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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1073-1084 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: three-dimensional incompressible flow ; lid-driven cavity flow ; pseudovorticity-velocity formulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new mathematical formulation, called the pseudovorticity-velocity formulation, of the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented as an alternative to the vorticity-velocity approach. For the model lid-driven cavity flow problem in two and three dimensions, combined with an explicit mixed spectral /finite different numerical scheme the proposed formulation is found to be efficient and very accurate as compared with the results available in the literature. In particular, the simulation results demonstrate an attractive feature of the present formulation compared with the vorticity-velocity approach, namely that the divergence-free condition of the velocity field can always be achieved on a non-staggered mesh.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1113-1115 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 961-978 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: planar liquid sheets ; perturbation methods ; film casting ; film coating ; plane stagnation flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Asymptotic methods are employed to derive the leading-order equations which govern the fluid dynamics of time-dependent, incompressible, planar liquid sheets at low Reynolds numbers using as small parameter the slenderness ratio. Analytical and numerical solutions of relevance to both steady film casting processes and plane stagnation flows are obtained with the leading-order equations. It is shown that for steady film casting processes the model which accounts for both gravity and low-Reynolds-number effects predicts thicker and slower planar liquid sheets than those which neglect a surface curvature term or assume that Reynolds number is zero, because the neglect of the curvature term and the assumption of zero Reynolds number are not justified at high take-up velocities owing to the large velocity gradients that occur at the take-up point. It is also shown that for Reynolds number/Froude number ratios larger than one, models which neglect the surface curvature or assume a zero Reynolds number predict velocity profiles which are either concave or exhibit an inflection point, whereas the model which accounts for both curvature and low-Reynolds-number effects predicts convex velocity profiles. For plane stagnation flows it is shown that models which account for both low-Reynolds-number and curvature effects predict nearly identical results to those of models which assume zero Reynolds number. These two models also predict a faster thickening of the planar liquid sheet than models which account for low- Reynolds-number effects but neglect the surface curvature. This curvature term is very large near the stagnation point and cannot be neglected there. It is also shown that the thickening of the sheet occurs closer to the stagnation point as the Reynolds number/Froude number ratio is increased, i.e. as the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration is increased. In addition it is shown that large surface tension introduces a third-order spatial derivative in the axial momentum equation at leading order.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1013-1022 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: potential flow ; panel method ; superposition technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the superposition technique for a potential flow around an aerofoil is investigated in the complex plane. The control of the circulation around the aerofoil by satisfying the Kutta condition at the flow field points is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 865-882 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: overlapping control volume ; finite volume method ; convection-diffusion ; numerical diffusion ; structured non-orthogonal grid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper introduces a finite volume method to solve 2D steady state convection-diffusion problems on structured non-orthogonal grids. Overlapping control volumes (OCV) are used to discretize the physical domain and the governing equations are solved without transformation. An isoparametric formulation is used to compute diffusion and for upwinding. Four test problems are solved using this and other schemes. The modelling of diffusion in OCV seems very effective even on distorted meshes. The convection modelling in OCV is found to be second-order-accurate, like QUICK, on regular meshes. Although its accuracy is slightly inferior to the latter on rectangular grids, its faster convergence gives it a better overall performance. On non-orthogonal grids, OCV gives better accuracy for a large and practical range of Peclet numbers than does QUICK applied to the transformed equations using the conventional five-point diffusion modelling. The results obtained also demonstrate that the scheme reduces false diffusion to a considerable extent in comparison with the power-law scheme.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 985-985 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 953-983 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: transient pipeflow ; non-ideal gas ; subgrid modelling ; transient dispersion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem investigated is the break of a high-pressure pipeline carrying natural single-phase gas which may condensate (retrograde) when the pressure drops. Single-phase non-ideal gas is assumed using a general- ized equation of state. Taking advantage of the choked massflow condition, the break is split into a pipe flow problem and a dispersion flow problem, both solved using a finite difference control volume scheme.The transient flow field from the pipeline break location is expanded analytically, using an approximation of the governing equations, until ambient pressure is reached and matched to the corresponding gas dispersion flow field using as subgrid model a jet box with a time-varying equivalent nozzle area as an internal boundary of the dispersion domain. The turbulence models used for the pipe and dispersion flow fields are an empirical model of Reichard and the k-∊ model for buoyant flow respectively.The pipe flow simulations indicate that the flow from the pipeline might include dispersed condensate which will affect quantitatively the mass flow rate from the pipeline and qualitatively the gas dispersion if the condensate rains out.The transient dispersion simulation shows that an entrainment flow field develops and mixes supersaturated gas with ambient warmer air to an unsaturated mixture. Because of the inertia of the ambient air, it takes time to develop the entrainment flow field. As a consequence of this and the decay of the mass flow with time, the lower flammability limit of the gas-air mixture reaches its most remote downstream position relatively early in the simulation (about 15 s) and withdraws closer to the break location.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1021-1041 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: curvilinear co-ordinate system ; constriction ; stenosis ; module ; finite volume ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flow field through tubes with multiple axisymmetric constrictions in tubes was studied numerically. Two practical problem cases were considered and the numerical scheme was developed for both. In the first case there are one, two, three and four constrictions in the tube. The effects of the number of constrictions on wall shear stress, pressure drop, streamline, vorticity and velocity distributions as the flow passes through the tube were studied and the development of the periodicity characteristics was investigated. In the second case there were multiple constrictions in the tube equidistant from each other. For this case the governing equations were reformulated for a module at a sufficient distance downstream from the inlet where the entrance region effects could be ignored and flow field is assumed to repeat itself. The flow field solutions were obtained in this region. The governing equations were formulated in curvilinear co-ordinates and a finite volume discretization procedure was used to solve the problem. The computations were carried out over a range of Reynolds numbers between 50 to 250 for constrictions with 75 percent area reduction. The method is validated by comparing some of the solutions with experimental results.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1085-1109 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: intake port ; dual intake ; CFD ; laser Doppler anemometry ; internal combustion engine ; cylinder ; turbulence ; steady flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence of intake port design on the flow field in a dual-intake valve engine was investigated using computational fluid dynamics, in order to study the effect of inlet port design on the in-cylinder flow. A detailed 3D computational grid incorporating all the features of the Ford Zetec production engine inlet ports, valves and cylinder head was initially created and the flow structure modelled at 5 and 10 mm valve lifts under steady flow conditions. Comparisons of computational results with experimental data obtained by laser Doppler anemometry indicate that the flow characteristics have been predicted well in most regions. Flow generated by different intake port designs was also simulated by introducing air into the cylinder at different directions to the inlet valve axes and the effects of port deactivation, throttling and exhaust gas recirculation were examined. The implications of the results for intake port design are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 77-103 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: operator splitting ; low-Mach-number flows ; natural convection ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Based upon the operator-splitting method designed by the authors to solve the Navier-Stokes equations with variable density and viscosity, a segregated time-marching solution scheme is proposed for solving the low-Mach-number flow model with the acoustic waves being filtered out. This solution scheme does not rely on the correction for global mass conservation to maintain solution accuracy. With this advantage the scheme can be directly applied to general low-Mach-number flow problems with confidence.The scheme is validated by comparing the results for a number of test cases with known limiting exact solutions and published numerical solutions by other authors.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 113
