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  • 1945-1949  (440)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (440)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • Engineering General
  • 101
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymers of 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-n-amyl-1,3-butadiene alone, and their copolymers with styrene and with butadiene have been prepared and characterized. These monomers give the same ratio of 1,2 to 1,4 addition as has been noted for isoprene. Much less mercaptan must be used with these monomers than is required for butadiene to give soluble polymers. All these monomers copolymerize with styrene readily but have higher Wall α values than butadiene. The stress-strain properties and Gehman low-temperature properties of all of the new polymers have been determined by the Government Laboratories, University of Akron, and are included in this report. There appear to be no unusual properties to be noted.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The variables of casting polystyrene films from methyl ethyl ketone and from benzene are investigated. It is shown that stringent drying is necessary to remove the last traces of solvent. The differences in dry film structure, second-order transition point, and temperature at which the dynamic modulus suddenly decreases are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 638-638 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 629-637 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the kinetic analysis of the generalized reaction mechanism for copolymerization given in Part I has been carried out to obtain the functions for molecular weight distribution and number and weight-average molecular weights.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 667-668 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 671-672 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 108
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 669-670 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 673-688 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The significance of the water content to the physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins at various stages of preparation is briefly discussed. Available methods for the determination of water in such resins were found to be either unreliable or too elaborate for process control. It was undertaken to develop a simple, rapid, relative method for the continuous measurement of water content which can be used to follow the follow the process of dehydration and to indicate the end-point which will result in the best dispersion of water in the cured resin. In order to standardize or calibrate such a relative method, it was necessary also to develop an absolute method for the analysis of water in the resol.The composition of a homogeneous mixture of liquids is reflected by its vapor pressure-temperature relationships. During dehydration at 80°C., the vapor pressure of the resol decreases about 350 mm. of mercury. A very sharp increase in the slope of the vapor pressure curve occurs at approximately the proper degree of dehydration. At this stage a slight decrease in water content causes a very large decrease in vapor pressure. The sharp inflection in the curve is attributed to the existence of both “free” and “bound” water in the resin.During the process of vacuum dehydration of the resin, while the “free” water decreases to approximately one-eighth of its original content, the “bound” water remains substantially constant. The binding of water is attributed to the methylol groups of the resol molecules and its release during the cure or hardening of the resin is considered to result from the conversion of these groups to methylene linkages.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Es wird die bisher übliche Bestimmung von Zη bzw. [η] besprochen.2Eigene Untersuchungen führten zu einer linearen Bezichung zwischen Konzentration und Viskositätsgrößen, welche einer modifizierten Form der Gleichung von G. V. Schulz und Blaschke entspricht.3Die eingeführte Konstante k′ schwankt nach den untersuchten Systemen stärker als aus den Messungen von G. V. Schulz und Mitarbeitern hervorgeht. Für Fadenmoleküle ist k′ ungefähr 0,7-0,8 und nimmt bei Polyvinylacetaten mit steigendem Polymerisationsgrad leicht ab. Bei Sphärokolloiden geht k′ bis auf den Wert 0 herunter und kann bei micellaren Systemen sogar negativ werden.4Anhand der Gleichung ist es möglich, Z bzw. [η], welche bisher durch Extrapolation von Konzentrationsreihen und im Gebiet äußerst verdünnter Lösungen bestimmt wurden, durch die Messung der Viskosität von 2 verschiedenen, beliebigen Konzentrationen genau zu bestimmen.
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  • 111
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 31-52 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die Kombination von Oxydationsmitteln mit einfachen Reduktionsmitteln als Polymerisationsaktivatoren, die „Redoxpolymerisation“, hat bei Monovinylverbindungen zu einer wesentlichen Erhöhung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit unter Wegfall der Induktionsperiode geführt. Bei Divinylverbindungen waren die meisten derartigen Systeme nur von geringer Wirksamkeit; durch Einsatz spezieller Redoxsysteme hat sich aber auch beim Butadien eine ca. 60-fache Beschleunigung der Polymerisation unter technisch ohne Schwierigkeiten zu handhabenden Bedingungen erreichen lassen. Auf dieser Grundlage ist eine Polymerisation des Butadiens in Emulsion bei wesentlich tieferen Temperaturen als bisher möglich geworden, die zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Produktes geführt hat. Die Entwicklung der Redoxpolymerisation hat nicht nur der Technik der Polymerisation neue Möglichkeiten an die Hand gegeben, sie hat auch die Anschauungen über den Aktivierungsmechanismus im Sinne einer Radikalkettentheorie gefestigt. Für eine Kenntnis der in Frage kommenden Zwischenstufen bedarf es allerdings in jedem Falle einer genauen kinetischen Analyse, die dann im einzelnen aufzeigt, ob es sich um aktive Radikale aus dem Redoxsystem allein oder um solche aus peroxydischen Verbindungen der Polymerisationskomponenten handelt.
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  • 112
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 53-77 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wurde die Reglung der Mischpolymerisation von Butadien mit Vinylverbindungen in Emulsion untersucht. Substanzen verschiedenster Konstitution wurden als Regler erkannt und ihr Einfluß auf den Verlauf der Polymerisation an Hand physikalisch-chemischer Meßmethoden geprüft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie durch Anwendung dieser Methoden die Herstellung verbesserter Produkte möglich war.
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  • 113
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Nicht nur niedermolekulare, auch hochmolekulare Verbindungen mit benachbarten, cis-ständigen Hydroxylgruppen bilden Komplexe mit Borsäure oder Boraten; unter geeigneten Bedingungen entstchen Koordinationsverbindungen aus einem Molekül Borsäure und zwei Diolgruppen. Diese Didiol-Borsäure-Komplexe können als Haftpunkte zwischen Makromolekülen wirken und dadurch zur Ausbildung dreidimensionaler Gelnetze führen. Neben Größe und Form der Makromoleküle ist die Anzahl und Verteilung der cis-Glykolgruppen für die Geliertendenz maßgebend.2Bei Boraxzusatz gelieren die wäßrigen Lösungen vieler Polysaccharide: z. B. Mannane aus Orchis morio und Hefe; Galaktomannane aus Ceratonia siliqua, Gleditschia triacantus, Medicago sativa und Trigonella foenum graecum; Alginate; Monoglyzerinester der Pektinsäure; kompliziert aufgebaute Hemicellulosen, die meist Rhamnose, Mannose oder Galaktose enthalten, wie die Schleimstoffe der Samen von Tamarindus indica und Linum usitatissimum, Gummi arabicum und Kirschgummi. - Von den meisten mit Borax reagierenden Polysacchariden ist bekannt, daß sie 1,2-cis-Diolgruppen besitzen. Es ist anzunehmen, daß noch viele andere biologisch wichtige Polysaccharide (Mucine etc.) in analoger Weise reagieren können.3Die Didiol-Borsäurekomplexe und damit auch die Haftpunkte zwischen den Makromolekülen sind nicht fixiert, sondern befinden sich in einem dynamischen Gleichgewicht; sie dissoziieren ständig und werden - ev. an anderer Stelle, besonders bei Deformation - neu aufgebaut. Die Wanderungsfähigkeit der Vernetßungsstellen erklärt die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Systeme: starkes Fadenziehen und Wiederzusammenwachsen eines in kleine Stücke aufgeteilten Gels.4Die Polysaccharid-Borax-Gele werden durch Säurezusatz rasch verflüssigt; sie bilden sich nur bei schwach alkalischer Reaktion. Borsäure bewirkt bei den untersuchten Polysacchariden in wäßriger Lösung keine Gelierung, sie zeigt auch keine Säureverstärkung.5Durch niedermolekulare Polyoxy-Verbindungen (wie Fruktose, Mannit, Glyzerin, Glykol, Glyoxalhydrat, nicht aber durch Rohrzucker), die bekanntlich Borsäurekomplexe bilden, werden die Polysaccharid-Borax-Gele verflüssigt. - Auch Dialyse und Oxydation mit Perjodat (Spaltung der für die Komplexbildung wichtigen Glykolgruppe) führen zur Gelzerstörung.6In nicht-wäßrigem Milieu (Formamid) ist bei den oben aufgezählten Polysacchariden nicht nur mit Borax, sondern auch mit Bor- und Arsensäure und mit Antimonund Wismuthydroxyd die Bildung von Koordinationsverbindungen (Gelierung) zu beobachten.7Tannin, das o-ständige Oxygruppen enthält, geliert nicht nur, wie bekannt, mit Arsensäure, sondern in konzentrierten wäßrigen Lösungen auch mit Borax.8Polyvinylalkohol, der 1,3- und auch 1,2-Diolgruppen enthält, bildet in Gegenwart von Wasser mit Borsäure Monodiol-Komplexe und mit Borax Didiol-Komplexe.
