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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Carbaalanes ; Cluster compounds ; Electron deficiency ; Aluminium ; Boron ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cluster chemistry in the third main group has long been restricted to compounds of the lightest element boron. However, about 30 years ago the first compounds were synthesized and characterized in which single aluminium atoms adopted positions of high connectivity in polyhedral borane or carbaborane clusters. The next successful step in these efforts to establish a chemistry analogous to that of the polyboranes with the heavier elements of the third main-group was the synthesis of closo-dodecaaluminate [Al12iBu12]2- at the beginning of the nineties, which was the first homonuclear aluminium analogue of a polyborate anion and had a core exclusively formed by aluminium atoms. Another class of interesting new aluminium compounds was formed by the carbaalanes, which were synthesized and characterized for the first time only recently. They have clusters of aluminium and carbon atoms, and are similar to the carbaborane analogues in that their structures seem to be determined by the number of electron pairs in their molecular centers in accordance with the Wade rules.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Pyrazolato complexes ; Dinuclear complexes ; Ketonic carbonyls ; Ruthenium ; Osmium ; Rhodium ; Iridium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metal-metal bonded dicarbonyl compounds [(η6-p-cymene)M(μ-pz)2IrCl(CO)2](M-Ir) react stereospecifically with PPh3 to yield an enantiomeric pair of ketonic carbonyl compounds [(η6-p-cymene)M(μ-CO)(μ-pz)2IrCl(CO)(PPh3)] [M = Ru (1), Os (2)] in which the chloride ligand is trans to the bridging ketone group. However, the non metal-metal bonded isomers [(η6-p-cymene)MCl(μ-pz)2M′(CO)2], under similar conditions, eliminate CO forming the monosubstitution products [(η6-p-cymene)MCl(μ-pz)2M′(CO)(PPh3)] [M = Ru; M′ = Ir (3), Rh (4). M = Os; M′ = Rh (5)]. Removal of the chloride ligand in 1 affords [RuIr(η6-p-cymene)(CO)2(PPh3)(pz)2]BPh4 as two isomers, 6a,b. The related OsIr compound [(η6-p-cymene)Os(μ-CO)(μ-pz)2Ir(CO)(PPh3)]BPh4 (9) has been prepared from [(η6-p-cymene)Os(CO)(μ-pz)2Ir(CO)2]BPh4 (7) and PPh3. Again, the OsRh tricarbonyl related to 7 [(η6-p-cymene)Os(CO)(μ-pz)2Rh(CO)2]BPh4 (8) reacts differently with PPh3 affording [(η6-p-cymene)Os(CO)(μ-pz)2Rh(CO)(PPh3)]BPh4 (10).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 511-514 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: CZE ; indirect UV detection ; metal ions ; ecological samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 561-564 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Retention factors ; Cinnamomi ramulus ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; capillary electrophoresis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 590-594 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion chromatography ; graphitic carbon stationary phases ; anions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Inorganic anions could be separated on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases in ion chromatography. Ion exchange between eluent anions and sample anions on the stationary phase was confirmed by the retention behavior and the possibility of indirect photometric detection. The elution order of anions was different from that observed for commercially available anion exchangers. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate contained in tap water could be determined in 7 min.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 603-608 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solvation parameter model ; ystem constants for poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) HP-5 and poly(ethylene glycol) HP-INNOWax stationary phases ; temperature ; molecular interaction ; retention models ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 656-658 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) ; laser induced fluorescence detection (LIFD) ; fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) ; inulin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 699-701 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Phenol derivatives ; RP-HPLC separation ; short RP column ; gradient elution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 485-488 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrethroids ; solid-phase microextraction ; water analysis ; temperature ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Synthetic pyrethroids are increasingly being used for insect control on field crops because of their advantageous environmental properties such as short field life, broad spectrum of insecticide activity, and relatively low mammalian toxicity. In the present work, experimental conditions were optimized for trace analysis of pyrethroids in water by using solid-phase microextraction followed by capillary gas chromatography. Effects of temperature, SPME-fiber diameter, and matrix were studied. SPME used off-line with a gas chromatograph electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) showed a linear response over a wide concentration range. Our results showed a strong temperature effect on pyrethroid extraction yield. The detection limit after 5 min of SPME-fiber exposure to the samples changed from 1 ppb (at 30°C) to 0.1 ppt (at 90°C), which is a 10000 increase in pyrethroid detection. The standard deviations of the analyte peak area ratios were typically in the range of 1-7% at 30°C and of 3 to 15% at 90°C. Best conditions for pyrethroids analysis were achieved using high temperature solution and a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. No matrix (river water) influence was observed on detection of the investigated pyrethroids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional GC ; time-of-flight ; oil analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this work a comprehensive two-dimensional system (GC×GC) was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the analysis of oil samples. Group-types like the alkanes and saturated cyclic compounds (naphthenes), which are present in oil, are shown separately by selecting their unique masses. On selecting appropriate ion fragments, this method also permits the determination of sulfur- and oxygen-containing species in oil. Former results obtained by FID detection could be confirmed. After proper selection of unique ions in GC×GC-TOF both selectivity and sensitivity increase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 497-501 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Historical remarks ; modern separation methods ; gas chromatography ; selective sorbents ; selectors ; discovery process ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The research conducted and the discoveries during the development of chromatography are briefly surveyed, with emphasis being placed on gas chromatography. Some actors are presented who played major roles en route from Tswett's original discovery to modern separation methods. The article is based mainly on personal memories and encounters. A few examples of the participation of our country in the development of chromatography are mentioned as well as international contacts. Some remarks are made on the use of selective sorbents or selectors in modern analytical separations. The paper closes with a few comments on the “philosophy” of the discovery process.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Silicone oil ; supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ; micropacked columns ; MALDI-TOF ; GC/MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Sample preparation ; gas extraction techniques ; membrane-type techniques ; water analysis ; soil analysis ; gas chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This review focuses on the role of so-called solventless methods of sample preparation in contemporary environmental analysis. The basic classification of this group of methods as well as the principal features and advantages of the techniques in current use are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Conjugated linoleic acids ; underivatized ; Ag+-HPLC ; resolution ; mixed mode retention ; hydrogen bonding ; competing acid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Fatty acids (FAs) and fatty acid residues are generally methylated and analyzed by GC. The reasons for this are partly historic and partly because of the sensitivity advantage of flame ionization detection over UV absorption by the carboxylic acid functionality in saturated FAs. However, for strongly absorbing unsaturated acids such as the conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), the sensitivity advantage is greatly reduced. Hence there seems little reason to waste time and introduce errors associated with methylation. Remarkably, this appears not to have been recognized. In this paper we describe our method development for the analysis of underivatized CLAs by silver ion HPLC separation on the ChromSpher Lipids column. Using mobile phases previously optimized for the analysis of the methylated CLAs, retention is excessive and a competing acid is required. Various combinations of small concentrations of acetic acid (3.0-2.5%) with acetonitrile (0.0-0.025%), respectively, yield similar resolution and run times. As well as its role as a competing acid, acetic acid acts as a general strong solvent and thus can be used alone as a modifier (without acetonitrile). However, for slightly shorter run times a mobile phase of 2.5% acetic acid and 0.025% acetonitrile was chosen as the optimum mobile phase for analysis. The separation of the free CLAs is clearly superior to those previously published and obtained in this study for the methylated CLAs. The additional specific strong interactions of the underivatized CLAs seem certain to be due to hydrogen bonding between the CLA carboxylic acid functionality and the large number of residual silanols on the surface of the silica support of the stationary phase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; chiral separation ; chiral stationary phase ; separation of enantiomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new reciprocal π-basic chiral stationary phase (CSP) was designed based on the reciprocity conception of chiral recognition and prepared starting from (S)-leucine. The CSP thus prepared was applied in resolving various π-acidic N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino amides and esters and found to be very effective. Especially, N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino N,N-dialkyl amides were resolved very well on the new reciprocal CSP. From the chromatographic resolution results and based on the reciprocity conception of chiral recognition with the aid of Corey/Pauling/Koltan (CPK) molecular model studies, a chiral recognition mechanism which utilizes π-π interaction and simultaneously two hydrogen bonding interactions between the CSP and the analyte has been proposed. The CSP prepared in this study was also successful in resolving 3,5-dinitrophenylcarbamate derivatives of 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid esters.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary HPLC ; gradient elution ; temperature programming ; phenolic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This paper describes a liquid chromatographic method using a reversed phase capillary column coupled to an UV detector for the quantitation of thirteen pollutant phenols. Chromatographic separation was carried out with gradient elution at 25.0 ± 0.1°C. The two major anisocratic elution modes (gradient elution and temperature programming) were evaluated. The detection limit range was 10-81 pg (100 nL injected). The chromatographic method combined with liquid-liquid extraction was applied to analysis of these compounds in river water. Recoveries of 75-103% were achieved for most of them.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 389-392 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary SFC ; zinc dialkyldithiophosphates ; lubricating oils ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 688-692 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solid oxygen scavenger ; carrier gas purity ; manganous oxide ; glass press-fit connections ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; diol compound ; oxalate ; post-column reaction ; ruthenium complex ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this paper we propose a new post-column detection method for polyols containing 1,2-diol, 1,3-diol, and saccharides. The polyols are oxidized in a photochemical reactor to yield oxalate with subsequent chemiluminescence detection using [Ru(III)(bpy)3]3+. A mixing solution of eluate and oxidizing reagent is delivered to a reaction coil, which is then irradiated with ultraviolet light to promote the oxidation reaction. The detection limits for 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and 1,3-propanediol were 38 pmol and 23 pmol, respectively.