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 105-124 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: turbulent transport ; finite-size effects ; organized motions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A method of modelling the contribution of finite-size organized streams and fluid structures to the processes of turbulent transport is presented for the example of developed turbulent pipe flow. The method is applied to construct the turbulent length (L) and eddy viscosity coefficient (νt) employed to compute the average characteristics of the flow. The average effects of action of these organized fluid structures and streams are modelled as the final results of discrete displacements of certain model turbulent signals between nodes associated in pairs as well as the results of effective discrete displacements of these pairs. The displacement of information about the organization of two nodes into a pair identifies the displacement of the pair. These nodes constitute a network whose parameters have been established a priori analytically by considering a sequence of model turbulent lengths scaled with their distance to the wall. The model turbulent signals are evaluated at respective discrete nodes with the help of a certain finite difference turbulence model closed by L and νt and realized on an appropriate numerical grid. The non-uniform grid spacing has been related unambiguously in a rational way to the sequence of model turbulent lengths. Results elucidating specific features of this discrete modelling, particularly its differences from the continuous approach, are presented. Good agreement of the results with available experimental data is demonstrated. The average characteristics of the flow structure predicted for a wide range of Reynolds number (Re) are unique or bifurcated for particular Re intervals. The latter case suggests the occurrence of switching from one type of flow structure organization to another with the ambient conditions unchanged.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1237-1239 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
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    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1289-1310 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: bubble columns ; computational fluid dynamics ; turbulent two-phase flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical model is described for the prediction of turbulent continuum equations for two-phase gas-liquid flows in bubble columns. The mathematical formulation is based on the solution of each phase. The two-phase model incorporates interfacial models of momentum transfer to account for the effects of virtual mass, lift, drag and pressure discontinuities at the gas-liquid interface. Turbulence is represented by means of a two-equation k-∊ model modified to account for bubble-induced turbulence production. The numerical discretization is based on a staggered finite-volume approach, and the coupled equations are solved in a segregated manner using the IPSA method. The model is implemented generally in the multipurpose PHOENICS computer code, although the present appllications are restricted to two-dimensional flows. The model is applied to simulate two bubble column geometries and the predictions are compared with the measured circulation patterns and void fraction distributions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 295-306 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: impinging jet ; turbulence ; heat transfer ; k-ε model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The standard k-ε eddy viscosity model of turbulence in conjunction with the logarithmic law of the wall has been applied to the prediction of a fully developed turbulent axisymmetric jet impinging within a semi-confined space. A single geometry with a Reynolds number of 20,000 and a nozzle-to-plate spacing of two diameters has been considered with inlet boundary conditions based on measured profiles of velocity and turbulence. Velocity, turbulence and heat transfer data have been obtained using laser-Doppler anemometry and liquid crystal thermography respectively. In the developing wall jet, numerical results of heat transfer compare to within 20% of experiment where isotropy prevails and the trends in turbulent kinetic energy are predicted. However, stagnation point heat transfer is overpredicted by about 300%, which is attributed directly to the turbulence model and inapplicability of the wall function.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 367-377 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: discretization ; high-order accuracy ; duct flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The coefficients for a nine-point high-order-accurate discretization scheme for an elliptic equation ∇2u- γ2u=r0 (∇2 is the two-dimensional Laplacian operator) are derived. Examples with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary condtions are considered. In order to demonstrate the high-order accuracy of the method, numerical results are compared with exact solutions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 413-414 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 415-430 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: potential flow ; free boundary ; analytic series ; arbitrary boundaries ; steady seepage ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The solution of Laplace's equation for a wide range of spatial domains and boundary conditions is a valuable asset in the study of potential theory. Recently, classical analytic series techniques based on separation of variables have been modified to solve Laplace's equation with both irregular and free boundaries. Computationally the free boundary problem is reduced to an iterative sequence of curve-fitting exercises. At each iteration the series coefficients for a known boundary problem are evaluated numerically. In this paper a new interpolation approach is presented for the estimation of the series coefficients. It has the advantages of providing a conceptually simpler view of the series technique and of estimating the series coefficients significantly faster than alternative approaches. Owing to the choice of basis functions in the truncated series solution, rigorous estimates of the error in the approximation are immediately available. A free boundary problem from steady hillside seepage with irregular boundaries will be used to illustrate the new technique.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1111-1111 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 121
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1145-1161 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: pseudospectral method ; thermohydrodynamic lubrication ; spectral method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The pseudospectral method is used for the first time to solve the thermohydrodynamic lubrication equations for a slider bearing. The orthogonal polynomials used in the series expansions are Lagrangian interpola nts derived from a Legendre basis. Exponential convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated and favourable comparisons with previous work are made.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1163-1195 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: ocean circulation model ; primitive equations ; interactive nested grid model ; multidomain methods ; multigrid local mesh refinement ; local grid correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a comparison is carried out between three correction methods for multigrid local mesh refinement in oceanic applications: FIC, LDC and the direct method (DM) proposed by Spall and Holland. This study is based on a nested primitive equation model developed by Laugier on the basis of the code OPA (LODYC). The external barotropic problem is solved using any of the three local grid correction algorithms yielding an interactive nested grid model. The non-linear elliptic equation for the barotropic streamfunction tendency is solved on two nested grids, called the global and the zoom grid, that interact between themselves. The zoom grid is entirely embedded within the global domain with a horizontal grid step ratio of 3:1. The computation on the global grid supplies the boundary conditions for the zoom grid region and the fine grid fields are used to correct the global coarse solution. The three local correction methods are tested on two problems relevant to oceanic circulation phenomena proposed by Spall and Holland: a barotropic modon and an anticyclonic vortex. The results show that the nesting technique is a very efficient way to solve these problems in terms of a gain in precision compared with the required CPU time. The two-domain model with local mesh refinement allows one both to manage effectively the open boundary conditions for the local grid and to correct the global solution thanks to the zoom solution. In the case of the modon propagation the three local correction methods provide approximately the same results. For the baroclinic vortex it appears that the two iterative methods are more efficient than the direct one.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1223-1233 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite difference method ; heat transfer augmentation ; eddy viscosity model ; low-Re k-∊ model streamline curvature correction ; ribbed channel ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical computations are performed on the fully developed flow and heat transfer in a periodically ribbed channel with oscillatory throughflow. A uniform heat flux is imposed at the lower plate of the channel. An externally sustained pressure gradient varies sinusoidally in time. A low-turbulent-Reynolds-number version of the k-∊ two-equation model of turbulence is invoked, together with a preferential dissipation modification, to predict the complex turbulent flow field. Computed results indicate that much heat transfer enhancement is expected by increasing the Womersley number, which measures the relative strength of the oscillatory motion to the viscous effects.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1311-1326 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: simulation ; turbulence ; buoyancy ; cavity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computational study of natural convection of air in a tall rectangular cavity with 4:1 aspect ratio is conducted. In an effort to investigate the applicability of the Boussinesq approximation to turbulent flow simulation, the cavity is differentially heated from the sides and is insulated at the ends at a Rayleigh number of 109. Starting from quiescent and isothermal flow conditions, the flow is driven to turbulence without any artificial perturbations. The computer programme developed integrates the two-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation and the energy equation by a time-accurate method on a stretched, staggered grid. The simulation proceeds to a statistically steady solution in which large-scale structures are found in the mean. Both mean and fluctuating quantities provide good agreement with experimental results.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1327-1345 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: unsteady flows ; incompressible viscous flows ; onset of asymmetry ; Navier-Stokes equations ; finite difference method ; bluff bodies ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computational study of the development of two- dimensional unsteady viscous incompressible flow around a circular cylinder and elliptic cylinders is undertaken at a Reynolds number of 10,000. A higher- order upwind scheme is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations by the finite difference method in order to study the onset of computed asymmetry around bluff bodies. For the computed cases the ellipses develop asymmetry much earlier than the circular cylinder. The receptivity of the computed flows in the presence of discrete roughness and surface vibration is studied. Finally, the role of discrete roughness in triggering asymmetry for flow past a circular cylinder is studied and compared with flow visualization experiments at Re=10,000