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  • 114
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 132-139 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird eine Anordnung beschrieben, die es gestattet, kleine osmotische Drucke mit einer Genauigkeit von wenigen hundertstel mm Hg zu messen. Falsche Gleichgewichte der Druckeinstellung werden vermieden, wenn die Osmometermembran sehr durchgängig, die Einstellzeit klein und die Kapillarität des Steigrohes an allen Stellen und über die Zeit der Versuchsdauer konstant ist. Die annähernde Erfüllung dieser Bedingungen und die eigentliche Meßtechnik werden beschrieben.
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  • 115
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 140-145 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 116
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aus der Beobachtung der Quellungs- und Lösungs-Erscheinungen von Holzcellulosefasern verschiedener Herkunft in Schwefelsäure sowie von xanthogenierten Fasern in Natronlauge und acetylierten Fasern in Eisessig ergab sich folgendes:Die Außenschicht der sekundären Zellwand besteht aus Holzpolyosen. Sie kann mit verdünntem Kupferoxydammoniak, einem spezifischen Lösungsmittel für Holzpolyosen, entfernt werden. Die Innenschicht der sekundären Zellwand besteht aus Substanzen, die bei der Hydrolyse und Acetylierung in schwerlösliche Verbindungen von der Art der Zuckerhumine übergehen. Die Mittelschicht der sekundären Zellwand ist aufgebaut aus Fibrillen, Lamellen und der Querspirale. Die in der Faserlängsrichtung verlaufenden Fibrillen sind bei Nadelhölzern auf der Außenseite von Lignin umgeben, das dort wahrscheinlich mit der Cellulose chemisch verbunden ist. Bei seiner Herauslösung hinterbleibt eine Schicht Cellulose von veränderter Reaktionsfähigkeit. Vielleicht sind auch sehr fremdgruppenreiche Cellulosen die Ausgangsprodukte dieses Lignins der Mittelschicht der sekundären Zellwand. Das wichtige Bauelement der Querspirale tritt bei Quellung der Fasern in konz. Schwefelsäure unmittelbar in Erscheinung. Das Auftreten der Querspiral-Spaltflächen, die insbesondere bei saurer Einwirkung erscheinen, kann bedingt sein durch Einlagerung rascher hydrolysierender Verbindungen zwischen die Gänge der Querspirale. Dabei kann es sich nicht um Holzpolyosen handeln, die an diesen Stellen der Fasern nicht vorkommen. Die Querspiralspaltflächen können aber auch hervorgerufen sein durch schneller spaltende Bindungen, die in den parallel angeordneten Holzcellulosemolekülen in einer Ebene liegen.Neben dem morphologischen Bau der einzelnen Faserschichten sind cs vor allem die Unterschiede in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung, die das Verhalten der Fasern bei Umsetzungen wie Xanthogenierung und Acetylierung maßgebend beeinflußen.
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  • 117
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 78-110 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1Es wurden die Eigenschaften gelöster Buna-Moleküle während des Verlaufs der Polymerisation mit den Methoden der Osmose und Viskosimetrie untersucht. Die auf diese Weise gewonnenen Ergebnisse an nicht-isolierten Polymerisaten fanden eine Ergänzung durch die zusätzlich hervorgerufenen Vernetzungen mit Triisocyanat an isolierten abgebauten Produkten.2Die Vereinigung der osmotisch gemessenen sowie der aus der Viskosität berechneten Durchschnitts-Polymerisationsgrade zum Begriff des „Verzweigungsgrades“ reicht nicht in allen Fällen aus, ein anschauliches Bild des Makromoleküls zu vermitteln. Es muß vielmehr hierzu die Vorstellung einer Verknäuelung zusätzlich zu Hilfe genommen werden. Die Feststellung des Verzweigungsgrades behält dessen ungeachtet ihre Bedeutung als Rechenoperation zur Charakterisierung verschiedener Produkte: Im Verlaufe der Polymerisation sowie der nachfolgenden Aufarbeitung erfolgt stets ein starker Anstieg der Größe des Verzweigungsgrades, der einerseits durch Zusatz von Vinylkomponenten zurückgedrängt werden kann, während andererseits die Anwendung von Reglern den Verzweigungsgrad erniedrigt, jedoch auf Kosten des Molekulargewichtes, das in annähernd gleichem Umfang abfällt.3Die Bestimmung des 1,4-Anteils in Butadien-haltigen Polymerisaten erfolgte durch Untersuchung der Spaltstücke nach der Permanganat-Oxydation einerseits, sowie durch Betrachtung der Reaktionskinetik mit Benzopersäure andererseits und ergab qualitative Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden gewonnenen Ergebnisse: Emulsionspolymerisate des Butadiens weisen einen höheren 1,4-Anteil auf als Na-Polymerisate. Im übrigen ist der 1,4-Anteil von den Polymerisationsbedingungen weitgehend unabhängig.4Fraktionierte Fällungen dienten zur Bestimmung der K-Werte-Verteilung (Molekülgrößenverteilung): Naturkautschuk besitzt gegenüber Buna ein breiteres und mehr symmetrisches Verteilungsband.5Gummitechnische Eigenschaften des Buna, wie z. B. Festigkeit und Dehnung, werden durch die Größe des Verzweigunggrades wesentlich bestimmt. Tieftemperatur-Polymerisate mit hohen Durchschnitts-Molekulargewichten zeigen bemerkenswerterweise ein günstiges Verhalten bei Mastikation und Mischungsherstellung.6Die Forderungen der für Block- und Lösungsmittel-Polymerisation entwickelten Theorie der Reaktionskinetik werden auch von der Emulsionspolymerisation qualitativ erfüllt. Dieses Ergebnis dürfte für die Aufstellung einer Theorie der Reaktionskinetik von Emulsionspolymerisationen Bedeutung gewinnen.