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolithic column ; silica monolith ; HPLC ; capillary liquid chromatography ; capillary electrochromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Two types of monolithic silica columns derivatized to form an ODS phase, one prepared in a fused silica capillary (SR-FS) and the other prepared in a mold and clad with an engineering plastic (poly-ether-ether-ketone) (SR-PEEK), were evaluated. The column efficiency and pressure drop were compared with those of a column packed with 5-μm ODS-silica particles and of an ODS-silica monolith prepared in a mold and wrapped with PTFE tubing (SR-PTFE). SR-FS gave a lower pressure drop than a column packed with 5-μm particles by a factor of 20, and a plate height of 20 μm at a linear velocity below 1 mm/s. SR-PEEK showed higher flow-resistance than the other monolithic silica columns, but they still showed a minimum plate height of 8-10 μm and a lower pressure drop than popular commercial columns packed with 5-μm particles. The evaluation of SR-FS columns in a CEC mode showed much higher efficiency than in a pressure-driven mode.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line coupled LC-GC ; nitrogen selective detection ; NPD ; carbazoles ; PANH ; personal exposure measurement ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A coupled LC-GC method for the analysis of carbazole-type PANH has been developed and evaluated. Group separation and isolation of carbazoles from interfering acridines in a complex sample matrix was accomplished by using a back-flush technique and an in situ end-capped dimethylaminopropyl silica column in the HPLC part of the system. On-line injection of the carbazole fraction into the GC column was performed with a loop-type interface utilizing concurrent solvent evaporation technique. An LOD of 1-3 pg of individual carbazole compounds was achieved by nitrogen selective detection using an NPD. The method is shown to be robust and is demonstrated by application to personal exposure measurement in an aluminum reduction plant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 138-142 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; nucleosides ; short-end injection ; phenyl-bonded silica ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The influence of several experimental parameters (pH, ionic strength, organic modifier content of hydro-organic buffer) upon EOF, migration time, and retention factor has been studied in CEC with a phenyl-bonded silica column on a model mixture of five nucleosides. This paper illustrates the current interest in CEC as a method of resolving complex mixtures of neutral and ionic solutes and demonstrates the potential of the short-end injection method as a means of reducing analysis time.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 156-157 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; trichlorophenols ; ammonia ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Clean-up ; aliphatic hydrocarbons ; organochlorine compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 430-436 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Speciation ; digestion ; capillary electrophoresis ; ferrous ; ferric ; mineral analysis ; complexation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Capillary electrophoresis is used as a means of cation separation for cationic speciation analysis. Acceptable separation of ferrous and ferric iron was achieved by using a mixed complexing agent run buffer which gave stable species in solution. These iron species, and total iron, were determined simultaneously in certified reference materials with a single digestion step. A variety of digestion techniques were compared, primarily for their non-oxidative capabilities in order to preserve the oxidation state of iron in the mineral samples. The most favorable recoveries resulted from a continuous flow nitrogen purge technique. Total iron levels obtained from the CE method were compared with those determined by two spectroscopic techniques, with similar results obtained using the different instrumental methods.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 525-530 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Packed capillary liquid chromatography ; temperature programming ; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ; polymer additives ; pneumatic nebulization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Temperature-programmed packed capillary liquid chromatography has been coupled off-line to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, utilizing a commercially available interface with a pneumatic nebulizer rebuilt to handle low flow rates at elevated temperatures. The modified interface showed excellent performance with regard to non-aqueous reversed phase separations of polymer additives, resulting in constructed Gram-Schmidt chromatograms comparable to chromatograms obtained using UV detection. The spray of the in-house constructed nebulizer was not influenced by temperature changes of the column effluent, and hence temperature-programmed gradient separations could be used successfully. The relative standard deviation of peak height was 4.4% (n = 5) and the mass limit of detection was determined to be about 40 ng, using a polymer antioxidant as model compound. The present instrumental coupling has been used for characterization of the antioxidant Irgafos P-EPQ.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 127
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 849-855 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Marine alkaloids ; Heterocycles ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Ascididemine (9H-quino[4,3,2-de][1,10]phenanthrolin-9-one) (1) and an isomer (9H-quino[4,3,2-de][1,7]phenanthrolin-9-one) (4) have been synthesized starting from 1,4-dimethoxyacridone (7). The acridone was converted into 1,4-dimethoxy-9-ethynylacridine (11) by a triflate coupling. The ethynylacridine was converted in one-pot into 3H-6-methoxypyrido[2,3,4-kl]acridine (15) by reaction with sodium diformylamide; the mechanism of this key transformation is discussed. Conversion into 6H-4-bromopyrido[2,3,4-kl]acridin-6-one (19) and 6H-pyrido[2,3,4-kl]acridin-6-one (17), followed by reaction of each of these under high pressure conditions with acrolein N,N-dimethylhydrazone, gave ascididemine and its isomer, respectively.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Resorcin[4]arenes ; Cation interactions ; Interaction sites ; Configuration determination ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Resorcinarene octamethyl ethers, bearing carboalkyloxy groups in the side chains, have been shown to interact with FeIII in organic media. 1H-NMR studies, carried out using GaIII instead of FeIII, suggest that these systems have two active sites of interaction, the first located at the aromatic moiet and the other in the vicinity of the carbonyl groups. As a confirmation of this, resorcinarenes without carbonyl groups in the side chains have been found to exhibit only one active site. Notably, in the latter case the interaction results in configurational changes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No Abstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric synthesis ; Nucleophilic formylation ; Addition reactions ; Lactones ; Formyl anion equivalent ; Domino reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An efficient asymmetric synthesis of α-substituted β-formyl δ-lactones 5 (de ≥ 98%, ee = 80-95%) and 4-substituted furofuran lactones 6 (de ≥ 98%, ee = 80-〉98%) in acceptable overall yields is reported. Key steps of the new procedure are an asymmetric Michael addition of formaldehyde SAMP-hydrazone (1) to 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (2) under neutral conditions, followed by trans-selective α-alkylation and subsequent cleavage of the auxiliary by ozonolysis or a hydrolytic domino reaction protocol, respectively. The absolute configurations given for the title compounds are based on three X-ray structure analyses and NOE measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 131
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 2001-2001 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Addition reactions ; Octahydroacridine ; Polypyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new octahydroacridine with a tert-butoxypropyl group in the 9-position was prepared and was used in the synthesis of new soluble annelated polypyridines. Quinquepyridine with 11 adjacent rings was prepared in 17-25% yield by condensation of an α-methylene ketone and an enolisable ketone in the presence of ammonium acetate under basic conditions.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ketones ; Reductions ; Micelles ; Cobalt ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Operationally simple and environmentally benign procedures have been developed to selectively reduce different α,β-unsaturated ketones, 4,4-dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one (1), isophorone (2), benzylideneacetone (3), chalcone (4) by NaBH4 or by the system NaBH4 + CoCl2. Alternative reaction media to the extensively used MeOH have been explored, and new procedures take advantage of the acceleration and chemoselectivity induced by water or by aqueous micellar solutions. It was possible to selectively and quantitatively afford pure products of 1,2 and of 1,4 reduction as well as the totally reduced compounds (yield and selectivity 〉 90%) by simple changes in the experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1821-1826 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Wittig reactions ; Homoconjugated trienes ; Alkenes ; Fatty acids ; Pheromones ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---We describe a novel one-pot double-Wittig approach towards unsymmetrically substituted skipped trienes using the symmetrical (Z)-hex-3-ene-1,6-bis(triphenylphosphonium iodide) (2) as key reagent. Double alkenylation of the corresponding bis(ylide) 3 with sequentially added aldehydes gives (Z)-1,4,7-homoconjugated trienes in good yields. Dissymmetrization of the bis(ylide) 3 is feasible, since it displays enhanced reactivity compared to the monoylide resulting from the first olefination. Symmetrical products from statistical coupling of the bis(ylide) 3 can be drastically suppressed by slow release of the first aldehyde component through in situ thermal decomposition of an intermediate aluminate complex, generated by reduction of a methyl ester with DIBAL-H. The novel strategy is successfully applied to the one-pot synthesis of functionalized and isotopically labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as to the synthesis of the geometrid moth pheromone (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadeca-1,3,6,9-tetraene (6a). The dissymmetrization strategy was also found to be suitable for the synthesis of homoconjugated dienes from 1,3-propylbis(triphenylphosphonium bromide).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Iodine ; Selenium ; Sulfur ; Isothiocyanates ; Thiocyanates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A simple and efficient thiocyano- or isothiocyano-phenylselenenylation of alkenes has been developed. The reactions occur when alkenes are treated with [bis(acetoxy)iodo]benzene, trimethylsilyl isothiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate and diphenyl diselenide. Mono- and disubstituted alkenes led to the formation of 1,2-phenylseleno-thiocyanates, whereas both more-substituted alkenes and styrenes gave exclusively 1,2-phenylseleno-isothiocyanates. The overall transformation represents the addition of PhSeSCN to the olefinic double bonds, in situ generated by the above reagents combination.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 135
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1871-1874 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cycloallenes ; Cycloadditions ; Eliminations ; Strained molecules ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---1-Bromocyclohexa-1,4-diene (3) was prepared from trans-4,5-dibromocyclohexene by elimination of hydrogen bromide. Treatment of a solution of 3 in furan or 2,5-dimethylfuran with KOtBu afforded the tetrahydroepoxynaphthalenes 4 and 5, respectively. The structure of these products is evidence for the title cycloallene (isobenzene 1) being the reactive intermediate. The compounds 4 and 5 were dehydrogenated by DDQ to the known dihydroepoxynaphthalenes 6 and 7, respectively. These conversions unambiguously confirm the structures of 4 and 5. In pure styrene, 3 was not attacked by KOtBu, and only upon the addition of 18-crown-6 did a reaction occur. This reaction did not, however, furnish the known [2+2] cycloadduct 9 of styrene and 1, but, instead, a small amount of 1,2-diphenylethane (8) was formed. In agreement with this finding, the conjecture that 1 was deprotonated to give the phenyl anion was confirmed by the treatment of a solution of 3 and benzophenone in THF with KOtBu, which resulted in the formation of triphenylmethanol.