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 85-101 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; time-dependent, separated flow ; unstructured, adaptive, dynamic grids ; local time-stepping scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An adaptive finite volume method for the simulation of time-dependent, viscous flow is presented. The Navier-Stokes equations are discretized by central schemes on unstructured grids and solved by an explicit Runge-Kutta method. The essential topics of the present study are a new concept for a local Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme, called multisequence Runge-Kutta, which reduces the severe stability restriction in unsteady problems, a common grid generation and adaptation procedure and the application of dynamic grids for capturing moving flow structures. Results are presented for laminar, separated flow around an aerofoil with a flap.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: incompressible Navier-Stokes equations ; non-symmetric linear system ; preconditioning ; vector computer ; iterative solver ; GMRESR ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper some iterative solution methods of the GMRES type for the discretized Navier-Stokes equations are treated. The discretization combined with a pressure correction scheme leads to two different types of systems of linear equations: the momentum system and the pressure system. These systems may be coupled to one or more transport equations. For every system we specify a particular ILU-type preconditioner and show how to vectorize these preconditions. Finally, some numerical experiments to show the efficiency of the proposed methods are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 223-224 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 265-281 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: unstructured ; SIMPLE ; finite volume ; cell-centred ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A pressure correction procedure for general unstructured meshes is presented. It is a cell-centred, collocated finite volume method and the pressure-velocity coupling is treated using SIMPLEC. The cells can have an arbitrary number of grid points (cell vertices). In the present study the number of faces on the cells varies between three and six. The discretized equations are solved using either a symmetric Gauss-Seidel solver or a conjugate gradient solver with a preconditioner. The method is applied to three two-dimensional test cases in which the flow is incompressible and laminar. The extension to three dimensions as well as to turbulent flow using transport models is straightforward. It can also be extended to handle compressible flow.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: lattice gas ; cellular automata ; wave modelling ; standing waves ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The lattice gas model for simulating two-phase flow, proposed by Appert and Zaleski, has been modified by the introduction of gravitational interactions and the new model has been used to simulate standing wave patterns on the free surface of a fluid. The results compare well with linear theory.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 241-264 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: spectral element ; non-conforming ; incompressible flows ; convection ; skew-symmetric form ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We present here our experiences with using the spectral element methodology to solve convection-dominated problems. Different polynomial approximations are used inside the spectral elements and both conforming and non-conforming interface conditions are investigated. The three spectral element methods that we explore can all be considered to be special cases of the more general mortar element method. We compare the methods for solving incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems. Particular attention is given to the convection treatment. The numerical results can be strongly dependent upon whether a conforming or a non-conforming method is used as well as the particular form of the discrete convection operator (convective form versus skew-symmetric form).
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 323-324 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 353-373 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; finite differences ; unsymmetric linear systems ; Krylov subspace methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In many popular solution algorithms for the incompressible Navier-Stoke equations the coupling between the momentum equations is neglected when the linearized momentum equations are solved to update the velocities. This is known to lead to poor convergence in highly swirling flows where coupling between the radial and tangential momentum equations is strong. Here we propose a coupled solution algorithm in which the linearized momentum and continuity equations are solved simultaneously. Comparisons between the new method and the well-known SIMPLEC method are presented.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 429-444 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: modified Boussinesq equations ; finite element method ; wave-current interaction ; breaking waves ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A two-dimensional (horizontal plane) coastal and estuarine region model, capable of predicting the combined effects of gravity surface shallow- water waves (shoaling, refraction, diffraction, reflection and breaking), and steady currents, is described and numerical results are compared with those obtained experimentally.Two series of observations within a wave flume and a combined wave-current facility were developed. In the first case, the wave was generated via a hinged paddle located within a deepened section at one end of the channel, as, in the second case, the wave propagating with or against the current was generated by a plunger-type wavemaker; the re-circulating current was introduced via one passing tank connected to a centrifugal pump.Several comparisons for a number of 1D situations and one 2D horizontal plane case are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: centrifugal pump ; multidomain calculation ; unsteady flow ; finite volume method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical model is developed for calculating the two-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible and turbulent flow within the rotating impeller and stationary volute of an industrial centrifugal pump. The objective is the investigation and comprehension of the instantaneous behaviour of centrifugal pumps, aiming at the reduction of vibrations, radial forces and hydraulic noise. The computation is performed within a blade-to-blade streamtube for the impeller and a tube normal to the axis of rotation for the volute. The equations to be solved are the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations along with the continuity equation and the unsteady κ-ε equations for turbulence modelling. The finite volume method is applied for space discretization and an implicit scheme for time discretization. A multidomain overlapping grid technique is used for matching together the relative flow field calculated within the rotating impeller and the absolute one calculated within the stationary volute. In this way the impeller and volute interaction is directly taken into account. The numerical model is validated for a centrifugal pump of N q=32 under design flow conditions. Comparisons between calculation and measurements show fairly good agreement.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1023-1035 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: convergence acceleration ; preconditioning ; multigrid ; GMRES ; ADI ; ILU ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several solution acceleration techniques, used to obtain steady state CFD solutions as quickly as possible, are applied to an implicit, upwind Euler solver to evaluate their effectiveness. The implicit system is solved using either ADI or ILU and the solution acceleration techniques evaluated are quasi-Newton iteration, Jacobian freezing, multigrid and GMRES. ILU is a better preconditioner than ADI because it can use larger time steps. Adding GMRES does not always improve the convergence. However, GMRES preconditioned with ILU and multigrid can take advantage of Jacobian freezing to produce an efficient scheme that is relatively independent of grid size and grid quality.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 138
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 495-513 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: hydrodynamic planing ; vortex lattice ; jet modelling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-dimensional numerical model using vortex lattice methods (VLMs) is developed to solve the steady planning problem. Planing hydrodynamics have similarities to the aerodynamic swept wing problem - the fundamental difference being the existence of a free surface. Details of the solution scheme are discussed, including the special features of the VLM used here in obtaining accurate flows at the leading and side edges. Computational results are presented and compared with existing theories and experiments.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: 2D Navier- ; Stokes equations ; convergence under highRe ; homotopy ; BEM ; FDM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the high-order formulations described by Liao (Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 15, 595-612 (1992)) are proved to be stable for viscous flow under high Reynolds number. As an example, results for shear-driven flow in a square cavity at Reynolds numbers up to 10,000 are given.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 141