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  • 118
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 164-175 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Durch Aufstellung der Verteilungskurve wurde festgestellt, daß die Zellstoffnitrate aus zwei Komponenten zusammengesetzt sind, während das polymerhomologe Gemisch der Baumwollcellulosenitrate aus einer einheitlichen Cellulose resultiert. Da die Nitrate durch polymeranaloge Umsetzung erhalten wurden, sind die Verteilungsfunktionen auch für die Ausgangscellulosen gültig. Es ergibt sich, daß die für Baumwollcellulose gültige Km -Konstante nicht für Zellstoffe angewandt werden kann.
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  • 119
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 55-77 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Un examen critique des différentes épreuves de stabilité pour nitrocelluloses a montré qu'aucune méthode ne donne entiérement satisfaction. Une recherche sur les causes de l'instabilité des nitrocelluloses a prouvé que les produits absolument exempts de SO4H2 sont toujours stables. Les quantités de SO4H2, qui provoquent l'instabilité, varient d'un produit à l'autre; les causes de ce phénomène n'ont pas pu être trouvées. Les résultats de ce travail ont abouti à une application technique, où les nitrocelluloses sont stabilisées par compression.
    Notes: Frühere Auffassungen der Instabilität von Nitrocellulosen wurden geprüft und gezeigt, daß dieselben nicht stichhaltig sind. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß technisch hergestellte Cellulosenitrate immer stabil sind, wenn sie absolut schwefelsäurefrei sind. Stabilisierungsschwierigkeiten bei der technischen Herstellung können durch inkludierte Schwefelsäure hervorgerufen werden und durch die Anwesenheit von besonders säureempfindlichen Bestandteilen der Makromoleküle.Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der technologisch üblichen Stabilisierungsverfahren. die nach den Methoden der makromolekularen Chemie vorgenommen wurde, führten zur Ausarbeitung einer neuen überlegenen Stabilisierungsmethode, bei der die Cellulosenitrate statt durch Kochen durch Pressen nachstabilisiert werden.
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  • 120
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Überblickt man die mitgeteilten Ergebnisse, so gelangt man zu dem qualitativen Bild. daß die elektrische Leitfähigkeit gequollener Filme aus Actomyosin im Bereich von 10 - 30%igen Dehnungen zunimmt. Im gleichen Dehnungsgebiet konnte auch in füheren Arbeiten eine sprunghafte Abnahme des Filmvolumens, verbunden mit einer spektrographisch festgestellten „Alkalisierung“ des Films beobachtet werden. Der Leitfähigkeitseffekt fügt sich somit erwartungsgemäß sehr gut in die auf Grund theoretischer Überlegungen 5 6 bisher gewonnene Vorstellung, daß sich bei Näherung von Peptidketten durch Dehnung die Fadenmizellen unter Mitwirkung zwischenmolekularer H-Brücken zu größeren Gebilden in der Richtung quer zur Faserachse vereinigen, wobei das Energieleitvermögen des Systems eine charakteristische Zunahme erfährt.
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  • 121
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkaline solutions of cupric hydroxide were added to aqueous solutions of numerous polysaccharides. In many cases the formation of insoluble copper-polysaccharidecomplexes could be observed. These precipitates are probably formed only, when the macromolecules carry adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are in the cis-position or are held at a relatively small angle to each other. The quadricovalent cupric ion reacts with two glycol groups of two macromolecules, forming didiol-complexes, which act as cross-links.  -  By reaction between polysaccharides and cuprammonium solutions on the other hand water soluble monodiol-complexes are formed.
    Notes: Es wurden wäßrige Lösungen einer größeren Anzahl von Polysacchariden mit alkalischer Kupferhydroxydlösung versetzt. In vielen Fällen war dabei die Bildung unlöslicher Kupfer-Polysaccharid-Komplexe festzustellen. Eine solche Flockung scheint nur dann aufzutreten, wenn im Makromolekül benachbarte Hydroxylgruppen, die miteinander einen möglichst kleinen Winkel einschließen, vorhanden sind. Das koordinativ vierwertige Cupri-Ion reagiert mit je zwei Glykolgruppen zweier Makromoleküle (Didiol-Komplexe); dies führt zur Ausbildung dreidimensionaler Netze.  -  Schweizers Reagens bildet dagegen mit Polysacchariden lösliche Monodiol-Komplexe.
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  • 122
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A discussion is given of the formulae obtained by Münster and Schulz for the entropy of dilution of dilute macromolecular solutions. For large spherical solute molecules both authors find results slightly different from that, which can be predicted from the classical theory of gases. According to Schulz, and contrary to the results of other authors, molecular flexibility should have a considerable influence on the entropy of dilution of chain molecules. This discrepancy originates from a slip in his calculations, correction of which leads to an entropy of dilution equal to that found for rigid chain molecules.
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse der Münsterschen und Schulzschen Berechnungen der Verdünnungsentropie verdünnter makromolekularer Lösungen werden diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, daß beide Autoren für kugelförmige Makromoleküle ein etwas anderes Ergebnis erhalten, als nach der klassischen Gastheorie zu erwarten ist. Für fadenförmige Makromoleküle schließt Schulz, im Gegensatz zu den Aussagen anderer Autoren, auf einen großen Einfluß der inneren Beweglichkeit. Es wird gezeigt, daß dies auf einem Versehen beruht.
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  • 123
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: After having corrected an error, a statistical calculation carried out previously shows, that the entropy of dilution of a solution of threadlike molecules depends on the ratio of axis only, and not on their stiff or inward movable condition. Comparing the result of this calculation with the direct determinations of the entropy of dilution by means of osmotic measurement it appears that the same is throughout considerably lower than theoretically expected. From this it can be concluded, that in a great measure the entropy of dilution depends on processes, which take place between the solute and the solvent in the „cover of solvateß.
    Notes: Eine früher durchgeführte statistische Rechnung ergibt, nachdem ein Versehen darin korrigiert ist, daß die Verdünnungsentropie einer Lösung von Fadenmolekülen nur von deren Achsenverhältnis abhängt, dagegen nicht davon, ob sie starr oder innerlich beweglich sind. Vergleicht man das Ergebnis dieser Rechnung mit direkten Bestimmungen der Verdünnungsentropie durch osmotische Messungen, so zeigt sich, daß dieselbe durchweg beträchtlich niedriger ist, als die Theorie erwarten läßt. Hieraus ist zu schließen, daß die Verdünnungsentropie zu einem großen Teil durch Vorgänge bestimmt ist, die sich zwischen dem gelösten Stoff und dem Lösungsmittel in der „Solvathülle“ abspielen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 124
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Some remarks are made on the relation between the osmotic pressure and the flexibility of threadlike molecules.
    Notes: Es werden einige Bemerkungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen osmotischem Druck und der inneren Beweglichkeit der Fadenmoleküle gemacht.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 125
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 124-133 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is proposed to characterise branched and polymer analogue chain molecules by the molar intrinsic viscosity instead of the intrinsic viscosity. Some studies about low moleculare substances show the advantage of this method. Paraffine side chains and ester side chains differ in their influence on viscosity. An empiric equation is given for the relation between structure of branched molecules and molar intrinsic viscosity.