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  • 136
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1905-1911 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: α,β-Epoxy ketones ; Rearrangements ; Zeolites ; Clays ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Various cyclic α,β-epoxy ketones rearranged to α-formyl ketones and/or vic-diones in the presence of catalytic amounts of zeolites and montmorillonite K10. This provides an excellent alternative to conventional homogeneous systems with respect to yields and workup. Differences in product distribution and type of products in the rearrangement of pulegone oxide could be reasonably explained by invoking different pathways for homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 137
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1939-1943 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfur ; Halogens ; Hydrohalogenation ; Lewis acids ; Sulfoxides ; Sulfoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hydrohalogenation reaction of 1,2-allenic sulfoxides 1 afforded 2-haloallyl sulfoxides 2 with yields ranging from 56 to 89%. The influence of the ratio of AlCl3 and H2O on this reaction is discussed and the optimized ratio of allenic sulfoxides, AlCl3 and H2O is 1:0.55:1. For the hydroiodination reaction, a combination of excess NaI, AlCl3, and H2O was used. The reaction is probably mediated by the species formed from the reaction of AlX3 with H2O. Because of the steric hindrance of the substrates, the hydrohalogenation of 1-methyl-1-(methylsulfinyl)-1,2-propadiene (1e), (1-methyl-1,2-propadienylsulfinyl)benzene (1f), and (3-methyl-1,2-butadienylsulfinyl)benzene (1g) did not proceed under the same reaction conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cup-shaped PAHs ; Host-guest compounds ; Host-guest chemistry ; Cyclizations ; Semiempirical calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Cyclotrimerisation of benzo-polycyclic bromostannylalkenes 8a-d with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in THF affords benzotri(benzonorbornadienes) 3a-d as a mixture of the syn and anti isomers. The ratio of syn to anti is close to the 1:3 statistical value in most cases (i.e. in cyclotrimers 3a,b,d), but highly in favour of the anti isomer in 3c, where steric hindrance by the methoxy groups plays an important role in the stereochemistry of the cyclotrimerisation. The substrates for the cyclotrimerisation, i.e. the bromostannyl alkenes 8a-d, were prepared from bromoalkenes 7a-d by treatment with base (LDA) and quenching with trimethyltin chloride. In turn, bromoalkenes 7a-d were prepared from alkenes 5a-d by radical bromination-elimination. The reaction conditions used were designed to minimise Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements that would lead to unwanted bromo isomers. The cup-shaped syn cyclotrimers 3a-d exhibit high electron density within the cavity as determined by AM1 semiempirical calculations of their electrostatic potential surfaces and are valuable substrates for supramolecular chemistry. As an example, it is shown that fullerene C60 is drawn into solution in acetonitrile by complexation with both the syn and anti trimer of benzonorbornadiene 3a.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 139
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1993-1999 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Ketones ; Tautomerism ; Double bond migration ; Peptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Treatment of 3-alkylidene or 3-benzylidene-2,5-piperazinediones 6 with catalytic amounts of acid gives rise to the formation of isomers 7 by migration of the C=C bond into the alkyl substituent at position 6, or results in mixtures of racemic 7 and E isomers 8. The existence of tautomeric equilibria is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 140
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 987-994 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Addition reactions ; Octahydroacridine ; Polypyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new octahydroacridine with a tert-butoxypropyl group in the 9-position was prepared and was used in the synthesis of new soluble annelated polypyridines. Quinquepyridine with 11 adjacent rings was prepared in 17-25% yield by condensation of an α-methylene ketone and an enolisable ketone in the presence of ammonium acetate under basic conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Indiumallyl compounds ; Vinylcyclopropanes ; α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds ; Diastereoselectivity ; Dibenzylideneacetone ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Allylindium reagents, prepared from excess allylic halide (Br or I) and indium metal, react with α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes to give, after aerobic acidic workup, homoallyl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes. This process was explored and developed after a chance discovery arising from a side reaction in an attempted Pd-catalysed process. The structure of the cyclopropane arising from the reaction of bis(p-chlorobenzylidine)acetone was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Whilst bis-α,β-unsaturated ketones give rise to a single homoallylcyclopropane species, α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes give diastereomeric mixtures whose relative stereochemistry were assigned by NOE experiments. Crotylindium reagents react with good to perfect regioselectivity to afford tetrasubstituted cyclopropanes but prenylindium reagents fail to generate the analogous pentasubstituted rings.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1547-1562 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Inositolphosphoglycans ; Oligosaccharide synthesis ; Insulin mediators ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A block synthesis approach to the inositol-containing pseudohexasaccharide 1 is presented. The myo-inositol building block 6 has been prepared using a key regioselective acylation through a boron-tin exchange reaction and the 2-azido-2-deoxy glycosyl donors 15 and 17 have been synthesized from D-glucosamine using a diazo transfer reaction. The anomeric position of the mono- and disaccharide building blocks has been temporarily protected as phenyl thioglycoside and this function was then converted into the different leaving groups to perform the glycosylation reactions. Both trichloroacetimidates and fluorides have been used as glycosyl donors for the construction of the different glycosidic linkages. The protected pseudohexasaccharides 44, 48-50, which are precursors of pseudohexasaccharide 1, have been efficiently prepared and fully characterized. Pseudohexasaccharide 1 contains the fundamental structural features which have been proposed for type A inositolphosphoglycans, which may be involved in the insulin-signaling process.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Polycycles ; Ring expansion ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinazolinium hexafluorophosphates 9 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinazolines 10, which were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Trapping with methanesulfonyl azide (5a) of 10 in situ or subsequent treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (5b) gives mixtures of colourless (15) and intensely yellow N-sulfonylimino-1,4-benzodiazepines 16 along with products due to cleavage of the exocyclic double bond of 10, viz. 11 and 13. The ethylidene compound 10b yields the bicyclic products 18 and 19, apparently by complex sequences of reactions that are triggered by removal of the acidic proton at C-2 of 16b and 16f. The structures of the products are based on spectroscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed on 15b, 16d, 16e, and 19.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 144
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1603-1607 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Boron ; Cyclotrimerizations ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Macrocycles ; Subphthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The regioselective preparation of ortho-substituted subphthalocyanides was achieved employing 3-substituted phthalonitrile derivatives as starting materials. A mechanistic proposal has been outlined.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99525_s.pdf or from the author.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Photochemistry ; Furans ; Thiophenes ; Radicals ; Electron-poor olefins ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Photochemical reactions of some haloheterocycles bearing electron-withdrawing groups 1a-d with electron-poor olefins 2a-c gave the addition products 3a-f and 3h-m in good yields. Other products obtained were the corresponding olefins 4a-k and the alkanes 3g. These reactions involve homolytic cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond to give the corresponding radical. The nature of these radicals has been studied. Ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31G* level are supportive of the formation of σ radicals. These radicals are electrophilic and interact with the HOMOs of the electron-poor olefins.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 146
