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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 597-604 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Information concerning monomer reactivity in copolymerization has been obtained for thirteen copolymerization systems. The influence of substituents and chain length in vinyl polymerization is discussed in the light of this and preceding data. Unsaturated acid behavior in copolymerizations is discussed for the first time.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By applying hydrochloric acid solution at different temperatures to various fibrous cellulose samples and following the per cent loss in weight with time, hydrolysis-time curves have been obtained. These plots have been resolved into a straight line and a curve, representing the rate of removal of difficultly and easily removable components, respectively. Under the experimental conditions applied, the ratedetermining reaction in the removal of the difficultly accessible components from the fibers is essentially a kinetically zero-order reaction. This was borne out by the results of hydrolyses of hydrocellulose preparations. Within the experimental range the temperature coefficient of this rate is independent of the representative fibrous materials and is relatively high, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28-29 kcal./mol. The easily and difficultly accessible regions, assessed by resolving the rate plots, are different with the same fibers, depending on the experimental conditions. The reactivity of both the easily and difficultly hydrolyzable constituents varies with different cellulose fibers. The complex nature of the kinetics of removal (hydrolysis) of the easily accessible components is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 639-664 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene, weighing about 25 to 50 mg., were pyrolyzed in a vacuum of about 10-6mm. of mercury in a specially designed apparatus at temperatures ranging between 300 to 475°C. The volatile products of pyrolysis were separated into four fractions: (IV) gaseous, volatile at -196°; (IIIA) liquid, at -75°, (IIIB) liquid, at 25°; and (II) waxlike fraction, volatile at the temperature of pyrolysis. The gaseous fraction was analyzed in the mass spectrometer and was found to consist in all cases of CH4. The liquid fraction, IIIA, was analyzed similarly and was found to give a mass spectrum characteristic for any given polymer. A molecular weight determination of the waxlike fraction by the micro freezing point-lowering method, showed it to vary from 543 to 739, depending on the polymer from which the fraction was obtained. It is shown that the method of pyrolytic fractionation of high molecular weight polymers, in conjunction with mass spectrometer analysis of the more volatile fractions, can serve as a means of identifying the polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of Koresin are very similar to those of an acid-catalyzed p-tert-butylphenol-acetal- dehyde polymer. This is believed to be evidence that Koresin has Structure I. A variety of phenol-aldehyde resins have been prepared for comparison with Koresin. The ratings of some of these materials as tackifiers have been reported. These furnish further evidence that the molecular weight of a phenol-aldehyde resin is important in its tackifying action. An alkaline-catalyzed condensation product of acetylene and p-tert-butylphenol shows no tackifying action and has no free hydroxyl in the polymer as judged by its infrared pattern.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The production of monomer during degradation of polystyrene in vacuo below 310°C. has been investigated. A mechanism has been proposed which explains the dependence of monomer formation on the initial breaks in the chain. The degradation in presence of oxygen has been studied. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed which accounts for the type of curves obtained experimentally. The role of antioxidants has been briefly indicated. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo and in the presence of oxygen have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 13-36 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus has been constructed which enables one to follow continuously the formation of monomer during degradation in vacuum. Experimental results are presented on the degradation of fractionated and unfractionated polystyrene over a range of temperatures from 340-400°C. in vacuum. A mechanism has been proposed which accounts satisfactorily for the apparent zero-order reaction and for the dependence of the rate of degradation on chain length. This mechanism allows one to estimate relative number average molecular weights and the number of weak points per original chain. The influence of a platinum surface on degradation has been indicated. The degradation of poly-alpha-methylstyrene has been investigated over a range of temperatures from 281 to 363°C. in vacuum. The mechanism of the degradation of branched polymer chains has been discussed. The degradation of cross-linked polystyrene containing various amount of m-divinylbenzene has been studied at 364°C. in vacuum. The reaction shows long induction periods depending on the amount of m-divinylbenzene and on the presence of benzoyl peroxide during polymerization. The degradation of polyethylene shows this polymer to be more heat resistant than polystyrene. Various grades of different average molecular weight have been investigated over a range of temperatures from 375 to 436°C. in vacuum. The energy of activation has been found dependent on chain length. A mechanism has been suggested to account for the observed experimental results.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Quantum yields for the inactivation of crystalline swine pepsin have been determined as a function of pH at 2537 A. The quantum yield is near a minimum at pH 4.08, at which point a value of 0.0019 was found, rises rapidly above pH 6, and shows a slight maximum near pH 2.7. The maximum is more pronounced with polychromatic light. The quantum yield (at pH 2.01) was found to be the same with either hemoglobin or casein as a substrate. Urea had no effect on the quantum yield although urea alone, 7 M, inactivates pepsin at an appreciable rate. Urea and light denaturation do not modify the absorption spectrum of pepsin in the same way. The data of Gates has been recalculated; it shows an increase of quantum yields with decreasing wave length. It has been concluded, from experiments with model substances, that inactivation can occur by the absorption of a quantum by any aromatic group in pepsin.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The method for the evaluation of the percentage crystallinity in cellulose preparations from x-ray intensity measurements, previously described in detail (J. Appl. Phys., in press) is reviewed briefly and new material presented consisting of crystallinity percentages between 8% and 70%. Cotton, flax, and ramie possess equal crystallinity (70%) and so do the majority of rayons, independent of their degree of orientation and including cuprammonium and Lilienfeld rayons. Cellulose acetates saponified under varying conditions also yield almost the same value as rayon (40%). The New product Fiber G (du Pont) holds an exceptional position with 53% crystalline substance. In the series of native celluloses, wood pulp has about 65%, Valonia 65-70%, and bacterial cellulose about 40%. By dry grinding of rayon, a powder was obtained containing only slightly less than 10% crystalline substance, which on recrystallization in water, yields 2 product having the same crystallinity as rayon. The difference between the heats of wetting of the criginal and the recrystallized powder affords additional support of the results obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copolymers, of 4-vinylpyridine and styrene, covering the range 1.5 to 100% vinylpyridine were prepared in 20% toluene solution at 80°. Strong electrolytes were then made by the addition of n-butyl bromide in nitromethane solution. The salts with high vinylpyridine content were soluble in water, alcohols, nitromethane, and other polar solvents. Viscosities of the parent copolymers in methyl ethyl ketone were in the range 0.15-0.20; osmotic pressures gave molecular weights in the range 50,000-80,000. The polyelectrolytes in nitromethane and nitromethane-dioxane mixtures gave viscosity-concentration curves which were strongly concave upwards: at 1 mg./100 cc., the reduced viscosity of the salt of polyvinylpyridine in nitromethane was 6.0. The salts of the different copolymers did not differ much in their viscosities at concentrations above a few tenths of a gram per 100 cc., a fact which shows a high degree of ionic association; only as zero concentration is approached, can the detailed polymer structure be seen. The extent of association at a given concentration is controlled by the amount of vinylpyridine in the copolymer and by the dielectric constant of the solvent. Addition of simple one-one electrolytes, such as tetrabuty lammonium bromide, suppresses the electrostatic increase in viscosity which otherwise appears at low concentrations. The following empirical equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{\eta _{{\rm sp}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\eta _{{\rm sp}} } {\rm C}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\rm C}} = {{\rm A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm A} {\left( {1 + {\rm B}\sqrt {\rm C} } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {1 + {\rm B}\sqrt {\rm C} } \right)}} + {\rm