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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (33)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (33)
  • 1995  (33)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUALITY STUDY OF GRAYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A residential single family dwelling was retrofitted to recycle graywater for landscape irrigation and toilet flushing. The objective of this study was to determine improvements in graywater quality by evaluating five simple graywater treatment systems that were easily adapted to the household plumbing. The treatment systems consisted of (1) water hyacinths and sand filtration, (2) water hyacinths, copper ion disinfection, and sand filtration, (3) copper ion disinfection and sand filtration, (4) copper/silver ion disinfection and sand filtration, and (5) 20–μm cartridge filtration. Water quality parameters measured were fecal and total coliform indicator bacteria, nitrates, suspended solids, and turbidity. Reductions in bacterial concentration, suspended solids and turbidity were achieved by all systems tested. Treatment reduced nitrate concentrations to an average of 2.6 mg/liter. Reductions in suspended solids, and turbidity were influenced more by the quality of the graywater entering the treatment system than the efficiency of the systems themselves. The water hyacinths and sand filtration system provided the best graywater quality in terms of the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. The system providing the best water quality in regard to average suspended solids after treatment was the water hyacinths, copper ion, and sand filtration system, and the best average turbidity was achieved by the copper/silver ion generating unit with sand filtration. All systems were capable of significant reductions in fecal indicator bacteria, suspended solids, and turbidity; however, additional treatment or disinfection would be necessary to further reduce the level of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria to achieve regulatory standards in the State of Arizona.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03368.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of warmed-over flavour in ground turkey, chicken and pork meat during chill storage. A model of the effects of heating temperature and storage time (1995)
    Springer
    European food research and technology 200 (1995), S. 186-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The susceptibility towards development of warmed-over flavour (WOF) was investigated in meat from turkey and chicken breast and thigh, and from pork longissimus dorsi muscle. Ground meat samples from these five sources were heated for 30 min in a water bath at 60, 70 or 80 °C, and the samples were stored at 5 °C for 0–4 days. During storage, WOF was quantified by measurement of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and by sensory evaluations. The increase in TBARS was modelled for each type of meat at the different heating temperatures by a first-order reaction, and it was shown that a common rate constant could be used for all types of meat. The estimated maximum levels of TBARS in meat samples decreased in the following order: turkey thigh 〉 chicken thigh 〉 turkey breast 〉 chicken breast 〉 pork. For each type of meat, the estimated maximum level of TBARS rose when the heating temperature increased in the range 60–80 °C. This temperature effect was particularly obvious for the chicken samples. Thus thigh and breast meat from chicken heated to 60 °C was almost stable against oxidation during storage. Results obtained by measurement of TBARS were in good agreement with the sensory evaluations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung des Aufwärmegeschmacks (WOF) in Brust und Schenkel von Pute und Hähnchen und im Longissimus dorsi vom Schwein wurde untersucht. Fünf Sorten von gehackten Fleischproben wurden in einem Wasserbad bei 60, 70 oder 80 °C aufgewärmt und 0–4 Tage bei 5 °C aufbewahrt. In der Lagerungzeit wurde WOF über Thiobarbitursäure-reaktive Substanzen (TBARS) und sensorische Beurteilungen bestimmt. Die Erhöhung der Mengen von TBARS für eine Fleischsorte bei einer gegebenen Temperatur wurde mit einer mathematischen Funktion 1. Ordnung beschrieben, und eine gemeinsame Reaktionskonstante für alle Fleischsorten gefunden. Die bestimmten Maximumwerte für TBARS waren in fallender Ordnung: Putenschenkel 〉 Hähnchenschenkel 〉 Putenbrust 〉 Hähnchenbrust 〉 Schwein. Für eine gegebene Fleischsorte stiegen die gemessenen Maximumwerte für TBARS mit erhöhten Aufwärmetemperaturen im Bereich von 60–80 °C. Dieser Temperatureffekt war im besonderen für Hähnchenfleisch anzumerken und äußerte sich bei fast unveränderter Oxidationsstabilität in Schenkel und Brustfleisch von Hähnchen, die bei 60 °C aufgewärmt wurden. Die bei den TBARS bestimmten Resultate waren in guter Übereinstimmung mit den sensorischen Beurteilungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190491
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a mathematical model for prediction of lipid oxidation in heat-treated beef during chill storage (1995)
    Springer
    European food research and technology 200 (1995), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Ground beef was heated to temperatures ranging from 60 to 120 °C and was stored at 5 °C for 0–7 days. The oxidative status of the meat samples was quantified by sensory evaluation and by measurement of thiobarbituricacid-reactive substances (TBARS). A model describing the effect of moderate heating temperatures (60–80 °C) and chill storage time on the development of TBARS has been developed previously, and experiments were conducted to evaluate and extend this model. It was demonstrated that the model could be used for prediction of the individual effects of heating time and heating temperature. The level of TBARS during chill storage almost doubled when the heating temperature increased from 60 °C to 70 °C, but it was unaffected by increasing heating temperatures from 70 °C to 100 °C. Higher heating temperatures caused a remarkable increase in the oxidative stability, TBARS hardly increased during storage after heating to 110 °C or 120 °C. A more elaborate model was developed to describe the effect of heating temperatures in the range of between 60 °C–120 °C on development of TBARS, but the predictive value turned out to be unsatisfactory. The sensory evaluations were highly correlated with TBARS, and the use of TBARS as a measure of warmed-over flavour was verified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193249
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of leaching rates on 14C-metolachlor mobility (1995)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 54 (1995), S. 562-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192600