    Notes: Es wird hier vorgeschlagen, die Viskosität von polymeranalogen und verzweigten Molekülen in Lösungen gleicher Molkonzentration zu bestimmen, während Staudinger in einer kürzlich erschienenen2 und in früheren Arbeiten solche Substanzen in Lösungen gleicher Gewichtskonzentration verglich. Der Vorzug der molaren Betrachtung wird durch eine Gegenüberstellung der Viskositätszahlen und der molaren Viskositätszahlen in Tabellen gezeigt. An niedermolekularen Modellsubstanzen wird gefunden, daß Esterseitenketten und Paraffinseitenketten die Viskosität verschiedenartig beeinflussen. Es wird eine empirische Gleichung für den Zusammenhang von Struktur verzweigter. Moleküle und molarer Viskositätszahl angegeben.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 126
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 184-193 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In sugar beet pectins the sum of the free, the salt-like linked and the esterfied carboxylgroups with methyl alcohol are equal to the total sum of the carboxylgroups of the uronic acid. The carboxylgroups of pectins extracted through water are primarily occupied with methyl alcohol and metals; the small amount of free carboxylgroups come to existence during the extraction through methyl alcohol cleavage. Various degrees of esterfication exist in the protopectins of sugar beets. An ester-like linkage of the carboxylgroups of the uronic acid of the protopectin with cellulose or other cell wall constituents cannot be shown in the sugar beet.
    Notes: Bei Zuckerrübenpektinen ist die Summe der freien, der salzartig gebundenen und der mit Methylalkohol veresterten Carboxylgruppen gleich der Anzahl der insgesamt vorhandenen Uronsäurecarboxyle. Bei wasserextrahierten Pektinen sind die Carboxylgruppen vorwiegend mit Methylalkohol und Metallen besetzt; die wenigen freien Carboxylgruppen entstehen durch Abspaltung von Methylalkohol während der Extraktion. Es kommen in den Zuckerrüben Protopektine verschiedenen Veresterungsgrades vor. Eine esterartige Bindung der Uronsäurecarboxyle des Protopektins an Cellulose oder andere Zellwandbausteine ist in der Zuckerrübe nicht nachweisbar.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Physical and mechanical properties of copolymers from dienes and acrylic nitrile have been studied. The gradual increase of density is an indication of the strong intermolecular forces exerted by nitrile groups. The mutual interaction of nitrile groups and methyl groups leads to a reduction of the mobility of flow units. This can be deduced from a relative comparison of hardness, elastic recovery, stress-strain properties, and brittle point of the three polymer-homologous series.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recently published measurements of moisture sorption vs. relative humidity for a series of proteins have previously been analyzed in a way which permits calculation of the integral free energy of sorption for any final pressure of water vapor. The present paper is an extension of these calculations to additional proteins from the list reported by Bull; integral and differential free energies and integral and differential heats and entropies of sorption have been calculated as functions of the amounts of water sorbed onsilk, wool, egg albumin (unlyophilized and heat coagulated), salmine, collagen, gelatin and lactoglobulin (crystalline and lyophilized). All calculations are referred to saturated water vapor as the standard state. Some of the proteins show positive net differential entropies of sorption at low vapor pressures. It is postulated that the partial molal entropy of sorption is made up of two terms, a negative entropy of sorption proper and a positive entropy of solution. Partial rearrangements of the protein chains at the beginning of the sorption process would effectively be an incipient solution which would give rise to a positive partial molal entropy of sorption if the second term is greater than the first. This speculation has support in the fact that the differential entropy of salmine, which dissolves at a relative vapor pressure of about 0.7, begins to show positive values at a relative vapor pressure of 0.35.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Benzoyl, anisoyl, veratroyl, p-bromobenzoyl, p-phenylbenzoyl, p-benzoylbenzoyl, p-methylsulfonylbenzoyl, p(N,N-dimethylsulfonamido)-benzoyl and -naphthoyl disulfides are promoters of the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene, but exhibit little effect on the polymer properties. Furoyl, phenyl, p-chlorophenyl and p-bromophenyl disulfides are neither promoters nor modifiers.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ten series of model filaments with increasing orientation and swelling degrees ranging between 16 and 1.2 were prepared from three viscoses containing 4, 6, and 10.5% cellulose. Their birefringence was measured and their x-ray diagrams taken and quantitatively evaluated in order to determine the over-all orientation of the iiber substance and that of the crystalline portion. It is shown that a general relation exists between the orientation of the crystallites and that of the entire fiber substance which is the same in all fibers stretched in the swollen state. Once the birefringence of a filament is known, the orientation factor of its crystallitee can be computed without taking an x-ray photograph. From the data further evidence can be derived to the effect that the orientation of the crystallitm cannot be accounted for by the theory of affined deformation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to study further the effect of structure on monomer reactivities in copolymerization the copolymer composition as a function of initial monomer mixture composition has been determined for the following monomer pairs: vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride, ethyl methacrylate-vinylidene chloride, butyl methacrylate-vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate-tetrachloroethylene, allyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate-vinylidenechloride, methyl methacrylate-vinyl chloride, pentene-1-vinyl chloride, allyl chloride-vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate-2,5-di-chlorostyrene, vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, and vinyl chloride-dioctyl maleate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystalline chymotrypsin has been inactivated by ultraviolet light (2537 Å.) with a quantum yield of 0.0032 based upon loss of ability to act upon casein as a substrate. The possible significance of this datum in terms of the duo-specificity of chymotrypsin, the integrity of the molecule as a whole and the quantum efficiency of cleavage of —CONH— linkages is discussed. The ultraviolet light absorption spectrum of the pure enzyme has been determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Methods for the preparation of fiber-forming polymeric amides from ω-amino acids and The variation in melting points of the polymeric their amide-forming derivatives are described. The variation in melting points of the polymeric amides with increasing chain length of the recurring unit is discussed.
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  • 134
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 95-96 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the swelling characteristics of Styrene-divinylbenzene gels containing from 0.02 to 0.12% of the cross-linking agent. Variation in swelling of samples containing the same amount of divinylbenzene was shown to increase with decreasing divinylbenzene concentration. The influence of amount of cross-linking agent, type of solvent, and temperature, on equilibrium swelling is reported. By assuming that μg is 0.44 for polymer-toluene, values of μg for over 50 different solvents have been obtained. No values of μg below 0.42 were found. A correlation of swelling values and of μg values with cohesive energy densities of the solvents is presented. The polymer appears to have a cohesive energy density of 82 cal. per cc. Equilibrium swelling decreases slightly in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone but increases markedly in cyclohexane with rising temperature. Efforts to calculate gel constants from the temperature coefficient of swelling failed completely in the case of cyclohexane, and were only moderately successful with toluene. These temperature studies, and the cohesive energy density correlations both appear to indicate a lack of complete understanding about the physical significance of μ, and why it depends so markedly on concentration.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 136
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 144-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 137
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 302-303 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 138
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 303-303 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 139
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 314-324 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction and operation of the osmotic balance has been described. Because of the damping effect of the cell immersed in the solvent the sensitivity of the balance is diminished. This can be avoided if a suitable weight is placed above the central knife-edge of the beam of the balance. A way to calculate the dimensions of a cell which gives the lowest possible temperature sensibility has been discussed. The disadvantage of a thick cell wall with respect to reference point adjustments has been pointed out. The measurements made with the balance have shown that osmotic pressures of the magnitude 0.011 ± 0.001 g./cm.2 can be measured. An example of the use of the balance has been given for three samples of nitrocellulose.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 336-344 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The polymerization of indene catalyzed by oxygen at 30° and 40°C., has been studied. Oxygen is absorbed and a labile “oxypolymer” or “polyindene peroxyde” is formed and can be separated from normal polymer by precipitation.
