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  • 1985-1989  (8,289)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (8,289)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 103
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 104
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 105
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 106
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 26-34 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 107
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 42-49 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 53-65 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: reversible binding ; computer simulation ; transport rates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model for slow axonal transport is developed in which the essential features are reversible binding of cytoskeletal elements and of soluble cytosolic proteins to each other and to motile elements such as actin microfilaments. Computer simulation of the equations of the model demonstrate that the model can account for many of the features of the SCa and SCb waves observed in pulse experiments. The model also provides a unified explanation for the increase and decrease of neurofilament transport rates observed in various toxicant-induced neuropathies.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 90-103 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; spindles ; microtubule-organizing centers ; antiphosphoprotein antibodies ; phosphorylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Protein phosphorylation during development of sea urchin eggs from fertilization to first cleavage was examined by labeling cells with specific antiphosphoprotein antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antithiophos-phoprotein antibody (Gerhart et al.: Cytobios 43:335-347, 1985) has revealed that nuclei as well as centrosomes, kinetochores, and midbodies were specifically thiophosphorylated in developing eggs incubated with adenosine 5′-O (3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-γ-S). The phosphorylation reaction required Mg2+ but was not dependent on cAMP or calmodulin in detergent-extracted models. Centrosomes were purified by fractionation of isolated mitotic spindles with 0.5 M KCl extraction. The thiophosphoproteins were retained in the purified centrosomes and the antibody recognized a major 225-Kd polypeptide on immunoblots. In an independent preparation, a monoclonal antiphosphoprotein antibody (CHO3) was found also to react with mitotic poles and stained a 225-Kd polypeptide, confirming the centrosome specificity of this protein. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the 225-Kd thiophosphoprotein was found at mitotic poles associated with granules to which mitotic microtubules were directly attached. Unlike centrosomes in permeabilized eggs, those in isolated spindles could not be thiophosphorylated, possibly due to inactivation or loss of either phosphorylation enzymes or cofactors, or both, during isolation. The immunofluorescence labeling of thiophosphate could be inhibited by ATP and AMP-PNP in a concentration-dependent manner. Exogenous ATP could abolish thiophosphate-staining more effectively when added with phosphatase inhibitors, suggesting a dynamic state in which centrosomal proteins are being phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in rapid succession by the action of protein kinase(s) and phosphatase(s).
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: spectrin ; hamster ; cardiac tissue ; cytoskeletal-membrane ; myofibrils ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spectrins are a family of cytoskeletal-membrane proteins that have a wide tissue distribution. In the present study, we employed polyclonal antibodies made against mammalian and avian erythroid spectrins as well as mammalian brain spectrin to assess their presence and distributions in the mammalian heart. Western blot analyses revealed that all three antibodies were specific for a 240,000 molecular weight α-spectrin subunit found in hamster erythrocyte ghost homogenates, whole hamster heart, and isolated hamster cardiac myofibril homogenates. Spectrin staining was absent from the Triton X-100-extracted supernatant fraction of myofibril preparations, suggesting that the protein is linked to the myofibril precipitate after exposure to the detergent. Frozen, unfixed, 2-μm-thick; sections of adult, Syrian golden hamster cardiac tissue exhibited strong immunofluorescent staining of intercalated discs and Z-bands using all three antibodies. In addition, the mammalian erythroid spectrin antibodies showed staining of the sarcolemma, and in cross section, revealed a delicate internal network of staining that appears to surround individual myofibrils. This may be T-tubule-associated staining. Myofibrils isolated from cardiac myocytes using Triton X-100 show positive Z-band staining using all three antibodies. Double staining with Texas Red-labeled monoclonal desmin and FITC-labeled polyclonal spectrin antibodies revealed that both stained the myofibrillar Z-line regions. These results demonstrate that spectrin is closely associated with the membranes, myofibrils, and intermediate filaments in the mammalian heart.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: stress fibers ; fibroblasts ; myosin ; bipolar filaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors examined the molecular organization of myosin in stress fibers (microfilament bundles) of cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts. To visualize the organization of myosin filaments in these cells, fibroblast cytoskeletons were treated with gelsolin-like protein from bovine brain (hereafter called brain gelsolin), which selectively disrupts actin filaments. As shown earlier [Verkhovsky et al., 1987], this treatment did not remove myosin from the stress fibers. The actin-free cytoskeletons then were lightly sonicated to loosen the packing of the remaining stress fiber components and fixed with glutaraldehyde.Electron microscopy of platinum replicas of these preparations revealed dumbbell-shaped structures of approximately 0.28 μm in length, which were identified as bipolar myosin filaments by using antibodies to fragments of myosin molecule (subfragment I and light meromyosin) and colloidal gold label. Bipolar filaments of myosin in actin-free cytoskeletons were often organized in chains and lattices formed by end-to-end contacts of individual filaments at their head-containing regions. Therefore, after extraction of actin, it was possible for the first time to display bipolar myosin filaments in the stress fibers of cultured cells.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; microtubules ; axons ; sensory neurons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The comparative distribution of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated α-tubulins was examined in neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture using immunofluorescence microscopy. Phase contrast observations of single neurones revealed that the neurites were actively motile, and rhodamine phalloidin staining of actin filaments showed the extent of lamellopodia and microspike projections from the growth cones. From double-labelling experiments using antibodies against tyrosinated, detryrosinated, or acetylated α-tubulin, it was found that the three different isoforms were differentially localised in neurites and growth cones. Detyrosinated and acetylated forms of α-tubulin were in the main restricted to the neurites extending no further than the base of the growth cones. Tyrosinated α-tubulin was, however, distributed throughout the body of the growth cone and into the base of some microspikes. Following treatment with taxol to promote microtubule assembly, detyrosinated and acetylated α-tubulins were found to be colocalised with tyrosinated α-tubulins throughout the growth cones of all cells examined. These results would be consistent with axonal transport of tyrosinated α-tubulin followed by assembly in the growth cone and subsequent detyrosination and acetylation. In addition the presence of unmodified α-tubulin in the growth cone may be necessary for the provision of labile microtubules for growth cone motility and extension.
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  • 114
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 116
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 80-80 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 117
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 136-145 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 230-236 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: profilactin ; actin ; cytoskeleton ; Trc promotor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Profilin is a G-actin binding protein that may have a role in controlling the ratio of G/F actin within the cells To devise a way for obtaining large amounts of mammalian profilin in an active state, we transfected Escherichia coli with a plasmid containing a full-length rat spleen profilin cDNA adjacent to a promoter inducible by isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG). Upon induction, they synthesized a new protein of 15,000 MW constituting approximately 5% of the total cell protein. This protein bound to poly-L-proline Sepharose and could be eluted with 7 M urea, behavior similar to that exhibited by authentic profilin. The protein could be released from the bacteria in soluble form following sonication, and the profilin could then be purified to homogeneity following chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE A-50 Sephadex. The protein began with an unblocked Ala, indicating that the initiating formyl and methionine residues had been removed. The dissociation of the recombinant profilin from chicken skeletal muscle actin was characterized by a Kd of approximately 2 μM based on gel filtration analysis and actin polymerization assays. These results show that purified active mammalian profilin can be made conveniently in large quantities. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using bacterially synthesized profilin in structure-function studies involving mutant profilins altered by site-directed mutagenesis.
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  • 119
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 237-250 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; spindle fibers ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We studied the distribution of acetylated α-tubulin in the microtubules of spermatogenic cells from the crane fly Nephrotoma suturalis (Loew) using a mono-clonal antibody specific for acetylated α-tubulin (6-11B-1). We found that cells in all stages of spermatogenesis contained acetylated microtubules including primary spermatocytes, meiotic cells, spermatids, and sperm. A subset of the acety-lated microtubules (those in midbodies and flagella) were resistant to cold depolymerization. Newly polymerized microtubules in nondividing cells were not acetylated for up to 15 min. indicating that acetylation lagged behind polymerization. In spindles, newly polymerized microtubules were acetylated after 5 min. Antibodies to acetylated α-tubulin selectively stained chromosome-to-pole fibers in dividing cells, but the staining appeared to decrease and taper of at the kinetochores. This observation supports the hypothesis that tubulin subunits add at the kinetochore in metaphase and that acetylation occurs subsequent to addition. Further, this taper may be useful as a marker in anaphase, to distinguish between different hypotheses of chromosome motion.
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  • 120
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Acanthamoeba ; affinity chromatography ; Dictyostelium ; NMR spectroscopy ; platelets ; myosin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We present evidence that native profilin can be purified from cellular extracts of Acanthamoeba, Dictyostelium, and human platelets by affinity chromatography on poly-L-proline agarose. After applying cell extracts and washing the column with 3 M urea, homogeneous profilin is eluted by increasing the urea concentration to 6-8 M. Acanthamoeba profilin-I and profilin-II can subsequently be separated by cation exchange chromatography. The yield of Acanthamoeba profilin is twice that obtained by conventional methods. Several lines of evidence show that the profilins fully renature after removal of the urea by dialysis: (1) dialyzed Acanthamoeba and human profilins rebind quantitatively to poly-L-proline and bind to actin in the same way as native, conventionally purified profilin without urea treatment; (2) dialyzed profilins form 3-D crystals under the same conditions as native profilins; (3) dialyzed Acanthamoeba profilin-I has an NMR spectrum identical with that of native profilin-I; and (4) dialyzed human and Acanthamoeba profilins inhibit actin polymerization. We report the discovery of profilin in Dictyostelium cell extracts using the same method. Based on these observations we conclude that urea elution from poly-L-proline agarose followed by renaturation will be generally useful for preparing profilins from a wide variety of cells. Perhaps also of general use is the finding that either myosin-II or alpha-actinin in crude cell extracts, can be bound selectively to the poly-L-proline agarose column depending on the ionic conditions used to equilibrate the column. We have purified myosin-II from both Acanthamoeba and Dictyostelium cell extracts and alpha-actinin from Acanthamoeba cell extracts in the appropriate buffers. These proteins are retained as complexes with actin by the agarose and not by a specific interaction with poly-L-proline. They can be eluted by dissociating the complexes with ATP and separated from actin by gel filtration if necessary.
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  • 121
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 23-32 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: surface immunoglobulin ; concanavalin A ; fodrin ; DNase inhibition ; FACS ; pyrene actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: CH12 is a murine B-cell lymphoma whose surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and concanavalin A (Con A) receptors patch and cap readily. Actin may be involved in CH12 patching and capping, since fodrin and F-actin collect under the cap, and cytochalasin D inhibits sIg capping. We have examined the state of the actin cytoskeleton during patching and capping. A wide range of concentrations of rabbit anti-mouse antibody (RAM) and Con A were used to patch or cap CH12 cells. G-actin was quantitated by DNase I inhibition, F-actin was quantitated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of fluorescent phalloidin staining, and actin nucleation sites were measured by pyrene actin polymerization. None of these methods detected any significant changes in actin when compared to control cells or untreated cells, leading us to conclude that increased actin polymerization is not necessary for capping to occur. The significance of these data to the membrane flow and cytoskeletal models of capping is discussed.