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for determining the position and size of optimal sequence regions for phylogenetic analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 1128-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phylogeny ; Neighbor joining method ; Bootstrap ; Optimal size ; Optimal position ; Nonrandom sequence ; Information ; Foot-and-mouth disease virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The availability of fast and accurate sequencing procedures along with the use of PCR has led to a proliferation of studies of variability at the molecular level in populations. Nevertheless, it is often impractical to examine long genomic stretches and a large number of individuals at the same time. In order to optimize this kind of study, we suggest a heuristic procedure for detection of the shortest region whose informational content can be considered sufficient for significant phylogenetic reconstruction. The method is based on the comparison of the pairwise genetic distances obtained from a set of sequences of reference to those obtained for different windows of variable size and position by means of a simple index. We also present an approach for testing whether the informative content in the stretches selected in this way is significantly different from the corresponding content shown by the larger genomic regions used as reference. Application of this test to the analysis of the VP1 protein gene of foot-and-mouth-disease type C virus allowed us to define optimal stretches whose informative content is not significantly different from that displayed by the complete VP1 sequence. We showed that the predictions made for type C sequences are valid for type O sequences, indicating that the results of the procedure are consistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173194
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term trends in DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlordane in California Mussels (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 28 (1995), S. 443-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The California State Mussel Watch program is a long-term monitoring program conducted by the State Water Resources Control Board and the Department of Fish and Game. In a fifteen year time span, from 1977–1992, mussels were collected at 378 stations. From these stations, 47 were chosen to conduct statistical analysis based on the criteria that they had been sampled at least 6 times for total DDTs, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total chlordanes. Declines of total DDTs and chlordanes were noted at approximately half of the stations. Declines of total PCBs were noted at approximately one-quarter of the stations. Declines of PCBs but not DDTs in mussels near Los Angeles County's sewer discharge corresponded to declines of these contaminants in treated effluent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211626
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional analysis of activins during mammalian development (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 374 (1995), S. 354-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the mouse, activin-pA and PB subunits (Fig. \a) are expressed zygotically before implantation2 4. After implantation, activin subunit expression is limited to the maternal deciduum until E10.5, when activin-pA begins to be expressed in mesenchy-mal cells of the developing face, whiskers, hair ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374354a0
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The two-step shape and timing of the last deglaciation in Antarctica (1995)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 11 (1995), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two-step character of the last deglaciation is well recognized in Western Europe, in Greenland and in the North Atlantic. For example, in Greenland, a gradual temperature decrease started at the Bölling (B) around 14.5 ky BP, spanned through the Alleröd (A) and was followed by the cold Younger Dryas (YD) event which terminated abruptly around 11.5 ky BP. Recent results suggest that this BA/YD sequence may have extended throughout all the Northern Hemisphere but the evidence of a late transition cooling is still poor for the Southern Hemisphere. Here we present a detailed isotopic record analyzed in a new ice core drilled at Dome B in East Antarctica that fully demonstrates the existence of an Antarctic cold reversal (ACR). These results suggest that the two-step shape of the last deglaciation has a worldwide character but they also point to noticeable interhemispheric differences. Thus, the coldest part of the ACR, which shows a temperature drop about three times weaker than that recorded during the YD in Greenland, may have preceded the YD. Antarctica did not experienced abrupt changes and the two warming periods started there before they started in Greenland. The links between Southern and Northern Hemisphere climates throughout this period are discussed in the light of additional information derived from the Antarctic dust record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223498
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The two-step shape and timing of the last deglaciation in Antarctica (1995)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 11 (1995), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The two-step character of the last deglaciation is well recognized in Western Europe, in Greenland and in the North Atlantic. For example, in Greenland, a gradual temperature decrease started at the Bölling (B) around 14.5 ky BP, spanned through the Alleröd (A) and was followed by the cold Younger Dryas (YD) event which terminated abruptly around 11.5 ky BP. Recent results suggest that this BA/YD sequence may have extended throughout all the Northern Hemisphere but the evidence of a late transition cooling is still poor for the Southern Hemisphere. Here we present a detailed isotopic record analyzed in a new ice core drilled at Dome B in East Antarctica that fully demonstrates the existence of an Antarctic cold reversal (ACR). These results suggest that the two-step shape of the last deglaciation has a worldwide character but they also point to noticeable interhemispheric differences. Thus, the coldest part of the ACR, which shows a temperature drop about three times weaker than that recorded during the YD in Greenland, may have preceded the YD. Antarctica did not experienced abrupt changes and the two warming periods started there before they started in Greenland. The links between Southern and Northern Hemisphere climates throughout this period are discussed in the light of additional information derived from the Antarctic dust record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050067
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and characterization of 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase from a Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 164 (1995), S. 70-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words 4-Hydroxybenzoate ; Monooxygenase ; Hydroxylase ; Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Unlike the parent wild-type strain, the Klebsiella pneumoniae mutant strain MAO4 has a 4-HBA+ phenotype. The capacity of this mutant to take up and metabolize 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA) relies on the expression of a permease and an NADPH-linked monooxygenase (4-HBA-3-hydroxylase). Both enzymes are normally expressed at basal levels, and only the presence of 4-HBA in the media enhances their activities. Strikingly, when the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus pobA gene encoding 4-hydroxybenzoate-3-hydroxylase was expressed in hydroxybenzoate K. pneumoniae wild-type, the bacteria were unable to grow on 4-HBA, suggesting that the main difference between the wild-type and the mutant strain is the capability of the latter to take up 4-HBA. 4-HBA-3-hydroxylase was purified to homogeneity by affinity, gel-filtration, and anion-exchange chromatography. The native enzyme, which appeared to be a dimer of identical subunits, had an apparent molecular mass of 80 kDa and a pI of 4.6. Steady-state kinetics were analyzed; the initial velocity patterns were consistent with a concerted substitution mechanism. The purified enzyme had 362 amino acid residues, and a tyrosine seemed to be involved in substrate activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050237
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