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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (6)
  • Electronic Resource  (6)
  • 1990-1994  (6)
  • 1870-1879
  • conducting polymers  (3)
  • interleukin-2  (3)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (6)
Material
  • Electronic Resource  (6)
Years
  • 1990-1994  (6)
  • 1870-1879
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of radical trapping reagents upon formation of poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) polyelectrolytes by the wessling soluble precursor method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2223-2231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylene vinylene) ; poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) ; poly(para-phenylene vinylene) ; para-xylylene ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethane ; radical polymerization ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular weights were studied by gel permeation chromatography of derivatized poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride produced by aqueous or methanolic base-induced polymerization of 1,4-bis(tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzene dichloride, both with and without a variety of added polymerization inhibiting agents. Efficient radical scavenging agents such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl and hydrogen atom donor 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylaniline reduced the degree of polymerization of the reactive α-(tetrahydrothiophenium chloride)-para-xylylene intermediate produced in this chemistry, and in some cases completely suppressed formation of high polymer. These two traps did not affect the equilibrium production of the para-xylylene by UV-Vis spectral analysis; hence they must affect the subsequent polymerization chain propagation steps in the mechanism. Electron spin resonance studies of polymerization in the presence of 0.00025 equiv of TEMPO showed disappearance of the spin label, a result consistent with a radical scavenging process. The results suggest that production of high molecular weight poly(α-tetrahydrothiophenio para-xylylene) chloride proceeds through a radical chain propagation sequence. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301018
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Para-Xylylenes and analogues by base-induced elimination from 1,4-bis-(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene salts in poly(1,4-arylene vinylene) synthesis by the wessling soluble precursor method (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 2233-2240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: para-xylylenes ; 1,4-benzoquinodimethanes ; conducting polymers ; poly(arylene vinylene)s ; poly(phenylene vinylene)s ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: para-Xylylenes are generated by treatment of various 1,4-bis(dialkylsulfoniomethyl)arene dihalides with base in water, methanol, and aqueous acetonitrile, as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This procedure allows the monitoring of the transient xylylene monomers that yield polyelectrolyte precursor polymers for poly(arylene vinylene)s, formed by variations of the chemistry developed originally by Wessling and co-workers. Alkoxy, alkyl, and halogen ring substituents on the sulfonium salt precursors do not greatly affect the ability to generate and observe the growth and decay of steady-state concentrations of the para-xylylene intermediates. Use of strong resonance-acceptor substituents - such as cyano or nitro - on the ring reduces production of a strong para-xylylene absorption, possibly due to reluctance of the ylides initially formed from the bis-sulfonium salts to eliminate to the xylylenes. By variation of UV-Vis conditions, it was found that use of 20% aqueous acetonitrile rather than water allowed formation of low to modest molecular weight polyelectrolytes in cyano-substituted cases (Mw = 8000-37,000). Use of UV-Vis test experiments should be useful for screening of bis sulfonium salt precursors that may be expected to give high molecular weight polyelectrolytes - in cases where para-xylylene formation is easy - as well as for finding reaction conditions that will optimize polymer formation. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080301019
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses of new poly (arylene vinylene) analogues: Poly (4,7-benzofuran vinylene) and poly (4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylene vinylene)s ; conducting polymers ; soluble precursor polymers ; polyelectrolytes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of bis(4,7-tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzofuran dibromide with aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide leads to a water-soluble polyelectrolyte which can be film cast and thermolytically eliminated to give poly(4,7-benzofuran vinylene) (PBFV). Subjection of bis(4,7-tetrahydrothiopheniomethyl) benzothiophene dibromide to the same reaction sequence gives poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV). UV-VIS studies show that PBFV has a band gap of 2.76 eV, while PBTV has a band gap of 2.92 eV. These polymers are members of a new class of conjugated poly (arylene vinylene)s, in which heterocyclic pseudoaromatic rings are fused onto a poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) backbone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080320108