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  • 122
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 288-301 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axopodium ; microtubules ; X-body ; receptor site ; contraction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the heliozoan Echinosphaerium, rapid axopodial contraction often occurs during food capturing. In morphological studies, it has been considered that rapid contraction is caused by conformation is change of the X-body. We determined that reaction sites or receptors for anion exchange resin, which can induce rapid contraction, were located in every region of the axopodium. However, the probability of locating sites where contraction was induced was lower in the middle region than in the distal region of the axopodium. In cases in which contraction was not induced by resin placed in the middle region of the axopodium, so-called bead formation was induced instead. At the fine structural level, only granulated forms of the X-body were observed in this beading region. These results suggest that rapid contraction results from disassembly of axonemal microtubules and the simultaneous contraction of the X-body and that bead formation represents a stage when only the X-body contracts. Furthermore, effects of metabolic inhibitors and Ca2+ channel blockers revealed that contraction of the X-body did not depend on the supply of adenosine triphosphate, but on Ca2+ influx. Ultrastructural observations revealed that the mass of the granulated X-body was aggregated into the proximal region of the axopodium, suggesting that the X-body might be associated with the undercoat of axopodial membrane or the axonemal microtubules themselves.
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  • 123
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 271-287 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin-membrane interaction ; adhesion plaque ; vinculin ; integrin ; fibroblasts ; epithelial cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the role of talin in the anchoring of actin-containing stress fibers to the cell membrane of nonmuscle cells, a fluorescent analog of the adhesion plaque protein talin was developed, characterized, and microinjected into living cells. Purified chicken gizzard talin was covalently labeled with the fluorescent dye lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride. The fluorescently labeled protein was then chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 and DEAE-cellulose in order to remove free dye and denatured protein. The fluorescent talin was able to bind purified vinculin and was localized in adhesion plaques, membrane ruffles, microspikes, and polygonal networks in acetone-permeabilized nonmuscle cells. In cells that were double-stained with fluorescent talin and an affinity-purified anti-talin an-tibody, a one-to-one correspondence of adhesion plaque staining was seen. Living epithelial cells (PtK2) were microinjected during interphase with fluorescent talin. Computer-enhanced video microscopy was used to document adhesion plaque dynamics such as (1) changes in plaque shape, (2) alterations in plaque positions, and (3) the appearance, growth, and dissolution of plaques. In cells that were followed during mitosis, the adhesion plaques disappeared during cell rounding and then subsequently reappeared upon spreading of the two daughter cells. Treatment of microinjected cells with DMSO in order to disassemble stress fibers resulted in an altered localization of the fluorescent talin. Upon recovery of the cell from the drug, the talin was visualized in its characteristic submembraneous position. These results are the first to document the role and distribution of talin in dynamic processes occurring in living microinjected nonmuscle cells.
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  • 124
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 302-303 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 125
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 309-331 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 126
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 264-273 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; microtubule organizing center ; mitosis ; monaster ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: For animal cells, the relative roles of the centrioles and the pericentriolar material (the cenrosomal microtubule organizing center) in controlling the precise doubling of the centrosome before mitosis have not been well defined. To this end we devised an experimental system that allowed us to characterize the capacity of the centrosomal microtubule organizing center to double regularly in the absence of centrioles. Sea urchin eggs were fertilized, stripped of their fertilization envelopes, and fragmented before syngamy. Those activated egg fragments containing just the female pronucleus assembled a monaster at first mitosis. A serial section ultrastructural analysis of such monasters revealed that the radially arrayed microtubules were organized by a hollow fenestrated sphere of electrondense material, of the same appearance as pericentriolar material, that was devoid of centrioles. We followed individual fragments with only a female pronucleus through at least three cell cycles and found that the monasters did not double between mitoses. The observation that fragments with only a male pronucleus repeatedly divided in a normal fashion indicates that the assembly and behavior of monasters were not artifacts of egg fragmentation. Our results demonstrate that the activity that controls the precise doubling of the centrosome before mitosis is distinct and experimentally separable from the centrosomal microtubule organizing center. Our observations also extend the correlation between the reproductive capacity of a centrosome and the number of centrioles it contains (G Sluder and CL Rieder, 1985a: J. Cell Biol. 100:887-896). For a cell that normally has centrioles, we show that a centrosome without centrioles does not reproduce between mitoses.
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  • 127
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 245-263 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; actin-binding protein ; plasma membranes ; cytoskeleton ; immunofluorescence microscopy ; cell motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ponticulin is the major actin-binding integral glycoprotein in plasma membranes isolated from log-phase Dictyostelium discoideum amebae. As such, this protein appears to be an important link between the plasma membrane and actin filaments (Wuestehube and Luna: Journal of Cell Biology 105:1741-1751, 1987). In this study, indirect immunofluorescence microcopy was used to examine the distribution of ponticulin in randomly moving D. discoideum amebae and in amebae engaged in cell migration and phagocytosis. Ponticulin is distributed throughout the plasma membrane and also is present in intracellular vesicles associated with the microtubule-organizing center-Golgi complex adjacent to the nucleus. In aggreating amebae, ponticulin is concentrated in regions of lateral cell-cell contact and in arched regions of the plasma membrane. Ponticulin also is present, but not obviously enriched, in filopodia, in the actin-rich anterior end of polarized cells, and in detergent-insoluble cytoskeletons. In amebae engaged in phagocytosis of yeast, ponticulin is present but not enriched in phagocytic cups and is associated with intracellular vesicles around engulfed yeast. These results suggest that ponticulin is stably associated with actin filaments in certain regions of the plasma membrace and that the actin-binding activity of ponticulin may be tightly controlled.Indirect immupofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analysis demonstrate that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes also contain a 17 kD protein that specifically cross-reacts with antibodies affinity-purified aganst D. discoideum ponticulin. As in D. discoideum, the mammalian 17 kD ponticulin-analog appears to be localized in plasma membrane and is evident in actin-rich cell extensions. These results indicate that ponticulin-mediated linkages between the plasma membrane and actin may be present in higher eukaryotic cells.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Spermatozopsis ; flagellar roots ; rhizosyndesmos ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of the naked, biflagellate green alga Spermatozopsis similis Preisig & Melkonian was isolated by treatment of cells with Nonidet P-40 (0.1%) in lysis buffer (30 mM HEPES, 5 mM EGTA, 15 mM KCl, pH 7) and studied in detail by whole-mount electron microscopy. Isolated cytoskeletons retain the twisted shape of live cells and consist of the two axonemes, the basal apparatus with 4 microtubular and two fibrous roots, and 8-10 secondary cytoskeletal microtubules (SCMT's). The four microtubular flagellar roots differ in number of microtubules (two types with 2 or 5 microtubules, respectively), in their association with fibrous roots of the system I-type (two-stranded roots), in total length (two roots with an average of 4.5 μm and two roots with and average of 7.5 μm), and in length of individual root microtubules. Certain of the root microtubules and most of the SCMT's extend to the posterior end of the cell where they converge, terminate and are interconnected by a fibrous cap-like structure, the rhizosyndesmos. This novel structure consists of a network of 2 nm filaments that presumably lacks centrin as indicated by double immunofluorescence (anti-α-tubulin and anti-centrin) of isolated cytoskeletons. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of isolated, purified basal apparatuses of S. similis identifies among other proteins two isoforms of centrin and α- and β-tubulin as intrinsic components.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The intention of this investigation was to ascertain the effect of maternal exposure to cigarette smoke on the early postnatal morphogenesis of pulmonary interstitum in offspring. Female rats were chronically exposed to whole cigraette smoke. Offspring of these and control animals were sacrificed at postnatal day 15, and their tissues were prepared for quantitative and qualitative analyses. Results indicate a diminished quantitative representaion of parenchymal tissue (P 〈0.01) and a slower pace of secondary septal growth (P 〈0.07) in the experimental lung. Furthermore, a greater cellular volume density (P 〈0.0002) was ascertained for the experimental septal inerstitium. There was proportionately less of elastin substances (P 〈 0.009), collagen together with basal laminae (P 〈 0.0008), and nonfibrillar, amorphous matrix (P 〈 0.02) in the experimental extracellular stroma. Fribrillar collagen and nonfibrillar matrix were represented quantitatively 6.3 times more in the experimental extracellular interstitum than elastin, whereas that ratio for the control tissue was only 4.2. Most experimental interstitial cells (80%) contained numerous lipid globules, which, in contrast, were only occasionally present in control cells (7.3%). Experimental cells, consequently, possessed a larger cross-sectional diameter and a smaller nucleus-to-cytoplasm volume ratio than control cells. These divergent developmental patterns are possibly suggestive of a delayed differentiation of interstitial cells and a modified production to degradation balance of stromal proteins in offspring of animals chronically exposed to whole cigarette smoke.
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  • 131
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: By a double immunocytochemical labeling procedure, using the protein A-gold method combined with electron microscopy, the co-localization pattern of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) was detected in the anterior pituitary cells of female rats and female musk shrews. Two types of co-localization of GH and PRL were demonstrated. First, GH- and PRL-containing secretory granules were intermixed within closely aggregated and interdigitated cell clusters that were composed of GH and PRL cells. This phenomenon was characteristically seen in pregnant rats and pregnant musk shrews. Therefore, the occurrence of an inter-mixture of GH and PRL granules might be related to an enhanced cellular function for PRL synthesis.In another pattern of co-localization of GH and PRL, both hormones were co-packaged in the same secretory granules within a single cell. Such cells were scarce, small, irregularly shaped, and observed only in pregnant rats. These mixed GH-PRL cells contained not only mixed GH-PRL granules but also granules containing only GH or PRL. This suggests that these bihormonal cells are able to synthesize, synchronously or asynchronously, GH and PRL. Furthermore, granule extrusion from the mixed cells was clearly shown in this study. It seems likely that the mixed GH-PRL cells reveal active cellular function in the pituitary gland of the pregnant rat.
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  • 132
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 231-241 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study identifies localizes, and reports the relative composition of specific glycosaminoglycans within tissue matrices during the initiation phase of limb regeneration. The regenerate tissues were harvested and assayed morphologically, histochemically, and chemically. We observe 1) a population of cells interspersed among the cells of the dermis, epimysium, perimysium, perichondrium, and periosteum. 2) This population was distinguishable by a unique pattern of glycoproteins and extracellularly associated hyaluronate and glycoproteins. 3) Cells with these staining characteristics aggregated to a position directly beneath the apical epicermal cap. 4) Extracellular hyaluronate and glycoproteins colocalized with undifferentiated tissues. And 5) extracellular chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans colocalized with differentiated tisues. The correlations of distinct glycoconjugate compositions with specific regeneration morphologies suggest the possibility that these components may be related to the phenotypic expression of tissues during regeneration.
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  • 133
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 242-244 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The course of the frontal diploic vein in the mole Talpa and the tree shrew Tupaia is described and compared to the frontal diploic vein of other mammals. The frontal diploic vein in Talpa and Tupaia connects the dorsal sagittal sinus to the veins of the orbit and has an emissary function. In certain other mammals it has a diploic function and may drain towards the orbit (e.g., Orycteropus) or towards the dorsal sagittal sinus (e.g., Didelphis). The frontal diploic vein of these mammals is not homologous to the vein of the human foramen caecum, but to the human frontal diploic vein. The vein of the formen caecum is a problematic structure: its incidence in embryos and children is not clear.
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  • 134
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A functional dependency between the nongravid uterus and the ovaries is essential to luteolysis and the return to estrus in the pig. After mating of gilts, the corpora lutea develop, and they are required for the maintenance of pregnancy to a normal duration of about 114 days. Hysterectomy of luteal phase (day 6) nongravid gilts results in persistence of the corpora lutea to 150 days. We report that these corpora secrete greater quantities (P 〈 0.025) of progesterone than during the later half of gestation (days 54-108). Although aging corpora lutea remain functional for at least an additional 35 days, an abrupt reduction by half in progesterone secretion (16 ng/ml) occurs about day 114 in hysterectomized gilts that coincides with the prepartum decrease to basal serum levels (〈0.5 ng/ml) at parturition (day 114) and during lactation. Aging corpora lutea remain large (averaging 〉 450 mg) on days 124 and 136 in hysterectomized gilts, whereas they regress (averaging 〈 75mg) in the lactating dams. Mitochondria continue to increase in size in aging corpora lutea of hysterectomized gilts until day 136; in contrast, they decrease during the postpartum period in lactating dams. A precisely timed signal, possibly of ovarian origin or form the CNS and pituitary gland, entrains in hysterectomized and pregnant pigs at day 113 that results in marked shifts in relaxin and progesterone secretion. Progesterone secretion and mitochondrial features suggest that procine corpora lutea seem genetically controlled and are preprogrammed at estrus for the duration of pregnancy, regardless of the presence of conceptuses or absence of the uterus.