    Notes: Es wird die Polymerisation von Inden unter Sauerstoffeinfluss bei 30 und 40°C. untersucht. Sauerstoff wird absorbiert unter Bildung eines labilen “Oxydpolymers” oder “Polyindenperoxyds,” das vom normalen Polymer mittels einer Fällungsreaktion getrennt werden kann.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A redox-activated emulsion polymerization system has been developed in which benzoyl peroxide, sorbose and ferrous ammonium sulfate constitute the oxidation reduction system. Very rapid rates of reaction were obtained which permitted the use of lower polymerization temperatures. Redox polymers made at 10°C. had higher molecular weights and superior physical properties compared to standard GR-S as well as to polymers prepared in the redox system at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The combination of a diazothio ether and a mercaptan in an emulsion copolymerization recipe of butadiene and styrene containing potassium ferricyanide as a “catalyst” has a very strong activating effect on the polymerization. p-Methoxyphenyl diazothio-(2-naphthyl) ether, designated as MDN, was found to be particularly suitable. In the present paper, ordinary household soap (S.F. flakes) and dehydrogenated rosin soaps of varying degrees of purity have been used as emulsifiers. By using various tertiary or primary mercaptans, polymers of any degree of modification were obtained. The recommended recipe at 40°C. gives about 80% conversion in 10 hours. The rate of conversion is greatly increased by adding to the recipe substances which have a strongly alkaline reaction in water, as sodium carbonate, trisodium phosphate, or sodium hydroxide. With such “alkaline” recipes attractive rates of conversion are obtained at around 0°C.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The German redox system of emulsion polymerization of butadiene and styrene has been found to be very sensitive to exact details of experimental procedure. Soap may be substituted for the alkanesulfonate used by the Germans; it is then unnecessary to add ferric laurate to the system.Careful investigation of the soap-emulsified mixture leads to the conclusion that 0.25 parts of benzoyl peroxide, 0.50 parts of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, and 3.0 parts of sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate were the optimum concentrations of the essential ingredients for polymerization of an emulsion of 75 parts of butadiene and 25 parts of styrene in 200 parts of water and 5 parts of Procter and Gamble soap Flakes (S.F.) at 30°. At very low iron concentration the addition of a reducing agent as “booster” was beneficial; for this purpose sorbose can be replaced by fructose or, less satisfactorily, by a number of other reducing agents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 144
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ε-Caprolactam is converted to ε-aminocaproic acid polymer by heating under pressure with water followed, by distillation of the water and heating at atmospheric pressure. The lactam is also polymerized directly to this polymer by a catalytic method in which sodiocaprolactam is the initiator.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 145
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The emulsion polymerization of allyl acetate yields a polymer of the same average molecular weight as is obtained in bulk polymerization. The decomposition of potassimn persulfate is of the first order but is greatly accelerated by the presence of allyl acetate or of ethyl acetate. Three independent methods of analysis agree in indicating the presence of sulfate groups in 75% of the polymer molecules. It is concluded that the mechanisms of chain initiation and termination are analogous to those in the peroxide-induced bulk polymerization of allyl acetate. These facts do not serve to distinguish between different postulated loci reaction in emulsion polymerization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An estimate of the magnitude of the interference effect in a coil-like molecule is made by calculating the nearest neighbor density w around a given link as a function of the total number of contributing chain units. It is shown, for instance, that in a chain consisting of several hundred units, the first fifteen contribute about 75 % of the total nearest neighbor density at distances below the length of a link. The plots presented indicate that after about the first twenty links, the rate of increase of nearest neighbor density begins to flatten off. It is also possible to derive the modification of the distribution function of chain ends in real chains for a given form of w.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results are reported for the copolymerization of cis- and trans-dichloroethylenes and trichloroethylene with vinyl acetate and styrene. Unsymmetrical as well as symmetrical 1,2 polysubstituted ethylenes exhibit extremely small rate constants for self-propagation, but are easily attacked by vinyl-type radicals such as that formed by vinyl acetate. The attack of such monomers by vinyl “growing chain” radicals is retarded by substitution on the attacked carbon atom, but is favored by substitution on the other carbon atom of the double bond.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 148
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 302-302 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 149
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 518-524 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymeric indene prepared in the presence of oxygen can be separated into two fractions by precipitation with methanol. Polyindene is insoluble while the methanol-soluble portion can be precipitated from benzene by petroleum ether as a white powdery “polyindene peroxide.” Fractionation yielded samples with molecular weights from 300 to 3000. Bromine titration indicated that the lower molecular samples contained about one double bond per polymer molecule. The polymer gave qualitative tests for peroxide, but iodimetric titration of one sample gave only some 42.5% of the calculated active oxygen content.
    Notes: Polymeres Indol, das in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff dargestellt wurde, kann durch Fällen mit Methylalkohol in 2 Fraktionen getrennt werden. Polyindol ist unlöslich. Die methylalkohollösliche Fraktion kann aus Benzol mit Petroläther als ein weisses, pulveriges “Polyindolperoxyd” ausgefällt werden. Fraktionierung führte zu Substanzen mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 300 und 3000. Bromtitration deutete darauf hin, dass die niedrigmolekularen Proben ungefähr eine Doppelbindung pro Polymermolekül enthielten. Die qualitative Prüfung für Peroxyd war positiv, aber die jodometrische Titration einer Probe ergab nur 42.5% des berechneten aktiven Sauerstoffgehaltes.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 525-534 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction of indene with sulfur has been shown to give a polymer containing one atom of sulfur per indene unit. The refraction and absorption characteristics of the polymer have been reported. The kinetics of the reaction of sulfur, with and without added accelerators, have been investigated with the view to establishing the influence of the accelerators on the rate and the temperature coefficient.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, dass die Reaktion von Indol mit Schwefel zu einem Polymer führt, das ein Schwefelatom pro Indoleinheit enthält. Der Brechungsindex und das Absorptionsspektrum des Polymers werden mitgeteilt. Die Kinetik der Schwefelreaktion, mit und ohne Zusatz von Beschleunigern, wird untersucht um den Einfluss der Beschleuniger auf die Reaktiongeschwindigkeit und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Reaktion festzustellen.
