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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (40)
  • 1975-1979  (40)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (40)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 1373-1386 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Generally, carbon radicals are in equilibrium with their dimerisation products. Polyradicals produce crosslinked polymers by intermolecular combination. The tendency to crosslinking may be suppressed by bulky substituents in positions adjacent to the unpaired electron. By Grignard reaction of p-chlorostyrene and subsequent reaction with suitable carbonyl compounds sterically hindered polymerizable monomers may be obtained. The following compounds were prepared, characterised, and polymerized: α-phenyl-α-(o-tolyl)-4-vinylbenzyl alcohol (7), α,α-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-vinylbenzyl alcohol (11), 1,3-diphenyl-9-(4-vinylphenyl)-9-fluorenol (15) and 2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-(4-vinylphenyl)cyclopentadien-1-ol (17). The polymers were transferred into the polyradicals which were also characterized.
    Notes: Kohlenstoffradikale stehen im allgemeinen im Gleichgewicht mit ihren Dimerisationsprodukten. Bei Polyradikalen führt dies durch intermolekulare Kombination zu vernetzten Polymeren. Durch sperrige Substituenten in Nachbarstellung zu den un gepaarten Elektronen läßt sich die Tendenz zu Vernetzungsreaktionen zurückdrängen. Durch eine Grignard-Reaktion von p-Chlorstyrol und anschließende Umsetzung mit geeigneten Carbonylverbindungen lassen sich sterisch gehinderte polymerisierbare Monomere erhalten. Folgende Verbindungen wurden dargestellt, charakterisiert, polymerisiert und polymeranalog in die entsprechenden Polyradikale überführt: α-Phenyl-α-(o-tolyl)-4-vinylbenzylalkohol (7), α,α-Bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-vinylbenzylalkohol (11), 1,3-Diphenyl-9-(4-vinylphenyl)-9-fluorenol (15) und 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-1-(4-vinylphenyl)cyclopentadien-1-ol (17).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the crosslinking homopolymerization of symmetrical diolefines with independent double bonds is described. Experiments are carried out with 4-vinylbenzoic anhydride. The experimental results are compared with the theory and the discrepancy is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyalkenylphenols obtained by cationic polymerization of sterically hindered unsaturated alkenylphenols were used for the preparation of polyalkenylphenoxy radicals. The dehydrogenation was carried out with lead dioxide in dry benzene and in an inert atmosphere.Poly[l-(3,5di-tert-butyl-4-oxyphenyl)-l-methylethylene]s (2b) are completely stable in an inert atmosphere like the corresponding low molecular model compound, the so-called “Blue Aroxyl”. Poly[ 1-(3,5di-tert-butyl-4-oxyphenyl)ethylene] (2a), which should be expected to show only a small stability because of the tertiary α-hydrogen atom of the main chain in p-position to the oxy group are more stable than the low molecular model compound.In accordance with the ESR-spcctra of other types of polyradicals the ESR-spectra of polyalkenylphenoxyls obtained from homopolymers show no hyperfine structure. Investigations on dehydrogenated 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-vinylphenol/styrene copolymers of various compositions, reveal a decrease of the resolution of the ESR-spectra with increasing number of radical units in the backbone. Simultaneously the splitting parameters of the α-hydrogen atom of the backbone decreases, whereas there is no change for the rn-protons of the phenoxyl ring. The temperature dependence of various polyalkenylphenoxy radicals is discussed.Polymers with units of 3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-oxyphenylethylene and 1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-phenyl)-1-methylethylene form with the oxygen of the air at room temperature mainly soluble polyhydropcroxides of typc A and to a low extend also crosslinked polyperoxides of type B, depending on the number of incorporated oxyphenyl group containing units.Under inert conditions polyvinylphenoxyls 2a are converted with an excess of lead dioxide to the corresponding poly[1-(4-oxo-di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-ylidene)-ethylene]s (polyquinone methides) (3).