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  • 135
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Localization of hepatic fatty acid binding protein (h-FABP) in the small and large intestines of rats was studied by light and electron microscopic histochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. In the small intestine of rats fed ad libitum, an intense FABP immunoreactivity was confined to the absorptive epithelial cells of the villi, but not of the crypts. The lowest margin of the immunoreactive cell sheet was closer to the crypts in the proximal than in the distal portions of the small intestine. In the large intestine, FABP immunoreactivity was present in the surface epithelial cells, with higher intesity in the proximal than in the distal portions of the intestine. After fasting rats for two days, many crypt cells exhibited intense immunoreactivity for h-FABP, resulting in an extension of the lowest margin of the immunoreactive cell sheet deep into the crypts. Such expansion of the immunoreactive cell population was reversed by refeeding the animals. With regard to the intracellular localization of immunoreactivity in the jejunum, the basolateral portion of the cytoplasm exhibited a more intense immunoreaction than the apical portion in the majority of immunoreactive cells lining the villi, whether the animals were fed or fasted. The immunoreactive products appeared in the cytoplasmic matix without association with any subcellular structures. Although clusters of cells located in the villous tips exhibited evenly dense immunostaining throughout the entire cytoplasm, no increasing gradient in the intensity of the immunoreactivity from the base to the apex of the cytoplasm was seen in any epithelial cells. The present findings imply that h-FABP could be involved in the uptake and metabolism of plasma-derived as well as dietary-free fatty acids by the intestinal epithelial cells.
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  • 136
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 137
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The meningeal tissue of the brain and spinal cord of larval and juvenile adults of lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) was examined by routine electron microscopy, electron microscopic histochemistry, and electron-probe x-ray microanalysis to locate sites of iron deposition. A magnetometer was used for identification of ferromagnetic iron. Ferritin particles, representing ferric iron, are present in abundance within the cytoplasmic matrices and in dense bodies of meningeal cells of both the brain and spinal cord of larvae and juveniles. These round cells of the meninges also contain abundant glycogen and lipid. Small quantities of ferrous iron are associated to the latter inclusion. Aluminum deposits are present within an electrondense material of many ferritin-containing inclusions of meningeal cells of the larval brain. Ferromagnetic material was not detected in larval and upstream-migrant lampreys. The deposition of iron and aluminum in the meninges of lampreys may be related to physiological and environmental factors, respectively, and/or to an important interaction between the two metals.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intrinsic differences in bone formation rate, cell numbers, and the percentages of cells expressing alkaline phosphatase activity were studied in explants of chick calvaria periosteum cultured for 4 days and 6 days. Proliferation, differentiation, and bone production were examined in radioautographs of plastic sections and by using whole-culture biochemical assays of protein and alkaline phosphatase. Ectocranial explants at both 4 days and 6 days exhibited more alkaline phosphatase-positive cells and significantly more bone formation than endocranial cultures. There were no detectable differences in cell numbers or 3H-thymidine labeling indices. The volume of bone synthesized per osteoblast was significantly higher in the ectocranial group. Examination of bone stripped of periostea and then cultured for 4 days revealed that large areas of bone were covered by osteoblasts, indicating that the periosteal explant cultures were composed almost exclusively of osteoprogenitor cells and fibroblasts. The data suggest that the level of expression of predetermined osteogenic phenotypes can be maintained in vitro for 6 days following explantation and that variations in the rate of osteogenesis are programmed into progenitor cells prior to their differentiation into osteoblasts.
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  • 139
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During spermiogenesis, cytoplasmic processes of Sertoli cells invade spermatid cytoplasm to form a canal complex (Sakai et al., 1988). Thin tubules are formed from the canal complex and intertwine with each other to give rise to the “mixed body.” In the present study, analysis of the changes undergone by the intertwining thin tubules indicated that they contribute to the removal of cell organelles from spermatid cytoplasm.Intertwining thin tubules were first detected at step 13. By step 15, their number had greatly increased. In the present study, the membranes of the intertwinging thin tubules were clearly observed to be continuous with the spermatid plasma membranes. Thus, the mixed body possibly may be formed as a long pit of the spermatid plasma membrane situated close to the invading Sertoli cell process. With the progress of spermiogenesis, the lumens of the intertwining thin tubules gradually became swollen, and the intertwining swollen tubules fused with each other so that the spermatid cytoplasm enclosed by the intertwining swollen tubules isolated into fragments. This fragmented cytoplasm, which contained a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum, became spherical. Small branches of the invading Sertoli cell processes entered into the lumens of the intertwining swollen tubules and occupied their interior to the point that, finally, they completely engulfed the fragmented spermatid cytoplasm. Because the invading Sertoli cell processes were continuous with Sertoli cell bodies surrounding a spermatid at this step, it is possible for the fragmented cytoplasm to be transported into the latter by way of the invading Sertoli cell processes.
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  • 140
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 62-71 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Previous investigations have shown that specific cell surface glycoproteins on rat hepatocytes (COLL-CAM) are involved in the recognition of interstital collagens (Rubin et al., Exp. Cell Res., 164:127-138, 1986). Western blot analysis with anti-COLL-CAM antibodies revealed the presence of a variable but restricted number (two) of glycoproteins in detergent-extracted membranes from rat hearts at various developmental stages. Using antibodies against these collagen adhesion proteins, we show an expression of the antigens during different developmental stages of the rat heart and during cardiac hypertrophy. This expression is described morphologically by immunohistochemical staining of cell surfaces of freshly isolated myocytes from neonates, normal adults, and hypertrophied adult hearts. Antibodies made against COLL-CAM were localized on the cell surface of cardiac myocytes and antibodies against talin and vinculin co-localized in a similar position on the inside of the cell. Antibody staining appears to be increased at times when collagen synthesis is high (neonate and cardiac hypertrophy) and low when collagen synthesis is low, as in the normal adult. These results indicate that collagen adhesion proteins may play an important role in linking the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton in the heart.
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  • 141
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 90-94 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Antibodies specific for fibronectin were utilized to determine the sites of localization in the liver during development. The livers of fetal rats from each of gestation days 11-19, and from days 1 and 8 postpartum, were studied by fluorescence microscopy. Fibronectin was localized predominatly in megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte precursors, and to a lesser extent in the extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and between hepatocytes and sinusoids. The cytoplasm of megakaryocytes and their precursors displayed bright fluorescence but their nuclei were negative for fibronectin. Hepatocytes had negative or faint fluorescence. Megakaryocytes were present in the liver from day 12, and were numerous from day 13 through most of the rest of gestation. The relative numbers of megakaryocytes decreased in later gestation; at 8 days postpartum only a few were observed per section. Hepatic megakaryocytes appeared before megakaryocytes were established in spleen and bone marrow. The early and persistent high levels of fibronectin in hepatic megakaryocytes, in the absence of comparable localization within hepatocytes, leads us to the hypothesis that megakaryocytes are important in establishing circulating fibronectin levels in the fetus. Similarly, bone marrow megakaryocytes may contribute to circulating fibronectin in the adult.
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  • 142
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 108-108 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 143
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of 35S-sulfate-labeled macromolecules was examined within three regions of the transseptal ligament: the (1) mesial, (2) middle and (3) distal thirds. Swiss mice, 6 weeks of age, were injected with 35S-sulfate and killed after 1, 6, and 12 hours and 1,2,3,4,5, and 7 days. Silver grains and cell nuclei were counted on autoradiographs which had been counterstained by the Van Gieson method, and mean counts were analyzed statistically. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in mean number of cell nuclei between regions throughout the course of the experiment. 35S-sulfate was rapidly incorporated into the transseptal ligament macromolecules. Grain counts were highest 6 hours after injections: counts were higest over the middle and lowest over the mesial thirds of the ligament. The rate of grain removal was significantly higher in the middle third compared to the mesial or distal thirds (P〈0.001) and was significantly lower in the mesial third compared to the middle or distal thirds (P〈0.001). The half-life of labeled macromolecules was significantly greater in the mesial and distal thirds than in the middle third (P〈0.005). The data demonstrates significantly higher rates of turnover of 35S-sulfate-labeled micromolecules in the middle region of the transseptal ligament. Since cellular density was similar throughout the transseptal ligament, higher turnover rates of 35S-sulfate-labeled macromolecules peobable indicate higher rates of cellular activity in this region, possibly a result of tissue remodeling coincident to stresses generated by occlusal forces and physiologic drift of the adjacent teeth.
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  • 144
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 174-180 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It is not known whether or not satellite cell nuclei are more common in the vicinity of motor endplates than in extrasynaptic regions of human muscle, as in animals. If so, perisynaptic satellite cells may have a role in preserving neuromuscular function. We compared the frequencies of satellite cell nuclei and of myonuclei in perisynaptic and extrasynaptic regions of human external intercostal muscle, and found an absolute as well as a relative increase of perisynaptic satellite cells. The mean frequency of satellite cell nuclei per sarcomere was 0.016 in perisynaptic and 0.00003 in extrasynaptic regions. The mean frequency of myonuclei per sarcomere was 0.098 in perisynaptic and 0.014 in extrasynaptic regions. We could not demonstrate any influence of aging on satellite cell distribution. Perisynaptic satellite cells had many processes, and some features suggested a more active state. These cells might add to the pool of junctional myonuclei for synthesis of acetylcholine-receptor molecules or help in the repair of the postsynaptic membrane. Alternatively, they may synthesize basal lamina substances that are specific for the endplate.
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  • 145
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 194-203 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The manner and timing of neural fold fusion in primary neurulation were studied in 1,575 normal ICR mouse embryos by using binocular dissecting, light, and scanning electron microscopy.The initial fusion of apposing neural folds occurred at the level of the intermediate point between the third and fourth somites (i.e., in the caudal myelencephalon) and proceeded both rostrally and caudally. A second fusion occurred at what was originally the rostral end of the neural plate and proceeded rostrodorsally. A third fusion occurred in the caudal diencephalon and proceeded both rostrally and caudally. This was followed by complete closure of the telencephalic neuropore at the midpoint of the telencephalic roof and then complete closure of the metencephalic neuropore at the rostral part of the metencephalic roof. A fourth fusion occurred at what was originally the caudal end of the neural plate and proceeded rostrally. Finally, the caudal neuropore completely closed at the level of the caudal end of the future 33rd somite.
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  • 146
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 407-416 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the biomechanical effects of juvenile growth changes in the rabbit masticatory apparatus a comparison was made of mastication in just-weaned and adult animals. Mandibular movements in two planes were registered by cineradiography. Masticatory muscle activity was recorded by finewire electromyography. The same pattern of unilateral mastication was present in the two ages. The most important changes in the jaw movements are (1) a decrease of jaw opening speed and chewing frequency and an increase in jaw opening time, (2) a decrease in maximum gape in soft food and an unaltered gape in small-particle hard food, and (3) an increase in lateral jaw excursion, mainly due to a more pronounced movement of the jaw to the balancing side (lingual phase). The contraction patterns were basically similar in the two ages. The higher chewing frequency in young animals was attained by a larger degree of overlap between opening and closing muscle activities. Young animals used relatively more EMG activity to chew hay, the hardest food. The changes in opening speed, gape, and chewing frequency are consistent with earlier predictions from the morphological changes, and so is the extra activity needed to chew hard food. The increase in lateral excursion was not predicted. It is suggested to be caused by cheek teeth wear, making possible smooth occlusal guidance of the jaw at the balancing side. Some of the changes in juvenile morphology can be viewed as adaptations to a changing diet.
