Other alternative mechanisms are also discussed.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Reactivity of dialkyl 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl phosphates, (RO)2P(O)OCH2CH2NMe2 (R = Me, PhCH2) was studied in aqueous solutions. Depending on the initial substrate's concentration, reaction can involve the unimolecular fragmentation to N,N-dimethylaziridinium dialkylphosphate, or the bimolecular isomerization to the zwitterionic derivative. The latter reaction proceeds via two consecutive SN2 steps and involves the formation of two ionic intermediates which were synthesized independently and allowed to react to give the zwitterionic product. Rate constants for the isomerization of the dimethyl ester (R = Me), as well as rate constant for the reaction between the corresponding intermediates have been determined, and the reactivity of the dimethyl ester has been compared with that of the dibenzyl derivative.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The principal components factors F1 and F2 in the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log K = {\rm BDP}_0 + S_1 F_1 + S_2 F_2 $$\end{document} have been used to obtain S1 and S2 values for sets of hydrogen-bond bases against 32 reference acid/solvent systems. The constants S1 and S2 define an angle θ = tan-1 S2/S1 that is a measure of the electrostatic:covalent bonding ratio in the hydrogen-bond complex. It is shown that θ can vary from 53 (4-fluorophenol in CH2Cl2)to 86 degrees (Ph2NH in CCl4) depending on the reference acid and solvent. This variation in θ can lead to family dependent behaviour in plots of log K for bases against a given reference acid system vs log K for bases against another reference acid system, and precludes the construction of any general scale of hydrogen-bond basicity using log K values. Amongst a quite wide range of reference acid/solvent systems θ varies only from 64 to 73 degrees, and for bases against these reference systems a ‘reasonably general’ scale could be set up. Such a scale could be extended to bases against reference acid/solvent systems outside the 64-73 degree range provided that certain classes of base (e.g. pyridines, alkylamines) were excluded from the additional reference acid/solvent systems.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystal and molecular structures of dimesitylketene (1) and bis(3,5-dibromo-2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)ketene (2), the first free ketenes to be studied by X-ray diffraction, have been determined. The molecules of 1 and 2 have crystallographic C1 and C2 symmetry, respectively, and exist in a propeller conformation. Molecular mechanics calculations of 1 and 2 using a modification of Allinger's new allene parameters reproduce satisfactorily the structural parameters of the ketenes. The torsional angles of the aryl rings in 1 and 2 are similar (ca. 50°) and are regarded as ‘intrinsic’ values for a 1,1-dimesitylvinyl propeller. From the similarity in aryl torsional angles in 1 and 2 it is concluded that the buttressing effects in 2 (if any) are not markedly manifested in the structural parameters of 2.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 281-299 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mechanisms of the hydrolysis of urea have been investigated using the MNDO and AMI methods. All geometries were fully optimized and the transition states were characterized by calculating force constants. The results showed that: (i) The unimolecular decomposition process via the direct intramolecular proton transfer is preferred to both the A1 and the bimolecular nucleophilic attack by water, in agreement with the experimental results of Shaw et al. in the low acidity medium. (ii) The diprotonated form of urea exists as an equilibrium species, which undergoes the A2 type hydrolysis more favorably than the monoprotonated form, as Moodie et al. found in the intermediate acidity medium. (iii) The A2 hydrolysis of the monoprotonated form is very similar to those of acetamide and methyl carbamate. (iv) As the number of the solvate water molecules increases, the activation barrier for the A2 process of the monoprotonated form increases while that for the unimolecular decomposition of the free base form decreases, indicating a possibility of the barrier height reversal in the bulk solvent in favor of the latter process, thus accommodating all the experimentally found trends in the urea hydrolysis. The A1 mechanisms involving six-membered ring type intermediates can be ruled out as untenable since no such equilibrium species was obtained by both the MNDO and AM1 calculations.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The spectroscopic evidence for the predominance of the equatorial conformers in the title compounds was confirmed by the study of derivatives containing counterpoise substituents, and by chemical equilibration of anancomeric models. ΔG27o°C [P(O)Ph2] ≳ 3·2 kcal/mol was determined in the dioxane, and ΔG55o°C [P(O)Ph2] = 1·42 ± 0·12 kcal/mol in the oxathiane. It follows then that the strong anomeric interaction observed previously in S—C—P segments does not show up in the six-membered heterocycles 2 and 7, which contain O—C—P moieties. This may be due to an inherent inability of oxygen to act as an electron donor to the axial P(O)Ph2 substituent, or to a dominant repulsive steric interaction in the axial conformers.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 410-416 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Barriers for group transfers between nucleophiles have been postulated to be lowered when the transferring group can carry a considerable negative charge. Furthermore, anions readily subject to one electron oxidation appear to lead to lower barriers than do those of high oxidation potential. These suggestions are pursued here on the identity reaction ArSe- + ArSeSeAr → ArSeSeAr + ArSe-. Indeed the reaction is very fast, as shown by the appearance of only a single peak in the 77Se-NMR in an acetonitrile solution containing both ArSeNa and ArSeSeAr. The rate constant can be only very roughly estimated at low temperatures and dilute solutions, and is likely diffusion controlled for Ar = phenyl and p-methoxyphenyl. A stable intermediate (ArSe)3-, analogous to Br3-, is indicated, but quantitative stability could not be determined, from either the NMR or the UV spectra. Some properties of 77Se-NMR are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Kinetics of reactions of phenacyl benzenesulphonates with benzylamines were investigated in methanol at 45·0 °C and the cross-interaction constants λXY, λYZ and βXZ were determined in order to elucidate the transition-state structure. The unusually small magnitude of λXY can only be accounted for by the resonance ‘shunt’ effect of the α-CO group of the phenacyl system. Large |λYZ| values indicate a small degree of bond breaking whereas relatively large |βXZ| values compared with those for the dissociative SN2 reaction indicate a relatively tight transition state for the reactions. Further, the similar magnitudes of βXZ values compared with those of the corresponding aniline nucleophile series suggest a similar transition-state structure for the two armatic amine nucleophile series.