    Notes: Zur Darstellung von Polyalkenylphenoxylen wurden aus sterisch behinderten ungesättigten Phenolen durch kationische Polymerisation erhaltene Polyalkenylphenole verwendet. Die Dehydrierung der Polyalkenylphenole wurde mit Bleidioxid in wasserfreiem Benzol in inerter Atmosphäre durchgeführt.Poly[1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-oxyphenyl)-1-methyläthylen]e (2b) sind analog ihrem niedermolekularen Modell, dem sogenannten “Blauen Aroxyl”, in inerter Atmosphäre völlig beständig. Poly[1-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-oxyphenyl)äthylen] (2a), von dem man aufgrund der tertiären α-H-Atome an der Polymerkette eine sehr geringe Stabilität erwarten sollte, ist wesentlich beständiger als sein niedermolekulares Modell.ESR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben für Polyalkenylphenoxyle aus Homopolymeren in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Polyradikalen ESR-Spektren ohne Hyperfeinstruktur. Am Beispiel von dehydrierten 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-vinylphenol/Styrol-Copolymeren verschiedener Zusammensetzung konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Auflösung der ESR-Spektren mit zunehmender Anzahl an radikalischen Grundbausteinen in den Polymerketten geringer wird. Gleichzeitig nehmen die Aufspaltungsparameter für das α-Wasserstoffatom der Polymerkette ab, während sie für die m-Protonen des Phenoxylrings gleich bleiben. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der ESR-Spektren verschiedener Polyalkenylphenoxyle wird diskutiert.Polymere mit 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-oxyphenyläthylen- und 1-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-phenyl)-1-methyläthylen-Grundbausteinen bilden mit Luftsauerstoff bei Raumtemperatur je nach der Anzahl der eingebauten radikalischen Grundbausteine vorwiegend lösliche Polyhydroperoxide vom Typ A, in geringerem Umfang auch vernetzte Polyperoxide vom Typ B.In inerter Atmosphare wandeln sich die Polyvinylphenoxyle 2a in Gegenwart eines Überschusses an Bleidioxid in die entsprechenden Poly[1-(4-oxo-di-tert-butyl-2.5-cyclohexadien-l-yliden)äthylen]e (Polychinonmethide) (3) urn.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 593-607 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 6-Acryloylamino-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (5a) and 6-methacryloylamino-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (5b) are synthesized by condensation of 6-amino-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (3) with the corresponding acyl chlorides. The radical polymerization of 5a in dioxane at 60°C yields polymers with softening points of 270-280°C. The degrees of polymerization are relatively low.5a is copolymerized radically with methyl methacrylate. The copolymerization parameters under the above mentioned polymerization conditions are r1=3,09 (5a) and r2=0,89 (methyl methacrylate). Monomers and polymers are characterized by their IR-, NMR-, and UV-spectra.
    Notes: 6-Acryloylamino-2,3-diphenylchinoxalin (5a) und 6-Methacryloylamino-2,3-diphenylchinoxalin (5b) werden durch Umsetzung von 6-Amino-2,3-diphenylchinoxalin (3) mit den entsprechenden Säurechloriden dargestellt. Die radikalische Polymerisation von 5a in Dioxan bei 60°C liefert Polymere mit Erweichungstemperaturen von 270-280°C. Die Polymerisationsgrade sind relativ niedrig.Das Monomere 5a wird mit Methylmethacrylat radikalisch copolymerisiert. Die Copolymerisationsparameter betragen unter den oben genannten Polymerisationsbedingungen für 5a r1 = 3,09, für Methylmethacrylat r2=0,89. Die dargestellten Monomeren und Polymeren werden durch IR-, NMR- und UV-Spektren charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: As starting materials for the preparation of polyradicals of triphenylmethyl type linked by p-phenylene units bis(4-iodophenyl)phenylmethane (5a) and bis(4-iodo-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)phenylmethane (5b) were synthesized by a Sandmeyer reaction from the corresponding diamino compounds and subsequently transformed into the corresponding polymeric hydrocarbons 6a and 6b by an Ullmann condensation. In the following step 6a and 6b were brominated at the tert. carbon atom by means of N-bromosuccinimide. The reaction of the resulting poly(4,4′-biphenylylen-α-bromobenzylidene)s (7a and 7b) with mercury afforded the corresponding radicals, the ESR-spectra of which were recorded. From the methyl substituted polymer 7b poly[(2,2′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-bi-phenylylen)phenylmethylidyne] (3) was formed, whereas the unsubstituted product 7a was transformed into a para-quinoide polymer with radical properties.
    Notes: Als Ausgangsverbindungen für die Darstellung von Polyradikalen des Triphenylmethyltyps, die über p-Phenylen-Einheiten verknüpft sind, wurden Bis(4-jodphenyl)phenylmethan (5a) und Bis(4-jod-2,5-dimethylphenyl)phenylmethan (5b) aus den entsprechenden Diaminoverbindungen durch eine Sandmeyer-Synthese hergestellt, anschließend nach Ullmann zu den entsprechenden polymeren Kohlenwasserstoffen 6a bzw. 6b kondensiert und mit N-Bromsuccinimid am tert. C-Atom bromiert. Aus den Poly(4,4′-biphenylylen-α-brombenzyliden)en (7a und 7b) wurden mittels Quecksilber Radikale hergestellt und deren ESR-Spektren aufgenommen. Dabei entstand aus dem methylsubstituierten Polymeren 7b Poly[(2,2′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenylylen)-phenylmethylidin] (3) während sich aus dem unsubstituierten Produkt 7a ein para-chinoides Polymeres mit Radikaleigenschaften bildete.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bis(3-iodophenyl)ketone (2) was synthesized by iodination of benzophenone by means of N-iodosuccinimide. Starting from this compound three aryl-bis(3-iodophenyl)methanols (3a - c) were prepared by reaction with the Grignard compounds of bromobenzene, 4-bromobiphenyl and 1-bromonaphthalene. By means of hydroiodic acid from the alcohols 3a - c the corresponding aryl-bis(3-iodophenyl)methanes (4a - c) could be obtained, which were transformed into poly(3,3'-biphenylylen-arylmethylene)s 5a - c by an Ullmann condensation and subsequently brominated at the methylene carbon atom using N-bromosuccinimide. From the poly(3,3'-biphenylylene-arylbromomethane)s polyradicals could be prepared by reaction with mercury. By heating the aryl-bis(3-iodophenyl)methanols 3a - c in boiling thionyl chloride the corresponding chloro derivatives were formed. From these chloro derivatives the iodo containing low molecular weight radicals were prepared by reaction with mercury. ESR-spectra were recorded of the low molecular weight radicals and of the polyradicals.