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1677-1683 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Radicals ; Cyclizations ; Pyridinethione ; Tetrahydrofurans ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Thiazolethione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The trisubstituted functionalized tetrahydrofurans 10, 11, 16, 18, and 19 were photochemically prepared from 2,3-syn- and 2,3-anti-configuredN-(3-benzoyloxy-5-hexen-2-oxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thione anti-6, pyridinethiones 7, anti-8, and BrCCl3. The formation of tetrahydrofurans was achieved by an efficient and highly regioselective alkoxyl radical cyclization (5-exo-trig). The 2,3-anti substituted intermediates 9 and 12 cyclize stereoselectively whereas a 2,3-syn-configured O-radical affords both possible diastereomeric addition products in equal amounts. The cyclized tetrahydrofuryl methyl radicals were trapped with the bromine atom donor BrCCl3 to afford the bromomethyl-substituted cyclic ethers 10, 11, 18, and 19 in excellent yields. The utility of this reaction was stressed by conversion of one of the newly prepared tetrahydrofurans in a two-step synthesis into (+)-allo-muscarine (+)-20.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99590_s.pdf or from the author.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Conjugation ; Boron ; Sensors ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---New electropolymerizable aromatic compounds (i.e. pyrrole, thiophene, aniline) bearing boronic acid and ester substituents have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated. Functionalized polythiophene and polypyrrole films could be anodically generated in acetonitrile, whereas the polyaniline derivative was electroformed in an acidic aqueous solution. The electrochemical responses of some of these materials were changed when fluoride ions were added to the electrolytic solutions. The strongest modifications, caused by binding of fluoride by the immobilized boron, were observed for the polypyrrole derivative in hydroorganic media.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Self-assembly ; Vapor-pressure osmometry ; Resorcin[4]arenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Resorcin[4]arene tetracarboxylic acids 5,6 (A) and resorcin[4]arene tetrapyridines 2,3 (P) self-assemble in chloroform solution to form stable heterotopic AP dimers. Data from NMR titration and dilution experiments, as well as from vapor-pressure osmometry (VPO), indicate that the AP dimer is formed with an association constant greater than 107 M-1. Solid-solution extraction experiments are indicative of the formation of a 2:1 trimer (A2P), while self-associated homotopic species (A2 and A3) can be detected by NMR and VPO. Analysis of the heterotopic noncovalent assembly process over a range of compositions shows that these other species are much less stable than the AP heterodimer, which is the exclusive species at an A/P concentration ratio of 1:1 (〉 99.7% of the total at 10 mM).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 149
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1767-1772 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; Conformation analysis ; s-Triazines ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---CD data of the optically pure 2-[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-4-chloro-6-[(R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazine, 2[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-4,6-bis[(R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamino]-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis[(R)-1-(9-anthryl)ethylamino]-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine are presented. The analysis of the CD spectra by means of the nonempirical DeVoe approach has afforded the complete conformational characterisation of the three s-triazine derivatives, allowing us to establish how the conformation of these derivatives depends on the nature of the substituent 1-arylethylamino groups.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Palladium ; exo-π-Allylpalladium complexes ; Allylic alkylation ; Spiro compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The palladium(0)-catalyzed alkylation of 2,3-bis(acetoxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene 1 with malonate-type enolates as nucleophiles is investigated. A monoalkylated product is formed first, and undergoes (depending on the nucleophile used) a second intramolecular reaction leading to spirocyclopropane-annulated bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene derivatives 5. The formation of endo spirobicyclic cyclopropanes adducts as major isomer is rationalized by assuming formation of an intermediate exo-(π-allyl)palladium complex.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 151
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1827-1830 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Homosteroids ; Palladium ; Steroids ; Total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The D-homosteroid 1 was synthesized by two successive Heck reactions starting from enantiopure 3 and the bromoarene 2 containing a (Z)-bromovinyl group. The first intermolecular Pd-catalyzed reaction leads to 6 in a highly regio- and diastereoselective way which forms 1 with an unusual cis-junction of the rings B and C by a second intramolecular Heck reaction.
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  • 152
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1889-1904 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Total synthesis ; Natural products ; Squamocin A ; Squamocin D ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The total syntheses of the Annonaceous acetogenins squamocin A and squamocin D have been achieved. The synthesis follows a modular strategy, wherein a left-side chain, the central bis-THF core and the right-side chain are assembled together. Key reactions are additions of organomagnesium compounds to bi-THF aldehydes. At the end of the synthesis the butenolide moiety was introduced. This modular synthetic approach should be useful for the synthesis of other related natural products as well as pharmacologically interesting analogs.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 153
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1959-1964 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Palladium ; Silanes ; Catalysts ; Allylsilanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---One of the main problems of the Heck reaction using acyclic substrates which lead to Pd intermediates with β- and β′-hydrogens is the lack of selectivity in the formation of the double bond as the last step of the catalytic cycle. The use of allylsilanes as the alkene moiety permits control of the elimination step. Thus, the Pd0-catalysed reaction of 1a-c and 2 leads exclusively to the corresponding bicyclic compounds 11a-c. In contrast, reaction of 7 yields a mixture of 12a, (E)-12b and (Z)-12b.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 154
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 559-565 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Macrocyclic ligands ; Copper ; EPR spectroscopy ; Electronic spectrophotometry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copper(II) mononuclear complexes with the polyazamacrocyclic ligands NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N′,N″triacetate), DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-N,N′,N″,N″′-tetraacetate), NOTP [1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N′,N″-tris(methylenephosphonate)] and DOTP [1,4,7,10tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetrakis(methylenephosphonate)] were characterised in aqueous solution by electronic absorption spectrophotometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. While two isomeric species were detected by EPR spectroscopy in frozen samples of the polycarboxylate complexes, only one complex form was found for the poly(methylenephosphonate) systems. The results obtained are in accordance with a six-coordinate pattern for the metal centre, yielding tetragonally distorted complexes in solution, in agreement with previously reported studies on CuII complexes, both in solution and in the solid state.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Palladium ; S ligands ; One-dimensional extended networks ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and spectral characterization of a new triangular, trinuclear palladium(II) complex with the dianion of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone, 4MeOAp4Me22- is reported. The X-ray crystal structure determination of [Pd(4MeOAp4Me2)]3·DMSO shows it to contain a chair-type hexagon of alternating Pd and S atoms which form a molecular bowl. The crystal structure of H24MeOAp4Me2 shows that it is the E isomer with respect to the imine bond of the thiosemicarbazone moiety.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 156
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 735-739 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Silaboranes ; Cluster compounds ; Siloxanes ; Silicon ; Boranes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of alkoxide adducts of o-silaborane [(TMPDAH)2][(Me2Si2B10H10)2O] (3) and [TMPDAH][(Me2Si2B10H10)OMe] (4) are presented (TMPDA = tetramethylpropylenediamine). For both silaborate clusters 3 and 4 the results of the NMR spectroscopic investigations together with the X-ray single crystal structure determinations are discussed. The geometries of ab initio calculations (HF and B3LYP methods) on the hydroxide adduct [Si2B10H12(OH)]- are compared with the structures of 3 and 4. The dynamic behaviour of the adducts 3 and 4 in solution is discussed with respect to the calculated energy profile for the rotation of the HSi(OH) group.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Terpyridine ; Copper sensing ; Cyclam ; Fluorescence ; Solution studies ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A synthetic strategy has been devised for the preparation of new compounds in which terpyridyl fragments are linked to 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam). Reaction of excess cyclam with 4′-[(4-bromomethyl)phenyl]-2,2′:2″,6′-terpyridine afforded the ligand 1-[4′-p-tolyl-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L1) in which the tetraaza macrocycle was covalently attached to one benzyl-terpyridyl fragment. Under similar conditions reaction of cyclam with excess 4′-[(4-bromomethyl)phenyl]-2,2′:2″,6′-terpyridine gave the tetra substituted cyclam derivative 1,4,8,11-[4′-p-tolyl-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L2). The multidentate ligand L2 was crystallographically characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Reaction of L1 with [Ru(mtpy)Cl3] gave the heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(L1)(mtpy)][PF6]2 (mtpy = 4′-methyl-2,2′:6′2″-terpyridine). The fluorescent intensity of the metallo-receptor [Ru(L1)(mtpy)][PF6]2 was quenched selectively in the presence of copper(II) in an aqueous environment. To gain insight into the nature of this interaction, potentiometric titrations on [Ru(L1)(mtpy)]2+ in the presence of Cu2+ were carried out. The quenching of the emission intensity was associated with the presence of the copper {Cu[Ru(L1)(mtpy)]}4+ complex in solution. The receptor 1-[4′-methyl-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridyl)]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L3), in which the cyclam fragment is separated from the terpyriyl by a methylene group, has also been synthesised by reaction of 4′-bromomethyl-2,2′:2″,6′-terpyridine and cyclam. With L3 as starting material, the ruthenium complex [Ru(L3)(mtpy)]2+ was prepared in order to evaluate the effect that the nature of the spacer has on the quenching of the fluorescence upon addition of Cu2+.