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  • 147
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 148
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 459-465 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The liver undergoes a biochemical and morphological circadian transformation. In this paper, we document circadian variation in the binding parameters of the hepatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Liver membranes were prepared from ad libitum fed or fasted male CD2F1 mice killed at different circadian phases at 4 h intervals. Bmax (maximum binding) and Kd (dissociation constant) varied in a rhythmic fashion. The range of change for Bmax along the 24 h time scale was 423%. For Kd, it was 162%. Both peaked late in the dark span, and decreased late in the light span. Fasting and EGF treatment reduced Bmax and the amplitude of circadian variation.
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  • 149
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 479-489 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The postovulatory period in the primate endometrium of the menstrual cycle is characterized by rapid growth of the coiled arterioles. A great variety of developing microvascular components occurs among a well-differentiated microvasculature of coiled arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Endometrial biopsies were obtained by hysterotomy during progesterone dominance at 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, and 14 days following the peak of the estrogen surge as determined by serum radioimmunoassay. Arteriolar ultrastructural differentiation is remarkably similar on each of these days.Ultrastructural evidence of elastogenesis in the extracellular matrix adjacent to certain endothelial tubes provides the initial sign of coiled arteriolar formation. The cellular primordia of the tunica intima and media are identified by spatial location and glycogen storage in smooth muscle cells. Endothelial projections span the incipient internal elastic membrane to make contact with the surfaces of the innermost vascular smooth muscle cells.Subsequent arteriolar differentiation centers on formation of a muscular media composed of 1 or 2 muscle layers separated by a spiraling lamellar elastic matrix that appears initially between the endothelial tube and the first muscle layer. Vascular smooth muscle cells are highly branched and linked across the elastic matrix by surface contacts. Definitive coiled arterioles consist of interlinked endothelial and smooth muscle cells within a thick, spiraling elastic matrix that provides flexibility for rapid changes in shape. Progressive differentiation of coiled arterioles continues up to the premenstrual stage. This abundant angiogenesis may reflect preparation and maintenance of a suitable uterine environment for the possibility of implantation and pregnancy during each menstrual cycle.
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  • 150
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Follicle regulatory protein (FRP) isolated from porcine ovarian follicles influences folliculogenesis through a paracrine mechanism. A similar protein has been found in the testes and seems to have some inhibitory effects on spermatogenesis when administered to intact male experimental animals. On the basis of female and male studies, it has been ascertained that the effects of FRP are at the level of gonads and not the pituitary or the hypothalamus. In the studies with intact males it was not possible to determine the exact site of FRP action on the testes. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has been shown to maintain spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats. In order to determine if the inhibitory effects of FRP are at steps prior to the formation of DHT, FRP was administered to hypophysectomized rats that were injected with DHT. Groups of adult rats were hypophysectomized and treated daily with FRP, DHT, FRP + DHT, or vehicle alone for 30 days. At necropsy, body, testes, prostate glands, and seminal vesicle weights were recorded. One testis and sexual accessory glands were fixed for histological evaluation. The contralateral testis was decapsulated, six 2 mm segments of seminiferous tubules, representing defined stages of spermatogenesis, were isolated by transillumination-assisted microdissection, and spermatogenic cells were quantified by DNA flow cytometry. Histologically, the seminiferous tubules of vehicletreated hypophysectomized controls showed advanced regression. Rats treated with FRP alone showed similar degeneration. On the other hand, rats treated with DHT showed maintenance of spermatogenesis comparable to normal controls. The testes of rats treated with FRP + DHT were indistinguishable from those treated with DHT only. Flow cytometric quantification of germinal cells from all groups confirmed the histological findings. In this study FRP did not exert deleterious effects on DHT-maintained spermatogenesis. This finding suggests that the inhibitory effects of FRP on spermatogenesis in intact animals may not be a direct effect on spermatogenic cells but may impair androgen action or production or DHT formation.
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  • 151
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The production of type I collagen by fibroblasts, odontoblasts, and osteoblasts is reviewed on the basis of results obtained by electron microscopy, 3H-proline radioautography, and immunostaining for type I procollagen.In the three cell types, the percursors of type I collagen are processed along the rough endocplasmic reticulum (rER)-Golgic-secretory granule pathway in the same manner as secretory proteins, but the available evidence suggests a few special features: (1) From the rER site of synthesis, the initial collagen procursors, known as pro-alpha chains, are transported to the Golgi apparatus within tubular structures, referred to as intermediate tubules, rather than within vesicles. (2) The pro-alpha chains coil into a triple helix within spherical distensions present along the saccules on the cis side of Golgi stacks. (3) The resulting procollagens are fairly raigid and form bundles that cause spherical distensions to lengthen into cylindrical ones, whereas by an unknown mechanism these distensions become part of the saccules on the trans-side of Golgi stacks. (4) The procollagen-containing cylindrical distensions are resleased from trans-saccules to become secretory granules, and some procollagen material finds its way into lysosomes. (5) The secretory granules release their procollagen content by exocytosis at the cell surface. (6) The released procollagen is transformed into collagen before or, more probably, after associating with the surface of a collagen fibril.
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  • 152
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vitamin A-containing lipid droplets in the hepatocytes of rat liver were found to be exocytotically released from the cells in the form of a “lipid droplet - retinol-binding protein (RBP) - immunoreactive complex” following intraportal injection of retinol (17, 33, 67, or 100 μg). Evidence that the lipid droplets contain vitamin A was obtained by fluorescence microscopy of vitamin A. Intraportal injection of retinol produced varied numbers and sizes of vacuoles in the hepatocytes. The substance within the vacuoles exhibited a meshwork-like configuration in sections from slices incubated in a medium for revealing acid phosphatase activity or the corresponding control medium and was RBP-immunoreactive and proteinaceous in nature. The occurrence and number of the vacuoles depended on the dosage of injected retinol, being greatest at a dosage of 100 μg of retinol and becoming progressively less at dosages of 67, 33, and 17 μg. The vacuoles were formed by vacuolization of cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The formation of vacuoles reached a maximum 30 min after intraportal injection of 100 μg retinol, and the vacuoles and lipid droplets had almost disappeared from the hepatocytes after 90 min. Little or no esterase activity was found in lipid droplets in the hepatocytes before intraportal injection of retinol, but after the injection, lipid droplets that had fused with the vacuoles become strongly positive for this enzyme activity. This suggests that hydrolysis of retinyl esters may occur in the process of complex formation in rat hepatocytes.
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  • 153
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 176-179 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a previous study we estimated fetal mouse thoracic volume by use of paraffin casts. While this procedure provided useful information, it did not allow histologic examination of thoracic viscera. In the present study the thoracic volumes of day 14-18 fetal mice were determined through serial histological sections. The thoracic cavity was traced from the sections and the area of each tracing was determined by computer image analysis. These areas were summed and then multiplied by the thickness of each section to derive the thoracic volume. This procedure thus permitted both volumetric determinations and histological inspection of the thoracic viscera. In addition, two randomized sampling methods designed to increase the utility of such volumetric estimates were compared for reliability. The method best suited for this study was a random stratified sampling method because it reproduced estimates with minimal standard deviation.
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  • 154
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hypertrophic scars and keloids appear to be unique to humans since animals are not known to form these lesions. Therefore, in an effort to develop an experimental model for their study, implants of these human lesions were made in nude (athymic) mice (nu/nu) in suprascapular subcutaneous pockets. The implants were recovered from 2 to 246 days. By histological and fine structural parameters all implants remained viable and their morphological character was maintained. Selected mice were injected with barium to confirm by microangiography vascular flow between mouse and implant. Hoechst stain for DNA, used to distinguish mouse cells from human cells, confirmed vascular anastamosis between host and implant: barium-filled vessels in the interior of the implant demonstrated human endothelial cells. Peripheral vascularization of the implant with minimal ingrowth of mouse vessels occurs during the first 8 days. Anastamosis probably occurs sometime before 16 days postimplantation, or earlier, depending upon the availability of patent microvessels in the implanted tissue. The presence of the implant does not appear to prompt a continuing vascular growth into or throughout the implant. The time frame of 16 days postimplantation should be taken into account when developing schemata of experimental or therapeutic modalities.
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  • 155
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A previous study has shown that, subsequent to ablation of cranial neural crest, heart morphology and pharyngeal arch vessels (aortic arches) are altered before septation of the outflow tract normally occurs. In the present study, we concentrated on very early development of the aortic arch apparatus in the chick (incubation days 3-5). The three-dimensional organization of the arch vessel apparatus was studied by scanning electron microscopy after intravascular injection of Mercox, and by serial sections of embryos embedded in plastic. Alterations in the arch vessel apparatus were already present by day three in embryos with neural crest ablation at stage 9-10. Bilateral symmetry frequently was lost. Arch vessels sometimes were enlarged and occupied most of the arch, with little surrounding mesenchyme. Some arch vessels were small or occluded. Mesenchyme was significantly reduced in quantity in the arches, and was not condensed and symmetrical as in controls. There was a significant increase in the proportion of direct apposition of vessel endothelium with epithelium, without the intervening mesenchyme typical of controls. The surgical manipulation used in this study leads to distinct alterations in the arches of components and relationships which are important in development. Altered blood flow likely affects the development of the heart.
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  • 156
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 157
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 66-78 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fiber type distribution and mean fiber area were determined for seven sites in diaphragm muscles of premature (140 days gestation), full-term (180 days gestation), and adult baboons. Within a group, data did not differ significantly amongst the seven sites. The diaphragm of premature animals had a large proportion [56(±2)%] of type IIc fibers, smaller proportions of type I, IIo, and IIh fibers [16(±2), 21(±1), and 7(±2)%, respectively], and no type IIg fibers. Full-term animals had fewer type IIc [2(±1)%] fibers, greater proportions of type I [46(±2)%], IIh [23(±1)%], and IIg [11(±1)%] fibers, and a similar proportion of type IIo fibers [17(±1)%]. Diaphragm from adult baboons had similar proportions of type I, IIo, IIh, IIg, and IIc fibers in females [39(±4), 20(±2), 1(±1), 41(±5), and 1(±1)%] and males [48(±2), 16(±1), 0(±0), 36(±2), and 3(±2)%]. Fiber area for premature [143(±9), 210(±15), 231(±15), and 156(±16) μm2 for type I, IIo, IIh, and IIc fibers], newborn [317(±32), 374(±36), 468(±42), 498(±43), and 322(±37) μm2 for type I, IIo, IIh, IIg, and IIc fibers], and for type I, IIo, IIg, and IIc fibers from adult female [1,759(±130), 2,365(±284), 5,026(±742), and 1,843(±111) μm2] and adult male [2,513(±221), 3,987(±267), 6,102(±376), and 2,833(±151) μm2] baboons indicated growth which correlated with body weight. Our results also show that metabolic and contractile enzymes develop normally, but growth of respiratory muscle fibers is arrested, during 10 days following premature birth.