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  • 151
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 652-662 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that the adhesion of high polymers to cellulose is a function of tack temperatures and dielectric constants, ∊, of the polymers and of dipole moments, μ, of polar groups. A plot of tack temperature versus mirror image force, μ1μ2/,of copolymers gives an area of adhesion bounded by a tack temperature of 100% and mirror image forces of 0.7 and 1.3 and opening toward lower tack temperatures. Outside of the area polymers do not adhere well to cellulose. By coating polymers on cellulose pretreated with Werner chromium complexes of acids bearing polar groups, it has been found that adhesion is a specific function of the polar groups within the polymer and on the modilied cellulose. Adhesion is strongest with approximately equal dipole moment substituents on the modified cellulose and in the copolymers.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The peroxide-initiated polymerization of allyl methacrylate has been examined in the presence of certain additives. By the use of mercaptans and diisopropyl dixanthogen the extent of polymerization at the point where gelation occurs may be extended from about 6% to 20-30% polymerization. Examination of samples of polyallyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, and the copolymer of methyl methacrylate and allyl chloroacetate indicates that the postponement of gelation results largely from diminution of the molecular weight by the regulators. The effects of regulators on the composition of copolymers and the molecular weight of polymers, and the relation between molecular weight and extent of reaction at the gel point are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation of stress in polyisobutylene whole polymer of different average molecular weights has been investigated over the temperature range 30-100°C., and at different elongations. The shape of the relaxation curve is independent of elongation in a range of low elongations; above this range there is a gradual change in curve shape with increasing elongation. The shape of the relaxation curve for a given molecular weight is the same at different temperatures, when plotted as reduced stress vs. logarithmic time; a change in temperature essentially shifts the position of the curve along the logarithmic time scale. The activation energy for relaxation, calculated by use of the Arrhenius equation, is found to be independent of molecular weight in the molecular weight range investigated (M̄v = 665,00.0 to 1,420,000), the average value being 15.4 kcal. Straight lines are obtained when reciprocal viscosity-average molecular weight is plotted against log time required for the reduced stress to reach a certain arbitrary value, at a fixed temperature and elongation. Relaxation rate depends on molecular weight with sufficient sensitivity so that relaxation measurements may be a practical method of measuring molecular weight directly in the solid state.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 714-734 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 772-775 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recently published data on copolymerization has been shown to correlate satisfactorily with the scheme of Q and e factors proposed by Alfrey and Price, thus lending further support to the utility and to the theoretical interpretation on which it was based.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The second-order transition temperatures (Tm) for foruteen commercially available butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers with 18-50% acrylonitrile have been determined refractometrically and found to be somewhat lower than the corresponding brittle temperatrues (Tb). The data show a linear relation between Tm and acrylonitrile content.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 897-898 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 899-900 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 159
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 141-142 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 160
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 161
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 162
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The initial rate of polymerization of highly purified styrene in bulk has been measured dilatometrically at 38.4, 56.4 and 70.1°C. For conversions up to one per cent a well-reproducible rate was observed for samples handled in complete absence of atmospheric gases. For samples saturated with air an equally reproducible, though higher rate, was observed initially. The duration of this higher rate decreases with increasing length of storage between saturation and measurement. After polymerization at higher rate, the sample continues to polymerize at the rate observed for the air-free samples.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 22-31 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A turbidimetric method has been developed for determining the styrene content in water and soap solution. The solubility of styrene in distilled water was 0.022% while in 2.0% potassium oleate solution it was 0.65 to 0.88%. The course of the polymerization of a saturated solution of styrene in 2% potassium oleate was followed by a colorimetric analysis based on reaction with dilute potassium permanganate. The rate of polymerization decreased rapidly after 50% conversion. The activation energy was estimated to be 17,000 kcal., somewhat less than in solution. The molecular weight of the polymer produced was 200,000. Occasional erratic results were ascribed to possible influence of various amounts of air sealed in the polymerization mixtures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 164
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that the homogeneity in respect to molecular weight of emulsion copolymers of butadiene and styrene can be increased by the use of certain derivatives of n-dodecyl mercaptan rather than the mercaptan itself. These derivatives decompose and relase n-dodecyl mercaptan at an even rate during the polymerization reaction. Several new derivatives of n-dodecyl mercaptan are described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Precise analytical methods are developed using iodine monochloride for the determination of unsaturation in polybutadiene and polyisoprene and their copolymers with styrene. The complicating side reactions, splitting out and substitution, as well as the influence of the solvent employed are investigated in detail. It is concluded that GR-S at various conversions has the theoretical unsaturation. Emulsion polybutadiene exhibits 97 to 98% of the theoretical unsaturation, emulsion polyisoprene 97% sodium polybutadiene 92%, and sodium polyisoprene 85%. The amount of unsaturation in these last two polymers as well as in the sodium copolymer of butadiene and styrene (75:25) is considerable less than theoretically expected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor has been inactivated by ultraviolet light (λ2537 Å.) with a quantum yield of 0.0088 based upton loss of ability to inhibit the action of trypsin on casein. Inactivation involves a “one-hit” process.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 303-303 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 168
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solid polyhexamethylene adipamide prepared by slow cooling of a melt is opaque as a result of formation of spherulites. Spherulites may also be formed by slow evaporation of a phenol solution of polyhexamethylene adipamide. Transparent, nonspherulitic polymer of a low degree of lateral order can be formed by cooling the polymer rapidly. Heat treatment or aging of this polymer increases the lateral order without the formation of microscopically visible spherulites. Spherulites usually reduce tensile strength, increase opacity, and decrease workability.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 325-326 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The rate constants for thermal polymerization of indene at 150° and 175° in the absence of oxygen have been found to be 6.0 × 10-6 and 3.16 × 10-5 min.-1, respectively. The average degree of polymerization at each temperature was slightly less than four.
    Notes: Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der thermischen Polymerisation von Inden bei 150° und 175° in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff wird zu 6.0 × 10-6 und 3.16 × 10-5 min.-1 resp., bestimmt. Der durchschnittliche mittlere Polymerisationsgrad war etwas geringer als 4 bei beiden Versuchstemperaturen.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 358-364 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The densities of undrawn and drawn nylon filaments (6-6 Nylon) are found to be 1.1339 and 1.1384, respectively, at 25°C. Annealing either the drawn or undrawn forms to the highest temperature possible short of melting increases the room temperature density to 1.1564, the most rapid increase in density with temperatures annealing coming at 210°C. The temperature coefficient of the density as measured at room temperature is greater for the drawn form of the nylon than the undrawn after annealing has taken place. The density of nylon calculated by Bunn and Garner from x-ray diagram data is 1.24, considerably higher than the highest value obtained by us on annealing, namely 1.156.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A brief review is given of the evidence for the existence of a long period of about five hundred glucosidic units in fibrous cellulose. The heterogeneity of the molecular weight distribution can be measured as a function of the extent of degradation and is found to increase much less rapidly than would result from random scission. The interpretation of kinetic studies by means of Ekenstam's equation leads to the evaluation of two different rate constants and activation energies in the degradation reaction. Finally, the electron microscope photographs reveal significant difference between individual fibers resulting from wet milling and those produced by hydrolytic reaction.