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on human plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and C-reactive protein (1990)
    Springer
    Biotherapy 2 (1990), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8280
    Keywords: apolipoproteins ; C-reactive protein ; interferon ; interleukin-2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six patients with confirmed malignant disease received four consecutive weekly cycles of human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) 4 days/week, continuous iv. infusion, 3 × 106 U/m2/day. Plasma cholesterol decreased a mean of 7% within 24 hours after IL-2 infusion and decreased by 33% within 4 days. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower than baseline concentration by day 21 (−21%), and day 25 (−41%) was significantly lower than day 21. Decreased plasma cholesterol was the result of decreased HDL and LDL cholesterol concentrations. Plasma triglyceride demonstrated a mean increase of 46% after 4 days of therapy and remained greater than baseline concentrations at all time points analyzed. Apolipoprotein AI and AII decreased concomitantly with HDL-cholesterol concentrations, whereas apolipoprotein B after an initial mean decrease of 17% during the first cycle was not significantly different from baseline during the fourth cycle. Apolipoprotein E and Lp(a) were not significantly affected by IL-2 treatment. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) increased by 79% within 24 hours of therapy, increased by 254% on day 4, then decreased to baseline concentrations by day 21 after 3 days off of IL-2. Day 25 CRP was elevated compared to both baseline and day 21 concentrations. IL-2 induced plasma lipoprotein changes may be due in part to the induction of interferon gamma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02173519
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLT-esterase activity followingin vitro andin vivo activation of human lymphocytes with interleukin-2 (1991)
    Springer
    Biotherapy 3 (1991), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8280
    Keywords: BLT-esterase ; cytotoxic cells ; immunotherapy ; interleukin-2 ; lymphokine-activated killer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract BLT-esterase and cytolytic activity by humanin vitro andin vivo generated Lymphokine Activated Killer (LAK) cells were measured. Lysates made from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of both normal donors and cancer patients receiving IL-2 therapy were assayed for BLT-esterase activity in a spectro-photometric assay. Cytotoxicity of PBL was measured in a51Cr-release assay. Both BLT-esterase activity and cytotoxicity increased when normal-donor PBL were stimulatedin vitro with IL-2, with greater activities at higher IL-2 concentrations. The activities also increased over time, peaking at 6 days ofin vitro stimulation. Patient PBL had increased BLT-esterase and cytotoxic activities after 4 weeks ofin vivo IL-2 treatment. This association of BLT-esterase activity and cytotoxicity with IL-2 activation is consistent with the model that LAK cytotoxicity is mediated by secretion of BLT-esterase associated cytolytic granules. Lymphocytes obtained afterin vivo IL-2 treatment and cultured for 3-4 hours in IL-2 show markedly augmented cytotoxic activity but no increase in their BLT-esterase activity. These results indicate that the increased cytotoxicity observed after this brief pulse ofin vitro IL-2 followingin vivo IL-2 treatment must result from effects of IL-2 other than the production of more esterase-containing cytolytic granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02171689
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for improving antitumor activity utilizing IL-2: Preclinical models and analysis of antitumor activity of lymphocytes from patients receiving IL-2 (1992)
    Springer
    Biotherapy 4 (1992), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8280
    Keywords: cytokines ; immunotherapy ; interleukin-2 ; interleukin-2 receptors ; lymphokine activated killer cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Considerable enthusiasm remains for the successful utilization of the immune system for the immunotherapy of human cancers. Immunotherapeutic maneuvers have been able to mediate impressive antitumor responses for some patients with advanced and refractory malignancies. Unfortunately, the number of patients who benefit from current immunotherapies is low, while the toxicity for many of the patients receiving these treatments is high. It is becoming quite clear that the development of successful immunotherapeutic strategies will involve a carefully chosen combination of immunotherapeutic modalities or of immunotherapy combined with either surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. The use of an IL-2 based regimen which is clinically tolerable and can provide significant immune activation continues to remain central to many of these treatment approaches. Preclinicalin vitro and animal model systems can evaluate promising treatment strategies, including combination approaches. As an effective immunotherapeutic approach will likely require use of a combination of biologically active agents, the scheduling of these therapies may have profound importance both for optimal antitumor responses as well as clinical tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02174205
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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