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  • 158
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Direct cellular contact between thymocytes and thymus stromal cells within the thymus appears to contribute to the maturation of thymocytes. Thymocyte-stromal cell complexes, formed in vivo, have been isolated by others and postulated to play a role in T-cell differentiation. These previous studies have been hampered, however, by a time-consuming isolation procedure from which only small numbers of these complexes are recovered. We have examined a model to study thymocyte-stromal cell complexes in vitro in which thymocytes are added to primary cultures of thymus stromal cells. In the present study, we found that thymocytes were histotypically selective in their attachment to thymus stromal cells. We also investigated the kinetics of thymocyte attachment to these thymus stromal cells. Cultures were examined at selected time intervals from 5 min through 3 days of incubation. Thymocyte attachment to stromal cells was a biphasic interaction, with maximum surface attachment at 15 min of cocultivation, followed by migration of thymocytes into the cultures. Morphological studies were confirmed by using 3H-leucine-labeled thymocytes and liquid scintigraphy. With increased time in culture, thymocytes became amoeboid and migrated between the layers of stromal cells where thymocyte mitotic figures were seen at 4 and 8 hr. In some cases it appeared that stromal cells, which often grew two to three cell layers deep, played an active role in enclosing thymocytes within the cultures. Large numbers of viable thymocytes were observed in the cultures at 24 hr. The number of thymocytes then decreased progressively on days 2 and 3, when relatively few were found within the layers of the culture.
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  • 159
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 88-93 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic RNA was demonstrated in neurons of the developing rat brain using acridine orange (AO) as a histochemical marker. Fetuses of 18 days and postnatal rats of 1, 7, 14, and 21 days as well as adults several months old were studied. Neuroblasts of the germinal matrix exhibited minimal or no orange-red AO-RNA fluorescence, but immature nerve cells in migration within the cerebral hemispheres of the rat showed a weak but definite orange colour. This finding contrasts with the absence of AO-RNA fluorescence in migrating human neuroblasts. Neurons of the neocortical plate showed uniformly strong fluorescence. In the hippocampus, the most pronounced increase in AO-demonstrated RNA was in pyramidal and granule cells during the first postnatal week. The cerebellum showed a paradoxically stronger fluorescence of granule cells in the 18-day fetus than at birth, and almost no AO-RNA fluorescence of granule cells at 21 days of age or in adults. Motor neurons showed the strongest fluorescence of all neurons. It is likely that the increase in cytoplasmic RNA in neurons corresponds to the onset of neurotransmitter biosythesis, but transitory fetal neuropeptides may explain stronger fluorescence of some neurons in young individuals. The reliable and simple AO method provides a supplementary means of studying one aspect of neuronal maturation.
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  • 160
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Collagen fibrils were present within membrane-bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm of mouse-decidual cells on the 7th day of pregnancy. The space between the vacuole membranes and the fibrils was narrow and frequently filled with a granular electron-dense material. The loss of banding of the collagen fibrils, their association with lysosomelike bodies, and the demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the vacuoles indicate that the fibrils were internalized by the decidual cells and were being digested. It is suggested that phagocytosis of collagen is a mechanism of remodeling of the mouse decidua.
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  • 161
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A single injection of estradiol valerate (EV) produces a polycystic ovarian (PCO) condition in the rat. The development of the PCO condition coincides with alterations in the endogenous plasma gonadotropin patterns, suggesting that PCO may be a response to abnormal gonadotropin stimultion. Other factors, however, such as direct autonomic innervation, also contribute significantly to the regulation of the ovary and could be important in generating and/or maintaining PCO. We have, therefore, removed and autotransplanted one ovary in each of eight rats under the capsule of the ipsilateral kidney, thus totally disrupting its innervation. The animals were injected with EV and both ovaries of each animal were examined 8 weeks later. In a second group of animals, we induced the PCO condition, autotransplanted one polycystic ovary in each animal under the kidney capsule, and examined the ovaries 2 weeks later. In both groups the autotransplanted ovaries exhibited the full range of polycystic morphology, as did the intact ovary in each animal. We conclude that since a major perturbation in innervation affects neither the development nor the maintenance of PCO, autonomic innervation does not play a crucial role in this disorder.
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  • 162
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 156-164 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The intracellular location of organelles was studied in avian embryos immediately before and during the initial detachment of cells from the dorsoanterolateral wall of the otocyst, using light and electron microscopy. The Golgi apparatus was silver-impregnated, and its location within the otic epithelium was determined quantitatively. The present study demonstrates that a sub-population of cells of the dorsoanterolateral otic epithelium changes the intracellular location of its organelles, particularly the Golgi apparatus and the centrosome, from an apical to a basal position. Concomitantly, cells lose specializations characteristically present at apical (tight junctions, microvilli) and basal (basal lamina) surfaces. At basolateral cell surfaces, filopodia form ahead of the Golgi apparatus and centrosome and penetrate the previously continuous underlying basal lamina. Thereafter, cells detach from the otocyst and migrate medially toward the hindbrain. Thus, concomitant with changes in surface polarity, the cells that comprise the dorsoanterolateral wall of the otocyst undergo profound changes in the intracellular location of their organelles, especially the Golgi apparatus and the centrosome, so that by the time cells detach from the otic epithelium a reversal in their “normal” internal polarity has occurred. We suggest that the change in cell polarity may be related to the mechanisms that allow cells to leave the otocyst.
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  • 163
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 164
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An infradian modulation with a 168 h or circaseptan period characterizes epithelial corneal mitoses in adult female and male Holtzman rats, standardized at 24 ± 1°C and ∽50% relative humidity on six different sequences of light (L) alternating every 12 h with darkness (D). To approximate sampling over a 24 h LD span by convenient sampling within a single hour, the LD 12:12 regimen was staggered by 4 h in the six environments. Bedding was changed 3 days before each day of killing. During each of eight or 12 consecutive days, male and female rats, respectively, were killed and the eyeballs were removed. Mitotic indices in the cornea were determined separately for each eye and the data were analyzed by linear and nonlinear least-squares rhythmometry. For a prominent circadian component of mitotic activity, the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the period extends from 23.6 to 24.3 h for the data from males and from 23.7 to 24.2 h for those from female rats. The circadian amplitude is larger in males as compared to females. The peaks in the 24 h cosine functions best approximating the data, the circadian acrophases, are at -64° or -48°, i.e., 4 h 16 min or 3 h 12 min from lights-on in male and female rats, respectively. In the data from the two genders, the 24 h synchronized circadian acrophases are thus only 16°, i.e., 1 h and 4 min apart. A test for an anticipated circaseptan (7-day) period shows that this particular infradian periodicity is superimposed upon the circadian one in data from both genders. A circasemiseptan, about-half-weekly (84 h), period is also found in data from the rats of both genders. In the spectral region examined, the circadian component predominates in amplitude over infradians. As a whole, the circadian-infradian modulation of corneal mitosis need no longer remain a large, unassessed source of variation. Instead, it is a newly resolved multifrequency time dimension of the organism, apparent in health in the basic process of cell division. The underlying multiple rhythmic intermodulations at several frequencies among neuroendocrine coordinators of physiologic function, the feedsideward mechanisms, can now be studied in Holtzman as well as Lewis rats in the light of the temporal mitotic reference standards described herein.
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  • 165
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 310-317 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The modulating effects of estradiol (E: 1 μg/3.5 days) and progesterone (P: 2 mg/3.5 days) on the obesity and hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic components of the diabetes-obesity syndrome in female C57BL/KsJ (db/db) mice, which includes cellular atrophy and adiposity in the reproductive tract, were examined and compared to corresponding control (+?) parameters. All control and diabetic mice received oil (vehicle control), E, or P treatments starting at 4 weeks of age. Body weight, serum insulin levels, blood glucose concentrations, and uteroovarian lipoprotein lipase activites were analyzed at 8 and 16 weeks of age and related to the ultrastructural changes in the steriod-sensitive uterine epithelium during the treatment period. Neither E nor P had any effect on body weights in (+?) or (db/db) mice. The pronounced diabetes-associated elevation in serum insulin levels was enhanced by E, and suppressed by P, in 16-week-old (db/db) mice as compared with controls. By 16 weeks of age, the E therapy normalized blood glucose levels in diabetic mice to control levels, whereas P was ineffective in modulating the hyperglycemia. The reduction in blood glucose levels in E-treated diabetic mice correlated temporally with the return of normal intracellular structure including the disappearance of intracellular lipid vacuoles characteristic of uterine epithelium cells of (db/db) mice. The diabetes-induced rise in utero-ovarian lipoprotein lipase activity was normalized by P-therapy. The reduction in uteroovarian lipoprotein lipase activity coincided temporally with the demonstrated intracellular reorganization in (db/db) reproductive tract tissues. These data indicate that E and P therapies are effective modulators of mutation-induced structural, metabolic, and functional changes in the reproductive tract and peripheral tissues of genetically diabetic C57BL/KsJ (db/db) mice. The ability to restore affected tissue structure and function in this mutant mouse model to that of controls suggests that gonadal steroids may correct, delay, prevent, or suppress the diabetes-associated tissue atrophy and adiposity which characterizes this strain.
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  • 166
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and immunocytochemical distribution of neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF; neuropeptide Y, NPY; oxytocin, OXY; vasopressin, VP; and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP) were studied in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in male and female ground squirrels of two species (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and S. richardsonii).Immunoreactive (IR) perikarya were found in sections incubated with VP or VIP antisera. VP-IR cell bodies were seen in the dorsal and medial parts of the nucleus in colchicine-treated animals. IR fibers were distributed thoughout the SCN. In the ventral part of the nucleus, VIP-IR cells were seen in untreated animals and were more pronounced in colchicine-treated animals. VIP-IR fibers and terminals form a dense plexus throughout the nucleus. Furthermore, NPY-IR terminals and fibers with multiple varicosities, but no IR perikarya, were present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Within the borders of the SCN, no cell bodies or fibers were stained with CRF or OXY antisera in any animal.
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  • 167
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Free cells arising in organ-cultured embryonic rat and hamster lungs share ultrastructural, lysosomal enzyme, and cell membrane properties with typical alveolar macrophages, expressing the developmental potential of the earliestmacrophage precursors resident in the lungs. In the lung culture environment cell proliferation is supported and macrophage attributes are developed despite absence of lymphocytes from the system. We have shown previously that among these attributs, the cells respond with increased phagocytosis of erythrocytes if these are opsonized with immunoglobulin G. Attention has now been turned to the question of nonimmune-mediated phagocytosis by the same population. Living macrophages that emerged from lung cultures bound rhodamine-coupled soybean and wheat germ agglutinins to a greater degree than concanavalin A (Con A), which nevertheless promoted lateral translocation of occupied receptors in the cell membrane. Emerged cells also phagocytosed living bacteria and native yeast cells (Y). The percentage of macrophages ingesting 3 or more yeast cells increased 400 (hamsters) to 500% (rats) when yeast was preincubated with Con A (200 μg/ml). Pretreatment of macrophages with Tuftsin (100 μM) enhanced uptake of Y by 100 (hamster) to 200% (rat). Pretreatment of macrophages with macrophage-inhibitory peptide (500 μM) appeared to inhibit phagocytosis of Y by 60% in hamsters but had no significant effect on cells from rat lung cultures.
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  • 168
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 82-89 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin staining was used to study the distribution of filamentous actin in the developing heart of embryonic chicks and rats during the morphogenetic period of cardiac septation. In the chick, intense fluorescence indicative of abundant filamentous actin was observed along the myocardium and in the mesenchymal condensations that formed within the aorticopulmonary septum at day 5. Such cellular condensations and concentration of filamentous actin were not seen in the atrioventricular cushions nor in the preseptation outflow tract. Similar results were found in the 14-day rat embryo. In electron micrographs, microfilament bundles with irregular dense bodies were seen in elongated mesenchymal cells between the valve sites of both species. Cell-cell contacts were observed between such elongated cells and myocyte processes protruding from the nearby myocardial sheath. These histochemical and ultrastructural observations suggest that such mesenchymal condensations serve a specialized mechanical tensile role during embryonic septation of cardiac outflow channels.