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate ion increases sharply with increasing head group size in a series of cetyltrialkylammonium bromides (C16H33NR3Br: R = Me, CTABr; R = Et, CTEABr; R = n - Pr, CTPABr; R = n - Bu, CTBABr) with rate enhancements of 102 (CTABr) and 2·8 × 103 (CTBABr). Micellized tetradecylquinuclidinium bromide and hexadecyl-N-methylmorpholinium bromide are slightly better catalysts than CTABr, as is 1,3-bis(N-cetyl-N,N-dimethylamino)propane dibromide, but p-octyloxybenzyltrialkylammonium bromides (alkyl = Me, n - Bu) are less effective than the corresponding CTA+ surfactants. These differences in catalytic efficiency depend on the head group structure and the extent to which the cationic head groups become less accessible to water rather than the overall micellar structure.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 631-645 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reactions of 1,2-dinitrobenzene (1,2-DNB) with butylamine (BA) and piperidine (PIP) were investigated as a function of the amine concentration and temperature, in chloroform, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (ACN), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene and diisopropyl ether.In the set of solvents consisting of ethyl acetate, THF, ACN, DMF and DMSO, neither reaction is catalysed (kA = k1). The sequence and range of reactivity for BA and PIP are similar in these solvents. These results indicate that reactions in which nitro in the leaving group behave differently from SNAr reactions with other leaving groups, such as halogens or alkoxy groups, since an intramolecular hydrogen bond may be expected between the leaving nitro group and the ammonium H of the nucleophiles. The correlations of the rate coefficients obtained with Taft and Kamlet's solvatochromic method support these conclusions.On the other hand, these reactions show mild acceleration with relatively non-polar solvents such as the aromatics and diisopropyl ether. The donor properties of these solvents and experiments with solvent mixtures suggest the formation of electron donor-acceptor complexes between them and 1,2-DNB. Hence the preferential solvation of 1,2-DNB by the donor solvent accounts for the mechanism observed.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 660-671 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the oxidation of seven substituted ethanols by sodium N-bromobenzenesulphonamide or bromamine-B (BAB) in the presence of HCl was studied at 45 °C. The rate shows a first-order dependence on [BAB]0 and is fractional in [alcohol]0, [H+] and [Cl-]. Ionic strength variations, addition of benzenesulphonamide reaction product and variation of dielectric constant of the medium have no effect on the rate. The solvent isotope effect kH2O′/kD2O′ ≈ 0·97. The rates do not correlate satisfactorily with Taft's substituent constants. Activation parameters ΔH≠, ΔS≠, ΔG≠ and log A were calculated by studying the reaction at different temperatures (308-323 K). It was found that ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ are linearly related and an isokinetic relationship is observed with isokinetic temperature β = 393 K, indicating enthalpy as a controlling factor.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 49
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solvolysis of 2-X-2-phenylpropane (1-X) in 25 vol% acetonitrile in water at 25°C produces 2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropane (1-OH) and 2-phenylpropene (3). The carbocationic intermediate discriminates between different nucleophiles; azide anion, acetate anion, and methanol are more efficient nucleophiles than water, kN3/kH2O = 42 kOAc/kH2O = 3, and kMeOH/kH2O = 2·9 (ratio of second-order rate constants). The fraction of the elimination product 3 increases with increasing basicity of the leaving group X as well as by addition of general bases. The Brønsted parameter for this catalysis is small, β = 0·13, with substituted acetate anions. The kinetic deuterium isotope effect for the dehydronation of the intermediate has been measured (assuming the reaction from intermediate to alcohol is insensitive to isotopic substitution) employing the hexadeuterated substrate d6-1-X as k3H/k3d6 = 3·5 ± 0·2 for the chloride 1-Cl with acetate anion, and, without added base, 3·1 ± 0·2 for the acetate 1-OAc, and 3·1 ± 0·2 for the p-nitrobnzoate 1-PNB, respectively, and ∼5 for the protonated methyl ether 1-OMeH+. The variation in isotope effect with change in leaving group is discussed in terms of elimination from contact ion pairs and ‘free’ carbocation. The overall kinetic isotope effect for the solvolysis was found to be kobsH/kobsd6 = 1·31 (1-OMeH+), 1·38 (1-OAc), 1·40 (1-PNB), and 5·7 (1-OH2+). These isotope effects consist of the isotope effect k12H/k12d6 for the formation of the substitution product 1-OH and k13H/k13d6 for production of the olefin 3. It is concluded that the latter isotope effect is enlarged owing to a branched mechanism in which the deprotonation of the carbocationic intermediate competes with formation of the substitution product. As large an isotope effect as k13H/k13d6 ∼6·5 has been measured for 1-OMeH+.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 51
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Spectral characteristics of several simple substituted B,B-bis(mesityl)pyrroloboranes are reported which support a theoretical treatment by Bonacic-Koutecky and Michl (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 1765 (1985)) describing the excited states of simple aminoboranes as an example of twisted internal charge transfer. In the aminoboranes the pyrrolo moiety functions as the electron donor group and the empty p-orbital of the boron atom as the acceptor.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 57-88 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cation radical vinylcyclobutane (VCB) rearrangement is found to be a reaction of substantial scope, synthetic utility, and exceptional kinetic facility. In conjuction with cation radical cyclobutanation, it constitutes an effective method for net (indirect) Diels-Alder addition to electron rich dienophiles. Reactions can be carried out with either aminium salt or photosensitized electron transfer (PET) initiation and are powerfully facilitated by ionizable substituents such as p-anisyl, phenylthio, and phenoxy at the 2-position of the vinylcyclobutane. The intramolecularity of the reaction is clearly established and in four discrete systems preferred sr (suprafacial/retention) stereochemistry is observed. A theoretical basis for sr stereochemistry in the cation radical VCB rearrangement is advanced. The transition state for the reaction is considered to be similar to that for the direct cation radical Diels-Alder cycloaddition, another cation radical pericyclic reaction which converges on the same product. This model of the VCB rearrangement transition state is used to rationalize the strong rate-retarding effect of a Z-methyl substituent attached to the vinyl group and of a methyl substituent at the 4-position of the vinylcyclobutane ring cis to the vinyl substituent.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 54
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 417-424 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two organometallic reagents, butyllithium in heptane solution and dibutylmercury in the gas phase, have been studied by means of core electron spectroscopy. The property of particular interest was the charge polarization as reflected by the ESCA shifts. In the butyllithium compound the C1s binding energy is shifted to a lower value by 1·8 eV for C-1 (situated closest to the Li+ ion) relative to the heptane solvent carbon. This is due to the anionic character of the C-1. The interpretation of the experiments was supported by comparing the results with ab initio calculations made on geometry-optimized butyllithium, butyl anion and butane.