    Notes: Eine Übersicht wird gegeben für die Argumente, die für das Vorhandensein eines regelmässigen, langperiodischen Aufbaus von Einheiten von 500 Glukoseresten in Fasercellulosen sprechen. Die Uneinheitlichkeit des Gewichtsdurchschnittes kann in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Abbaugrad gemessen werden und nimmt viel langsamer ab als unter der Annahme von statistischer Spaltung. Die Interpretierung der kinetischen Studien mit Hilfe der Gleichung von Ekenstam führt zu zwei verschiedenen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsenergien für die Zerfallsreaktion. Schliesslich zeigen elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen charakteristische Unterschiede zwischen Fasern die durch Nassmahlung und durch Hydrolyse gewonnen wurden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The inhibiting action of several phenols on the GR-S 10 (rosin soap) recipe for synthetic 2,5-Di-t-butylhydroquinone is shown to be a particularly powerful inhibitor rubber is reportor in this recipe.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 174
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 464-464 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 175
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the amount of chain transfer occurring in a copolymerization carried out in solvent media can be derived in a manner similar to the composition-kinetic treatment for tripolymer formation. As a result, the relative reactivity of the chain-transfer solvent can be determined.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 465-480 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fine structures of emulsion polybutadiene prepared at temperatures ranging from 55°C. to -20°C. and of various butadiene-styrene copolymers prepared at -20°C. have been studied by x-ray methods. The ability of emulsion-polymerized butadiene to crystallize was found to depend to a large extent on the temperature of polymerization. Butadiene polymerized at 30°C. and above showed no evidences of crystallization when cooled unstretched to -70°C. as observed by x-ray diffraction methods; however, butadiene polymerized at 20°C. and below showed crystallization effects when cooled unstretched to -70°C. These crystallization effects became more pronounced for samples polymerized at lower temperatures. Layer-line diffraction patterns of butadiene polymerized at 30°C. and below were obtained by stretching the polymer at about 0°C. From these patterns the geometrical repeat distance along the polymer chains was found to be 5.1 ± 0.1 Å. This corresponds to a fully extended butadiene unit in the trans configuration. An anomaly was observed in the diffraction patterns of crystallizable polybutadiene stretched at 0°C. Some of the layer-line spots varied in position with per cent elongation of the sample. This suggests that the molecules in crystallites of the polymer are inclined to the stretch axis at low elongations and that they become more nearly parallel to the stretch axis at higher elongations. A small addition of styrene as comonomer at -20°C. polymerization temperature did not prevent crystallization and preferred orientation effects in the polymer, since these effects could still be found in a 90/10 charge copolymer. Larger amounts of styrene did prevent crystallinity and preferred orientation as shown by the amorphous nature of an 80/20 charge copolymer. The ability of a compounded vulcanizate of a given polymer to crystallize is less than that of the purified polymer under the same conditions. This may be due to the combined effects of milling, vulcanization, and the presence of carbon black particles in the polymer. A description of the apparatus and techniques used for cooling and stretching these polymers is given.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 503-517 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of decomposition of benzoyl, lauroyl, bis(p-chlorobenzoyl), and bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxides, 0.0133 molar in styrene, have been determined at 34.8, 49.4, 61.0, 74.8, and 100°C., and the corresponding rates of polymerization of styrene have also been determined. Assuming the initial rate of polymerization of styrene, produced by benzoyl peroxide at an initial concentration of 0.0133 m./l. at each of the five temperatures used to be unity, the relative initial rates of polymerization produced by the peroxides studied are as follows: bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) 2.15, lauroyl 1.52, and bis(p-chlorobenzoyl) 0.87. The rate data have been subjected to an approximate kinetic analysis, from which one may conclude that the order of intrinsic effectiveness of the peroxides as chain-initiating agents in styrene is benzoyl 〉 bis(p-chlorobenzoyl) 〉 lauroyl 〉 bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl), and that the effectiveness increases with increasing temperature. The activation energy for the peroxide-initiated polymerization of styrene was found to be 21 kcal. per mole. The molecular weight of polystyrene appears to be an inverse function of the temperature, the polymerization rate, the peroxide decomposition rate, and the extent of wasteful decomposition of the peroxide.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 535-538 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A sample of polyindene (number average molecular weight, 400) was carefully fractionated into nine fractions with molecular weights varying from 300 to 800. The observation by Whitby and Katz that bromine titration indicated one double bond per polymer molecule was substantiated. However, this double bond is no longer active for polymerization since the molecular weights of various fractions did not change significantly on exposure to polymerizing conditions (heating for 500 hours under nitrogen at 175°C.).
    Notes: Eine Probe von Polyindol (mittleres Molekulargewicht 400) wird sorgfältig in 9 Fraktionen von steigendem Molekulargewicht von 300 bis 800 zerlegt. Die Beobachtung von Whitby und Katz, dass Bromtitrierung zu einer Doppelbindung pro Polymermolekül führt wird bestätigt. Diese Doppelbindung ist aber nicht länger zur Polymerisation fähig, da sich die Molekulargewichte verschiedener Fraktionen nicht mehr wesentlich änderten, wenn sie Polymerisationsbedingungen - Erhitzen für 500 Stunden bei 175° in Stickstoffatmosphäre - ausgesetzt wurden.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 539-548 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The evidence for the nature of the side chains in lignin resulting from investigations of the reactions of model substances has been summarized. The studies have involved investigation of the reactions with (a) sulfite, (b) alkali and nitrobenzene, and (c) hot alkali. (a)Reaction with sulfite occurs readily for model substances with β-hydroxyl or α,β unsaturated keto groupings (“aldol type”). Hydroxyl groups adjacent to a ring are somewhat reactive but or-hydroxyketo groupings (“acyloin type”) do not react.(b)Alkaline oxidation to aldehyde or carboxyl with nitrobenzene is effective in degrading a side chain para to a free hydroxyl group having an oxygen atom on the α-carbon atom. Conversion of the para-phenolic hydroxyl to a methyl ether neutralizes its promoting influence.(c)Cleavage to an aldehyde with hot alkali in the absence of air is specific for the “aldol type” grouping in the side chain. This is regarded as a reverse aldol condensation and it has been demonstrated that acetaldehyde can be isolated from such degradations.These results, together with the behavior of lignin and its derivatives, are interpreted in terms of probable structures for the side-chain units in lignin.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 602-603 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 603-604 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A large-scale precise fractionation of GR-S (X-55) was performed using the fractional precipitation technique at 25°C. 9 fractions, each weighing approximately 150 g. and comprising approximately 11% by weight of the original unfractionated sample, were obtained and a detailed study was made showing the effect of number-average molecular weight and related sol-gel properties on various physical and chemical properties of the crude and vulcanized fractions. Using a Santocure tread-type recipe, preliminary compounding work indicated the sulfur ratios required to give vulcanizates with 300% modulus values of 1000 p.s.i. All fractions were recompounded using these indicated optimum sulfur values. Generally, as the number-average molecular weight increased, better stress-strain and quality index data were obtained. These and other physical properties of the vulcanizates of these fractions are discussed in detail. As found in past fractionation studies pertaining to unsaturated high polymers, the higher molecular weight fractions, obtained from the unfractionated sample which was totally soluble in benzene, undergo considerable gelation when isolated and vacuum dried at 25°C. in the dark. As the indicated molecular weight of the fraction increased, higher per cent gel contents were obtained. Compared to unfractionated butadiene-styrene copolymers of similar gel contents, the gel portions of the higher molecular weight fractions had unusually high swelling indices. indicating qualitatively that the average molecular weights between points of effective cross linking in the three-dimensional gel structure were higher than those encountered in the past in unfractionated samples of similar gel contents. Other data are given pertaining to these fractions, such as the bound styrene content, per cent shrinkage of the compounded unvulcanized stocks, and the rate of gel breakdown with cold milling.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 607-608 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 184
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 642-645 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymeric oxidation products of indole act like typical peroxides in polymerization reactions. Due to their relatively high stability the increases of the reaction is small, while fragments of the degraded peroxide enter the polymer molecule.