D} $$\end{document} was found to fit the data for the different systems studied. The constant A depends on copolymerization ratio and probably on molecular weight; it is a measure of the extent to which the polymer coil can spread out at infinite dilution as a consequence of the intramolecular Coulomb repulsion between charges attached to the chain. It is roughly several orders of magnitude larger than the intrinsic viscosity of the parent polymer. The constant B is a measure of the electrostatic forces and increases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 152-152 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: X-ray measurements on 16 different specimens of regenerated cellulose reveals that there exists a pronounced negative correlation between the integrated intensity of the 101 interference and its halfwidth. The 101 plane is a preferred cleavage plane and represents the lamellar plane of the ribbon-shaped crystallites. Variations in the intensity of the other interferences are much less or nonexistent. These results show that the degree and the perfection of lateral order according to the 101 and 002 planes is little at variance, but that order according to the 101 plane is extremely variable in such a way that if the average thickness and (or) perfection of the lamellae increases, the total number of well-ordered 101 plane contacts diminishes. As a possible explanation of this phenomenon it is suggested that various degrees of recrystallization with reference to this particular plane (i.e., various degrees of lateral order) may be associated with the various rayon specimens. This, however, does not necessarily imply differences in the total amount of ordered substance. This explanation is corroborated by the fact that cellulose acetate fibers which were previously allowed to “recrystallize” by heating in methanol, after saponification yield a rayon with a particularly sharp, but also particularly weak, 101 interference, without exhibiting a higher total percentage of ordered substance than the saponification products of acetate treated in this manner.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 153-182 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The approximations implicit in the use of the Gaussian network model for soft rubber are discussed. It is shown that the form of the stress-strain curve can be derived for this model simply, and without special assumptions about the form or behavior of the network. The common assumption that the network junctions are fixed, or can be treated as fixed, is discussed. It is shown that this picture of the situation is unrealistic: the junctions have a Brownian motion comparable to that of any portion of the intervening molecular segments. The introduction of this assumption is not generally admissible, but it will not affect the outcome of certain types of calculation; in particular, one can foresee that it need not affect the calculated form of the stress-strain curve. A particularly simple and straightforward calculation of the network entropy on this basis is given. Wall's the ory of rubber is analysed. It is shown that Wall's postulates are not consistent with the network structure of rubber, and in general lead to different results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 215-218 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 183-202 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism presented constitute proposals made in attempts to portray the role that electrophilic halides play in catalyzing the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. All of these halides require the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst in the reaction mixture and differ primarily in the interpretation of what constitutes the active factor in the initiation, propagation, and cessation steps. Mechanisms involving a thermal activation and dehydrohalogenation are discussed briefly and rejected as rather improbable. On the other hand, mechanisms involving a cationoid complex intermediate and a carbonium ion are extensively reviewed, especially in light of the recent findings of British investigators regarding the function of the so-called third component or cocatalyst. Attention is called to the rather marked specificity of reactions involving water or other polar cocatalysts, and, in addition, it is pointed out that, although cocatalysts appear to be necessary prerequisities for activation in a number of cases, the phenomenon is not a general one, since systems exist in which proton-supplying cocatalysts have not been proved necessary to initiate growth. To date, no single mechanism seems to satisfy all of the qualitative observations and known data. It is intended that the present discussion summarize available facts in terms of possible mechanisms, and, in addition, evaluate their plausibility in the light of present knowledge.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The inhibitor and initiator action of 33 compounds on the bulk polymerization of pure isoprene has been studied. Picric acid was found to be the most powerful inhibitor at 100°C. The conclusion reached in Part I, that the initiator activity of diazoaminobenzene is superior to all other compounds has been found to be valid also between 100-150°C. The heat polymerization of isoprene between 100-150°C. in the presence of picric acid leads only to the formation of dimers. Three of the four possible isomers have been separated. The solid complex compound of diprene (I) with silver nitrate has been used to separate it from dipentene (II) and the hydrocarbon of Lebedew (III, IV) has been identified as a monochloride. The relative yields (I): (II): (III+IV) = 16:1:2 are in agreement with the relative availability and localization of π-electrons in isoprene. Observations on the properties of polyisoprene are in agreement with the more extensive work by d'Ianni. Some remarks on polymers from bulk polymerization are added. Isoprene acts as a powerful inhibitor on the polymerization of vinylidene chloride. This effect is independent of the method of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recently developed x-ray method of crystallinity determination is applied to products of heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers. Upon treatment of viscose rayon fibers with boiling 2.5 N sulfuric acid, the crystalline fraction is increased from 39 to 49% within half an hour, and remains constant upon prolonged treatment. Ramie does not show any change in percentage crystallinity when subjected to the same treatment. Its crystalline fraction is, however, transformed into cellulose IV. The observed changes in moisture regain of the hydrolyzed products are in line with the x-ray results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 337-350 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bacterial cellulose membranes have been used successfully to measure the osmotic pressures of a number of high polymer-solvent systems. The dynamic method of Fuoss and Mead has been used in most cases, but for polyvinylxylene in benzene the rate curves are not symmetrical since the solvent passes through the membrane faster from the solution side. The molecular weight values for two polyvinyl acetates agree well with the calculated kinetic values, and for polyethyl sebacate the value obtained agrees with that found by endgroup titration. Values of the Huggins “constant” μ are given for various systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a thermostated osmometer of the Fuoss-Mead pattern is described. The technique of preparation of bacterial cellulose membranes for osmotic measurements on high polymer systems is given. The permeability of such membranes may be controlled by growth to a thickness of 4-5 mm., drying in contact with a stainless steel surface, and reswelling in water or alcohol-water mixtures. The degree of reswelling required to give membranes suitable for use with polymers of a range of molecular weights is given. The factors affecting the behaviour of the membranes in the osmometer are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 399-400 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive index-temperature and volume-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate have been determined and used to calculate the specific refractivity as a function of temperature by the Lorentz-Lorentz and the Eyckman equations. The results show a variation of specific refractivity with temperature which exceeds experimental error. The variation is evident as an increase of specific refractivity with temperature above Tm and suggests experiments which will show the increase more clearly. A theoretical justification for the increase of specific refractivity with temperature in polymers is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 515-522 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of increasing and decreasing temperature on the light transmission of polythene has been measured. On raising the temperature of a sheet of polymer the light transmitted increases steadily at an increasing rate until the sample becomes glass clear at the melting point (ca. 112°C.). On cooling from the melt the specimen becomes very opaque a few degrees below the melting point, then becomes much more transparent and thereafter the light transmission decreases as temperature falls, the transmission-temperature curve approximating to the curve for rising temperature. Changes in the spherulite structure of polythene film on heating and cooling have been observed under the microscope and recorded on a cinéfilm. Decay of spherulites on heating is seen not to occur by the reverse of the process by which they are formed from the melt, and the light transmission results are discussed in relation to the spherulitic structure of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 533-537 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 542-542 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 539-541 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymers of 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-n-amyl-1,3-butadiene alone, and their copolymers with styrene and with butadiene have been prepared and characterized. These monomers give the same ratio of 1,2 to 1,4 addition as has been noted for isoprene. Much less mercaptan must be used with these monomers than is required for butadiene to give soluble polymers. All these monomers copolymerize with styrene readily but have higher Wall α values than butadiene. The stress-strain properties and Gehman low-temperature properties of all of the new polymers have been determined by the Government Laboratories, University of Akron, and are included in this report. There appear to be no unusual properties to be noted.