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  • 158
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microfabrication ; monolith ; electrochromatography ; peptides ; reactive ion etching ; reversed phase ; nanocolumns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monolith columns are generally fabricated by polymerization of monomers within a column. This paper reviews an alternative strategy in which the bed is microfabricated in an inorganic material by ablation. Channels of 1.5 μm width and 10 μm depth were sculpted in quartz by deep reaction ion etching. Using this approach chromatographic beds were constructed in which cubic support structures were created and arranged in rows to mimic particles in a conventional column. Beds ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions of “particles” with volumes of 15 nL to 15 μL were produced. Columns that had been derivatized with an octadecyl silane stationary phase were used to separate both low molecular weight analytes and peptides in the CEC mode. Plate height in the CEC mode was 1.2 μm at maximum efficiency.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 159
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: In situ molecular imprinting ; continuous polymer rod ; miniaturized column ; chiral recognition ; diastereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Molecularly imprinted continuous polymer rods are prepared inside PEEK tubes of 1 mm i. d. by an in situ preparation technique; and chiral separations on such media have been demonstrated. The miniaturized column filled with (-)-cinchonidine-imprinted or (+)-cinchonine-imprinted polymer rods based on a copolymer of 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate permitted diastereoseparation of (-)-cinchonidine and (+)-cinchonine; the template molecule is retained to a greater extent than the corresponding antipode. Increasing the amount of cyclohexanol in the polymerization mixture decreased the backpressure of the resultant rod and the addition of latex beads suspended in water to the prepolymerization mixture affected the selectivity and affinity of the imprinted polymer rods. The column length is adjusted easily by cutting, thus allowing easy control of retention behavior and analysis time.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolith ; factor VIII ; affinity chromatography ; combinatorial peptide library ; peptide synthesis ; recombinant proteins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: FVIII is a very complex molecule of great therapeutic significance. It is purified by a sequence of chromatographic steps including immunoaffinity chromatography. A peptide affinity chromatography method has been developed using peptides derived from a combinatorial library. Spot technology using cellulose sheets has been applied for this purpose. The dual positional scanning strategy was used for identification of the amino acids in random positions. Approximately 5000 possible candidates found in the first screening round were reduced to a panel of 36. Six candidates have been selected empirically. Five peptides seem to be directed against the light chain of FVIII, one peptide seems to be directed against the heavy chain. The peptides have been immobilized on conventional beaded material and CIM polymethacrylate monoliths. Much better performance with respect to capacity and selectivity has been observed with the monolithic material. Exposure of the ligand and its ensuing accessibility are responsible for these properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; monolithic column ; electroosmotic flow ; retention mechanism ; aromatic compound ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new kind of monolithic capillary electrochromatography column with poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-methacrylic acid) as the stationary phase has been developed. The stationary phase was found to be porous by scanning electron microscopy and the composition of the continuous bed was proved by IR spectroscopy to be the ternary polymer of styrene, divinylbenzene, and methacrylic acid. The effects of operating parameters, such as voltage, electrolyte, and organic modifier concentration in the mobile phase on electroosmotic flow were studied systematically. The retention mechanism of neutral solutes on such a column proved to be similar to that of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, fast analyses of phenols, chlorobenzenes, anilines, isomeric compounds of phenylenediamine and alkylbenzenes within 4.5 min were achieved.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 162
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolithic chromatography columns ; capillary electrochromatography (CEC) ; micro high performance liquid chromatography ; sol-gel based columns for chromatography ; fritless capillary chromatography columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Particle-loaded (3 μm, octadecylsilica) monolithic sol-gel columns have been prepared and selected characteristics measured. Several electrical properties may be calculated from simple current measurements in the column as a whole. Resistivity in the packed segment is approximately three times that in open segments, resulting in a 60% increase in field strength in the packed regions compared to the capillary with no packing. The surprisingly high specific permeability of these sol-gel columns is characteristic of 8-μm particles, which allows their operation in the microLC mode at pressures as low as 69 kPa where their efficiency is about 50,000 plates per meter and in the CEC mode where efficiency is about 106,000 plates per meter at 5 kV. There is a relatively rapid loss of efficiency with increasing linear velocity beyond 0.2 mm/s in microLC mode, which may be due to additional diffusion processes in the inter-particulate voids. A rapid loss of efficiency above 0.5 mm/s is also observed in the CEC mode, for the same reasons. Chromatographic retention behavior in either separation mode is characteristic of conventional octadecylsilica particles, indicating that analytes have significant access to the surface within the pores of the immobilized bonded phase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 163
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Silica ; monolithic column ; aging ; mesopores ; pore size distribution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Mesopore formation in silica gels having continuous macropores has been investigated. The macroporous wet silica gel prepared by the sol-gel process including phase separation was aged in a basic solvent making use of hydrolysis of urea in a closed condition. The mesopore structure was finally obtained by subsequent evaporation drying of solvent and heat-treatment at 600°C for 2 h. The dissolution-reprecipitation kinetics at the interfaces between wet gel skeletons and an external solvent affected the size and volume of pores formed within the skeletons. Below 120°C, mesopores suitable for various chromatographic applications have been formed typically within 24 h. On the other hand, at 200°C, the pore size attained the macropore dimensions (〉50 nm), and the whole macroporous morphology was significantly modified.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 164
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Analysis of anthraquinones ; capillary electrophoresis ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The separation and determination of twelve anthraquinones, viz. anthraquinone 1, chrysphanol 2, aloe-emodin 3, alizarin 4, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid 5, purpurin 6, sennoside B 7, sennoside A 8, emodin 9, quinalizarin 10, rhein 11, and anthraflavic acid 12, were achieved by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detection at 260 nm with a buffer solution containing 30 mM sodium borate (adjusted to pH = 10.56 with 0.05N NaOH) and acetonitrile (9 : 1) in CE or with a linear gradient elution containing 20 mM KH2PO4 with 0.05% phosphoric acid (pH = 2.91) and methanol in HPLC was found to be the most suitable approach for this separation. Contents of six components (2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11) in crude Rhei Rhizoma extract could easily be determined within 39 min by CE or 63 min by HPLC. The effects of buffers on this separation and the validation of the two methods were studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 165
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 167-181 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional GC ; GC×GC ; orthogonal chromatography ; GC/MS ; group type separations ; PCBs ; petroleum ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The writer of this review published in 1978 a three-part article on two-dimensional gas chromatography in the first three issues of this journal [1]. The review was written at a time when capillary column GC was still in its infancy. Commercial columns were (essentially) unavailable and sample introduction into capillary columns was done exclusively in the split mode. Two-dimensional separations were explored in only a few laboratories. The limitations of capillary column technology made this exercise rather difficult. The introduction of fused silica capillary columns in the early eighties drastically changed the landscape in which gas chromatography was practiced. It took the chromatographic community just a few years to convert from packed columns to capillary columns. Instrumentation and accessories specifically designed for capillary column use came onto the market. This writer had great hopes that the revolution in capillary column GC would be mirrored in the development of instrumentation for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. This never materialized. On the contrary, tentative steps taken by a few manufacturers and suppliers of chromatographic equipment fizzled out. It was perhaps the introduction of relatively inexpensive and user friendly GC/MS instrumentation, in combination with nearly indestructible fused silica capillary columns that took away the incentive to develop commercially viable Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Much of the thinking went like this: why insist on good chromatography if mass spectrometry can do the job without the need of complete separation. Some progress in the further development of conventional Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography has certainly been made over the last 20 years but there has not been a great deal of excitement. Applications have also been relatively sparse and they are limited to just a few areas. Science does not remain static and chromatography is no exception. Progress in gas chromatography is driven by new technology and ideas. Substantial improvements in two-dimensional GC were not forthcoming until Phillips and his research group introduced and implemented an entirely new form of Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography, called comprehensive GC×GC. This breakthrough occurred only in 1991 [2]. It does take some time before scientists change attitudes and habits. There is always a time lag between the introduction of new technology and its general acceptance. The public's attitude toward comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography is probably no exception. The number of scientists who are actively pursuing this new branch of gas chromatography is still very small. It is often a single individual who carries the torch. J.B. Phillips' name is synonymous with comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. He is not only its inventor and proponent but his fertile mind has initiated research in other related areas. Sadly, he passed aware shortly before this review was written. This contribution is dedicated to his memory.