    Notes: Polymere Oxydationsprodukte des Indens verhalten sich in Bezug auf Polymerisationsreaktionen wie typische Peroxyde. Ihre verhältnismässig hohe Stabilität bedingt eine relative geringe Reaktionsbeschleunigung, wobei Bruchstücke des zerfallenden Peroxyds in die polymere Molekel eintreten.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 646-646 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 186
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A refractometric technique for determination of second-order transition temperatures (Tm) of polymers has been extended to include a series of alkyl acrylate and methacrylate polymers with transitions at temperatures down to -50°C. A convenient technique for determining refractive index down to -75°C. is described. Certain long-chain alkyl polymers are birefringent below Tm. Correlations of brittle point with Tm and relations between viscosity and Tm are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 187
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 663-668 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Verdet constants of nine polyethylene glycols, three polypropylene glycols, and nine silicone polymers have been measured at 25°C. It was found that the Verdet constant increases with increase in molecular weight in each of the series, and approaches a constant value. A similar increase in the molecular magnetic rotation was noted. The results are in contrast with those on polystyrene, and the effect of end groups on the measurements is discussed in explanation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 798-798 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 189
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fundamental basis of our work is the application of statistics involving both the energy of interaction between solute and solvent molecules and the effect of steric hindrances: the statistics of freely rotating chains (sometimes called the statistics of Kuhn) are a special limiting case. Using this we can show that in the law [η] = KNα the coefficient is a function of N having a value close to 2 for small values of N, and approaching on first approximation a value of 0.5 when N increases infinitely. This statistical method has the advantage of permitting an approach to the important problem of the variation of the intrinsic viscosity as a function of the temperature T. The behavior of intrinsic viscosity with degree of polymerization and temperature as predicted by the theory check with experiment, and, in the case of the hemipolystyrenes, it has been possible to obtain very satisfactory quantitative verification. In view of numerous experiments which show that, at a given temperature, the limiting value of α for very large N is greater than 0.5, we have altered the theory of the equivalent particle accordingly. As a basis for the change the concept of porosity is examined with several other concepts, and it is shown that it is likely to apply only with reservations when the molecular structure of the solvent is taken into account.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 850-865 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The decrease of the limiting viscosities of unfractionated and fractionated polystyrene with time has been studied over a range of temperatures from 248 to 340°C. in vacuo. Distribution curves of several degraded samples have been determined. It has been established that the theory of random breaking of links is not applicable in the case of polystyrene. Three major deviations from the random theory have been found. The experimental results have been evaluated employing the weak link theory. The mechanisms proposed account satisfactorily for the deviations from the random theory, and give a fair representation of the experimental results, only the experimental distribution curves still showing deviations from those predicted by theory. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo have been discussed and the role of oxygen during polymerization has been indicated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 891-894 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Additional data relating to the mechanism of the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile are presented. These results show the influence of varying the emulsifier and of varying the water-monomer ratio upon the relationship between monomer composition and the composition of the initial copolymer molecules formed. The composition of the initial copolymer produced in emulsion is the same as that which would be predicted if polymerization occurred in the oil droplet.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Evidence is presented to show that either sodium ferri- or ferropyrophosphate with hydrogen peroxide effectively initiates emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene. The hydrogen peroxide appears to be destroyed as such before polymerization begins, thus indicating that it converts some other constituent of the recipe into the effective catalyst for polymerization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rosin can be modified by two fundamentally different methods. which usually are combined to get the best results. These methods are based on neutralization of the carboxyl group and reaction with the unsaturated part of the rosin molecule. The products are used as a filler to improve gloss and hardness of the paint or varnish film. They are easily soluble in the common solvents and the harder types promote drying. Depending upon the method of treatment, they are more or less liable to oxidation. The molecular weight increases most for the phenolic- and maleic-modified ester gums and especially when esterified with penta-erythritol.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 194
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 463-463 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 195
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 304-304 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A sample of polyindene has been fractionated by precipitation from benzene by butyl alcohol or from ether by methanol into fractions varying from 200 to 1200 in molecular weight. These data have been used to estimate the distribution function for polymer of this low molecular weight range.
    Notes: Polyindenpräparate werden durch Ausfällung mit Butylalkohol aus Benzol oder mit Methylalkohol aus Äther in Fraktionen von Molekulargewichten von 200-1200 zerlegt. Diese Werte werden benutzt um die Verteilungsfunktion dieser Polymeren mit extrem niedrigen Molekulargewichten zu berechnen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The surface tension of polyoxyethylene glycol in water leads to a value for the area per molecule which shows that the polymer molecules lie approximately flat in the surface. Molecular weight determinations by end-group analysis and freezing-point depression are compared with values of the intrinsic viscosity and limiting area per molecule.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 549-563 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence has been studied of systematic alterations in the amount of cross linking in elastomers upon diffusion coefficients and permeability constants in elastomers of homologous paraffin hydrocarbons. In a number of such media the influence of chain length of the paraffins upon the transport phenomena has also been investigated, using CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H8, and n-C4H10.Apparent activation energies for permeation (Ep) and for diffusion (ED) for degrees of vulcanization up to 11.3% combined sulfur are in the decreasing order: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm butane } 〉 {\rm propane } 〉 {\rm }_{{\rm ethylene}}^{{\rm ethane}} {\rm } 〉 {\rm methane } 〉 {\rm nitrogen}$$\end{document} For low vulcanizates, EP is not very sensitive to the per cent sulfur. However for higher percentages of sulfur, EP tends to rise, especially when the migrating molecule is a large one. ED is rather more sensitive both to molecular size and to per cent combined sulfur.Both EP and ED for natural rubber vulcanizates show definite temperature coefficients, manifested as curvature when log10 D or log 10 P is plotted against 1/T. Such curvature was absent, however, in butyl rubber.The results have been interpreted in terms of the molecular nature of elastic networks and in terms of the kinetic-statistical (zone) theory and the transitionstate theory. All treatments indicate the need for a considerable zone of activation for each unit diffusion process, confirming an earlier investigation. When, in the Arrhenius equation, D = D0e-ED/RT, one plots log10D0 against ED/T, the clear functional relationship: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log _{10} {\rm }D_0 {\rm } = {\rm } - 3.6{\rm } + {\rm }0.14{\rm }{{E_D } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_D } T}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} T}$$\end{document} emerges. A simple interpretation of this and of similar functional relationships for other “activated” physical and chemical rate processes has been given.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 564-575 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The solubility of nitrogen, ethylene, and the n-paraffins from methane to pentane has been measured in a series of natural rubber vulcanizates in relation to chain length of paraffin, temperature, and degree of cross linking of vulcanizates which contained between 1.7 to 21.9% combined sulfur.For smaller, less soluble paraffins the degree of vulcanization had little influence upon the solubility but for higher molecular paraffins such as pentane this influence became significant. A qualitative interpretation of the effects observed was given. The solubility data are in all cases represented by a statistical theory of one of the authors for a mean frequency of vibration of the solute in the medium corresponding to the infrared (0.5 to 1.0 × 1012 sec.-1). The solubility constants, σ, and critical temperature, Tc, are also empirically related by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\log _{10} {\rm }\sigma {\rm } = {\rm }a{\rm } + {\rm }bT_c {\rm }\left( {a{\rm and }b{\rm are constants}} \right)$$\end{document} Heats and standard free energies of solution for the earlier homologous paraffins show steady trends as the chain length increases. The heats are exothermal and are adequately interpreted as the sum of the heats of liquefaction together with a small heat-of-mixing term for liquid and rubber which was usually close to that given by Hildebrand's cohesive energy density equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$q{\rm } = \;\left[ {\left( {{{E_1 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_1 } {V_1 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_1 }}} \right)^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} {\rm } - {\rm }\left( {{{E_2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_2 } {^2 V_2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {^2 V_2 }}} \right)^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}} } \right]^2 V_1 v_2^2$$\end{document} As anticipated from statistical theory, entropies were usually several entropy units more negative than those for solutions of gases in monomeric solvents.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 3 (1948), S. 606-607 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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