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  • 55
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 425-427 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Distribution between pentane and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) and carbon-13 NMR measurements showed that benzene and toluene are not protonated to any significant extent in TFMSA. This finding contradicts previous reports, and validates the ranking of superacids based on the extent of benzene protonation.
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  • 56
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 448-454 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The interaction between pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate (PMP) was studied by d.c. and differential pulse polarography. Two reduction waves (or two peaks) were observed. The first wave corresponds to the reduction of the adduct and the second to the reduction of free PLP. The behaviour was similar in analogous Schiff bases. The effects of pH, PMP concentration and the capillary characteristics were studied. The apparent formation constant as a function of the pH was calculated. Thermodynamic parameters were estimated at pH 7 and 0 · 1 M ionic strength. The polarographic and kinetic results show that the overall electrode process appears to be irreversible in a basic medium.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 455-466 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mixtures of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene and bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, with one isomer labeled with two deuterium atoms, were isomerized in the gas phase at 276 °C. By following the concentration ratios of d0 and d2 versions of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene as functions of time one finds that the partitioning of bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene between the primary products bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and cyclopentadiene plus ethene is 2:1. This and earlier stereochemical results permit the calculation of the partitioning of the [3.2.0] olefin between the orbital symmetry allowed [1,3] carbon shift-with-inversion product and several forbidden or non-concerted reaction channels (approximately 1:1) and the stereochemistry of the ethene d2 formed from exo,exo-[6,7-2H2]bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene directly (1:1 E: Z).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A two-hydron transfer mechanism involving hydron transfers from carbon to nitrogen and from nitrogen to carbon was studied. The rearrangement of 1,3,3-triphenylpropene (1) into 1,1,3-triphenylpropene (2) catalyzed by 2,10-diazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene (3) in benzene at 25·00°C was studied by 2H-labeling experiments and kinetic 2H-isotope effects. The synthesis and purification of [6,10-2H2]-2,10-diazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene ([6,10-2H2]-3), [3-2H]-1,3,3-triphenylpropene ([3-2H]-1), [3-2H]-1,1,3-triphenylpropene ([3-2H]-2) and [3,3-2H2]-1,1,3-triphenylpropene ([3,3-2H2]-2) together with their precursors are reported. Partial reaction of [3-2H]-1 with [6,10-1H2]-3 gave 42% conversion into product 2, which was shown by 1H NMR to be composed of 88% [3-1H]-2 and 12% [3-2H]-2. Partial reaction of [3-1H]-1 with [6,10-2H2]-3 gave 43% of 2, composed of 73% [3-1H]-2 and 27% [3-2H]-2.These results clearly show that a substantial fraction of the reaction takes place in a bifunctional manner but isotope exchange and/or monofunctionally catalyzed reactions interfere. The following kinetic deuterium isotope effects on the rearrangement 1 → 2 were measured: kHH/kDH = 6·56; kHH/kHD = 1·19; kHH/kDD = 7·08; kHD/kDD = 5·94; and kDH/kDD = 1·08.On the basis of these results, a concerted two-hydron transfer mechanism is excluded. Instead, a stepwise mechanism is favored, in which at first the 3-hydron of 1 is abstracted by 3 yielding an ion pair(s), the carbanion of which in a separate step is then hydronated to yield the product 2.The abstraction of the 3-hydron from 1 might be hydrogen bond assisted. The two hydron transfer transition states are together rate limiting, although they limit the rate to different extents. A detailed mechanistic analysis is presented together with the results of an investigation of the nature of the catalyst. The dimerization constant for 3 was determined by 1H NMR to be 1·67 l mol-1 at 25·0°C. Isotopomer composition was measured by 1H NMR and GLC was used for the separation of the substrate and products. Computer-assisted capillary GLC was used for the kinetics.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Benzyl cations, free of counter ions, have been generated from the nuclear decay of tritium atoms contained exclusively in the side-chain of multi-labelled toluene and allowed to react in competition experiments with benzene and toluene. The aromatic substitution was studied in both the gaseous and liquid phase, employing pure aromatics or aromatics dissolved in n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and nitromethane as the reaction medium. In the gaseous systems, at 20 Torr total pressure, High meta substitution of toluene indicates extensive isomerization of the excited intermediates, while the increase of the kT/kB value in the Presence of NH3 suggests that selective transalkylation competes with proton transfer to ammonia from the benzyl cation adducts with benzene, but not with toluene. High positional and low substrate selectivities were measured in solution, the decrease in kT/kB (from 2·8 to 1·7) in the different solvents being accompanied by an increase in the o/2p ratio. Competition experiments between benzene and methanol indicate that the reaction is not diffusion controlled. The influence of the reaction medium on the substrate selectivity is explained by postulating the formation of a cation-solvent adduct, where the solvent molecule undergoes displacement by the substrate. Positional selectivity would be controlled in a subsequent step.