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  • 166
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 677-680 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary ; fast separations ; mass spectrometry ; vacuum ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---There is a constant drive to speed up GC separations. Shorter analysis times provide more analyses per day, which reduces cost. One approach is to reduce column length and column diameter and columns of 0.15 mm i.d. have indeed grown in popularity. However, the majority of applications are still done with 0.25 mm and 0.32 mm columns.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 167
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 697-698 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gentiana rigescens Franch ; gentiopicroside ; swertiamarin ; MEKC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 168
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 479-484 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Programmable temperature vaporizing injection (PTV) ; thermal desorption ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; plasticizers ; polyethylene ; food wrapping film ; explosive powders ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Programmable Temperature Vaporizing Injection (PTV) has been used extensively as a means of injecting large volumes of samples to enhance sensitivity. This paper describes the use of PTV injection in the desorption mode for the analysis of a range of solid samples, and four examples of this application are described in detail. Detection by mass spectrometry was used extensively as a means of identification of the components in the various samples which were characterized.
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  • 169
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Open tubular columns ; capillary electrochromatography ; column efficiency ; injected volume ; applied voltage ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of some instrumental parameters on column efficiency in open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC) has been evaluated. First, it was investigated whether band broadening due to the sample injection process is within a tolerable range when an open tubular column (OTC) of about 10 μm i. d. is used. As a result of the small injection profile factor (K2 = 1.3), injected volumes must be sufficiently small (less than 10 pL) to avoid a significant efficiency loss (〉5%) when hydrodynamic injection by siphoning is employed. Secondly, the kinetic performance of OTCs in a CEC system was estimated from the variation of the reduced plate height (h) with the reduced linear velocity (ν) which was controlled by the voltage applied. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the theoretical h versus ν curve and the experimental values for a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons used as test compounds. Values of 0.25 for minimum h at an optimum ν of 16 are estimated, which permit separations with around 400,000 plates per meter to be obtained in less than 5 min. Finally, the possibility of estimating the diffusion coefficients of the solutes in the mobile phase from the plot of the height of a theoretical plate versus electroosmotic flow velocity is shown.
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  • 170
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 393-396 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ; micropacked capillary columns ; waxes ; restoring ; objects of art ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 171
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cyclodextrin ; capillary electrophoresis ; system peak ; CHES 1 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a running buffer containing cyclodextrins (CDs) and 2-[N-cyclohexylamino]-ethanesulfonic acid (CHES), positive system peaks were observed in the analysis of a ganglioside mixture by CE-UV. These system peaks were related to CDs in the running buffer because these peaks were also detected when a plug of solution devoid of CDs but having the same CHES concentration and pH as the running buffer was injected. Neutral CDs were separated owing to the formation of inclusion complexes with the anionic CHES ion. One possible explanation for the positive system peaks is that the anionic CD-CHES inclusion complex is displaced by co-ions with higher UV absorptivity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: O-Aryl,O-(1-methylthioethylideneamino)phosphates ; retention prediction ; quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) ; reversed-phase HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Using factor analysis and stepwise linear regression methods, two parameters - CMR and ECCR - were selected from eight solute-related structure parameters as the most retention-influencing parameters. The relationships between the retention data (k ´) and the two structure parameters were established for 13 O-aryl,O-(1-methylthioethylideneamino)phosphate compounds under a wide range of experimental conditions. The retention data (k ´) of another seven compounds with similar structures were predicted using these QSRR equations. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental k ´ values and predicted ones.
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  • 173
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 595-599 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS/MS ; PCDDs ; PCDFs ; human tissue ; fish tissue ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This paper outlines the possibilities of selectivity and sensitivity enhancement in measuring PCDD/F congeners using an ion trap GC-MS/MS. The pressure of the collision gas and the collision energy were optimized. The modified GC-MS/MS method was applied to the determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in human and fish tissues. Limits of quantification were about 1 pg/g of fat for all seventeen 2378 PCDD/Fs tested (starting amount of fat, 2 g).
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  • 174
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 600-602 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC separation ; lucidin ; Rubia tinctorum ; anthraquinones ; isocratic elution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An HPLC method has been developed for the separation of anthraquinones with particular attention to the determination of lucidin in commercially available sources of Rubia tinctorum aglycones. Variations of chromatographic conditions have been studied in order to provide suitable resolution of anthraquinones under isocratic conditions on an end-capped RP C18-column.
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  • 175
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 637-643 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; fast separation ; flavan-3-ol ; flavonols ; vegetables ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A fast high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for analysis of prominent flavan-3-ols and flavonols in vegetables. Gradient elution with phosphoric acid-acetonitrile mixtures and phosphoric acid-methanol mixtures allowed fast and complete separation of the studied phenolic compounds within analysis times less than 10 min. The development of two elution gradients using methanol and acetonitrile as modifiers proved to be an excellent approach for the verification of the real polyphenolic composition in vegetables samples because the two optimized methods allowed the separation of the same number of compounds in the same elution order. Diode-array detection was employed for the provisional identification of phenolic compounds that were not available as standards. We preferred methanol as a modifier because it was less toxic and cheaper than acetonitrile. Detection limits ranged between 0.12 and 0.59 μg mL-1. High recoveries of phenolics from fresh vegetables were measured in all studied cases, independent of the phenolic structure, matrix, and vegetable in question. High levels of procyanidins between 150 and 450 mg kg-1 were found in all studied vegetables. Quantification of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides was only possible in marrow and onion, respectively.
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  • 176
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 619-627 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantiomer separation ; mixed chiral selectors ; modified cyclodextrins ; gas chromatography ; PCB ; o,p´-DDD ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Columns containing different types of cyclodextrin derivatives have been evaluated for chiral gas chromatographic separation of atropisomeric PCBs, o,p´-DDT and o,p´-DDD. Separation was attempted on columns containing mixed chiral selectors, and the performance of two closely related selectors was also examined. The cyclodextrins were: permethylated-β-CD (PM-β-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD (2,3-M-6-TBDMS-β-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD (2,3-M-6-THDMS-β-CD), and heptakis(2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin (2,3-E-6-THDMS-β-CD). The cyclodextrins were dissolved in OV-1701 or in a dimethylsiloxane/silarylene copolymer containing 5% phenyl in the backbone. The application of mixed chiral selectors led to improved separations, however; at most eleven PCB congeners were separated on a single column. Chiral resolution of o,p´-DDD was achieved. The use of a dimethylsiloxane/silarylene copolymer as a matrix for the cyclodextrins is a promising approach. With such a matrix, blocking of the CD cavities by silicone substituent groups can be avoided, and a reasonable CD solubility can be provided. The selectivity of heptakis(2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD was quite different, the former selector could separate four congeners, while the latter separated ten congeners.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; UV detection ; organic acids ; background electrolyte optimization ; wine ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A simple technique is described for the routine capillary electrophoretic determination of organic acids in wine samples. Several aromatic and non-aromatic compounds, including phthalic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, boric acid, and phosphate, were evaluated as background electrolytes in order to obtain the highest resolution and detection sensivity. Factors that affect capillary electrophoretic separation such as the concentration and pH of the background electrolyte (BGE), the concentration of the electroosmotic flow modifier (EOF), and methanol addition to the electrolyte were investigated systematically. Tartaric, malic, succinic, acetic, and lactic acids were determined simultaneously in approximately six minutes using an electrolyte containing 3 mM phosphate and 0.5 mM myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTAB) as electroosmotic flow modifier at pH 6.5. This method is quantitative, with recoveries in the 90-102% range and linear up to 50 mg L-1. The precision is better than 1% and the procedure shows the appropriate sensibility, with detection limits between 0.015 and 0.054 mg L-1. The proposed method was successfully employed for the determination of organic acids in wine samples by direct sample injection after appropriate dilution and filtration.