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: wake ; curvature ; pressure gradient ; k-ε model of turbulence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experimental data on the development of wakes in a straight duct, a curved duct, a curved diffuser and a straight diffuser are compared with computations based on a finite volume scheme incorporating the k- ε model of turbulence. The results show that the computations based on the standard k-ε model are able to satisfactorily capture only the mean velocity profiles. To improve the predictions, several modifications to the model are tried out. Close agreement between experiment and computation as regards the velocity profiles, wake parameters and profiles of the turbulent kinetic energy k and Reynolds shear stress ⊼{uv} is obtained when modification to the model constant Cμ, based on the curvature parameter and the ratio of the production of turbulent kinetic energy to its rate of dissipation, is incorporated. The modified model is also able to capture the asymmetry in the profiles of k and ⊼{uv} caused by the curvature and its enhancement due to the additional presence of an adverse pressure gradient.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 83-83 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: turbulence ; channel flow ; low Reynolds number ; large-eddy simulation ; subgrid-scale model dynamic SGS model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several issues related to applications of the dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model in large-eddy simulation (LES) at low Reynolds number are investigated. A modified formulation of the dynamic model is constructed and its performance in low-Reynolds-number LES of channel flow is assessed through a comparison of length scales computed respectively by this modified model, the Germano-Lilly dynamic SGS model and two empirical wall damping functions with optimum model coefficients, which have been successfully used in many simulations of channel flows. Two values of the ratio of filter widths are set for each of the dynamic models. The results have confirmed that the modified dynamic SGS model gives the correct behaviour of the subgrid eddy viscosity in the region of a plane wall to an accuracy that exceeds the best-tuned wall damping function, and almost collapses with the theoretical behaviour of the length scale near the wall without any tuning and adjustment. In addition, the impact of the choice of the ratio of filter widths on the modified dynamic SGS model is found to be much less than with the Germano-Lilly model.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 75-76 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 125-142 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: model-free simulation ; direct numerical simulation ; large eddy simulation ; multidimensional high-order fluxes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Studies on the numerical simulation of high-Reynolds-number flows encounter difficulties due to the wide range of characteristic length and time scales existing in the flow field. These are often much smaller than the computational grid size. A new approach based on a ‘model-free ’ local average direct numerical simulation is presented which incorporates a strategy to filter the non-resolvable scales by means of an integration over the domain and to recover the contribution of the subgrid scales by using an integral formulation developed for them. The resulting weak formulation allows us to define a numerical flux that, thanks to the filtering operation, is highly accurate. Several computation test-cases concerning theoretical accuracy and the Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds number are carried out without using any turbulence model. The obtained accuracy for all computations confirms that this approach can be considered a valid contribution in the field of direct numerical simulation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 163-176 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: convective heat transfer ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation is to study the convective heat transfer from a horizontal circular cylinder under the effect of a solid plane wall. The full Navier-Stokes and energy equations for two-dimensi onal steady flow are solved by a finite element method. The variations in surface shear stress, local pressure and Nusselt number around the surface of the cylinder as well as the predicted values of average Nusselt number, location of separation and some flow and temperature fields are presented. It is found that the average Nusselt number and drag force increase as the gap between the cylinder and the wall is increased.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 148
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 149
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 241-269 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: fully discrete ; high-order ; conservative ; upwind ; shock-capturing ; TVD ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper is a sequel to a previous one by the same authors in which a family of up to fourth-order fully discrete (FD) upwind numerical schemes was presented. In this paper we extend those high-order FD schemes to solutions with discontinuities, e.g. shocks. A rigorous anlaysis of the total variation diminishing (TVD) constraint for the high-order FD schemes is carried out. For non-linear systems the TVD constraint is, as usual, applied empirically. These schemes are validated by solving a test problem for the time-dependent shallow water equations.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 150
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 271-293 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite volume ; cell vertex ; pressure-velocity coupling ; high-resolution schemes ; non-orthogonal ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady, incompressible Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations are discretized using a cell vertex, finite volume method. Quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes are used to represent two- and three-dimensional geometries respectively. The dependent variables include the Cartesian components of velocity and pressure. Advective fluxes are calculated using bounded, high-resolution schemes with a deferred correction procedure to maintain a compact stencil. This treatment insures bounded, non-oscillatory solutions while maintaining low numerical diffusion. The mass and momentum equations are solved with the projection method on a non-staggered grid. The coupling of the pressure and velocity fields is achieved using the Rhie and Chow interpolation scheme modified to provide solutions independent of time steps or relaxation factors. An algebraic multigrid solver is used for the solution of the implicit, linearized equations.A number of test cases are anlaysed and presented. The standard benchmark cases include a lid-driven cavity, flow through a gradual expansion and laminar flow in a three-dimensional curved duct. Predictions are compared with data, results of other workers and with predictions from a structured, cell-centred, control volume algorithm whenever applicable. Sensitivity of results to the advection differencing scheme is investigated by applying a number of higher-order flux limiters: the MINMOD, MUSCL, OSHER, CLAM and SMART schemes. As expected, studies indicate that higher-order schemes largely mitigate the diffusion effects of first-order schemes but also shown no clear preference among the higher-order schemes themselves with respect to accuracy. The effect of the deferred correction procedure on global convergence is discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 151
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: fully discrete ; upwind scheme ; TVD high-order ; hyperbolic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper is a sequel to two previous papers in which rigorous, up to fourth-order, fully discrete (FD) upwind TVD schemes have been presented. In this paper we discuss in detail the extension of these schemes to solutions of non-linear hyperbolic systems. The performance of the schemes is assessed by solving test problems for the time-dependent Euler equations of gas dynamics in one and two space dimensions. We use exact solutions and experimental data to validate the results.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 152
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 347-366 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes ; collocated grid ; curvilinear co-ordinates ; flux difference splitting ; defect correction ; multigrid ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A collocated discretization of the 3D steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations based on a flux-difference-splitting formulation is presented. The discretization employs primitive variables of Cartesian velocity components and pressure. The splitting used here is a polynomial splitting introduced by Dick and Linden of Roe type. Second-order accuracy is obtained with the defect correction approach in which the state vector is inter-polated with van Leer's κ-scheme. The underlying solution technique to solve the discretized equations is a parallel multiblock multigrid method. Several 2D and 3D test problems such as driven cavity and channel flows are solved.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 153
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 379-396 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: rotating flow ; three-dimensional rectangular channel ; pseudospectral matrix method ; eigenvalue decomposition ; two- and four-cell flow pattern ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Fourier-Chebyshev pseudospectral method is used for the numerical simulation of incompressible flows in a three-dimensio nal channel of square cross-section with rotation. Realistic, non-periodic boundary conditions that impose no-slip conditions in two directions (spanwis e and vertical directions) are used. The Navier-Stokes equations are integrated in time using a fractional step method. The Poisson equations for pressure and the Helmholtz equation for velocity are solved using a matrix diagonalization (eigenfunction decomposition) method, through which we are able to reduce a three-dimensional matrix problem to a simple algebraic vector equation. This results in signficant savings in computer storage requirement, particularly for large-scale computations. Verification of the numerical algorithm and code is carried out by comparing with a limiting case of an exact steady state solution for a one-dimensional channel flow and also with a two-dimensional rotating channel case. Two-cell and four-cell two-dimensional flow patterns are observed in the numerical experiment. It is found that the four-cell flow pattern is stable to symmetri cal disturbances but unstable to asymmetrical disturbances.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 154
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: non-linear problem ; approximate Jacobian ; convergence ; iterative linear solver ; restarting ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper addresses the resolution of non-linear problems arising from an implicit time discretization in CFD problems. We study the convergence of the Newton-GMRES algorithm with a Jacobian approximated by a finite difference scheme and with restarting in GMRES. In our numerical experiments we observe, as predicted by the theory, the impact of the matrix-free approximations. A second-order scheme clearly improves the convergence in the Newton process.