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  • 60
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 61
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 476-483 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dipole moments of para-substituted benzoyl chlorides and bromides, partly measured in benzene and partly recalculated from elderly literature, were analysed in terms of bond moments and additional contributions expressing the conjugation. Although the gross moments are similar, their decomposition yields different pictures for acyl chlorides and bromides. Only in the latter can significant electron transfer from the halogen be observed. On the other hand, conjugation with the benzene nucleus is strong in both aromatic acyl chlorides and bromides, but stronger in chlorides. There is agreement with the evidence from some other physical quantities but not from all.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ups and downs, and reasons therein, of the π-complex theory of the mechanism of the benzidine rearrangements, and the possible role of π-complexes in a newer understanding of the rearrangements, are described.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 507-518 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The hydrolysis reactions of N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)piperidine (2) and N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-morpholine (3) were studied. Two kinetic processes well separated in time are observed in both reactions. The fastest process, which is reversible, leads to the formation of a species of λmax 260 and 410 nm and is attributed to the formation of a σ complex of stoichiometry 1 : 2 due to the addition of a second HO- to the σ complex of 1 : 1 stoichiometry. The slowest process leads quantitatively to picrate ion. The equilibrium constants for the formation of the σ complexes of 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometries and the rate of formation and decomposition of the latter complex were determined. The kinetic data for the slow process lead to the conclusion that the picrate ion is formed from the attack of HO- on the two σ complexes, confirming previous findings. There are some differences in the calculated rates for 2 and 3 which may be an indication that the elimination of the amine is partially rate determining.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 531-539 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acid-catalysed condensation of resorcinol with aromatic aldehydes results in 2,8,14,20-tetrasubstitued calix[4] areneoctols. Sixteen compounds of this type containing different aromatic substituents were synthesized. The ring closure step, under the conditions of the reaction, is a reversible process. Four configurations are possible for every constitution, viz. cccc, cctt, ccct and ctct, but only cccc and cctt were formed in detectable amounts. In seven cases the thermodynamically more stable cccc isomers (1a-5a, 7a, 8a) and also the kinetically controlled cctt isomers (1b-5b, 7b, 8b) could be isolated. The configurations of the compounds were assigned by temperature-dependent 1H NMR analysis. The conformational motions of the macrocyclic ring permit only the cccc isomers to show coalescence for the signals of the aromatic Hb protons. The coalescence temperature was determined for isomers 1a (ΔG384≠ = 83·5 kJmol-1) and 3a (ΔG369≠ = 83·7 kJ mol-1). For steric reasons the ‘chair-chair’ conformers B and the ‘quasi-boat-chair’ conformers F are favoured. 1H and 13C NMR shifts show that compounds 1a-5a and 1b-5b have a quasi-axial arrangement of the aromatic substituents, whereas 6-9 have a quasi-equatorial arrangement of the substituents.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The basic hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was studied in the presence of β-cyclodextrin (CDOH) and in the presence of hydroxy-functionalized micelles containing either a primary hydroxy group [hexadecyl-2-hydroxyethyldimethylammonium bromide (CHEDAB)] or a secondary hydroxy group [headecyl-2-hydroxypropyldimethylammonium bromide (CHPDAB) and 2-hydroxyhexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (2-OHCTAB)].In all systems a biphasic reaction was observed. The first phase consisted of a competition between the additive (either micelle or cyclodextrin) and hydroxide ion for the aromatic substrate, and the second phase consisted of the hydrolysis of the trapped aryl micellar or cyclodextryl ether.The percentage of trapping of the aromatic substrate by the cyclodextrin was similar to that found for reactions in the hydroxy-functionalized micelles (CHPDAB and 2-OHCTAB) which contained secondary hydroxy groups. The relative rates of reaction for DNFB and for DNCB, i.e. F/Cl rate ratios, in the presence of CDOH were similar to those obtained in the presence of 2-OHCTAB but less than that obtained in the presence of CHEDAB. These results support the assumption that in CDOH the secondary hydroxy groups of C-2 or C-3 are involved in covalent bond formation with the aromatic substrate rather than the primary hydroxy group of C-6. All the reactions studied proceed much more slowly in the presence of CDOH than in the presence of the hydroxy-functionalized micelles. This may reflect a catalytic effect of the positively charged surface present in the micelles but not in the cyclodextrin.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using the solvatochromic indicator method, a scale of solvent hydrogen-bond basicity, β1 (General), has been set up using a series of double regression equations, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \nu = \nu _0 + s\pi _1^* + b\beta _1 $$\end{document} for 11 aniline-type indicators. A similar solvent scale, β1 (Special), has been constructed by the homomorphic comparison method using only results by Laurence et al. on the indicators 4-nitroaniline and 4-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline. Results are available from our previous work on a general solute scale, β2H, and we have also obtained a special solute scale, β2 (pKHB) from available log K values for hydrogen-bond complexation of bases with 4-fluorophenol in CCl4. However, the two solute β2 scales are virtually identical.It is shown that there is a general connection between β1(General) and β2H, with r = 0·9775 and s.d. = 0·05 for 32 compounds, and between β1(Special) and β2H, with r = 0·9776 and s.d. = 0·06 for the same 32 compounds. The latter correlation over 60 compounds yields r = 0·9684 and s.d. = 0·07. However, there are so many compounds in these regressions for which the differences in the solvent and solute β values are larger than the total expected error of 0·07 units that the use of β1 to predict β2 or vice versa is a very hazardous procedure. About 70 new β1 values obtained by the double regression method are also reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ΔG, ΔH and TΔS of transfer of 25 aliphatic and aromatic solutes from 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to aqueous buffer (pH 7) at 298 K have been examined in terms of intrinsic volumes and the solvatochromic parameters π*, δ, β and α of the pure solutes Correlations of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ XYZ = XYZ_0 + {{mV_{\rm I} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{mV_{\rm I} } {100}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {100}} + s\pi ^* + d\delta + d\beta + a\alpha $$\end{document} indicate that the thermodynamic quantities of transfer are unequally affected by solute properties; most notably, for aromatic solutes the cavity term mVI/100 is a principal (unfavorable) factor affecting TΔS, but has little effect on ΔH. Transfer to water is favored by increasing solute π* (dipolarity-polarizability), β (H-bond basicity) and α (H-bond acidity), because water has greater dipolarity, H-bond acidity and H-bond basicity than trimethylpentane. Hydrogen bonding contributes exothermically to ΔH, but unfavorably to TΔS, as would be expected from a loss of transitional entropy. Correlations of ΔG, ΔH and TΔS with solute VI/100, β, α, μ2 and polarizability function [(n2 - 1)/(n2 + 2)] give closely comparable results.