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The variables of casting polystyrene films from methyl ethyl ketone and from benzene are investigated. It is shown that stringent drying is necessary to remove the last traces of solvent. The differences in dry film structure, second-order transition point, and temperature at which the dynamic modulus suddenly decreases are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cellobiose wird als Glykolsäure-glykosid nach der Azid-methode mit Protein kondensiert. Ferner werden aus Lacto-bionsäure und Proteinen nach der Azid-methode Lacto-bionyl-proteine synthetisiert.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 223-246 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 2-Chlorbutadien-1,3 (Chloropren) bildet schon bei niedrigen Temperaturen mit molekularem Sauerstoff ein Peroxyd. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit dieses Peroxyds ist so groß, daß es schwierig ist, peroxydfreies Chloropren herzustellen. Dies gelingt durch sorgfältige Destillation unter reinstem Stickstoff.Die Versuche zur Isolierung des Chloroprenperoxyds ergaben wegen seiner leichten Zersetzlichkeit keine befriedigenden Ergebnisse. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Peroxyds in Chloropren gelingt nach den üblichen Methoden nicht oder nur sehr schwierig. Chloroprenperoxyd oxydiert Antioxydantien, wie z. B. Phenyl-β-naphthylamin, zu gefärbten Produkten. Da Phenyl-β-naphthylamin die weitere Autoxydation des Chloroprens unterbindet, kann auf dieser Grundlage eine photometrische Bestimmung des Peroxyds durchgeführt werden.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffaufnahme von Chloropren bei 0°C wurde volumetrisch gemessen. Die Sauerstoffaufnahme ist ein autokatalytischer, gleichförmig beschleunigter Vorgang. Er wird von Tetralinperoxyd stark beschleunigt, nicht aber von Benzoylperoxyde. Es wurden andere katalytisch wirkende Stoffe und der Einfluß des Lichtes untersucht.Da Chloroprenperoxyd die Polymerisation des Chloroprens auslöst und stark beschleunigt, ist es zweckmäßig, für die Stabilisierung dieser ungesättigten Verbindung solche Stoffe anzuwenden, die nicht nur die Polymerisation, sondern auch die Autoxydation hemmen. Die stabilisierende Wirkung der Antioxydantien wird bei Anwesenheit von Chloroprenperoxyd und Chlorwasserstoff nach einer Induktionsperiode durchbrochen. Dies kann dadurch erklärt werden, daß Phenyl-β-naphthylamin im Falle des Chloroprenperoxyds durch Oxydation, im Falle des Chlorwasserstoffs als Salz unwirksam gemacht wird.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren angegeben, den Transport von Wasser durch Textilfaserschichten zu messen, die einerseits in Wasser tauchen und andererseits an Luft mittlerer relativer Feuchtigkeit grenzen. Proteinfasern transportieren das Wasser langsam, Baumwolle rascher und Viskosekunstfasern sehr rasch.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 31
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 251-280 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird der Einfluß von Seitenketten auf die Höhe der Viskositätszahl Zη von niedermolekularen Estern untersucht. Bei Dicetylmalonestern und Dicetylessigestern hat die Länge der Estergruppe keinen Einfluß auf die Höhe der Viskositätszahl. Bei substituierten Malonsäuredicetylestern resp. Disterylestern ändert sich dagegen die Viskositätszahl mit der Länge der in die CH2-Gruppe substituierten Alkylreste, und zwar ist sie bei kurzkettigen Substituenten kleiner, bei langgliedrigen größer als bei den unsubstituierten Verbindungen gleicher Kettenlänge. Das gleiche Verhalten zeigen β-alkylsubstituierte Stearinsäureester. Es wird weiter versucht, inwieweit das Einsteinsche Viskositätsgesetz in veränderter Fassung zur Klärung dieses Viskositätsverhaltens herangezogen werden kann.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since the isolation of pectins by the usual technical processes is inevitably bound up with some splitting up the most preserving conditions were ascertained, by which it is possible, to extract sufficient pectin from the pulp of apples. By picking fruits of the most favourable time of fructescence, by eliminating all encymatic activity, by observing the lowest temperatures for extraction and choosing a suitable pH a pectin was obtained, that had undergone scarcely any splitting process. The percentage of methoxyl in that pectin was very nearly the same as that calculated for a completely esterifieated polygalakturonic acid. The molekular weight was determined by measuring the viscosity on a nitrate of that pectin. Here a nitration process was used, that was more preserving than that formerly applied. The values obtained were higher than those obtained so far. The „free pectin“ in apple - juice was found to have a lower molecular weight.
    Notes: Da nach den üblichen technischen Verfahren die Isolierung von Pektinen unvermeidlich mit einem gewissen Abbau verbunden ist, wurden die schonendsten Bedingungen festgestellt, unter denen es noch möglich ist, Pektin aus dem Fruchtfleisch von Äpfeln in ausreichender Menge zu gewinnen. Durch Wahl des günstigsten Reifezustandes, Ausschaltung einer Enzymtätigkeit, Einhaltung möglichst neidriger Extraktionstemperaturen und eines geeigneten pH konnte ein wenig abgebautes Pektin crhalten werden, dessen Methoxylgehalt dem für eine vollständig veresterte Polygalakturonsäure berechneten sehr nahe kommt. Die Molekulargröße wurde viskosimetrisch an einem aus diesem Material gewonnenen Pektinnitrat bestimmt, das nach einer schonenderen Nitrierungsmethode als der bisher üblichen hergestellt war. Die erhaltenen Werte liegen über den bisher beobachteten. Das im Apfelsaft vorhandene „freie Pektin“ wurde als niedriger molekular befunden.
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  • 33
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aus einer Zusammenstellung von Viskositätsmessungen an niedermolekularen Kettenmolekülen mit Doppelbindungen geht hervor, daß die trans-Formen eine höhere und die cis-Formen eine niedrigere Viskosität haben als die analogen gesättigten Verbindungen. Die verschiedene Viskosität von trans-, cis- und gesättigten Verbindungen kann mit der verschiedenen Form und Elastizität der Kettenmoleküle erklärt werden. Maleinsäureester und Maleinsäurepolyester lassen sich mit Brom als Katalysator in die entsprechenden Fumarester umlagern.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 34
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 15-40 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wurde die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit des Vinylchlorids bei 50° unter Zusatz verschiedener Mengen Benzoylperoxyd als Katalysator untersucht, indem der Umsatz das Molekulargewicht und die Zeitdauer beginnender Trübung durch Ausfallen des Polymerisats bestimmt wurde.Der Umsatz steigt zunächst langsam, dann schneller mit der Zeit an; über 80 - 90% nimmt er nur noch sehr langsam zu, so daß die letzten 1 - 2% praktisch nicht mehr polymerisieren. Mit sinkender Katalysatorkonzentration wird die Reaktion langsamer, derart, daß sich die Umsatzzeitkurven durch Dehnung der Zeitachse proportional der Wurzel aus der ursprünglichen Katalysatorkonzentration zur Deckung bringen lassen. Bis zu 70 - 80% läßt sich der Umsatz durch die Gl. u = (eat  -  1)b gut darstellen, wobei b = 0,1 und a = 0,240 · √c20 zu setzen ist.  -  Gegen Ende der Reaktion ließ sich im restlichen Monomeren Salzsäure nachweisen.Das Molekulargewicht nimmt mit steigender Menge Benzoylperoxyd und Sauerstoff deutlich ab; bei mäßigen Peroxydkonzentrationen wird dieser Effekt in der Streuung der Versuchswerte nicht sichtbar.  -  Die Zeit bis zur beginnenden Trübung ändert sich umgekehrt proportional der Wurzel aus der Katalysatorkonzentration und ist ferner unter reinem Sauerstoff größer, unter Stickstoff kleiner als unter Luft.Der Katalysator verschwindet während der Polymerisation, und zwar in um so stärkerem Maße, je höher seine ursprüngliche Konzentration, und um so weniger, je größer die Menge an Sauerstoff ist.  -  Mit Kaliumpersulfat erfolgt die Polymerisation nur in der wäßrigen Phase.Mit den Beobachtungen im Einklang steht das folgende Reaktionsschema (B = Benzoylperoxyd, M = monomeres Vinylchlorid). Die Hemmung der Polymerisation durch eine Anzahl von dritten Stoffen wurde orientierend, etwas eingehender die durch Styrol untersucht. Schwache Reduktionsmittel, Vinylderivate und einige anorganische Stoffe hemmen die Polymerisation, während chemisch indifferente Stoff sie nicht beeinflussen. Die Hemmung beruht vermutlich auf vorzeitigem Kettenabbruch.
