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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (18)
  • Electronic Resource  (18)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (18)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 1910-1914
  • 1996  (18)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (18)
Material
  • Electronic Resource  (18)
Years
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (18)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 1910-1914
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does high density–low pressure etching depend on the type of plasma source? (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2197-2202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Etching of SiO2 with CF4 in three types of high density–low pressure (5×1011 cm−3, 1–10 mTorr) etch tools: electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), inductively coupled (ICP), and helicon (HRF) is described. Although the physical processes that produce the plasma in the three types of sources are quite different, the etch rate processes are identical when viewed from the wafer sheath boundary. Measurements demonstrate that if sufficient fluorine is present, the etch rate limiting step depends only on the ion energy flux to the wafer, rather than on the details of the chemical species. Etch rate control depends only on the wafer bias power. Experimental results are device independent so the etch rate in high density–low pressure plasma sources does not depend on the plasma source power. Major differences in tool etch rate characteristics are more likely determined by tool wall material (and wall chemistry) and tool geometry rather than the physical process that is used to produce the plasma. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871675
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma properties determined with induction loop probes in a planar inductively coupled plasma source (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 1298-1302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electromagnetic fields in a planar rf inductively coupled plasma source, of interest for materials processing, were measured using a two-loop inductive (B-dot) probe. The two loops were oriented to measure the time derivative of the axial and radial components of the magnetic field B(overdot)z and B(overdot)r, respectively, at various positions in the r–z plane of the cylindrically symmetric argon discharge. Maxwell's equations were used with this data to calculate amplitudes of the rf azimuthal electric field Eφ and current density Jφ, as well as the complex permittivity ε of the plasma, from which the electron density ne was calculated. The electron densities calculated using this technique were found to compare favorably to the results of measurements made with Langmuir probes. Electron drift velocities calculated from Jφ and ne were found to be comparable to electron thermal velocities in the region of highest Eφ and thus may contribute to local enhancement of electron impact reactions, thereby affecting process chemistry and uniformity. The peak in the drift velocity moved radially outward as the pressure increased due changes in the radial plasma density profile. This technique is applicable to chemistries where Langmuir probes are not practical. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361025
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response to "Comment on ‘Normal incidence second-harmonic generation in L-valley AlSb/GaSb/Ga1−xAlxSb/AlSb stepped quantum wells' '' [Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 1872 (1996)] (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 1873-1873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116126
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type II mid-infrared quantum well lasers (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 2976-2978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pulsed, optically pumped four-constituent Type-II (InAs-Ga1−xInxSb-InAs-AlSb) quantum well lasers emitting at 3.9–4.1 μm were observed to lase up to 285 K with a characteristic temperature T0 of 35 K for 170 K ≤Top≤270 K. A theoretical analysis predicts dramatic further improvements once the potential for suppressing Auger recombination is fully realized. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116374
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teaching applied anatomy to senior medical students with an emphasis on surgery and radiology (1996)
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 18 (1996), S. 141-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01795236
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free choice and contextually permitted actions (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 193-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We present a solution to the paradox of free choice permission by introducing strong and weak permission in a deontic logic of action. It is shown how counterintuitive consequences of strong permission can be avoided by limiting the contexts in which an action can be performed. This is done by introducing the only operator, which allows us to say that only α is performed (and nothing else), and by introducing contextual interpretation of action terms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370675
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An integrated framework for ought-to-be and ought-to-do constraints (1996)
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence and law 4 (1996), S. 77-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8382
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116787