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1H, 13C, 15N and 17O NMR chemical shifts, 1JNH and 1JCH coupling constants and line widths (Δν1/2) of the 14N and 17O resonance lines were determined for 2-pyrrolidinone neat and for several 2-pyrrolidinone-solvent systems. The 17O NMR chemical shift of 2-pyrrolidinone was clearly most sensitive to the solvent effects, but changes with the solvent were also observable in the 13C (C=O) and 15N NMR chemical shifts, the 1JNH coupling constants and especially the line widths of the 14N and 17O resonance lines. In general, the results reflected a hydrogen bonding effect between the oxygen atom of 2-pyrrolidinone and the proton-donating solvents and a weak molecular interaction of the NH proton of 2-pyrrolidinone with the proton-accepting solvents. The results are compared with the NMR data for the corresponding binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 573-579 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The MM2 force field has been extended so that calculations may be carried out on siloxanes. The parameters chosen give a good fit to available experimental data.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 71
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 585-601 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Triarylaminium salts smoothly catalyze the cyclopropanation of dienes, styrenes and tetrasubstituted alkenes by ethyl diazoacetate. The reactions are regioselective and, in the case of additions to conjugated dienes, cyclopropane-periselective. A cation radical chain mechanism involving carbene transfer from ethyl diazoacetate to a substrate cation radical is proposed.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 623-630 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photolysis of dichlorodiphenylmethane in glassy 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K results in the formation of diphenylcarbene and the diphenylchloromethyl radical, which were detected by their fluorescence emission and excitation spectra. The relative yields of the carbene and biradical are shown to vary dramatically as a function of photolysis time. The photolability of the diphenylchloromethyl radical is also demonstrated. These results were interpreted in terms of a two-step mechanism, in which the diphenylchloromethyl radical is an intermediate in the formation of diphenylcarbene.
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  • 73
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 75
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 76
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 83-99 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using the elementary sensitivity densities, a reaction rate sensitivity gradient is obtained which is the derivative of the rate of species concentration change with respect to the rate coefficient. The dimensionless (log-normalized) form of the reaction rate sensitivity gradient is the ratio of the rate of concentration change of species i due to elementary reaction j and the net rate of concentration change of species i. This result provides a mathematical basis for the use of various forms of reaction rate analyses in the study of complex reaction mechanisms. The kinetic information inherent in the relative reaction rate matrix is extracted by principal component analysis. The method is used to analyze the mechanism of high-temperature formaldehyde oxidation and high-temperature propane pyrolysis. Ranking of the elementary reactions allowed us to reduce significantly the original mechanisms and a detailed study of the results revealed the reaction structures and the major reaction paths of the species.
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  • 77
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that kinetic data on the polymerization of acetylene to vinyl acetylene and benzene can be reconciled with the formation of a 1,4 biradical which can isomerize by a 1-3, H-atom shift to the molecular product. Since the biradicals have a negligibly small life-time in the system the overall process appears to be a concerted bimolecular reaction. The labile isomer CH2 = C: which had been suggested as being the reactive intermediate, is argued on energy considerations not to be a plausible intermediate.Data on the reverse pyrolysis of vinyl acetylene to acetylene are consistent with the model. Extending the model to butadiene explains the observed molecular nature of its decomposition to ethylene and acetylene.Reactions of other oligomers of acetylene are discussed.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the kinetics of thermal unimolecular decomposition of methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, ethynylcyclopentane, and ethynylcyclohexane have been carried out at temperatures in the range 861-1218 K using the technique of very low-pressure pyrolysis (VLPP). Multiple reaction pathways and secondary decomposition of primary products results in a complex array of reaction products. VLPP rate data (fall-off regime) were obtained for the overall decompositions and interpreted via the application of RRKM theory. The data for methylcyclopentane and methylcyclohexane were interpreted in terms of ring-opening bond fission pathways and bond fission to methyl and cycloalkyl radicals. By selecting Arrhenius parameters consistent with the analogous pathways in open-chain alkanes, a good fit to the overall decomposition is obtained. The data for ethynylcyclopentane and ethynylcyclohexane were interpreted in terms of ring-opening bond fission and alkyne to allene isomerization. The A factors for ring opening were based on known values for C-C fission in open-chain alkynes and the Arrhenius parameters for isomerization were chosen to be consistent with previously reported alkyne to allene isomerizations. The VLPP data are consistent with the following high-pressure rate expressions (at 〈 T 〉 = 1100 K) for the dominant primary reaction channel of ring opening adjacent to the substitutent group: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log (k/s^{ - 1} ) = (16.4 \pm 0.3) - (341 \pm 10)/\theta {\rm for methylcyclopentane,}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log (k/s^{ - 1} ) = (16.4 \pm 0.3) - (345 \pm 10)/\theta {\rm for methylcyclopentane,}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log (k/s^{ - 1} ) = (16.0 \pm 0.3) - (304 \pm 10)/\theta {\rm for ethynylcyclpentane, and}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log (k/s^{ - 1} ) = (16.0 \pm 0.3) - (303 \pm 10)/\theta {\rm for ethynylcyclohexane,}$$\end{document} where θ = 2.303RT kJ mol-. Comparison of the activation energies for the ethynyl-cycloalkanes with those for the methyl-cycloalkanes shows that the effect of the ethynyl substituent is consistent with the propargyl resonance energy. This evidence supports the assumption of a biradical mechanism for ring opening in these cycloalkanes.