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  • 155
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 221-239 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: perturbation methods ; annular liquid jets ; non-homogeneous body forces ; adaptive finite difference methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Regular perturbation expansions are used to analyse the fluid dynamics of unsteady, inviscid, slender, thin, incompressible (constant density), axisymmetric, upward and downward, annular liquid jets subjected to non-homogeneous, conservative body forces when both the annular jets are very thin and the gases enclosed by and surrounding the jet are dynamically passive. Both inertia- and capillarity-dominated annular jets are considered. It is shown that, for inertia-dominated jets, closure of the leading-order equations is achieved at second order in the perturbation parameter, which is the slenderness ratio, whereas closure is achieved at first order for capillarity-dominated jets. The steady leading-order equations are solved numerically by means of both an adaptive finite difference method which maps the curvilinear geometry of the jet onto a unit square and a fourth-order-accurate Runge-Kutta technique. It is shown that the fluid dynamics of steady, annular liquid jets is very sensitive to the Froude and Weber numbers and nozzle exit angle in the presence of non-homogeneous, conservative body forces. For upward jets with inwardly or axially directed velocities at the nozzle exit the effect of the non-homogeneous, conservative body forces is to increase the leading-order axial velocity component, decrease the jet's mean radius and move the stagnation point downstream. For downward jets with radially outward velocity at the nozzle exit the axial velocity component decreases monotonically as the magnitude of the non-homogeneous, conservative body forces is increased.
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  • 156
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 567-568 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 157
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 325-346 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Taylor-Görtler-like vortices ; spiralling corner vortices ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: With the purpose of providing physical insight into the developing spanwise flow motion and identifying the presence of Taylor-Görtler- like vortices, we conducted a flow simulation in a rectangular cavity defined by a square cross-section and a spanwise aspect ratio of 3:1. The governing equations were solved for the transient processes by using a finite volume method in conjunction with segregated solution procedures. In the present work, attention is placed on the spiralling corner vortices near the two end walls and the longitudinal meandering Taylor-Görtler-like vortices. The investigated Reynolds number is taken to be 1500. As a vehicle for the present flow simulation, validation against analytic data was carried out first for a configuration similar to the problem of interest. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the employed computer code.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 158
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 603-618 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: shallow water equations ; wave continuity equation ; boundary conditions ; finite elements ; generalized functions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite element solution of the shallow water wave equations has found increasing use by researchers and practitioners in the modelling of oceans and coastal areas. Wave equation models, most of which use equal-orderC0 interpolants for both the velocity and the surface elevation, do not introduce spurious oscillation modes, hence avoiding the need for artificial or numerical damping. An important question for both primitive equation and wave equation models is the interpretation of boundary conditions. Analysis of the characteristics of the governing equations shows that for most geophysical flows a single condition at each boundary is sufficient, yet there is not a consensus in the literature as to what that boundary condition must be or how it should be implemented in a finite element code. Traditionally (partly because of limited data), surface elevation is specified at open ocean boundaries while the normal flux is specified as zero at land boundaries. In most finite element wave equation models both of these boundary conditions are implemented as essential conditions. Our recent work focuses on alternative ways to numerically implement normal flow boundary conditions with an eye towards improving the mass-conserving properties of wave equation models. A unique finite element formulation using generalized functions demonstrates that boundary conditions should be implemented by treating normal fluxes as natural conditions with the flux interpreted as external to the computational domain. Results from extensive numerical experiments show that the scheme does conserve mass for all parameter values. Furthermore, convergence studies demonstrate that the algorithm is consistent, as residual errors at the boundary diminish as the grid is refined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 159
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 753-785 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: numerical simulation ; spectral time discretization ; Navier-Stokes equations ; laminar flow ; shear flow ; unsteady flow ; periodic flow ; instability ; Hopf bifurcation ; non-linearity ; non-linear theory ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The onset of the Bénard-von Kármán instability consisting of the selective amplification of the linear unstable mode and yielding finally the well-known saturated state has been described many times on the basis of both numerical and experimental results in various configurations. However, neither the role of the harmonics and their coupling has been examined quantitatively, nor has the spatial structure of the instability been studied in detail. A recently developed numerical method of simulation of quasi-periodic flows makes it possible to integrate the investigation of linear and non-linear characteristics within a single numerical method. The simulation of the 2D afterbody wake presented in this paper allows us to follow the amplification of the instability over many orders of magnitude. It is shown that at all stages of its development the instability is characterized by a series of harmonics, each of them amplified with a multiple of the fundamental amplification rate during the linear regime. The amplification of harmonics results from an energy transfer from the mean flow to harmonics of increasingly higher order. Ultimately the energy losses compensate this transfer and an equilibrium, commonly called saturation of the instability, is reached. It is shown that the coupling between the fundamental harmonic and the mean flow is mainly responsible for the saturation. The convergence rate of the development of the instability into harmonics is investigated. A full description of the spatial structure of all significant harmonics both in the linear regime and at saturation is obtained. The results show that time and space characteristics of the instability can be investigated simultaneously in an efficient way. Such an approach might be particularly important in 3D wakes where the geometry has a strong influence on the behaviour of unstable flows.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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  • 160
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 503-524 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: flow of gases ; porous media ; landfill ; BEM numerical simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A two-dimensional numerical model for convection-diffusion flow of a multigas mixture through a multilayer porous medium was developed with the aim to be used for evaluation of emissions of gases from landfills. The proposed model is based on the boundary element-dual reciprocity method. Time-independent one-dimensional analytical solutions for a multilayer domain were found for the cases of a single gas and a two-gas mixture and used to verify the accuracy of the model. Although the proposed technique is a simple one, consisting only of boundary integrals, it was found that the technique can be applied with satisfactory accuracy to the problem at which it was initially aimed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 161
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 525-525 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 162
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 607-631 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: unsteady flow ; implicit methods ; mesh generation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An unfactored implicit time-marching method for the solution of the unsteady two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged thin layer Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The linear system arising from each implicit step is solved by the conjugate gradient squared (CGS) method with preconditioning based on an ADI factorization. The time-marching procedure has been used with a fast transfinite interpolation method to regenerate the mesh at each time step in response to the motion of the aerofoil. The main test cases examined are from the AGARD aeroelastic configurations and involve aerofoils oscillating rigidly in pitch. These test cases have been used to investigate the effect of various parameters, such as CGS tolerance and laminar/turbulent transition location, on the accuracy and efficiency of the method. Comparisons with available experimental data have been made for these cases. In order to illustrate the application of the mesh generator and flow solver to more general flows where the aerofoil deforms, results for an NACA 0012 aerofoil with an oscillating trailing edge flap are also shown.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 163
