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Notes: Abstract  I investigated the relationship between species richness and composition of ant faunas, and sampling intensity in two regions with different long-term histories of grazing intensity in mulga (Acacia aneura) woodlands in northern New South Wales. There were two aims: (i) to examine the relationship between sampling intensity and species richness and composition; and (ii) to explore the differences in ant assemblages from two regions of markedly different grazing intensity when sampled at different intensities (i.e. when a higher proportion of the local ant fauna were collected). Ants were sampled in pit traps (120-mm diameter) at densities of two, four, six and nine pits per 100 m2. Each sampling-intensity treatment was replicated three times within each region. Pit traps filled with preservative were opened for 3 days. Species richness was higher with each successive increase in sampling intensity but was not different between regions for a given trapping intensity. There was no obvious asymptote of the curve relating trapping intensity to cumulative species richness suggesting that even greater trap densities than those used in the present study would be needed to collect most of the species of ants using a patch of ground over a few days. Spatial replication of a low-intensity sampling design did not capture as many species as one higher-intensity sampling array with the same total number of pit traps. This result can be explained by aggressive numerically dominant species of ants monopolizing access to a greater proportion of the traps in low-density arrays. Ordination reveals that regions and sampling-intensity treatments could be discriminated and that differences between regions with different grazing histories were less apparent with high-intensity sampling arrays than they were with low-intensity sampling arrays. This suggests that differences between locations in space (or potentially samples in time) could be exaggerated by incomplete sampling of the patch-scale fauna. Comparison of the present study with other studies suggests that most studies to date have used sampling intensities that would not give a thorough assessment of the patch-scale ground-dwelling fauna if sampled only by pit traps. The implications of the results for programmes of ant monitoring in rangelands are discussed.