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  • 178
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 681-687 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Focused microwave assisted extraction ; close microwave-assisted extraction ; DDT ; soil samples ; experimental design ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Optimization of focused microwave (FMW)-assisted extraction of 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDD, and 4,4′-DDT from soil samples was carried out using central composite designs. All the extracts were analyzed with GC/MS and some of them also with GC/AED using columns of different polarities for each of the techniques. The extraction of the analytes was carried out in two ways: with acetic acid as microwave radiation absorbent solvent and n-decane to concentrate the analytes and with reagent water and iso-octane as solvents. In the first case, the influence of the extraction temperature, the extraction time, and the addition of sodium chloride were studied and the optimum conditions for the extraction of 1 g of soil with 5 mL of acetic acid and 2 mL of n-decane were 1.30 mol L-1 sodium chloride at 98°C for 9.3 min. In the second case, the temperature was kept constant (94°C) and the influence of the concentration of sodium chloride and the extraction time were studied. The optimum conditions were 5 mL of a 2.0 mol L-1 sodium chloride together with 2 mL of iso-octane for 15 min. The recoveries obtained by water-FMW extraction were significantly lower than those obtained by the acetic acid-FMW procedure. These last recoveries were in good agreement with those obtained by closed microwave assisted-extraction with acetone-n-hexane as solvent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 179
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 457-473 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Domestic lignite heating emissions ; isokinetic sampling ; polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) ; thiaarenes ; atomic emission detection (AED) ; pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) ; high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) ; retention indices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Lignite briquettes with different sulfur contents were burned in a common type of domestic heating system. The levels of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH, thiaarenes) and their alkylated and phenylated derivatives in the flue gas were determined. The analytical method described comprises isokinetic sampling, GC/full scan-MS for screening analysis, HPLC/wavelength programmable fluorescence detection (selected PAHs used as internal standards for GC), GC/atomic emission detection or GC/pulsed flame photometric detection (sulfur-selective detection of thiaarenes), GC/high resolution MS (verification and quantification of thiaarenes), and the determination of the gas chromatographic retention indices. In total 57 thiaarene species (individual compounds if possible and groups of isomeric compounds such as alkylated/phenylated species) were identified, their retention indices determined, and quantified as flue gas emission concentrations. Not only thiophene-related thiaarenes but also species with two sulfur atoms in the molecule (e. g. thienothiophene derivatives) were found. The thiaarene emission pattern is discussed, as is the correlation between the thiaarene emissions and the sulfur content of the different briquette types burned.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 180
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 489-496 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Flavor ; odorant ; headspace ; GC ; interaction ; electronic nose ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In order to understand the flavor of foods a multitude of scientific investigations have been carried out and a number of analytical tools for flavor research developed in the last few decades. Initially, scientific investigations focused mainly on the identification of all compounds that could contribute to the flavor. Olfactory GC techniques permitted the division of identified volatiles into odor-active and non-odor-active. Many techniques were developed to enhance the quality and the information content of the flavor results. Since the early 1990s, analytical investigations have dealt with interactions between food matrices and flavor compounds and the human influence on the retardation of odorants. New analytical methods concentrate on the headspace of the sample by using static or dynamic headspace analysis, or deal with measurements of volatile release in the mouth by a novel nose sampler and oral vapor GC. These useful tools clarify the effects of breathing, chewing, and saliva flow on flavor release. Though the human nose performs well at low concentrations of odorants, it is a medium-term aim to replace the use of the human nose by analytical techniques. Future investigations will probably deal with the interactions of odorants and the human receptors and it is mainly these receptors that will play a key role in aroma research. By analysis of the effects of odorants on the receptors the mechanisms of odor perception will be elucidated. This will enable the development of supporting analytical tools like electronic noses that really do function as noses, or “neural networks”.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Enamines ; Metallatrienes ; Cyclopentadienes ; Dihydropyrroles ; spiro-Tetrahydropyrroles ; Iminium carbonylmetalates ; Dimetallapolyenes ; Tungsten ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Reactions of the [(1-alkynyl)carbene]tungsten complex (CO)5W=C(OEt)C≡CPh (1) with 1-aminocyclohexenes 2a-c and 7a-c afford different types of products depending on the amino substituents and the reaction conditions. (4-Aminocyclobutenyl)carbene complexes B have been shown to be generated in the first reaction step through a [2+2] cycloaddition. These are key intermediates and afford cross-conjugated tungstatrienes E, (conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes G, or (non-conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes F by following competing reaction pathways. Cross-conjugated 1-tungstatrienes 3 have been isolated in 52-74% yield by performing the reactions of 1-aminobenzocyclohexenes 2a-c with compound 1 in pentane. In dichloromethane instead of pentane, (conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes 4 are obtained, which subse-quently undergo fragmentation to give cyclopentadienes 6 (by π-cyclization) and dihydropyrroles (by α-cyclization) in a molar ratio dependent on the nature of the amino substituents. (Non-conjugated) 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes 10 are generated upon reaction of 1-aminocyclohexenes 7a-c with compounds 1, which are transformed into cyclopentadienes 12 via conjugated 1-tungsta-1,3,5-hexatrienes 9 as intermediates. Reactions of 1-tungsta-1,3,6-heptatrienes 10 with the (1-alkynyl)carbene complex 1 afford dinuclear compounds 14, which subsequently yield indenes 15 (by two successive π-cyclization steps) and spiro-tetrahydropyrroles 16 (by both a π-cyclization and an α-cyclization step), depending on the steric bulk of the amino substituent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Diastereoselective alkylation ; Oppolzer's sultam ; Sultam-imine enolate ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---As part of an ongoing project concerning the synthesis of nonnatural amino acids, we have now developed a general strategy for the preparation of β2-amino acids (or 2-aminocarboxylic acid derivatives). Our procedure involves the synthesis of the sultam β-alaninate precursor 5 whose alkylation led with high yields and excellent diastereoselectivity to the precursor of β2-homophenylalanine, β2-homoalanine, and β2-homoleucine. Subsequent deprotection and Boc-protection yielded the expected β2-amino acids. X-ray analysis of the alkylation product established that (-)-sultam yielded (R)-β2-amino acids, conversely (+)-sultam yielded the enantiomer. The topicity of this alkylation is in agreement with the alkylation of Oppolzer's precursor for the synthesis of α-amino acids and opposite to that observed for gem-dialkylation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Amino acids ; coupling ; N-Substituted amide ; Cyclizations ; Cyclic dipeptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A short synthesis of new, functionalized seven-membered ring cyclic dipeptides is described. After the coupling of N-protected β-amino acids to N-substituted α-amino tert-butyl esters, the protective groups of the terminal functions were removed and the cyclization took place diastereoselectively in the presence of the coupling agent BOP. Amide substitution was found to be effective in promoting the cyclization of linear dipeptides.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cage compounds ; Calixarenes ; Cavitands ; Carcerands ; Gold ; Interfaces ; Monolayers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The synthesis of sulfide-functionalized (hemi)carceplexes suitable for self-assembly on gold is described. A noncentrosymmetrical carceplex 9 (guest DMF) was synthesized by the combination of calix[4]arene 4 and resorcin[4]arene 3, while a noncentrosymmetrical hemicarceplex 12 (guest NMP) was prepared by the combination of two different resorcin[4]arenes, 3 and 10. These adsorbates form ordered self-assembled monolayers on gold with their quasi C4v axis perpendicular to the surface. The two positions possible for the incarcerated guest lead to diastereotopic surfaces.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ; NMR spectroscopy ; Yessotoxin ; Natural products ; Carboxyyessotoxin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new analogue of yessotoxin (YTX), carboxyYTX, 3, was isolated from the digestive glands of mussels cultured on the Italian Adriatic coast. Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Thermal extrusion ; Photoelectron spectroscopy ; Benzosultam ; Flash vacuum thermolysis ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An aza-ortho-xylylene system is produced by thermal degradation of N-alkylbenzosultam, which can be directly studied by coupling the system to a UV/photoelectron spectrometer. These thermodynamically unstable xylylene derivatives rearrange to give aldimine by a [1,5] hydrogen shift.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 387-389 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fluorescent sensor ; Potassium ; Dendrimers ; Self-assembling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A potassium selective fluorescent chemosensor, 2, was designed and synthesized. The molecular sensor is weakly luminescent in acetonitrile solution, but exhibits a significant increase in intensity upon addition of K+. The luminescence intensity increases reach a plateau when the K+/2 ratio is 3:2. The sensor shows a linear fluorescent enhancement with the concentration of potassium ion in the presence of a large excess of sodium ion.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Enynes ; Macrocycles ; Coordination chemistry ; Crown compounds ; Radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The complex molecular structure and interesting activation mechanisms of naturally occurring enediynes have inspired the synthesis of a variety of simpler model systems to mimic their properties. While in most model compounds nucleophilic attack, isomerization or bioreduction are used to activate the unsaturated system for diradical cyclization, some attempts have been made to employ metal-ion coordination for this purpose. Significant enhancement of the thermal reactivity has been achieved by metal-ion induced conformational and electronic changes of suitably substituted enediynes, such as 1, 5, 6, 17 and 18. Enediyne activation by stoichiometric or catalytic formation of vinylidene complexes, such as 22, from terminal alkynes has also been investigated. This paper summarizes recent results pursuing the activation of enediyne diradical cyclization by metal ions.