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  • 35
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 78-90 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The determined P2O5-contents of pectin preparations in the ashes originates partly from inorganic and organic accompanying substances (phosphatides), but partly from esterfied pectin chains by H3PO4; an interlocking of the pectin chains by H3PO4-bridges to „Übermolekülen“ must be assumed in the protopectin, which are relatively set back in comparison to the interlocking by polyvalent metal ions over carboxyl groups.
    Notes: Der bei Pektinpräparaten festzustellende P2O5-Gehalt in der Asche stammt teils von anorganischen und organischen Begleitstoffen (Phosphatiden), teils aber auch von Veresterungen der Pektinketten durch H3PO4; im Protopektin der Pflanzen hat man Vernetzungen der Pektinketten durch H3PO4-Brücken zu „Übermolekülen“ anzunehmen, die zahlenmäßig jedoch gegenüber den Vernetzungen durch mehrwertige Metallionen über die Karboxylgruppen zurücktreten.
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  • 36
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 55-77 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Un examen critique des différentes épreuves de stabilité pour nitrocelluloses a montré qu'aucune méthode ne donne entiérement satisfaction. Une recherche sur les causes de l'instabilité des nitrocelluloses a prouvé que les produits absolument exempts de SO4H2 sont toujours stables. Les quantités de SO4H2, qui provoquent l'instabilité, varient d'un produit à l'autre; les causes de ce phénomène n'ont pas pu être trouvées. Les résultats de ce travail ont abouti à une application technique, où les nitrocelluloses sont stabilisées par compression.
    Notes: Frühere Auffassungen der Instabilität von Nitrocellulosen wurden geprüft und gezeigt, daß dieselben nicht stichhaltig sind. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß technisch hergestellte Cellulosenitrate immer stabil sind, wenn sie absolut schwefelsäurefrei sind. Stabilisierungsschwierigkeiten bei der technischen Herstellung können durch inkludierte Schwefelsäure hervorgerufen werden und durch die Anwesenheit von besonders säureempfindlichen Bestandteilen der Makromoleküle.Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der technologisch üblichen Stabilisierungsverfahren. die nach den Methoden der makromolekularen Chemie vorgenommen wurde, führten zur Ausarbeitung einer neuen überlegenen Stabilisierungsmethode, bei der die Cellulosenitrate statt durch Kochen durch Pressen nachstabilisiert werden.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The equilibrium swelling of the gum stocks of twelve different rubber vulcanizates has been measured in thirteen organic solvents. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Flory and Rehner. Values of the internal pressure (cohesive energy density) and the average molal volume between cross-linkages Vc have been determined for the rubbers. The molal volume Vc is shown to agree closely with that obtained from measurement of the elastic modulus. An analysis of earlier data on the swelling of polybutadiene shows the number of cross-linkages to be directly proportional to the sulfur content.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The quantum yield of inactivation of chymotrypsin was found to be independent of variations in conditions of irradiation including light intensity, concentration of the irradiated solution, rate of stirring and the presence or absence of oxygen. The quantum yield for inactivation is at a minimum at the isoelectric point (pH 5.4). An explanation is offered for the variation of the quantum yield with pH in terms of an internal Franck-Rabinowitch mechanism. The absorption spectra of the enzyme was also studied as a function of pH, as was that of an amino acid mixture whose composition corresponded to that of chymotrypsin. Evidence is presented for the existence of bound, un-ionizing tyrosine in the native enzyme and of unbound tyrosine in alkali-denatured enzyme. The significance of changes in the absorption spectra accompanying irradiation is discussed.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with a tentative plan to extend quantitative x-ray measurements for determining the degree of crystallinity of polymers (as used earlier in cellulose determinations), to the investigation of rubber, polythene, and a polyamide. Strictly monochromatized copper radiation was used. The results show that further work along these lines may be promising. The raw rubber sample used was identical with one of those investigated by Goppel and by Arlman. It yielded a crystallinity figure higher than that reported by Goppel, but conformed with that found by Arlman. The figures obtained for polythene at different temperatures are compared with those derived from density and heat capacity measurements by other workers. The degree of crystallinity of polythene at room temperature is found to be ∼ 55%, and in samples of polyhexamethylene sebacamide, previously treated in different ways, figures between ∼50 and 70% are obtained. It is shown that the possibility of using the background intensity as a measure of the disordered fraction is confined to not too high angles of diffraction. A method is described (and experimentally checked) allowing for reducing the curves of intensity distribution as a function of 2θ as observed in various polymers to a comparable scale. It is further emphasized that, in polymers where hydrogen bonds play a decisive role in intermolecular cohesion, the x-ray results suggest that the “crystalline” or ordered fraction may to a considerable extent involve states of two-dimensional order.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurement of the infrared absorption spectrum of the lowmolecular liquid polymer formed at room temperature from gaseous isobutene using BF3 as a catalyst and D2O as a cocatalyst indicates that the dominant end groups in the final polymer are (CH3)3C and , and that the cocatalyst D2O undergoes partial conversation to H2O during reaction. These results substantiate the mechanism advanced by Polanyi and others, namely: (a) initiation through formation of the trimethyl carbonium ion by acceptance by isobutene of a proton (or deuteron) from the catalyst-cocatalyst complex, and (b) termination by explusion of a proton from a methyl group to the anionic complex fragment, with corresponding catalyst regeneration, i.e.:
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  • 42
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photochemical reactions of trimeric and tetrameric phosphonitrilic chlorides with some hydrocarbons are described. Soluble and insoluble photoreaction products are formed. From the soluble fraction, distillable phenyl- and decahydronaphthyl-phosphonitrilic chlorides were separated; the indistillable and deposit fractions were also found to contain high percentages of carbon and hydrogen. This shows that successive substitution of the chlorine atoms by radicals, R, of the solvents, R—H, had taken place.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Guaran triacetate, a linear molecule having one-unit branches, can be cast into clear, colorless films having a tensile strength of 7.5kg./mm.2 and an elongation at break of 4%. Thus, it appears that one-unit branches of the size of the glycosidic unit do not adversely affect the film-formingproperties of polysaccharide acetates. Plasticized films show more elasticity and greater elongation at break.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 96-96 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 46
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 219-220 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 47