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  • 80
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 465-476 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pyrogallol (1,2.3-benzentriol, 1) reacts with dioxygen in weakly alkaline solutions to form purpurogallin (2,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-5H-benzocycloheptene-5-one, 2) which then reacts to form purpurogalloquinone (3) which then decays to a product absorbing at 440 nm. The formation of 3 requires 1.5 mol O2 per mol 1, and 1.0 mol per mol 2. No O2 is consumed during the decay of 3, and this reaction, being insensitive to O2 concentrations and the presence of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, does not appear to be an oxidation. The first-order rate of decay of 3 decreases with increasing pH. 1 and 3 react at pH 9.0 with a second-order rate constant of ca. 100 M-1 s-1. SOD inhibits the oxidation of 1 and 2. Slight and variable apparent inhibition of the oxidation of 2 and 3 by SOD may be due to trace impurities in 2, but not contamination by 1. The peak concentration of 3 is attained more rapidly during the oxidation of 1 than during the oxidation of 2. A kinetic scheme based on parallel oxidation of 1 by dioxygen and superoxide, and it which the semiquinone of 1 oxidizes 2, is partially successful in simulating the observed kinetic behavior.
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  • 81
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 519-533 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A kinetic study of uncatalyzed and Ru(III) catalyzed oxidation of indigo carmine(IC) (disodium 3,3′-dioxobi-indolin-2,2′-ylidene-5,5′-disulphonate) by iodate ion in aqueous sulphuric acid solution is reported. The uncatalyzed reaction order was found to be four; one each with respect to IC and iodate ion and second order with H+ ion. The Ru(III) catalyzed reaction was of fifth order, second order with respect to H+ and first order with respect to reductant, oxidant, and catalyst. Stoichiometric ratios of both reactions were the same with a 3:2 reductant-oxidant ratio. In both uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions isatin-5-monosulphonic acid (2,3-dioxoindoline-5-sulphonic acid) was observed as the oxidation product. Rate constants for both the reactions are reported. Reaction mechanisms consistent with the experimental data are suggested.Further, a fixed time method is described for the determination of Ru(III), based on its ability to catalyze the oxidation of IC by acidic iodate. Using [H+] 2.25M, [iodate] 1.00 × 10-3M and [IC] 5.0 × 10-5M, in presence of Ru(III), the reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to IC. The interference of various cations, neutral salts, and potassium iodide on the determination of Ru(III) was studied using synthetic mixtures. The selectivity of the method and the recommended procedure are described.
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  • 82
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The canonical formalism of the statistical adiabatic channel model is used to calculate limiting high pressure rate constants for the H + CH3 → CH4 recombination reaction on a recently reported analytic potential energy surface based on ab initio calculations. An effective adiabatic channel potential which incorporates the Gφφ matrix element of the twofold degenerate H3C—H transitional bending mode, quartic anharmonicity, and state selected mode coupling effects is implemented. The rate constants calculated over the temperature range 200-1000 K are in very good agreement with recent canonical variational transition state theory calculations performed on the same surface. The comparison with experimental results is also discussed.
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  • 83
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 175-191 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Methylbut-1-ene-3-yne and Propyne mixtures were pyrolyzed at 350-450°C in the absence and presence of O2 and NO. The major product of the reaction is a polymer, but m-xylene and p-xylene are also produced and were studied as the species of interest. The C8H10 formation rate is first-order in C3H4 and C5H6. The rate coefficient is best fitted by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log [k({\rm C}_{\rm 8} {\rm H}_{{\rm 10}}),M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1}] = (11.2 \pm 1.0) - (166 \pm 13)/2.3RT$$\end{document} though it is not inconsistent with \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log [k({\rm C}_{\rm 8} {\rm H}_{{\rm 10}}),M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1}] = (8.17) - (125.9)/2.3RT$$\end{document} where R is the ideal gas constant in kJ/mol-K. Experiments in the presence of NO show that m-xylene and p-xylene formation occur by two processes: a concerted molecular mechanism (≃ 41%) and a singlet diradical mechanism (≃ 59%).
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  • 84
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyrolysis kinetics of the title compounds has been studied in a stirred-flow reactor over the temperature range 440-530°C and pressures between 5 and 14 torr. Benzyl t-butyl sulfide and phenyl t-butyl ether formed isobutene as product in over 98% yield, together with the corresponding benzyl thiol and phenol. The benzyl thiol decomposes to a large extent into hydrogen sulfide and bibenzyl. In the pyrolysis of phenyl t-butyl sulfide, the hydrocarbon products consisted of 80 ±5% isobutene plus 20% isobutane, while the sulfur containing products were thiophenol and diphenyl disulfide. Order one kinetics was observed for the consumption of the reactants. The first order rate coefficients, based on isobutene production, followed the Arrhenius equations: Benzyl t-butyl sulfide: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k(s^{ - 1}) = 10^{13.82 \pm 0.41} \exp ( - 214 \pm 6{\rm kJ/mol }RT)$$\end{document} Phenyl t-butyl sulfide: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k(s^{ - 1}) = 10^{12.03 \pm 0.39} \exp ( - 188 \pm 6{\rm kJ/mol }RT)$$\end{document} Phenyl t-butyl ether: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k(s^{ - 1}) = 10^{14.30 \pm 0.21} \exp ( - 211 \pm 3{\rm kJ/mol }RT)$$\end{document}For benzyl t-butyl sulfide and phenyl t-butyl ether, the results suggest a unimolecular mechanism involving polar four center cyclic transition states. For phenyl t-butyl sulfide, the t-butyl-sulfur single bond fission mechanism is a parallel, less important process than the complex fission one.