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphine-6-O-β-D-glucuronide but not morphine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide binds to μ-, δ- and κ- specific opioid binding sites in cerebral membranes (1996)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 192-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: µ-, δ-, κ-Opioid-Receptor ; Morphine ; Morphine-3-O-β-D-Glucuronide ; Morphine-6-O-β-D-Glucuronide ; Cerebral membranes ; In-vitro-binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the nature of interaction of morphine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine6-O-β-D-glucuronide (M6G) with opioid binding sites at the µ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors (µ-OR, δ-OR and κ-OR) in cerebral membranes. Saturation binding experiments revealed a competitive interaction of M6G with all three opioid receptors. Inhibition binding experiments at the µ-OR employing combinations of morphine and M6G resulted in a rightward shift of the IC50 for morphine proportional to the M6G concentration, thus strengthening the finding of competitive interaction of M6G at the µ-opioid binding site. Data in absence and presence of M6G were included in a three-dimensional model. Compared to a model with one binding site a model with two binding sites significantly improved the fits. This might indicate that different µ-OR subtypes are involved. Hydrolysis of M6G to morphine was investigated and did not occur. Therefore the effects of M6G on binding to the μ-OR were due to M6G and not due to morphine. In contrast, M3G at the three opioid receptors was found to inhibit binding being about 300 times weaker than morphine. This effect was well explained by the amount of contaminating morphine (about 0.3%) identified by HPLC. We conclude that M6G binds to µ-, δ- and κ-OR in a competitive manner. Some of our results on the µ-OR suggest two binding sites for agonists at the μ-OR and that M6G binds to both sites. Our results suggest that the high potency of M6G as an analgesic is mediated through opioid receptors. In contrast, M3G does not interact with the µ-, δ- or κ-OR. We therefore doubt that any effect of M3G is mediated via opioid receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178720
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping motor neuron activity to overt behavior in the leech (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 637-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Passive tension ; Biomechanics ; Length-tension curve ; Muscular hydrostat ; Stress relaxation ; Residual stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As an initial step in constructing a quantitative biomechanical model of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), we determined the passive properties of its body wall over the physiological range of dimensions. The major results of this study were: 1. The ellipsoidal cross section of resting leeches is maintained by tonic muscle activation as well as forces inherent in the structure of the body wall (i.e., residual stress). 2. The forces required for longitudinal and circumferential stretch to maximum physiological dimensions were similar in magnitude. Cutting out pieces of body wall did not affect the passive longitudinal or circumferential properties of body wall away from the edges of the cut. 3. The strain (i.e., the percentage change in dimension) of different body segments when subject to the same force was identical, despite differences in muscle crosssections. 4. Serotonin, a known modulator of tension in leech muscles, affected passive forces at all physiological muscle lengths. This suggests that the longitudinal muscle is responsible for at least part of the passive tension of the body wall. 5. We propose a simple viscoelastic model of the body wall. This model captures the dynamics of the passive responses of the leech body wall to imposed step changes in length. Using steady-state passive tensions predicted by the viscoelastic model we estimate the forces required to maintain the leech at any given length over the physiological range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227377
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone density and shape as determinants of bone strength in IGF-I and/or pamidronate-treated ovariectomized rats (1996)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 6 (1996), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone mechanical properties ; IGF-I ; Osteoporosis ; Pamidronate ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Areal bone mineral density (BMD) is a major determinant of bone strength and thereby of fracture risk. Other factors including trabecular microarchitecture and bone dimensions also contribute to bone strength. To investigate the relative importance for bone strength of BMD and bone dimensions, the relations between strength and the latter variables were evaluated under different experimental conditions in ovariectomized rats. Bone strength was assessed in compression and bending with measurement of BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Interventions were designed to increase trabecular BMD in rats with estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss (OVX) by treatment with pamidronate, an inhibitor of bone resorption, or to modify bone dimensions, particularly diameter, by administration of the growth factor IGF-I. In OVX rats, pamidronate treatment increased BMD with a commensurate increase in bone strength at the level of lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck (r=0.789,p〈0.0001 andr=0.535,p〈0.001, respectively). IGF-I increased the external diameter of midshaft tibia and femoral neck, which also correlated with bone strength (r=0.678,p〈0.0001 andr=0.507,p〈0.0002, respectively). Thus, both bone dimensions and BMD contributed to the determination of bone strength. In conclusion, adult rats with estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss represent a useful experimental model for investigating bone strength and its determinants such as BMD and external bone dimensions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622738
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