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  • 169
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The Ruffini endings and associated cells in the periodontal ligament of rat incisors were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for glia-specific S-100 protein and electron microscopy. Numerous Ruffini endings, which were immunoreactive for S-100 protein as well as for neurofilament protein, were distributed in the alveolus-related part of the lingual periodontal ligament. In electron microscopy, the Ruffini endings displayed expanded axoplasmic spines filled with a large number of mitochondria and neurofilaments; some of the spines directly contacted the surrounding collagen fibers via fingerlike projections. The axoplasmic spines and Schwann sheath, for the most part, were covered alternately by single or multiple layers of the basal lamina.Several rounded cells showing S-100 immunoreactivity occurred in the vicinity of the Ruffini endings. The rounded cells associated with Ruffini endings possessed a kidney-shaped nucleus and enveloped the axoplasmic spines with their cytoplasmic processes. From these morphological features, the cells in question were identified as the K-cells described by Everts et al. (1977). These K-cells developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting active synthesis of proteins. Immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level revealed an intense immunoreactivity for S-100 protein in the cytoplasm of the K-cell and led to a conclusion that the K-cells were terminal Schwann cells associated with Ruffini endings, presumably corresponding to the lamellar cells in the inner bulb of sensory corpuscles.
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  • 170
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Previous rapid-freeze, deep-etch replica studies have revealed the differences between heart and liver gap junctions; cytoplasmic surfaces of in situ and phenylmethylsulfnoyl fluoride (PMSF)-unproteolyzed isolated cardiac gap junctions (MW 47 kD) have a particulate substructure, which is absent both in the proteolyzed heart junctions (MW 29 kD) and in the liver junctions isolated with PMSF (MW 28 kD). The present deep-etch replica studies of gap junction cytoplasmic surface (CS) membranes in several tissues of rats and mice were performed to examine whether or not this difference between liver and heart is typical of variations in gap junction proteins from tissue to tissue.In surface mucous cells of the stomach, intestinal epithelial cells, and kidney tubule cells, these epithelial gap junctions always showed smooth cytoplasmic surfaces, similar to the liver gap junctions. In contrast, in the atrial myocardium, aortic endothelium, and the ciliary process, cytoplasmic surface membranes of the gap junctions consistently revelaed particulate patterns. Close examinations disclosed that those granular structures were not merely attached to the membrane surface, but they also protruded from the membrane interior as an integral component of gap junctions particles. Furthermore, in the pregnant rat uterus at term, cytoplasmic surface membrances of myometrial smooth muscle gap junctions were particulate, but those of endometrial epithelium were smooth.The present observations strongly suggest that tissue specificity exists in cytoplasmic surface structures of gap junctions between the “true” epithelial and the noneepithelial tissues: the nonepithelial gap junctions contain the additional cytoplasmic surface domain that is absent in the gap junctions of “true” epithelial origin.
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  • 171
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 139-151 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Clusterd cells with steroid-secreting morphology (SH), located within the paraaortic lymph node (PLN) capsules of normal and pregnant female golden hemsters, were examined by light and electron microscopy. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HD) activity of the SH cell cluster also was examined by histochemical techniques. The cluster was composed of mostly packed SH cells and surrounding mesenchymal cells. Individual SH cells posessed prominent smooth endoplasmic reticulum, well-development Golgi complexes, some lipid droplets, and numerous mitochondria containing tubulovesicular cristae common to mammalian SH cells. Intermediate-type junctions were often observed between SH cells. The same SH cells were rarely detected in the subcapsular sinus and in the cortical parenchyma of the PLN. Early oophorectomy of the hanster resulted in cytopolasmic degeneration of the SH cell at day 5 after the operation. On the other hand, normal adult male hamsters possessed similar PLNs, but mo SH cells were recoginzed in the nodos. The present hiustochemical preparation of normal PLNs revealed moderate-to-strong HD activity, probably associated with SH cell clusters, in the limited regions of the capsules.Based on the present ultrastructural and histochemical findings, it is proposed that the SH cell cluster consists of steroid producing cells.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice were immunized subcutaneously with thymus-independent (TI)-type 1 antigen trinitrophenylated lipopolysacccgaride (TNP-LPS), TI-type 2 antigen TNP-Ficoll or thymus-dependnt (TD) antien TNP-keyhole limpet haenicyanin (TNP-KLH) in order to study the primary in situ immune response in popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) and spleen. The spleen responded more rapidly in developin specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) than the lymph nodes did, in spite of the fact that antigens reach the spleen only after pasing several lymplh several lymph node stations. This difference between lymph nodes and spleen in development AFC was partivularly significant with respect to the responses to the responses to TI (both type 1 and type 2) antigens. No differences in the distribyution of specific AFC in PLN and spleen were oseved after immunization with TI and TD antigens. Results are discussed with respect to the relative contributions of lymph nodes and spleen to immune responses to antigens injected subcutaneously.
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  • 173
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 14-21 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The apperance and distribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) was documented along the migratory route of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs). The antimouse embryonal carcinoma cell antibody, EMA-1, was used to label PGCs (Urven et al.: Development 103:299-304, 1988). Antibodies against laminin, fibronectin, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and collagen type IV were used to label extracellular matrix components. When the PGCs emerged from the epiblast, all four ECM molecules were restricted principally to the basement membrane of the epiblast. Chondroitin sulfate was also located between hypoblast cells during this period. In late germinal crescent stages, when the PGCs entered the lumina of blood vessels, the same ECM molecules were more widespread in the mesoderm and in extracellular spaces. In addition, laminin and collagen type IV were identified on lateral surfaces of ectodermal cells at this stage. When the germ cells moved through the mesenchyme into the germinal ridge, the ECM molecules were found around mesenchymal cells, and, in the cases of laminin, fibronectin and collagen type IV, in the basement membranes of the germinal ridge epithelia. Because the appearance of these ECM components is temporally and spatially correlated with the movement of PGCs, we suggest that early PGC migration may depend on their timely appearance.
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  • 174
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The chicken ultimobranchial glands are richly supplied with nerve fibers originating from both the main trunk of the vagus nerve and its branch-the recurrent laryngeal nerve. C cells immunoreactive for calcitonin were invariably found in the large nerve bundles distributed throughout the ultimobranchial glands. In addition, these cells were often present within the distal vagal ganglia and the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The frequency of occurrence and the pattern of distribution of the C cells in the distal vagal ganglia and the recurrent laryngeal nerves were determined in chickens of various ages by means of an immunoperoxidase method with anticalcitonin and antineurofilament antisera. The left and right sides of the ultimobranchial region were asymmetrical. The left ultimobranchial gland was in close contact with the vagus nerve trunk, especially with the distal vagal ganglion, but it was separated from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The right gland contacted the recurrent laryngeal nerves, its medial edge being frequently penetrated by the nerve, but the gland was separated from the distal vagal ganglion. On the left side, C cells were found in 25 out of 39 distal vagal ganglia but they were not distributed in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. On the right side, the cells were present in 28 out of 43 recurrent laryngeal nerves but absent in the distal vagal ganglia. The results indicate that the C cells secreting a hormone calcitonin can enter into nerves, but their occurrence is restricted to the nerves in close proximity to the ultimobranchial glands. Electron microscopic studies revealed that C cells in the nerves received numerous axon clusters enveloped with Schwann cell cytoplasm. Naked axons regarded as axon terminals were found in direct contact with the surface of C cells. They were mainly composed of efferent-type nerve endings showing the accumulation of numerous small clear vesicles and a few large dense-cored vesicles. In addition, C cells were partly covered with the long cytoplasmic processes of Schwann cells and were also in contact with the Schwann cell perikarya. The C cells in nerves appear to be controlled by neural stimulation.
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  • 175
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Control of dorsoventral patterns in the chick at the prelimb stages resides in the limb mesoderm. Recombination experiments at stage 14, with dorsoventrally reversed ectoderm, result in wings with mesodermal dorsoventral polarity. Similar recombinations at stage 16 show that the ectoderm has acquired dorsoventral information and can impose this polarity on the patterns of mesodermal differentiation in the distal regions of the wing. The dorsoventral information in the ectoderm comes from the mesoderm, which transfers this information to the overlying ectoderm between stages 14 and 16. The initial dorsoventral information in the ectoderm is not stable and can be reprogrammed by stage 14 mesoderm. Subsequently, there is a gradual stabilization of the ectodermal information. At the same time the mesoderm loses its capacity to reprogram dorsoventral information in the ectoderm.
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  • 176
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Frequency and morphological characteristics of the intersegmental anastomoses between the spinal roots were investigated in 100 adult spinal cords from the cervical to lumbar segments. The frequencies of dorsal root anastomoses were 61, 7, and 22% of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar cords, respectively. On the other hand, the incidence of anastomosis between the ventral roots was significantly low in both the cervical (10%) and lumbar (5%) cords as compared with that between the dorsal roots in these regions (P 〈 .01). No anastomotic connections were found in the thoracic ventral roots. The anastomoses were classified into four types: types A and B; the borders between the spinal segments were cranially and caudally shifted, respectively; type C, anastomosis attached to the spinal cord at the border between the segments; and type D, anastomosis bridged between the adjacent rootlets and coursing parallel to the cord. The proportions of the four types at each spinal level disclosed that type A was most commonly observed compared with the other three types in the dorsal roots (P 〈 .01). In the lumbar cord, the proportion of type C anastomosis between the dorsal roots increases noticeably toward the sacral level, while a complementary decrease occurred in type A. In the cervical ventral roots, types C and D predominated over the other two types (P 〈 .01). The lumbar ventral roots contained types B and/or C. Type D anastomosis occurred exclusively in the cervical segments.
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  • 177
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 178
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The presence of serotonin in the Merkel cells of pig snout epidermis was investigated by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique. Serotonin-like immunoreactive Merkel cells were found in groups located at the base of epidermal rete pegs and in the external root sheath of sinus hair follicles (vibrissae). Immunoreactivity was stronger on the basal side of the Merkel cells, where dense-cored granules are most numerous. Neither the nerve terminal associated with the Merkel cell nor the neighbouring epidermal cells were immunostained.These results are the first evidence of serotonin-like immunoreactivity in mammalian Merkel cells. The fact that immunoreactivity is strongest in those parts of the Merkel cells with the highest granule density suggests that in these cells serotonin is probably localized in the dense-cored granules.