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  • 85
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of oxidation of a number of ortho, meta, and para substituted S-phenylmercaptoacetic acids by N-Chloro-3-Metyl-2,6-Diphenylpiperidin-4-one (NCP) has been studied in buffered ethanol-water (75:25 v/v) of pH 5.46. The reaction is of first order each in [oxidant] and [substrate]. The rate constant decreases with increase in pH from 5.22 to 5.70. The reaction is accelerated by electron releasing and retarded by electron withdrawing substitutents. The ρ value obtained for this reaction is -1.88 at 10°C with a good correlation coefficient of 0.99 showing an electron deficient transition state. The effect of ortho substitutents also is discussed in detail.
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  • 87
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 445-464 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An earlier correlation between isolated CH stretching frequencies, visCH, and experimental CH bond dissociation energies, in hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, and CHO compounds, is updated. A stabilization energy, EvS, which reflects only the properties of the radical, is defined by the deviation of a point from the above correlation. EvS values for a variety of radicals are listed and discussed. In H—C—N and H—C—O compounds EvS is low or negligible, due to the low visCH found in these compounds. The conventional definition of ES then represents a serious misnomer, which distracts attention from the probable source of discrepancies between experimental and ab initio values of DH°(C—H), namely, the parent molecules. Stereo electronic effects concerned with the breaking of CH bonds are predicted in a variety of situations.Some experimental determinations of DH°(C—H), viz., in C2H4, HCOOH, CH3CHO, CH3NH2, are considered to be probably in error.Schemes for partitioning energies of atomization into ‘standard’ or ‘intrinsic’ bond energies are criticized.
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  • 89
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 535-546 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The near U-V photolysis of t-butyl nitrite has been studied over the temperature range 303-393 K. Under these conditions t-butyl nitrite was shown to be a very clean photochemical source of t-butoxy radicals. This allows a study of the decomposition of the t-butoxy radical to be made over this temperature range (3). Extrapolation of the rate constants k3 to high pressure and combination with our previous thermal data give the results: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_3 (\infty)/{\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} = 10^{14.04 \pm 0.37} \exp (- 7519 \pm 70.5/T)$$\end{document}
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  • 90
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 611-619 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rate constants have been determined for the reactions of SO4- with a series of alkanes and ethers. The SO4- radical was produced by the laser-flash photolysis of persulfate, S2O82-. For methane, only an upper limit of 1 × 106 M-1 s-1 could be determined. For ethane, propane, and 2-methylpropane, rate constants of 0.44, 4.0, and 10.5 × 107 M-1 s-1 were found. For ethyl and n-propyl ether, rate constants of 1.3 × 108 and 2.2 × 108 M-1 s-1 were found and for 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, rate constants of 7.2 × 107 and 2.8 × 108 were obtained. The reaction of SO4- with allyl alcohol was also studied and found to have a rate constant of 1.4 × 109 M-1 s-1.
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  • 91
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 689-701 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of propane was studied behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range 1100-1450 K and the pressure range 1.5-2.6 atm, by both monitoring the time variations of absorption at 3.39 μm and analyzing the concentrations of the reacted gas mixtures. The rate constants of the elementary reactions were discussed from the results. The rate constant expressions, k1 = 1.1 × 1016 exp (-84 kcal/RT) s-1 and k4 = 9.3 × 1013 exp(-8 kcal/RT) cm3 mol-1 s-1, of reactions C3H8 → CH3 + C2H5 and C3H8 + H → n-C3H7 + H2 were evaluated, respectively.
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  • 92
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 1173-1180 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique, absolute rate constants were determined for the gas phase reactions of hydroxyl radicals with a series of aliphatic polyethers. At 298 K, the measured rate constants (in units of 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were: 2,2-dimethoxypropane, (3.9 ± 0.2); 2,2-diethoxypropane, (11.7 ± 1.3); 1,2-dimethoxypropane, (14.3± 1.5); 2-methoxyethylether, (17.5 ± 1.1); 2-ethoxyethlyether, (26.8 ± 2.4); 1,1-dimethoxyethane, (8.9 ± 1.0); and 1,1,3-trimethoxypropane, (16.7 ± 1.0).The temperature dependencies of the rate constants for 2,2-dimethoxypropane and 2,2-diethoxypropane, reactions (1) and (2), were studied over the temperature range 240-440 K and are expressed by the Arrhenius equations: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{\rm 1} = (3.55\,\, \pm 0.39)\,\, \times \,\,10^{ - 12} \,\,\exp [(30 \pm 35)\,/T]\,\,{\rm cm}^{\rm 3} \,\,{\rm molecule}^{{\rm - 1}} {\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{\rm 2} = (1.06\,\, \pm 0.25)\,\, \times \,\,10^{ - 11} \,\,\exp [(15 \pm 75)\,/T]\,\,{\rm cm}^{\rm 3} \,\,{\rm molecule}^{{\rm - 1}} {\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}}$$\end{document} Implications of the results are discussed in terms of reaction mechanisms and the prediction of gas phase OH radical reaction rates for aliphatic polyethers.
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  • 93
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 1113-1122 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the ethene yield from the reaction of C2H5 radicals with O2 has been determined to be 1.50 ± 0.09%, 0.85 ± 0.11%, and 〈0.1% at total pressures of 25, 50, and 700 torr, respectively. Additionally, the rate constant of the reaction of C2H5 radicals with molecular chlorine was measured relative to that with molecular oxygen. A ratio k6/k7 = 1.99 ± 0.14 was measured at 700 torr total pressure which, together with the literature value of k7 = 4.4 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1s-1, yields k6 = (8.8 ± 0.6) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1s-1. Quoted errors represent 2σ. These results are discussed with respect to previous kinetic and mechanistic studies of C2H5 radicals.