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 221-223 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The discrepancies in the published work on the interaction of acetone and cellulose nitrate are discussed and explained. Vapor phase adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of acetone by cellulose nitrate have been determined with an adsorption balance. They have been shown to be independent of the crystalline-amorphous ratio of the polymer but dependent upon its nitrogen content. In cellulose nitrates which are completely soluble in acetone, no limiting adsorption has been found. Adsorption analysis (a modification of chromatography) has been applied to the determination of the liquid phase adsorption by cellulose nitrate of acetone from mixtures with petroleum ether. In terms of the liquid mixture concentrations, there appears to be limited adsorption, but this is shown to be due to the nonideal nature of the solutions of acetone and petroleum ether. When allowance is made for this, the liquid and vapor phase isotherms are the same within experimental error and do not support the existence of compounds of acetone and cellulose nitrate.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some experiments on the polymerization of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and its copolymerization with butadiene are reported. This monomer requires very little modifier as compared to butadiene.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural rubber and GR-S synthetic rubber have been vulcanized to varying degrees of cross linking through the use of disazodicarboxylates. These compounds react readily with the above unsaturated polymers in a manner which assures the formation of one cross linkage for each molecule of the disazo compound. Elastic properties of the vulcanizates so produced are similar to those of rubber specimens vulcanized in the conventional manner with sulfur and an accelerator. Their stress-strain curves deviate from the form prescribed by the statistical theory of rubber elasticity in the same manner as observed by Gee for sulfur vulcanizates. The equilibrium force of retraction at 100% elongation has been measured over a 30-fold range in the degree of cross linking; equilibrium swelling measurements extend over an 80-fold range. The magnitude of the force of retraction over most of the range covered agrees remarkably well with the explicit predictions of the statistical theory. The significance of the deviations which are observed is discussed.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that subdivision of certain homogeneous polymerizing systems into droplets of diameter 10-4 to 10-5 cm. will entail a probability of finding only one active chain in each particle if the kinetics of the reaction remained otherwise unaffected. Some cases of polymerization in compartmentalized systems have been considered, and it has been shown that, where active centers are generated singly within completely isolated drops, the effect of increasing subdivision would be to increase the rate of reaction and chain length. On the other hand, with the formation of active chains in pairs, the opposite effect is to be anticipated, namely a decreasing rate of reaction with increasing subdivision. These conclusions are briefly considered in relation to the problem of dispersion polymerization, and it is shown that the theory of compartmentalization could account for the occurrence of high rates of reaction and chain lengths in the emulsion process, as compared with a bulk system. On the other hand, there is no evidence showing that the reaction rate is ever reduced in finely dispersed systems.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 667-668 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 55
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 671-672 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 669-670 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 673-688 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The significance of the water content to the physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins at various stages of preparation is briefly discussed. Available methods for the determination of water in such resins were found to be either unreliable or too elaborate for process control. It was undertaken to develop a simple, rapid, relative method for the continuous measurement of water content which can be used to follow the follow the process of dehydration and to indicate the end-point which will result in the best dispersion of water in the cured resin. In order to standardize or calibrate such a relative method, it was necessary also to develop an absolute method for the analysis of water in the resol.The composition of a homogeneous mixture of liquids is reflected by its vapor pressure-temperature relationships. During dehydration at 80°C., the vapor pressure of the resol decreases about 350 mm. of mercury. A very sharp increase in the slope of the vapor pressure curve occurs at approximately the proper degree of dehydration. At this stage a slight decrease in water content causes a very large decrease in vapor pressure. The sharp inflection in the curve is attributed to the existence of both “free” and “bound” water in the resin.During the process of vacuum dehydration of the resin, while the “free” water decreases to approximately one-eighth of its original content, the “bound” water remains substantially constant. The binding of water is attributed to the methylol groups of the resol molecules and its release during the cure or hardening of the resin is considered to result from the conversion of these groups to methylene linkages.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 725-733 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strong ultraviolet absorption in the wave-length region 280-330 mμ shown by copolymers of acenaphthylene with styrene or methyl methacrylate is due to acenaphthylene residues. The spectra of samples of copolymer containing a small percentage of acenaphthylene are different from the spectrum of polyacenaphthylene. As a result of the comparison of the spectra of these copolymers with the spectra of acenaphthene and with the two forms of 1,1′-biacenaphthyl it is concluded that spectra of the copolymers can be explained as arising from the presence of pairs of acenaphthylene groups. Finally it is shown that the spectra can be used to estimate the acenaphthylene contents of the copolymers.
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  • 59
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Es wird die bisher übliche Bestimmung von Zη bzw. [η] besprochen.2Eigene Untersuchungen führten zu einer linearen Bezichung zwischen Konzentration und Viskositätsgrößen, welche einer modifizierten Form der Gleichung von G. V. Schulz und Blaschke entspricht.3Die eingeführte Konstante k′ schwankt nach den untersuchten Systemen stärker als aus den Messungen von G. V. Schulz und Mitarbeitern hervorgeht. Für Fadenmoleküle ist k′ ungefähr 0,7-0,8 und nimmt bei Polyvinylacetaten mit steigendem Polymerisationsgrad leicht ab. Bei Sphärokolloiden geht k′ bis auf den Wert 0 herunter und kann bei micellaren Systemen sogar negativ werden.4Anhand der Gleichung ist es möglich, Z bzw. [η], welche bisher durch Extrapolation von Konzentrationsreihen und im Gebiet äußerst verdünnter Lösungen bestimmt wurden, durch die Messung der Viskosität von 2 verschiedenen, beliebigen Konzentrationen genau zu bestimmen.
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  • 60
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 31-52 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die Kombination von Oxydationsmitteln mit einfachen Reduktionsmitteln als Polymerisationsaktivatoren, die „Redoxpolymerisation“, hat bei Monovinylverbindungen zu einer wesentlichen Erhöhung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit unter Wegfall der Induktionsperiode geführt. Bei Divinylverbindungen waren die meisten derartigen Systeme nur von geringer Wirksamkeit; durch Einsatz spezieller Redoxsysteme hat sich aber auch beim Butadien eine ca. 60-fache Beschleunigung der Polymerisation unter technisch ohne Schwierigkeiten zu handhabenden Bedingungen erreichen lassen. Auf dieser Grundlage ist eine Polymerisation des Butadiens in Emulsion bei wesentlich tieferen Temperaturen als bisher möglich geworden, die zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Produktes geführt hat. Die Entwicklung der Redoxpolymerisation hat nicht nur der Technik der Polymerisation neue Möglichkeiten an die Hand gegeben, sie hat auch die Anschauungen über den Aktivierungsmechanismus im Sinne einer Radikalkettentheorie gefestigt. Für eine Kenntnis der in Frage kommenden Zwischenstufen bedarf es allerdings in jedem Falle einer genauen kinetischen Analyse, die dann im einzelnen aufzeigt, ob es sich um aktive Radikale aus dem Redoxsystem allein oder um solche aus peroxydischen Verbindungen der Polymerisationskomponenten handelt.