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 567-588 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: multiblock ; turbulent flow ; computational modelling ; parallel computing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A multiblock algorithm for general 2D and 3D turbulent flows is introduced and applied to three cases: a compressor cascade passage, a two-element high-lift aerofoil and a round-to-square transition duct. The method is a generalization of a single-block scheme which is based on a non-orthogonal, fully collocated finite volume framework, applicable to incompressible and compressible flows and incorporating a range of turbulence transport models, including second-moment closure. The multiblock implementation is essentially block-unstructured, each block having its own local co-ordinate system unrelated to those of its neighbours. Any one block may interface with more than one neighbour along any one block face. Interblock communication is handled by connectivity matrices and effected via a two-cell overlap region along block boundaries in which ‘halo data’ reside. The algorithm and the associated data communication are explained in detail, and its effectiveness is verified, with particular reference to improved numerical resolution and parallel computing.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 164
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 633-633 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 165
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 673-690 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; directionally adaptive meshes ; edge-based error estimate ; structured grids ; mesh movement ; finite element method ; high-speed flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper describes a directionally adaptive finite element method for high-speed flows, using an edge-based error estimate on quadrilateral grids. The error of the numerical solution is estimated through its second derivatives and the resulting Hessian tensor is used to define a Riemannian metric. An improved mesh movement strategy, based on a spring analogy, but with no orthogonality constraints, is introduced to equidistribute the lengths of the edges of the elements in the defined metric. The grid adaptation procedure is validated on an analytical test case and the efficiency of the overall methodology is investigated on supersonic and hypersonic benchmarks.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 166
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 735-737 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 167
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 847-858 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; hyperbolic ; initial boundary value problem ; natural co-ordinate system ; random choice method ; Riemann problem ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The random choice method has now been shown to be successfully extendible from the original one-dimensional unsteady formulation to inert high-speed flow fields which are steady and two-dimensional using Cartesian, axisymmetric and Lagrangian formulations. This paper deals with the description of a new implementation of the random choice method formulated for natural co-ordinates based on streamlines and normals. Comparisons between theoretical and computed results for several different physical configurations are presented.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 811-817 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: SIMPLE-like algorithms ; average correction technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This note develops an average correction technique for accelerating the rate of convergence of the SIMPLE-like algorithm by implementing the average pressure correction method as proposed by Wen and Ingham (Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 17, 385-400 (1993); 19, 889-903 (1994)) with an average velocity correction. The technique is illustrated by considering the classical problem of fluid flow over a backward-facing step using (i) no average correction, (ii) an average velocity correction, (iii) an average pressure correction and (iv) both average velocity and pressure corrections. When both average velocity and pressure corrections are employed, it is found that the number of iterations required for convergence is almost independent of the initial guessed values of fluid velocity and pressure and the fastest rate of convergence may be achieved.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 169
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 170
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1037-1039 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 171
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1061-1074 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: vortex shedding ; blockage ; Strouhal number ; drag force ; lift force ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In various numerical solutions of flow around bluff bodies the unbounded physical domain is replaced by a restricted computational one whose extent depends on the size of the computational grid network. The truncation of the solution domain in the cross-flow direction reduces the computer time required for the solution, but introduces numerical blockage effects which influence considerably the values of the various flow parameters. In the present paper the finite element solution of steady and unsteady flow around a circular cylinder at Re=106 is presented for blockage ratios of 0·05, 0·15 and 0·25. A boundary condition was tested for which the streamfunction values at the outer boundaries were those of the irrotational solution around a circular cylinder. The size of the standing vortices decreases with the blockage ratio when the flow is steady, while the spacing of the vortices decreases in both directions with increasing blockage ratio when the wake becomes unsteady. The hydrodynamic forces on the cylinder and the Strouhal number are magnified as the blockage ratio increases. The application of the streamfunction values derived from the irrotational solution at the outer boundaries reduced blockage effects only at high blockage ratio.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 172
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 173
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996), S. 1103-1123 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: algebraic multigrid ; defect correction ; unstructured meshes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An algebraic multigrid scheme is presented for solving the discrete Navier-Stokes equations to second-order accuracy using the defect correction method. Solutions for the driven cavity and asymmetric, sudden expansion test problems have been obtained for both structured and unstructured meshes, the resolution and resolution grading being controlled by global and local mesh refinements.The solver is efficient and robust to the extent that, for problems attempted so far, no underrelaxation of variables has been required to ensure convergence. Provided that the computational mesh can resolve the flow field, convergence characteristics are almost mesh-independent. Rates of convergence actually improve with refinement, asymptotically approaching mesh-independent values. For extremely coarse meshes, where dispersive truncation errors would be expected to prevent convergence (or even induce divergence), solutions can still be obtained by using explicit underrelaxation in the iterative cycle.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 174
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 65-74 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: LSFEM ; reacting flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to use the least-squares finite element method to simulate a quasi-one-dimensional H2/ O2 flame with comprehensive physical property models.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 175
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: shallow water equations ; entropy variables ; streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin ; symmetric formulations ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new symmetric formulation of the two-dimensional shallow water equations and a streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) scheme are developed and tested. The symmetric formulation is constructed by means of a transformation of dependent variables derived from the relation for the total energy of the water column. This symmetric form is well suited to the SUPG approach as seen in analogous treatments of gas dynamics problems based on entropy variables. Particulars related to the construction of the upwind test functions and an appropriate discontinuity-capturing operator are included. A formal extension to the viscous, dissipative problem and a stability analysis are also presented. Numerical results for shallow water flow in a channel with (a) a step transition, (b) a curved wall transition and (c) a straight wall transition are compared with experimental and other computational results from the literature.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 176
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 47-64 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: finite element ; thermal turbulence ; thermal eddy energy ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents laminar and turbulent mixed convection solutions of a driven cavity flow using the finite element method. For the laminar flow, distributions of velocity and temperature with and without the effect of buoyancy force are presented and compared. For the turbulent flow, governing partial differential equations of the thermal turbulence two-equati on model and kinetic turbulence two-equation model are used. Corresponding results such as kinetic eddy diffusivity, kinetic eddy energy, thermal eddy energy and their dissipations are presented.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 177
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1117-1132 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: rubber mixing ; free surface flows ; viscoelastic flow ; pseudo-density method ; Lagrangian framework ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Internal mixers are used extensively in industry for mixing the components of rubber compounds. In these operations, in order to achieve effective mixing, the mixer chamber is always partially filled. This inevitably results in the appearance of multiple free surfaces in flow fields inside rubber mixer chambers. Mathematical modelling of such a flow regime is not a simple task and requires a great deal of effort. Traditional free surface flow-modelling techniques, which are mainly based on the use of volume-of-fluid or pseudo-density approaches in an Eulerian framework, are not flexible enough to cope with this problem. In this paper we describe a new method for the numerical modelling of free surface flows. In this method the pseudo-density approach is extended to a special Lagrangian framework along the trajectories of the fluid particles. We show that the developed scheme can very effectively simulate viscoelastic free surface flows encountered in rubber-mixing processes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 178