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  • 94
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 1141-1152 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas-phase reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with the OH radical, in the presence of NOx, was investigated at 298 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. Glycolaldehyde and methylglyoxal were observed to be the major products, with a combined yield of 0.89 ± 0.16. The sum of the yields of the two other main products, formaldehyde and peroxyacetyl nitrate, were found to be essentially unity. The product yield data for glycolaldehyde and methylglyoxal indicate that OH radical addition to the terminal carbon atom of the 〉C=C〈 bond accounts for 72 ± 21% of the overall reaction, with the remaining 28 ± 9% proceeding via addition to the inner carbon atom of the double bond.
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  • 95
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 993-1001 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ethers are being increasingly used as motor fuel additives to increase the octane number and to reduce CO emissions. Since their reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) is a major loss process for these oxygenated species in the atmoshpere, we have conducted a relative rate study of the kinetics of the reactions of OH radicals with a series of ethers and report the results of these measurements here. Experiments were performed under simulated atmospheric conditions; atmospheric pressure (≃ 740 torr) in synthetic air at 295 K. Using rate constants of 2.53 × 10-12, and 1.35 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for the reaction of OH radicals with n-butane and diethyl ether, the following rate constants were derived, in units of 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1: dimethylether, (0.232 ± 0.023); di-n-propylether, (1.97 ± 0.08); di-n-butylether, (2.74 ± 0.32); di-n-pentylether, (3.09 ± 0.26); methyl-t-butylether, (0.324 ± 0.008); methyl-n-butylether, (1.29 ± 0.03); ethyl-n-butylether, (2.27 ± 0.09); and ethyl-t-butylether, (0.883 ± 0.026). Quoted errors represent 2σ from the least squares analysis and do not include any systematic errors associated with uncertainties in the reference rate constants used to place our relative measurements on an absolute basis. The implications of these results for the atmospheric chemistry of ethers are discussed.
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  • 96
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 1003-1014 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the gas-phase thermal decomposition of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclopropane (TFC) to 1,1-difluoroethylene and CF2 was studied in the temperature range of 507.0-577.0 K and with a total pressure of 200 to 300 torr of a 1:100 mixture of reactant and C2H4. Also at 557.0 K experiments were made at different total pressures, in the range 2-20 torr with neat TFC and between 20-300 torr with the C2H4/TFC mixture, confirming that the reaction is in the high pressure limit. The reaction is first-order and the rate constants fit the following Arrhenius relationship: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log \,k/(s^{ - 1}) = (14.02 \pm 0.16) - (45,150 \pm 200)/4.576T$$\end{document} From this value of the activation energy, the data for the decomposition of chemically activated TFC were revised. The new results yield a minimum energy of the activated molecule of 98 ± 4 kcal/mol and ΔHf°(TFC) = -155.4 ± 7 kcal/mol, while an analysis of the kinetic data yields ΔHf°(TFC) = -159 ± 9 kcal/mol.
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  • 97
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 1131-1139 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pressure-jump method has been used to determine the rate constants for the formation and dissociation of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with cinchomeronate in aqueous solution at zero ionic strength. The forward and reverse rate constants obtained are kf = 2.27 × 106 M-1 s-1 and kr = 3.81 × 101 s-1 for the nickel(II) complex and kf = 1.23 × 107 M-1 s-1 and kr = 2.66 × 102 s-1 for the cobalt(II) complex at 25°C. The activation parameters of the reactions have also been obtained from the temperature variation study. The results indicate that the rate determining step of the reaction is a loss of a water molecule from the inner coordination sphere of the cation for the nickel(II) complex and the chelate ring closure for the cobalt(II) complex. The influence of the pyridine ring nitrogen atom of the cinchomeronate ligand on the complexation of cobalt(II) ion is also discussed.
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  • 98
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 207-218 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photo-oxidation of n-heptane in synthetic air containing methyl nitrite and nitric oxide has been ivestigated in an atmospheric flow reactor. By measuring the total yields of heptyl nitrate products, relative to the depletion of the n-heptane, the rate constant ratio, k3b/k3a has been determined for the reactions: Over the temperature range 253-325 K and at a total pressure of 730 Torr, the following relative Arrhenius equation has been obtained from the present study together with literature data: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{3b} /k_{3a} = (1.4 \pm 1.1) \times 10^{ - 3} \exp [1640 \pm 250)/T]$$\end{document} These results confirm that the formation of alkyl nitrates from the photo-oxidation of n-alkanes arise from a primary reaction between the alkylperoxy radicals and nitric oxide. Furthermore the present experiments show that the lifetime of the intermediate in this type of reaction, presumed to be an alkyl peroxynitrite, ROONO, must be less than a few seconds.
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  • 99
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 267-291 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pressure and temperature dependences of association reactions involving atoms and/or radicals is discussed and illustrated by reference to the reactions CH3 + CH3 → C2H6, CH3 + O2 → CH3O2, CH3 + H → CH4, and H + C2H4 → C2H5. Recent experimental measurements of the rate coefficients, k([M], T) are described, particular attention being paid to experiments designed to measure the rate coefficient over wide ranges of pressure and temperature. Methods of fitting the experimental data, to obtain estimates of the limiting rate coefficients, k0 and k∞, and to permit extrapolation to regions beyond the experimental range, are discussed. These methods include the Troe factorization technique, a combination of master equation and variational RRKM theory, and recent calculations by Wagner and Wardlaw using the technique developed by Wardlaw and Marcus to describe loose transition states.
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  • 100
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 21 (1989), S. 297-314 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starting from Smoluchowski's hypothesis, a simple algorithm is developed in order to obtain the apparent rate constant at large values of time, t, with some physical and chemical processes, as in the case of diffusion controlled reactions. Some practical examples are illustrated, assuming nonuniform distribution function, space-dependent diffusion coefficient or short-range interaction leading to an asymptotic analytical expression of the form α + β/√t, where α and β are constants function of the system of interest.
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