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  • 61
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 53-77 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wurde die Reglung der Mischpolymerisation von Butadien mit Vinylverbindungen in Emulsion untersucht. Substanzen verschiedenster Konstitution wurden als Regler erkannt und ihr Einfluß auf den Verlauf der Polymerisation an Hand physikalisch-chemischer Meßmethoden geprüft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie durch Anwendung dieser Methoden die Herstellung verbesserter Produkte möglich war.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Nicht nur niedermolekulare, auch hochmolekulare Verbindungen mit benachbarten, cis-ständigen Hydroxylgruppen bilden Komplexe mit Borsäure oder Boraten; unter geeigneten Bedingungen entstchen Koordinationsverbindungen aus einem Molekül Borsäure und zwei Diolgruppen. Diese Didiol-Borsäure-Komplexe können als Haftpunkte zwischen Makromolekülen wirken und dadurch zur Ausbildung dreidimensionaler Gelnetze führen. Neben Größe und Form der Makromoleküle ist die Anzahl und Verteilung der cis-Glykolgruppen für die Geliertendenz maßgebend.2Bei Boraxzusatz gelieren die wäßrigen Lösungen vieler Polysaccharide: z. B. Mannane aus Orchis morio und Hefe; Galaktomannane aus Ceratonia siliqua, Gleditschia triacantus, Medicago sativa und Trigonella foenum graecum; Alginate; Monoglyzerinester der Pektinsäure; kompliziert aufgebaute Hemicellulosen, die meist Rhamnose, Mannose oder Galaktose enthalten, wie die Schleimstoffe der Samen von Tamarindus indica und Linum usitatissimum, Gummi arabicum und Kirschgummi. - Von den meisten mit Borax reagierenden Polysacchariden ist bekannt, daß sie 1,2-cis-Diolgruppen besitzen. Es ist anzunehmen, daß noch viele andere biologisch wichtige Polysaccharide (Mucine etc.) in analoger Weise reagieren können.3Die Didiol-Borsäurekomplexe und damit auch die Haftpunkte zwischen den Makromolekülen sind nicht fixiert, sondern befinden sich in einem dynamischen Gleichgewicht; sie dissoziieren ständig und werden - ev. an anderer Stelle, besonders bei Deformation - neu aufgebaut. Die Wanderungsfähigkeit der Vernetßungsstellen erklärt die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Systeme: starkes Fadenziehen und Wiederzusammenwachsen eines in kleine Stücke aufgeteilten Gels.4Die Polysaccharid-Borax-Gele werden durch Säurezusatz rasch verflüssigt; sie bilden sich nur bei schwach alkalischer Reaktion. Borsäure bewirkt bei den untersuchten Polysacchariden in wäßriger Lösung keine Gelierung, sie zeigt auch keine Säureverstärkung.5Durch niedermolekulare Polyoxy-Verbindungen (wie Fruktose, Mannit, Glyzerin, Glykol, Glyoxalhydrat, nicht aber durch Rohrzucker), die bekanntlich Borsäurekomplexe bilden, werden die Polysaccharid-Borax-Gele verflüssigt. - Auch Dialyse und Oxydation mit Perjodat (Spaltung der für die Komplexbildung wichtigen Glykolgruppe) führen zur Gelzerstörung.6In nicht-wäßrigem Milieu (Formamid) ist bei den oben aufgezählten Polysacchariden nicht nur mit Borax, sondern auch mit Bor- und Arsensäure und mit Antimonund Wismuthydroxyd die Bildung von Koordinationsverbindungen (Gelierung) zu beobachten.7Tannin, das o-ständige Oxygruppen enthält, geliert nicht nur, wie bekannt, mit Arsensäure, sondern in konzentrierten wäßrigen Lösungen auch mit Borax.8Polyvinylalkohol, der 1,3- und auch 1,2-Diolgruppen enthält, bildet in Gegenwart von Wasser mit Borsäure Monodiol-Komplexe und mit Borax Didiol-Komplexe.
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  • 63
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 132-139 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird eine Anordnung beschrieben, die es gestattet, kleine osmotische Drucke mit einer Genauigkeit von wenigen hundertstel mm Hg zu messen. Falsche Gleichgewichte der Druckeinstellung werden vermieden, wenn die Osmometermembran sehr durchgängig, die Einstellzeit klein und die Kapillarität des Steigrohes an allen Stellen und über die Zeit der Versuchsdauer konstant ist. Die annähernde Erfüllung dieser Bedingungen und die eigentliche Meßtechnik werden beschrieben.
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  • 64
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 140-145 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 65
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aus der Beobachtung der Quellungs- und Lösungs-Erscheinungen von Holzcellulosefasern verschiedener Herkunft in Schwefelsäure sowie von xanthogenierten Fasern in Natronlauge und acetylierten Fasern in Eisessig ergab sich folgendes:Die Außenschicht der sekundären Zellwand besteht aus Holzpolyosen. Sie kann mit verdünntem Kupferoxydammoniak, einem spezifischen Lösungsmittel für Holzpolyosen, entfernt werden. Die Innenschicht der sekundären Zellwand besteht aus Substanzen, die bei der Hydrolyse und Acetylierung in schwerlösliche Verbindungen von der Art der Zuckerhumine übergehen. Die Mittelschicht der sekundären Zellwand ist aufgebaut aus Fibrillen, Lamellen und der Querspirale. Die in der Faserlängsrichtung verlaufenden Fibrillen sind bei Nadelhölzern auf der Außenseite von Lignin umgeben, das dort wahrscheinlich mit der Cellulose chemisch verbunden ist. Bei seiner Herauslösung hinterbleibt eine Schicht Cellulose von veränderter Reaktionsfähigkeit. Vielleicht sind auch sehr fremdgruppenreiche Cellulosen die Ausgangsprodukte dieses Lignins der Mittelschicht der sekundären Zellwand. Das wichtige Bauelement der Querspirale tritt bei Quellung der Fasern in konz. Schwefelsäure unmittelbar in Erscheinung. Das Auftreten der Querspiral-Spaltflächen, die insbesondere bei saurer Einwirkung erscheinen, kann bedingt sein durch Einlagerung rascher hydrolysierender Verbindungen zwischen die Gänge der Querspirale. Dabei kann es sich nicht um Holzpolyosen handeln, die an diesen Stellen der Fasern nicht vorkommen. Die Querspiralspaltflächen können aber auch hervorgerufen sein durch schneller spaltende Bindungen, die in den parallel angeordneten Holzcellulosemolekülen in einer Ebene liegen.Neben dem morphologischen Bau der einzelnen Faserschichten sind cs vor allem die Unterschiede in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung, die das Verhalten der Fasern bei Umsetzungen wie Xanthogenierung und Acetylierung maßgebend beeinflußen.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Les bâtonnets d'une solution colloidale de vanadium pentoxyde ont été appliqués sur un porte-objet en verre. L'examen au microscope électronique de la surface, d'aprés la méthode d'emprinte polystyrol-silice, montre les bâtonnets séparés, dont la forme et la grandeur sont quelque peu défigurées.
    Abstract: A thick layer of a sol of vanadium pentoxide with thread-like particles has been put on a glass slide. The electron-microscopic examination by means of the polystyrenesilica-replica-method shows the single threads in the surface of the dried layer. Only this method reproduces form and size of the threads somewhat distorted.
    Notes: Vanadinpentoxydstäbchen wurden aus einem Sol in dicker Schicht auf Glas aufgetragen. Die Oberfläche des Belages wurde nach dem Polystyrol-Quarzabdruckverfahren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Stäbehen sind einzeln sichtbar. Das Abdruckverfahren gibt aber die Stäbchengröße und -gestalt etwas verzerrt wieder.
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  • 67
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Überblickt man die mitgeteilten Ergebnisse, so gelangt man zu dem qualitativen Bild. daß die elektrische Leitfähigkeit gequollener Filme aus Actomyosin im Bereich von 10 - 30%igen Dehnungen zunimmt. Im gleichen Dehnungsgebiet konnte auch in füheren Arbeiten eine sprunghafte Abnahme des Filmvolumens, verbunden mit einer spektrographisch festgestellten „Alkalisierung“ des Films beobachtet werden. Der Leitfähigkeitseffekt fügt sich somit erwartungsgemäß sehr gut in die auf Grund theoretischer Überlegungen 5 6 bisher gewonnene Vorstellung, daß sich bei Näherung von Peptidketten durch Dehnung die Fadenmizellen unter Mitwirkung zwischenmolekularer H-Brücken zu größeren Gebilden in der Richtung quer zur Faserachse vereinigen, wobei das Energieleitvermögen des Systems eine charakteristische Zunahme erfährt.