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1211-1222 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: magnetohydrodynamics ; finite volume ; Godunov ; upwind ; conservative ; plasma ; fusion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a higher-order Godunov method for two-dimensional solutions of the ideal MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) equations is presented. The method utilizes the finite volume approach with quadrilateral cells. In Section 2 the MHD equations (including flux and source terms) in conservat ive form are given. The momentum flux is rearranged such that while a source vector is produced, the eigenstructure of the Jacobian matrix does not change. This rearrangement allows a full Roe averaging of the density, velocity and pressure for any value of adiabatic index (contrary to Brio and Wu's conclusion (J. Comput. Phys., 75, 400 (1988). Full Roe averaging for the magnetic field is possible only when the normal gradient of the magnetic field is negligible; otherwise an arithmetic averaging can be used. This new procedure to get Roe-averaged MHD fields at the interfaces between left and right states has been presented by Aslan (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1993; Int. j. numer. methods fluids, 22, 569-580 (1996)). This section also includes the shock structure and an eigensystem for MHD problems. The eigenvalues, right eigenvectors and wave strengths for MHD are given in detail to provide the reader with a full description. The second-order, limited finite volume approach which utilizes quadrilateral cells is given in full detail in Section 3. Section 4 gives one- and two-dimensional numerical results obtained from this method. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 5.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 193-220 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: transition ; turbulence ; intermittency ; conditioning ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A differential method is proposed to simulate bypass transition. The intermittency in the transition zone is taken into account by conditioned averages. These are averages taken during the fraction of time the flow is turbulent or laminar respectively. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations, conditioned continuity, momentum and energy equations are derived for the laminar and turbulent parts of the intermittent flow. The turbulence is described by a classical k-ε model. The supplementary parameter, the intermittency factor, is determined by a transport equation applicable for zero, favourable and adverse pressure gradients. Results for these pressure gradients are given.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 182
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1349-1351 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 184
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 445-454 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: boundary element method ; unsteady aerodynamic force ; relative motion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a numerical analysis was made to investigate the aerodynamic forces surrounding two bodies in relative motion in a fluid at rest in three dimensions. The unsteady boundary element method was employed in the numerical calculations. This method is very convenient for obtaining an approximate expression of the velocity potential, especially for practical use. The passing-by of two spheres in an incompressible perfect fluid which extends to infinity is treated by the present method. The resultant pressure coefficients on two spheres passing each other in opposite directions are calculated and discussed numerically. Numerical examples are presented to show the validity of the present method. The method is also applied to the calculation of the passing-by of two trains in an open area in order to investigate its applicability.
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  • 185
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 527-544 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: multigrid ; unstructured ; Navier-Stokes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An agglomeration multigrid strategy is developed and implemented for the solution of three-dimensional steady viscous flows. The method enables convergence acceleration with minimal additional memory overhead and is completely automated in that it can deal with grids of arbitrary construction. The multigrid technique is validated by comparing the delivered convergence rates with those obtained by a previously developed overset-mesh multigrid approach and by demonstrating grid-independent convergence rates for aerodynamic problems on very large grids. Prospects for further increases in multigrid efficiency for high-Reynolds-number viscous flows on highly stretched meshes are discussed.
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  • 186
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 187
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 661-672 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: flow in porous media ; free surfaces ; RTM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A recently proposed implicit scheme for tracking the filling front during liquid impregnation into porous moulds is extended to provide ‘one-shot’ predictions for the time to completely fill the mould and the location of the last point to fill. With general boundary conditions applied at the filling gates, it is shown that the time to fill and the location of the last point to fill can be predicted on solving, at most, two linear systems of equations (of size determined by the spatial discretization). This result is confirmed by numerical filling experiments that show, for a variety of mould cavities, that ‘one-shot’ solutions agree exactly with filling time and location predictions obtained with multi-time- step simulations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 691-710 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: viscoelastic ; extensional flow ; wirecoating ; Taylor-Galerkin ; finite elements ; pressure-correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The numerical simulation of three model viscoelastic extensional flows is considered: sink flow, model draw-down and conical section draw-down. A transient finite element scheme with a pressure correction method is employed to analyse the numerical treatment of such problems for Oldroyd- Band Phan-Thien/Tanner constitutive models. Both decoupled and coupled formulations are compared for these highly convective flows and effective mechanisms are proposed for removing numerical oscillations in the temporally developing solution. In pure viscoelastic extensional flow from an initial stress-free state, the maximum stress level attained decreases with increase in material relaxation time. When this is followed by stress relaxation, as in conical section draw-down, increasing the relaxation time inhibits stress decay.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 23 (1996), S. 1263-1274 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: computational fluid dynamics ; numerical methods ; error ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The methods of estimating numerical errors given in an earlier paper are extended in directions that make them useful in actual CFD applications. In particular, the method of estimating convergence error (the error due to insufficient iteration) is extended to allow the possibility of complex eigenvalues; an ad hoc method that can be applied to any case is also given. For the discretization error, which arises from the numerical approximation of the differential equation(s), methods that can be used on non-uniform drids are presented; they can be extended to unstructured grids as well. The utility of these methods is demonstrated for linear problems as well as solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. The examples show that the estimation of errors is neither difficult nor expensive.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: porous media ; mixture theories ; fluid-saturated binary model ; incompressible constituents ; non-linear elasticity ; dynamic loading ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Based on the theory of porous media (mixture theories extended by the concept of volume fractions), a model describing the dynamical behaviour of a saturated binary porous medium is presented including both geometrical and material non-linearities. Transformed toward a weak formulation, the model equations are solved by use of the finite element method. Applications of the model range from one-dimensional linear problems to two-dimensional problems including the full dynamics and non-linearities.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; shape optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; forming process ; optimal design ; forging ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We suggest a shape optimization method for a non-linear and non-steady-state metal forming problem. It consists in optimizing the initial shape of the part as well as the shape of the preform tool during a two-step forging operation, for which the shape of the second operation is known. Shapes are described using spline functions and optimal parameter values of the splines are searched in order to produce, at the end of the forging sequence, a part with a prescribed geometric accuracy, optimal metallurgical properties and for a minimal production cost. The finite element method, including numerous remeshing operations, is used for the simulation of the process. We suggest using a least-squares-type algorithm for the unconstrained optimization method (based on external penalty) for which we describe the calculation of the derivatives of the objective function. We show that it can reduce to calculations which are equivalent to the derivative calculations of steady-state processes and to evolution equations. Therefore, the computational cost of such an optimization is quite reasonable, even for complex forging processes. Lastly, in order to reduce the errors due to the numerous remeshings during the simulation, we introduce error estimation and adaptive remeshing methods with respect to the calculation of derivatives.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 99-114 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: helical spring ; free vibration ; frequency ; transfer matrix ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A set of 12 partial differential equations pertaining to helical springs is solved for free vibrations by the transfer matrix method. The dynamic transfer matrix including the axial and the shear deformations and the rotational inertia effects for any number of coils is numerically determined up to any desired precision in an efficient way. It is proved that the coefficients of the characteristic determinant of the dynamic differential matrix, [D], with odd-numbered subscripts are equal to zero which is based on the peculiarity that the traces of the same matrix with odd powers are all equal to zero. This important property of [D] has been the essence of the developed solution algorithm. The validity of the computer program coded in Fortran-77 has been verified by means of comparisons with the results given in literature. Next, the effects of the helix angle, the boundary conditions, the number of coils, and the ratio of (cylinder diameter/wire diameter) on the free vibration frequencies are investigated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 185-187 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 195