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  • 179
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 288-296 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lymphoid tissue of the human fallopian tube consists of follicles, lymphoepithelium, and lymphatic and blood capillaries and is located consistently in the interstitial part of the-human fallopian tube. Using an immunoelectronmicroscopic technique, we have elucidated the ultrastructure of the lymphoid tissue of the human fallopian tube and the fine distribution and ultrastructure of the lymphatics associated with the rabbit fallopian tube. Lymphatic capillaries arise in the lamina propria mucosa and the periphery of follicles, where they are sparsely distributed, run through the muscular layer, and form a dense network in the subserosa. Characteristic features of the ultrastructure are aggregations of smooth muscle cells, alternating areas of densely and sparsely distributed collagen fibers, and unmyelinated nerve fibers beneath the lymphatic endothelium.Immunoelectronmicroscopic analysis has demonstrated an obvious difference in the distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissue of the human fallopian tube. Many T-lymphocytes are present in the follicles and epithelium, but B-lymphocytes are either absent or rarely found. T-lymphocytes sometimes infiltrate into the basal lamina of the epithelium lying in close contact with the follicles.We conclude that the lymphoid tissue is constantly located in the interstitial part of the human fallopian tube and that intraepithelial lymphocytes, mainly T-lymphocytes, migrate via the basal lamina of the epithelium from follicles. Lymphatic capillaries in the fallopian tube may be the main migratory route of intraepithelial lymphocytes.The intraepithelial lymphocytes and epithelial cells of the fallopian tube have attracted considerable interest as a result of immunological studies of the recognition of spermatozoal antigens and the fertilized ovum. The only previous anatomical investigator to report the presence of the lymphoid tissue of the human fallopian tube was Uchida (1953), whereas more recent studies have shown that the intraepithelial lymphocytes and epithelial cells of the fallopian tube are related to the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (Geppert et al., 1977; Morris et al., 1986). A number of authors have already dealt with the problem of the function of intraepithelial lymphocytes in various tissues and organs, such as the tonsil (Koburg, 1967), epidermis (Andrew and Andrew, 1949), lung (Bienenstock et al., 1973), and gut (Andrew and Sosa, 1947). Most have concluded that intraepithelial lymphocytes are concerned with antigen detection, immunological enhancement, and memory and effector responses through antigens absorbed in the epithelium from the lumen. However, the origins of the intraepithelial lymphocytes and their migratory routes have not yet been made clear. We have already reported that lymphatics and high endothelial venules (HEV) play an important role in the migratory routes in gut- and bonchus-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT and BALT) (Ito et al., 1987; Otsuki and Magari, 1988). In the fallopian tube, little is known of the fine distribution and function of lymphatics.In the present work, the ultrastructure of the lymphoid tissue of the human fallopian tube and the fine distribution and ultrastructure of lymphatics in the fallopian tube were examined using electron microscopy immunohistochemically.
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  • 180
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 329-340 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The structure of trophoblast of the baboon blastocyst undergoes a number of maturational changes from the early blastocyst to the late blastocyst stage. The striking expansion of the blastocyst that occurs during the preimplan tation period is accompanied by the development of an extensive endocytic apparatus. Cationized ferritin labels coated depressions and vesicles near the apical cell surface, numerous uncoated tubules and larger apical vesicles, and multivesicular bodies within trophoblast cells. Basally and laterally the labeled components are primarily small uncoated vesicles and tubules. Small, discrete clusters of ferritin particles were seen within the basolateral compartment between trophoblast and its basal lamina and beneath trophoblast cells that do not have a basal lamina. The results indicate that ingested materials may be directed in two pathways, one involving breakdown within the lysosomal system and one involving transcytosis. The zona pellucida is a trilaminar structure consisting of a fibrillar outer layer that often contains spermatozoa, an intermediate zone, and an inner layer containing columns of dense zonal material. Loss of the zona occurs after expansion of the blastocyst and development of the endocytic organelles. During the late blastocyst stage, syncytial trophoblast differentiates at the margin of the polar trophoblast. Because blastocysts were flushed from the uterus, it could not be determined whether azonal blastocysts had been adherent to the uterine surface prior to collection.
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  • 181
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A light and electron microscopic examination of area 17 of the visual cortex in well-fixed young (5-6 years) and old (25-35 years) rhesus monkeys was carried out to determine the effects of age on neurons. The analyses were made in a portion of area 17 on the lateral surface of the hemisphere just caudal to the lunate sulcus. Light microscopic measurements of the mean cortical depth in vertically oriented 1-μ-thick sections reveal no obvious thinning with age, and the mean diameters of neuronal nuclei do not change with age. On the basis of counts of neuronal profiles containing nuclei in 250-μ-wide strips of 1-μ-thick sections passing through the entire depth of the cortex, no significant neuronal loss could be detected. These findings are consistent with our electron microscopic observations on this area of the cortex, for in the old monkeys the neurons show little cytological evidence of advanced age beyond the presence of a few lipofuscin granules, although the neuropil contains some profiles of degenerating small-caliber dendrites, myelinated axons, and a few axon terminals. Large vacuoles, some 10 μm or more in diameter, are present in the neuropil of the old animals. Some of these vacuoles appear to represent a late stage in the degeneration of myelinated axons, for they are bounded by a thin, laminated sheath. Other large vacuoles, of unknown origin, often contain membranous debris and have an attenuated limiting membrane. It is concluded that the cell bodies of neurons in area 17 of old rhesus monkeys do not show singificant structural changes due to age, although some of the neuronal processes in the neuropil are affected.
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  • 182
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 347-355 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Follwing partial deneration motor units can increase (by selfreinnervation) as much as four to five times their normal size. To investigate the still unknown quantitative reinnervation capacity of a motor nerve in the case of foreign-reinnervation, in adult male rats the denervated sternomstoid muscle was either self-reinervated by its original nerve or foreign-reinnervation by the omohyoid nerve, which had to reinnevate the three times the amount of muscle fibers and six times the amount of muscle mass. After survival times of 7, 8, 9, or 10 months, nerves and muscles were investigated histochemically and immunohistochemically. The omohyoid nerve could fully reinnervate the sternomastoid muscle, but at 7 and 8 months this muscle still revealed nearly the same proportions of IIA and IIB fibers as were seen in the self-reinnervated sternomastoid at all stages. However, in the following 2 months a shift of the fiber pattern toward that of the normal omohyoid was observed, as evidenced by a strong increase in type IIB fibers (from 24% to 62%), at the expense of type IIA fibers. These findings are in contrast to those after foreign (cross) reinnervation of leg muscles where the fiber transfor mation (according to the foreign motor input) occurs in parallel with the reinnervation process during the first 2-3 months. The delayed fiber transformation observed could be the consequence of the highly enlarged peripheral field of the omohyoid motoneuron pool or could merely reflect a general difference between limb and neck muscles. Whatever the case may be, in the present experiments the afferent input, which is not fully restored until 9 months, could play a crucial role in contrast to limb muscles, where the successful motor reinnervation takes place in the absence of sensory activity.
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  • 183
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Little is known about the remodeling of blood vessels and soft connective tissue or the proliferation of endothelial cells in the periodontal ligament (PL) of teeth undergoing physiological drift. To determine whether there is evidence for coordinated regulation of endothelial cell and fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis in sites within the PL adjacent to bone-appositional (A) and bone-resorptive (R) surfaces, the PL in mouse mandibular molar was subdivided into A and R sectors on the basis of 3H-proline incorporation into alveolar bone. Computer-assisted morphometry of radioautographs showed that the number and area of blood vessels were similar in A and R sectors. Proliferation of endothelial cells and fibroblasts was assessed from radioautographs prepared from mice continuously labeled with 3H-thymidine at times between 2 and 60 days. Significantly more labeled endothelial cells (P 〈 .001) and fibroblasts (P 〈 .05) were seen in the A sector. The percent of labeled endothelial cells and the percent of labeled fibroblasts increased linearly to 25 days and then formed a plateau. The rate of increase of labeled fibroblasts was higher in the A sector than in the R sector (P 〈 .025). In addition, 3H-proline grain counts over extracellular matrix were significantly higher in the appositional sector than in the resorptive sector (P 〈 .025). These data suggest first that PL endothelial cell populations are in steady state despite significant cell turnover, and second, that the remodelling of blood vessels and extracellular matrix, as well as the turnover of fibroblasts and endothelial cells, occurs at a more rapid rate in A sectors of the PL than in R sectors and appear to be coordinately regulated by factors associated with the phenomenon of tooth drift.
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  • 184
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The possibility that ovarian steroids may participate in the inhibition of meiosis has not been rigorously examined. Since progesterone levels are extremely high in follicular fluid prior to ovulation, we tested the possibility that this steroid may be involved in oocyte maturation. To this end, we collected follicular oocytes and cultured them in the presence of dibutyrl cAMP (Bt2), progesterone, and/or the progesterone antagonist RU486 and assessed maturation evidenced by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Denuded oocytes or cumulus masses collected in the presence of 1 mM Bt2 and subsequently cultured in 25 μM progesterone did not undergo GVBD. However, denuded oocytes and cumulus masses collected in the presence of progesterone and not Bt2 did undergo GVBD (93%). Concentrations of Bt2 (150 μM) that would not inhibit GVBD were inhibitory when used in the presence of progesterone (1-25 μM). Competition experiments using increasing concentrations of the progesterone antagonist RU486 (1-100 μ) did not block the ability of progesterone to enhance the activity of Bt2. We conclude that progesterone alone does not block GVBD; however, in the presence of low concentrations of cAMP it is extremely effective in blocking GVBD. The synergistic activity of progesterone does not appear to be mediated by the progesterone receptor. The data suggest that progesterone and cAMP may operate cooperatively to inhibit meiosis in the ovarian follicle.
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  • 185
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 406-413 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distributions of desmin and vimentin were examined in frozen sections of cardiac muscle from embryonic, newborn, and adult Syrian hamster by using immunofluorescent methods. Frozen sections of newborn and adult skeletal muscle were used for comparison. Cardiac myocytes from day 9 in utero embryos already show a clear association of desmin with the sarcomeric myofibrils. In newborn hearts, desmin is localized in the myofibrillar Z-line areas as well as in the peripheral cytoplasm of the cell. Three days after birth, desmin is associated with the intercalated discs. Thus, in adult cardiac muscle, desmin is present in both Z-bands and intercalated discs. Skeletal muscle of newborn and adult hamster also contains desmin associated with the Z-lines of myofibrils. Vimentin is associated with the myofibrils of day 9 in utero cardiac muscle cells. The protein remains associated with the myofibrillar Z-lines in the newborns and adults. No detectable staining for vimentin was observed in newborn or adult hamster skeletal muscle. The existence of vimentin as well as desmin in differentiated cardiac muscle may be a consequence of the somewhat more epithelial-like nature of cardiac cells as compared to skeletal muscle syncitia.
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  • 186
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The number of muscle receptors and in particular the muscle spindle content of some of the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles was evaluated, using bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). The technique of Barker and Ip [J. Physiol. (Lond) 169:73-74, 1963] was used to stain the muscle receptors. The results indicate that the intrinsic laryngeal muscles were devoid of muscle spindles. The extrinsic laryngeal muscles that were examined contain muscle spindles, though their density is less than that reported in the spindle-rich muscles like the rotators of the head and some of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (Cooper in: Structure and Function of Muscle, Vol. I, G.H. Bourne, ed, Academic Press, New York and London, 1960).