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  • 68
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkaline solutions of cupric hydroxide were added to aqueous solutions of numerous polysaccharides. In many cases the formation of insoluble copper-polysaccharidecomplexes could be observed. These precipitates are probably formed only, when the macromolecules carry adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are in the cis-position or are held at a relatively small angle to each other. The quadricovalent cupric ion reacts with two glycol groups of two macromolecules, forming didiol-complexes, which act as cross-links.  -  By reaction between polysaccharides and cuprammonium solutions on the other hand water soluble monodiol-complexes are formed.
    Notes: Es wurden wäßrige Lösungen einer größeren Anzahl von Polysacchariden mit alkalischer Kupferhydroxydlösung versetzt. In vielen Fällen war dabei die Bildung unlöslicher Kupfer-Polysaccharid-Komplexe festzustellen. Eine solche Flockung scheint nur dann aufzutreten, wenn im Makromolekül benachbarte Hydroxylgruppen, die miteinander einen möglichst kleinen Winkel einschließen, vorhanden sind. Das koordinativ vierwertige Cupri-Ion reagiert mit je zwei Glykolgruppen zweier Makromoleküle (Didiol-Komplexe); dies führt zur Ausbildung dreidimensionaler Netze.  -  Schweizers Reagens bildet dagegen mit Polysacchariden lösliche Monodiol-Komplexe.
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  • 69
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 194-208 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Par des recherches sur la repartition des longueurs de chaine de la cellulose de hêtre et de pin, degradée par oxydation dans une solution ammoniacale d'oxyde de cuivre, il est montré que, comme dans le coton ou la cellulose de ramie, apparait une homogénisation du degrée de polymerisation entre 400 et 500. Également dans les produits degradés par hydrolyse on peut aussi remarquer cet effect, cependant on ne peut le mesurer quantitativement à cause des anomalies de viscosité. D'après ces constatations il est confirmé qu'il existe également dans les celluloses de bois des liaisons à rupture facile sur une distance d'environ 500 restes glucosiques, qui par action d'oxydants ou d'acides sont coupées beaucoup plus rapidement que les liaisons β-glucosiques. Cette structure periodique est la même pour toutes les sortes de cellulose jusqu'alors étudiés quant à ces liaisons a rupture facile, cependant les vitesses de rupture sont differentes. Des clichés obtenus au microscope electronique prouvent que ces liaisons sont ordonnées dans les plans perpendiculairs à l'axe de la fibre.
    Notes: Durch Untersuchung der Kettenlängenverteilung von oxydative in Kupferoxydammoniaklösung abgebauten Buchen- und Fichtencellulosen wird gezeigt, daß ebenso wie bei Baumwoll- und Ramiecellulosen eine Vereinheitlichung bei Polymerisationsgraden zwischen 400 und 500 eintritt. Auch bei hydrolytisch abgebauten Produkten ist dieser Effekt zu bemerken, läßt sich jedoch wegen der Viskositätsanomalien nicht quantitativ auswerten. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß auch in Holzcellulosen im Abstand von ca. 500 Glucoseresten Lockerstellen vorhanden sind, die durch Oxydationsmittel und Säuren erheblich schneller gespalten werden als die β-glucosidischen Bindungen. Diese periodische Struktur ist für alle bisher untersuchten Cellulosearten im Abstand der Lockerstellen identisch, jedoch unterschieden durch das Verhältnis der Spaltungsgeschwindigkeiten. Aus elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen wird geschlossen, daß die Lockerstellen in Ebenen senkrecht zur Faserrichtung angeordnet sind.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 527-529 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 531-532 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 538-538 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 543-544 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 770-770 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 771-771 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: o-Hydroxystyrene did not copolymerize with styrene and butadiene in GR-S-type systems. A terpolymer of these three monomers was obtained by copolymerizing o-acetoxystyrene, styrene and butadiene in carbon tetrachloride solution by the action of stannic chloride followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups in the polymer with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane solution. The polymer thus obtained did not improve the tack of GR-S.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 747-748 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) is a poor promoter, but an effective modifier, in the GR-S recipe, as was concluded from unreported intrinsic viscosity measurements. High molecular mercaptans are good promoters but very poor modifiers. In recipes containing mercaptans as promoters, dixie acts like a retarder until a conversion of 30% is attained. After this conversion the rate becomes normal. It is found that at a conversion of 30% most of the dixie has been dissipated. Bis-isopropyl xanthogen can be determined polarographically. A procedure is given for the polarographic determination of dixie and the determination by amperometric titration of mercaptan when both dixie and mercaptan are present in a GR-S latex. Disappearance curves of dixie and of mercaptans are given when both modifiers are present in the original charge.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 751-754 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During a definite polymerization time the rate of uncatalyzed polymerization of styrene may be decreased by the use of activated carbon. The intrinsic viscosities of the polymers formed may be either increased or decreased by the addition of active carbon, depending upon the activity of the carbon sample used.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 81
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 763-765 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 83
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 773-774 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 84
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 775-775 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A relationship between tack temperature and molecular weight has been deduced and illustrated with polyvinyl acetate polymers. Provided the molecular weight is high enough to prevent cohesive failure, the adhesion of polyvinyl acetate to cellulose and aluminum is independent of molecular weight. The influence of humidity on adhesion of polymers to cellulose is shown. The influence of polymer composition on adhesion is illustrated with copolymers of vinyl acetate and methyl vinyl ketone and with styrene and methyl vinyl ketone. Above a mole fraction of ketone of 0.8, adhesion increases rapidly. The interdependence of tack temperature and composition on adhesion is exemplified with ethylene - vinyl chloride copolymers. A temperature dependence of adhesion is cited for copolymers containing maleic acid.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A number of equations are suggested for estimating intrinsic viscosity from one measurement of relative viscosity at a convenient concentration. Experimental data illustrate the validity of the equations.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 87
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 91-91 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conductance of a series of salts made by the addition of n-butyl bromide to 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers (1.5 to 90 mole per cent vinylpyridine) has been measured in dioxane (∊′ = 2.2), ethylene dichloride (∊′ = 10.2), and a series of nitromethane-dioxane mixtures (16.0 ≤ ∊′ ≤ 39.4). Three independent arguments deduced from the data show that ionic association under the influence of interionic electrostatic forces must occur in solutions of polyelectrolytes in such a way that a certain average fraction of the counter ions accompany the large polycation and contribute nothing to conductance. First, the conductance at fixed copolymer composition and fixed salt concentration decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. Second, at a given counter ion concentration in a given solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing pyridonium content of the chain. Third, for a given salt and solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing salt concentration at a rate much slower than that characteristic of simple electrolytes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 289-307 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A practical and simple method, with perfectly reproducible results, has been studied for the determination of chain-length repartition of cellulose samples from different wood pulps. By this method, it shall be possible to understand the influence of different factors governing the manufacture and the mechanical properties of our end products.