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 115-139 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: boundary element methods ; subdomain technique ; viscous fluid flow ; iterative methods ; preconditioning ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of Navier-Stokes equations of time-dependent incompressible viscous fluid flow in planar geometry by the Boundary Domain Integral Method (BDIM) is discussed. The introduction of a subdomain technique to fluid flow problems is considered and improved in order to maintain the stability of BDIM. To avoid problems with flow kinematics computation in the sudomain mesh, a segmentation technique is proposed which combines the original BDIM with its subdomain variant and preserves its numerical stability. In order to reduce the computational cost of BDIM, which greatly depends on the solution of systems of linear equations, iterative methods are used. Conjugate gradient methods, conjugate gradients squared and an improved version of the biconjugate gradient method BiCGSTAB, together with the generalized minimal residual method, are used as iterative solvers. Different types of preconditioning, from simple Jacobi to incomplete LU factorization, are carried out and the performance of chosen iterative methods and preconditioners are reported. Test examples include backward facing step flow and flow through tubular heat exchangers. Test computation results show that BDIM is an accurate approximation technique which, together with the subdomain technique and powerful iterative solvers, can exhibit some significant savings in storage and CPU time requirements.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: evaporation ; condensation ; phase change ; internal energy formulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work is to develop a control volume finite-difference method to model the bulk evaporation and condensation processes involved in liquid-vapour phase changes. An internal energy formulation, for these phase change processes that occur under the constraint of constant volume, is proposed. All calculations are carried out on a fixed grid using the cylindrical co-ordinate system. The well-established enthalpy formulation and the proposed internal energy formulation are compared. Both formulations yield identical results with similar computational efficiencies, while the internal energy formulation has a more concise and compact form. Two iterative methods for the update of the vapour-phase fraction, the E-based and T-based methods, are investigated. Numerical experiments reveal that for the evaporation problems, the E-based method is superior to the T-based method in terms of computational efficiency. The internal energy formulation and the E-based method are used to compute the bulk evaporation and condensation processes under different conditions. The evolution of the phase change processes is investigated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 261-279 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: numerical methods ; viscoplasticity ; integration techniques ; viscoplastic models ; explicit integration algorithms ; inelasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several explicit integration algorithms with self-adaptive time integration strategies are developed and investigated for efficiency and accuracy. These algorithms involve the Runge-Kutta second order, the lower Runge-Kutta method of orders one and two, and the exponential integration method. The algorithms are applied to viscoplastic models put forth by Freed and Verrilli and Bodner and Partom for thermal/mechanical loadings (including tensile, relaxation, and cyclic loadings).The large amount of computations performed showed that, for comparable accuracy, the efficiency of an integration algorithm depends significantly on the type of application (loading). However, in general, for the aforementioned loadings and viscoplastic models, the exponential integration algorithm with the proposed self-adaptive time integration strategy worked more (or comparably) efficiently and accurately than the other integration algorithms. Using this strategy for integrating viscoplastic models may lead to considerable saving in computer time (better efficiency) without adversely affecting the accuracy of the results. This conclusion should encourage the utilization of viscoplastic models in the stress analysis and design of structural components.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 198
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: hyperelastic ; elastic-viscoplastic ; finite deformation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to present a numerical algorithm for calculating hyperelastic constitutive equations characterizing the thermomechanical response of elastically isotropic elastic-viscoplastic materials. The algorithm is developed within the context of an alternative formulation of plasticity in which elastic distortional deformation is determined directly by integrating an evolution equation which includes the current velocity gradient and quantities that depend only on the present state of the material. Consequently, the formulation is independent of the particular choice of a measure of plastic deformation, the reference configuration, and the total deformation gradient from the reference configuration. These features allow the constitutive equations to be easily implemented into computer codes which currently use a hypoelastic formulation for calculating plasticity.
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  • 199
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 321-354 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: dynamics ; flexible ; geometric nonlinearity ; reciprocity ; boundary element ; multibody systems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the implementation of the Boundary Element Method in the dynamics of flexible multibody systems. Kane's equations are used to formulate the governing boundary initial value problem for an arbitrary three-dimensional elastic body subjected to large overall base motion. Using continuum mechanics principles, direct boundary element incremental formulations are derived. The Galerkin approach was employed to generate the weighted residual statement which serves as a transitory point between continuum mechanics and boundary integral equations. By adapting the updated Langrangian formulation for large displacements analysis and using the Maxwell-Betti reciprocal theorem, integral representations for geometric stiffening were also derived. The non-linear terms were found to be functions of the time-variant stresses associated with the inertial forces at the reference configuration. The domain integrals arising from body forces (such as gravitational loads, inertia loads and thermal loads, etc.) are presented as DRM integrals (Dual-Reciprocity Method). Using the substructuring technique the elastic body is divided into several regions leading to a system of equations whose matrices are sparse (block-banded). The linearized equations of motion were discretized along the boundary of the body, and an algorithm for the integration involving the Houbolt method was used to establish an algebraic system of pseudo-static equilibrium equations. A Newton-Raphson-type iteration scheme was used to solve these discretized balance equations. To take advantage of the sparsity of the matrices, special routines were used to decompose and solve the resulting linear system of equations.An illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the validity of the method as well as how the effects of geometric stiffening effects are captured. The example consists of spin-up manoeuvre of a tapered beam attached to a moving base. The beam was modelled as two-dimensional plane strain problem divided into a number of substructures. Numerical simulation results show how the phenomenon of dynamic stiffening is captured by the present approach.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 361-382 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: optimization ; genetic ; algorithms ; trusses ; real-world ; multicriteria ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Genetic algorithms, a search technique which combines Darwinian ‘survival-of-the-fittest’ with randomized well structured information, is applied to the problems of real-world truss optimization. In this work a population of binary strings or ‘chromosomes’, which represent the coded truss design variables, a ‘fitness’ as a ranking measure of the adaptability to the environment, selection criteria and mechanical natural operators such as crossover and mutation are used to improve the population, so that over the generations the genetic algorithm gets better and better and at the end of the convergence, a ‘rebirth’ of the population is used to improve the usual process.An overview of the genetic algorithm will be described, continuing the rebirth effect; then, the chromosome representation of trusses is exposed. Afterwards, the objective scalar function is defined taking into account that it seems reasonable in real world to optimize trusses in minimum weight trying, at the same time, to use the minimum number of cross-section types obtained from the market. It also seems reasonable to have the possibility to change the shape of the conceptual design, moving some joints. To simulate nearly real conditions, several load cases, constraints in the elastic joint displacements, ultimate tensile and elastic and plastic buckling in the bars have been taken into account. A hyperstatic 10 bars truss is subjected to a deep analysis in different situations in order to evaluate with other authors when possible as truss optimization with two criteria and buckling effect has not been found in specialized literature. A 160-bar transmission tower is also optimized.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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