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  • 187
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    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. A1 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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  • 188
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 189
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    The @Anatomical Record 224 (1989), S. 102-109 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of immobilization on endplate morphology of the rat soleus muscles was studied qualitatively and quantitatively. The endplate was visualized by light microscopic zinc iodide osmium (ZIO) staining and by electron microscopy. The soleus muscle was immobilized by pinning of ankle and knee joints at right angles for 5 days. Immobilized muscles were then compared to the contralateral side and to normal litter mates. After 5 days of partial disuse, muscle fibers atrophied and nerve terminal area increased in ZIO-determined measurements. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of disuse muscle fibers visualized by electron microscopy exhibited greater amounts of degeneration than either contralateral or control NMJs. Degeneration consisted of nerve terminal disruption, exposed junctional folds, and postsynaptic areas which contained little or no postjunctional folds. Regeneration also occurred in the same NMJs, consisting of small terminals associated with large expansion of junctional folds, several small terminals occurring within the same primary synaptic cleft, and several axons wrapped by the same Schwann cell. These observations demonstrate, for the first time, that partial disuse for only 5 days produces muscle atrophy as well as denervation-like changes at the NMJ, which leads to terminal sprouting within the endplate area and remodelling.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An understanding of the composition of the various nerves of the pelvic plexus is essential in the design of studies to explore the autonomic control of pelvic visceral tissues. As a correlate of this interest, the present study was designed to determine the composition of the main penile nerve in the pelvic plexus of the laboratory rat, an animal commonly used for studies of reproductive physiology. Retrograde tracing studies indicate that the main penile nerve contains neurons which project to the penile crura, the corpus spongiosum, and the bulbourethral glands. The main penile nerve is the major source of neurons which innervate the corpus spongiosum and bulbourethral gland and contains about one-third of all parasympathetic neurons which project to the penile crura. Dye placed on the proximal cut end of the main penile nerve indicates that neurons in the parasympathetic region of the spinal cord (L6-S1) and to a lesser extent a sympathetic region of the cord, L1-L2, provide preganglionic innervation to ganglion cells in the main pelvic nerve. Processes of neurons in dorsal root ganglia L6-S1 and of neurons in the abdominopelvic sympathetic chain course in the main penile nerve to unknown destinations. In many respects this presumed postganglionic fiber tract is essentially a region of the pelvic plexus which subserves extrapelvic visceral tissues.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 191
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There is little information concerning the effect of altered occlusal forces on the turnover of collagenous proteins of transseptal fibers of the periodontium. In the present study, hypofunction was induced in rats by extraction of the maxillary teeth, allowing the mandibular teeth to supererupt (hypofunctional side, herein). The contralateral side served as an internal control, although it was likely experiencing occlusal hyperfunction (hyperfunctional side, herein). Untreated animals were also studied (external controls, herein). Animals were injected with 3H-proline and silver grains were counted on radioautographic preparations. The study demonstrated significant differences in the synthesis and degradation of collagenous proteins coincident to altered occlusal function; 3H-proline was most heavily incorporated into the transseptal fibers of hyperfunctional and least rapidly into the external control tissues (P〈.001). Significant differences in grain counts were evident during the first 3 weeks after injections. Collagenous proteins were degraded most rapidly in transseptal fibers of the hyperfunctional and least rapidly in hypofunctional tissues (P〈.001). The study also demonstrated regional variability in the turnover of labeled collagenous proteins, that is, proteins were synthesized and degraded most rapidly in the middle third and least rapidly in the mesial third of the ligament (P〈.001). “Whole” counts (mean of counts over middle, mesial, and distal thirds) were not similar to those of any specific region and could provide erroneous information concerning remodeling of collagenous proteins of transseptal fibers. Transseptal fibers, labeled by the 3H-proline pulse, migrated occlusally with the teeth; new transseptal fibers and bone were formed at the crest of the interdental septum.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 192
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 106-117 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The bovine cervical mucosa was investigated with respect to structure, mucus secretory pattern, and sperm transport. Structural investigation included stereomicroscopic examination of surface-stained tissue blocks and graphic reconstruction of serial sections by using both computer-generated and Plexiglas models. Histochemistry of the mucosa was evaluated in follicular-and luteal-phase animals. Alcian blue, periodic acid Schiff, and high-iron diamine were utilized to distinguish sialomucins, sulfomucins, and neutral mucins. Location and orientation of cervical sperm in follicular phase animals were evaluated 12 h postmating by using light and electron microscopy. Cervical mucosa was characterized by longitudinal primary folds, most of which maintained continuity throughout the cervix. Superimposed on these were secondary folds which varied in length and depth. Abundant, shallow, uniformly spaced, and parallel longitudinal “grooves” covered all surfaces. Grooves had greater continuity in regions distal, as opposed to proximal, to the cervical canal. Blind-ending glands or crypts were not apparent. Follicular-stage cervices exhibited a pronounced sialomucin production in basal areas within grooves while neutral and sulfomucins were predominant in apical areas. In luteal-phase animals, basal sialomicin production was markedly decreased while sulfated and neutral mucins remained abundant. Numerous cranially oriented spermatozoa were observed within the shallow grooves of cervical folds (sialomucin-rich areas) in mated animals and were unidirectionally opposed to ciliary beat. It appeared that privileged paths for transport of viable spermatozoa may originate in the fornix vagina, extend through longitudinal primary folds at the external os, and progress to the uterus within continuous sialomucin-rich channels which are associated with basal areas of the shallow grooves, distal to the cervical canal.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 193
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuroepithelial endocrine (NEE) cells were for the first time identified in the lung of the entirely aquatic urodele, Ambystoma mexicanum, by using light and electron microscopy, histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. In the basal part of the ciliated epithelium and, less often, in the respiratory portion of the lung, NEE cells were found to occur both solitarily and in small clusters. No typical neuroepithelial bodies could be found. Using the method of Fernandez Pascual, some NEE cells were found to be argyrophilic. Microspectrofluorimetric analysis of formaldehyde-induced fluorescence and immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine. With antibodies to neuron-specific enolase only a few NEE cells exhibited a faint immunostaining. Electron-microscopically, the NEE cells are provided with distinctive cytoplasmic membranebound dense granules of variable size, which gave a positive argentaffin reaction. The images of emiocytotic granule release are indicative of a secretory function. In the tracheal epithelium, NEE cells seem to occur only solitarily. They bear the same ultrastructural characteristics as the intrapulmonary NEE cells but here, the dense granules are larger and associated with numerous bundles of microfilaments. Intraepithelial nerve endings were observed near the airway lumen. Between nerve terminals and NEE cells, synaptic complexes with aggregations of clear-centered vesicles close to the presynaptic membrane thickenings were observed. In addition, some nerve endings from “reciprocal synapses” with NEE cells. A receptosecretory function for NEE cells in the lung of A. mexicanum is supposed.
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  • 194
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 165-175 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The associations between the developing blood vessels and both endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm in quail embryos at stages 9-11 were examined by using scanning electron microscopy. Embryos were pinned ventral-side up on agar plates and the endoderm was surgically removed prior to fixation and dehydration. This procedure exposes a netlike layer of cells closely apposed to the ventral surface of paraxial mesoderm and all visible blood vessels; we are calling this the subvascular layer. Development of this layer proceeds rostral-to-caudal, and lateral-to-medial, with the earliest stages of formation being visible over the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm of the segmental plate. The subvascular layer increases markedly in density slightly medial to the innermost boundary of the intraembryonic vascular plexus. Cells of this layer eventually establish a continuous sheet beneath the lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm and the notochord. With maturation, the cells of the subvascular layer approach confluence. The spatial and temporal patterns of development of the embryonic vascular tissues and the subvascular layer are closely correlated, suggesting a possible role for the subvascular layer in normal embryonic vascular development.
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  • 195
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. A1 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the ear of the newborn native cat was examined to determine whether the vestibular system contained sensory receptors. A sensory region, presumably the utricle, was identified in each ear and consisted of a discrete population of otoliths overlying a sensory epithelium which possessed kinocilia and stereocilia. The remainder of the vestibular system did not appear to be developed anatomically. The newborn cat has rudimentary vestibular, olfactory, and mechanoreceptors (Merkel cells), and these structures may aid the newborn marsupial in the journey from the urogenital sinus to the pouch and in locating the teat.
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  • 197
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 246-250 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We describe a case of an aortic arch with five primary branches arising in a sequence that has previously never been reported. From right to left, the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid, left vertebral, and subclavian arteries originated from the convexity of the aortic arch. The last branch was the right vertebral artery that arose from the dorsal aspect of the aortic arch opposite the ligamentum arteriosum. Presenting a dilatation at its commencement, the right vertebral ran to the right behind the esophagus and entered the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra, whereas the left vertebral passed to the foramen transversarium of the fifth cervical vertebra. The left vertebral artery gave off the left thyroid artery; a thyrocervical trunk was absent on the left side. A thyroidea ima arose from the brachiocephalic trunk. The embryology of this complex anomaly as well as its potential clinical significance are discussed.
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  • 198
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    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method for locating specific stages of amelogenesis on continuously erupting incisors was devised for rats weighing 101 ± 5 g (n = 32). The technique is based on reflecting reference lines from the mandibular molars as perpendiculars to the labial surface of mandibular incisors. From these reference lines additional measurements are then made along the midline of the labial surface of the incisor in an apical or incisal direction of find the site desired for sampling. Histological studies on 24 decalcified incisors split into segments by using such reference lines and reconstructed by morphometry indicated that a reference line reflected from the contact point between the 2nd and 3rd molars crossed the enamel organ and adjacent enamel at 3,181 ± 329 μm incisal to the start of the secretory zone of amelogenesis. A reference line from the 2nd and 1st molars crossed the enamel organ and enamel at 1,238 ± 424 μm incisal to the start of the maturation zone of amelogenesis, while a reference line from the mesial side of the 1st molar crossed the enamel organ and enamel almost exactly where the enamel becomes completely soluble following prolonged decalcification in EDTA. Although reference lines were reproducible within a group of male rats having similar body weights, the linear distance between the apical end of the incisor and the point at which they crossed the tooth increased at a rate of 1 mm per 159 g for rats between 50 and 300 g body weight. This suggests that molars do not maintain a fixed relationship to incisors over time, and extreme care must be taken to standardize an experiment to a specific body weight when using this method.
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  • 199
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study describes the cytodifferentiation of the two populations of epithelial cells found in the respiratory bronchiole of the adult rhesus monkey. One population, pseudostratified and containing ciliated, nonciliated secretory, and basal cells, is found overlying the pulmonary artery (PA). The other population, not associated with the PA, contains nonciliated cuboidal cells between alveolar outpockets. In this study we used terminal conducting airways from the lungs of fetal (90 to 155 days gestational age [DGA]), postnatal, and adult rhesus monkeys. Ciliated cells were partially differentiated at 90 DGA (54% gestation) and completely differentiated by 134 DGA (80% gestation). Nonciliated secretory cells were partially differentiated at 95 DGA (57% gestation) but did not lose all glycogen until the postnatal period. Basal cells appeared by 134 DGA (80% gestation) and matured in the postnatal period. Small mucous granule cells appeared at 125 DGA (74% gestation) and did not change throughout fetal development. Neuroendocrine cells were present throughout the entire period studied. Nonciliated cuboidal bronchiolar cells of the nonciliated population of the respiratory bronchiole appeared at 105 DGA (62% gestation) and matured in the postnatal period. We conclude that 1) although most of the differentiation of the lower airway occurs before birth, most of the cell types are not completely differentiated at birth; 2) the sequence of differentiation for the cells of the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial population is ciliated, nonciliated secretory, and basal; 3) the sequence of differentiation for the nonciliated secretory cell is similar to that of the secretory cells in more proximal airways; and 4) basal, neuroendocrine, and small mucous granule cells are not a part of the differentiation sequence of the other cell types.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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  • 200
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 318-328 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of adriamycin (1 mg/liter) on the development of the golden hamster 3-day-old second maxillary molars (M2) was investigated in vitro. Exposure of the molars to 1 mg/liter adriamycin during the first 2 hours of culture produced smaller teeth 3-7 days later, as determined by measurements of dry weights and by histological observations. Higher doses caused severe necrosis. The more differentiated pulp fibroblasts showed osteodentin formation 3 days after treatment with adriamycin (1 mg/liter), while the more immature ones underwent necrosis. The phenotypic changes brought on by the drug were permanent, and osteodentin continued to be formed throughout the course of this study. In addition the cervical loop region was inhibited from growing, while the production of the matrices of enamel and dentin appeared to be increased at 3 and 5 days after treatment. Electron microscopy of the forming osteodentin matrix revealed a random arrangement of banded collagen fibers during the early stage of osteodentin formation. As more matrix was formed, the collagen became quite compact and appeared quite similar to dentin. Finally, matrix vesicles were found among the collagenous matrix that was not yet mineralized. With the exception of the increased production of enamel and dentin, these in vitro results confirmed those earlier in vivo studies on the effect of adriamycin on rat incisor tooth.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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