    Notes: Nous avons étudié une méthode pratique et simple, dont les résultats soient parfaitement reproductibles, de détermination de la répartition des longueurs de chaînes de la cellulose provenant de pâtes de bois différentes. Cette méthode nous permettra de mieux comprendre l'influence des différents facteurs de fabrication sur les qualités mécaniques de nos produits finis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of chain transfer agents such as dodecyl mercaptan, polyisoprenes whose number-average molecular weights range between 300-1200 and which are liquid at room temperature have been prepared. The structure and physical properties of these substances have been investigated. Vulcanization of these liquids to rubberlike materials at room temperature and above is described.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 91
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 405-407 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various mechanisms which have been proposed for the reaction between ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide are reviewed. Two of these mechanisms appear equally satisfactory on the basis of present evidence: that of Bray and Gorin, involving formation of tetravalent (ferryl) iron, and that of Haber and Weiss, involving formation ofhydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals. Mechanisms involving these intermediates have been developed for the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the mechanism of Bray and Gorin appears satisfactory, while that of Haber and Weiss leads to certain inconsistencies. A mechanism with ferrous iron and hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals as intermediates is presented, which accounts for the experimental observations in the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron induces the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and various organic compounds; this induced reaction (termed a Fenton reaction) is a chain reaction which is initiated by the active intermediates (ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical) formed in the primary reaction. The determination of hydrogen peroxide by reaction with ferrous iron, if carried out in the presence of various organic compounds (termed promoters), gives incorrect results, due to induced oxidation of the promoters; other compounds, termed suppressors, reduce the extent of this induced oxidation of promoters. It appears that both types of compounds react with ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical to form radicals, which if formed from promoters, reduce ferric iron or hydrogen peroxide, while the radicals formed from suppressors oxidize ferrous iron. These considerations are of particular importance in the determination of organic hydroperoxides. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides and ferrous iron can induce, or initiate, the polymerization of vinyl monomers; this is an example of redox polymerization, which is of considerable practical importance at present.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 404-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 415-416 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 483-513 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 473-482 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is easiest to calculate the mean quadratic distance between the chain ends of a macromolecule when all rotations are free. This condition, however, is generally not realized; in this paper are discussed the results obtained by introducing a symmetric repartition function for the position of each atom of the chain on the circle of the basis of the valential cone. We have compared the formulas proposed here graphically with their results (Figs. 2 and 3). This comparison shows that the Kuhn and Taylor formulas are only an approximation of the formula established in an earlier paper; the formula of these authors has a restricted validity. The extent of this validity increases with the number of units in the chain molecule. By using the repartition functions proposed by Taylor, we represent the value of the mean quadratic distance as a function of the interaction energy. It is possible that this energy has the value calculated from the vapors of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons; but it is the sum of several terms and must vary with the number of units and the temperature. The established formula permits the prediction of two different aspects of the precipitation of the polymers, by decreasing the temperature or by addition of a precipitant. Finally, if the atoms of the chains must in their rotations pass over potential barriers, it is possible to predict anomalies in their comportment.
    Notes: Le cas le plus simple pour calculer l'écart quadratique moyen entre les extrémités d'une chaǐne macromoléculaire est celui oùtoutes les rotations sont libres. Mais cette condition n'est généralement pas réalisée, aussi avons nous examiné dans cet article les résultats obtenus en introduisant une fonction de répartition symétrique pour les positions de chaque atome de la chaîne sur le cercle de base du cǒne de valence. Nous comparons les formules proposées jusqu'ici en représentant graphiquement leurs résultats (figs. 2 et 3). Cette comparaison montre que la formule de Kuhn et Taylor (8,9) est une approximation de celle que nous avons établié dans un article précédent (7) et a, de ce fait, un domaine de validité plus restreint. Ce domaine augmente avec le nombre des chaǐnons de la chaîne. En utilisant les fonctions de répartition proposées par Taylor nous représentons les valeurs de l'écart quadratique moyen en fonction de l'énergie d'interaction (figs. 6 et 7). Nous montrons ensuite que cette énergie d'interaction ne peut avoir la valeur calculée pour les vapeurs de carbures aliphatiques normaux mais est la somme de plusieurs termes et doit varier avec la nombre de chaǐnons et la température. Les formules établies permettent de prévoir deux aspects différents de la précipitation suivant qu'elle est effectuée par abaissement de la température ou adjonction d'un précipitant. Enfin, lorsque dans leurs rotations les atomes de la chaîne doivent passer par dessus des barrières de potentiel on peut prévoir des anomalies dans son comportement.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 638-638 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 629-637 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the kinetic analysis of the generalized reaction mechanism for copolymerization given in Part I has been carried out to obtain the functions for molecular weight distribution and number and weight-average molecular weights.
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  • 100
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 78-110 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Es wurden die Eigenschaften gelöster Buna-Moleküle während des Verlaufs der Polymerisation mit den Methoden der Osmose und Viskosimetrie untersucht. Die auf diese Weise gewonnenen Ergebnisse an nicht-isolierten Polymerisaten fanden eine Ergänzung durch die zusätzlich hervorgerufenen Vernetzungen mit Triisocyanat an isolierten abgebauten Produkten.2Die Vereinigung der osmotisch gemessenen sowie der aus der Viskosität berechneten Durchschnitts-Polymerisationsgrade zum Begriff des „Verzweigungsgrades“ reicht nicht in allen Fällen aus, ein anschauliches Bild des Makromoleküls zu vermitteln. Es muß vielmehr hierzu die Vorstellung einer Verknäuelung zusätzlich zu Hilfe genommen werden. Die Feststellung des Verzweigungsgrades behält dessen ungeachtet ihre Bedeutung als Rechenoperation zur Charakterisierung verschiedener Produkte: Im Verlaufe der Polymerisation sowie der nachfolgenden Aufarbeitung erfolgt stets ein starker Anstieg der Größe des Verzweigungsgrades, der einerseits durch Zusatz von Vinylkomponenten zurückgedrängt werden kann, während andererseits die Anwendung von Reglern den Verzweigungsgrad erniedrigt, jedoch auf Kosten des Molekulargewichtes, das in annähernd gleichem Umfang abfällt.3Die Bestimmung des 1,4-Anteils in Butadien-haltigen Polymerisaten erfolgte durch Untersuchung der Spaltstücke nach der Permanganat-Oxydation einerseits, sowie durch Betrachtung der Reaktionskinetik mit Benzopersäure andererseits und ergab qualitative Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden gewonnenen Ergebnisse: Emulsionspolymerisate des Butadiens weisen einen höheren 1,4-Anteil auf als Na-Polymerisate. Im übrigen ist der 1,4-Anteil von den Polymerisationsbedingungen weitgehend unabhängig.4Fraktionierte Fällungen dienten zur Bestimmung der K-Werte-Verteilung (Molekülgrößenverteilung): Naturkautschuk besitzt gegenüber Buna ein breiteres und mehr symmetrisches Verteilungsband.5Gummitechnische Eigenschaften des Buna, wie z. B. Festigkeit und Dehnung, werden durch die Größe des Verzweigunggrades wesentlich bestimmt. Tieftemperatur-Polymerisate mit hohen Durchschnitts-Molekulargewichten zeigen bemerkenswerterweise ein günstiges Verhalten bei Mastikation und Mischungsherstellung.6Die Forderungen der für Block- und Lösungsmittel-Polymerisation entwickelten Theorie der Reaktionskinetik werden auch von der Emulsionspolymerisation qualitativ erfüllt. Dieses Ergebnis dürfte für die Aufstellung einer Theorie der Reaktionskinetik von Emulsionspolymerisationen Bedeutung gewinnen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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