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  • 189
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Cyclic voltammetry ; Fluorescence spectroscopy ; Mixed oligomers ; Structure-property relationships ; Organic light-emitting diodes ; Oligothiophenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Novel mixed oligoheterocycles 1-5, containing thiophene/thiazole, thiophene/1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiophene/oxazole, or thiophene/1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties, were synthesized. The introduction of electronegative heteroatoms such as oxygen and nitrogen into the conjugated π-system leads to a more pronounced acceptor character than that found in the analogous oligothiophenes. Characterization of the redox properties reveals that the reduction of the mixed oligomers is facilitated while oxidation is shifted to higher potentials. For this series, clear structure-property relationships could be found by comparing optical properties, in particular absorptions, emissions and fluorescence quantum yields in solution. The X-ray structural determination of mixed thiophene/1,3,4-oxadiazole heptamer 5 indicates that the replacement of thiophene units by 1,3,4-oxadiazoles has a strong influence on the molecular arrangement and intermolecular interactions in the solid state.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Fullerenes ; Cycloadditions ; Donor-acceptor systems ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Photoinduced electron transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The new C60 and C70 adducts 1b, 1d-1k, 1m, 6d, 7d, and 8d have been synthesized by [2+3] cycloadditions of the appropriate nitrile oxides. Variations in the distance and geometry of the donor and acceptor substituents are seen to have an influence on the redox behavior of the fullerene adducts in cyclic voltammetry experiments. The isoxazolo-fullerenes 1c, 1d, and 1i show shifts of about 30 mV or 40 mV to more negative values compared with the reference compound 1a. On the other hand, strong acceptor properties are detected in the case of compound 1e, which shows a positive shift of 30 mV relative to 1a. Moreover, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has shown that upon excitation of the fullerene moiety in the polar solvent benzonitrile, an electron is transferred from the donor substituent to the first excited singlet state of the fullerene, thereby reducing the excited-state lifetime. Our data demonstrate that the electron-transfer rate in donor-substituted fullerenes can be controlled by the electron-donating property of the substituent as well as the electronic structure and/or length of the spacer used. The C70 regioisomers 6d, 7d, and 8d exhibit differences in their spectroscopic characteristics.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Molecular recognition ; Template effect ; Mechanical bond ; Key-lock interaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---[3]Catenanes of the amide type were synthesized preparatively for the first time. Large macrocycles bearing two guest-binding sites were used to synthesize these amide-linked [3]catenanes in yields of 4%, either by formation of rigid macrocyclic boxes, or with macrocycles consisting of flexible long-chained aliphatic diamines. Furthermore, the systematic introduction of 1,ω-alkane diamines as building blocks for catenanes is described. The synthesis of a series of [2]catenanes by varying the ring size of one of the two macrocycles was also achieved in yields of 10%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Photolysis ; Ring expansion ; Spiro compounds ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinolinium hexafluorophosphates 1 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinolines 2, which are investigated by NMR spectroscopy. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of phenyl azide to 2 yields the spirocyclic products 10. While, at 80-110 °C, the [3 + 2] cycloaddition that afforded (u)-10f is reversible and accompanied by epimerisation to give (l)-10f, thermolysis of the dimethyl compounds 10b and d affords the ring-expanded products 14b and d, respectively, in good yields along with molecular nitrogen. Irradiation of 10d with light of λ 〉 320 nm results in the formation of similar amounts of 14d and [3 + 2] cycloreversion products, viz. 2-diazopropane (5b) and the N-phenylimine 15d. - Trapping of 2 by methanesulphonyl azide (18a) gives mixtures of the products of ring expansion (21b, d-f, 10-50 %) and [3 + 2] cycloreversion (22a, d, 10-80 %) of the apparently very labile intermediate spirocyclic cycloadducts 19. The ratio of 21 vs. 22 is significantly improved when 18a is replaced by trifluoromethanesulphonyl azide (18b), which affords the iminodihydrobenzazepines 21i-k in 50-75 % yield. The structures of the products are based on NMR evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed with 21b, d, and (ax,E)-21e.
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  • 193
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 563-572 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: S-Thioester ; Enolate ; Imines ; Lactams ; Stereoselection ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The condensation between imines and S-thioester metal enolates provides a mild, efficient, and straightforward route to the preparation of β-lactams. The synthetic applications and the stereochemical aspects of this reaction are discussed.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Methylenepyran carbene complexes ; Lithiation ; Carbene complexes ; Tungsten ; Carbenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---1,2 and 1,6 additions of lithium reagents to γ-methylenepyran Fischer-type carbene complexes are described. The 1,2 adducts obtained from alkynyllithium addition evolve by a 1,3 shift of the W(CO)5 fragment to give allenyltungsten carbonyl intermediates. Reaction with degassed water affords unsaturated carbene complexes indirectly stabilized by a heteroatom. The 1,6 anionic addition products are quenched by H2O at low temperature to give α,δ-unsaturated carbene complexes. On warming, an evolution occurs leading to new pyranylidene carbene complexes.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/099150_s.pdf or from the author.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Alkylations ; Deaminated AdoHcy ; Decarboxylated AdoHcy ; Mitsunobu reaction ; Nucleosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---5′-Acetylthio-5′-deoxy-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (8) was directly prepared from commercially available 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneadenosine (7) and thioacetic acid under Mitsunobu conditions in almost quantitative yield. In situ cleavage of the acetylthio function of 8 followed by coupling with different alkyl bromides proceeded with high yields. Deprotection of the obtained 5′-thionucleosides yielded the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine analogues decarboxylated AdoHcy (11), deaminated AdoHcy (14) and 5′-[3-(cyano)propylthio]-5′-deoxyadenosine (16) in good overall yields. Direct deprotection of the thionucleoside 8 delivered 5′-thio-5′-deoxyadenosine (18) in excellent yield. In addition, binding constants of these AdoHcy analogues and the DNA methyltransferase M·HhaI were determined in a fluorescence assay.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Porphyrins ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Macrocycles ; Pyrethroids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Esters, N,N-disubstituted amides, and a N-acylurea derived from the enantiopure industrial intermediate (1R)-cis-hemicaronaldehydic acid (or biocartol) are convenient synthons for the preparation of a series of chiroporphyrins by condensation with pyrrole. These chiral meso-tetracyclopropylporphyrins are obtained exclusively as the D2-symmetric α,β,α,β atropisomer, generally in low to moderate yields (2-20%), and in the urea case in excellent yield (60%). Hydrolysis of the urea substituents affords a chiroporphyrin with mono-N-substituted amide groups. 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates that the ester, amide, and urea stereogenic groups sit on the porphyrin close to the metal binding site and restrict substrate or ligand access along a C2-symmetric groove. This structural feature of chiroporphyrins and of their metal complexes is of high potential interest in asymmetric catalysis and chiral recognition.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 627-631 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Complex nucleoside ; Antibiotics ; Radicals ; Zn-Cu couple ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Homosinefungin 5, which can be considered as an analogue of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), has been synthesized by means of a sequence in which the key step was the addition of a radical, produced by the simple treatment of an iodide precursor with a zinc-copper couple, to suitably activated olefins.
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  • 198
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 645-655 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: INOC ; Pyrrolidines ; Piperidines ; Stereoselective synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intramolecular nitrile oxide olefin cycloaddition (INOC) reactions of oximes 1-3 and of 24-27 derived from L-amino acids have been found to proceed stereoselectively, yielding tricyclic fused pyrrolidines and piperidines. Further manipulation led to chiral hydroxymethyl-substituted fused piperidines 33-35 and to 3-amino-4-(1-hydroxypropyl)-2-mercaptomethyl-N-methylpiperidine (36). The structures and stereochemistries of the fused systems, as well as those of the piperidines, have been established by NMR.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 701-705 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Asymmetric catalysis ; Catalysis ; Addition reactions ; N ligands ; Nickel ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Quaternary stereocenters were constructed with an enantioselectivity of up to 91% ee under aerobic conditions and at ambient temperature in the Michael reaction of β-dicarbonyl compounds and methyl vinyl ketone with Ni(OAc)2·4H2O and optically active trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as a chiral catalyst.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 200
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    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 729-735 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Rubromycins ; Natural products ; Biosynthesis ; Quinones ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The structure of the known secondary metabolite β-rubromycin was corrected, based on spectroscopic and chemical investigations, from o-quinone 1 to p-quinone 6. By feeding [U-13C3]malonic acid to the rubromycin-producing strain, Streptomyces sp. A1, the polyketide origin of the skeleton was verified, but the identity of the starter unit and the folding mechanism of the polyketide chain are still unclear. From the culture broth of the strain A1, in addition to 6, the co-metabolites γ-rubromycin (3), δ-rubromycin (4) and 3′-hydroxy-β-rubromycin (7) were isolated. Their structures were determined or confirmed by detailed spectroscopic analysis. The rubromycins inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and are cytostatically active against different tumor cell lines.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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