    Notes: Durch Jodierung von Benzophenon mittels N-Jodsuccinimid wurde Bis(3-jodphenyl)keton (2) hergestellt. Davon ausgehend wurden durch Umsetzung mit den Grignardverbindungen aus Brombenzol, 4-Brombiphenyl und 1-Bromnaphthalin drei Aryl-bis(3-jodphenyl)methanole (3a - c) synthetisiert. Mittels Jodwasserstoffsäure konnten aus den Alkoholen 3a - c die entsprechenden Aryl-bis(3-jodphenyl)methane (4a - c) erhalten werden, die dann nach Ullmann zu Poly(3,3'-biphenylylen-arylmethylen)en 5a - c polykondensiert und anschließend am Methylenkohlenstoff in mit N-Bromsuccinimid bromiert wurden. Aus den erhaltenen Poly(3,3'-biphenylylen-arylbrommethan)en wurden durch Einwirkung von Quecksilber Polyradikale hergestellt. Durch Erhitzen der Aryl-bis(3-jodphenyl)methanole 3a - c in siedendem Thionylchlorid entstanden die entsprechenden Chlorderivate. Aus ihnen wurden - ebenfalls durch Einwirkung von Quecksilber - die jodhaltigen niedermolekularen Radikale hergestellt. Sowohl von diesen als auch von den Polyradikalen wurden die ESR-Spektren aufgenommen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,7-Diiodofluorenone was reacted with the Grignard compounds of bromobenzene, 4-bromobiphenyl and 1-bromonaphthalene to afford 9-aryl-2,7-diiodo-9-fluorenols (3a - c). Starting from 2,7-diiodo-9-phenyl-9-fluorenol (3a) und 2,7-diiodo-9-(1-naphthyl)-9-fluorenol (3c) the corresponding 9-aryl-2,7-diiodofluorenes 4a and 4b could be obtained by reaction with hydroiodic acid. In a subsequent reaction they were condensated in an Ullmann type reaction to poly(9-aryl-2,7-fluorenylen)s 5a and 5b, which were brominated in 9-position by means of N-bromosuccinimide. By reaction with mercury polyradicals could be prepared from the poly(9-aryl-9-bromo-2,7-fluorenylen)es. By heating the 9-aryl-2,7-diiodo-fluorenols 3a - c in boiling thionyl chloride the corresponding chloro derivatives were formed. From these chloro derivatives the iodo containing low molecular weight radicals were prepared by reaction with mercury. EPR-spectra of the low molecular weight radicals and of the polyradicals were recorded.
    Notes: 2,7-Dijodfluorenon wurde mit den Grignardverbindungen aus Brombenzol, 4-Brombiphenyl und 1-Bromnaphthalin zu 9-Aryl-2,7-dijod-9-fluorenolen (3a - c) umgesetzt. Aus 2,7-Dijod-9-phenyl-9-fluorenol (3a) und 2,7-Dijod-9-(1-naphthyl)-9-fluorenol (3c) wurden mittels Jodwasserstoffsäure die entsprechenden 9-Aryl-2,7-dijodfluorene 4a und 4b erhalten, diedann nach Ullmannzu den Poly(9-aryl-2,7-fluorenylen)en 5a und 5b polykondensiert und anschließend in 9-Stellung mit N-Bromsuccinimid bromiert wurden. Aus den erhaltenen Poly(9-aryl-9-brom-2,7-fluorenylen)en wurden durch Einwirkung von Quecksilber Polyradikale hergestellt. Durch Erhitzen der 9-Aryl-2,7-dijod-fluorenole 3a - c mit Thionylchlorid entstanden die entsprechenden Chlorderivate. Aus ihnen wurden  -  ebenfalls mit Quecksilber  -  die jodhaltigen niedermolekularen Radikale hergestellt. Sowohl von diesen als auch von den Polyradikalen wurden die ESR-Spektren aufgenommen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cross-linked copolymers from styrene and 1,2-bis(4-vinylphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol (1) were synthesized. The concentration of the pendent vinyl groups linked to the polymer was determined by means of IR-spectroscopy as a function of the initial composition, of the total monomer concentration, and of the yield. The values were compared with previously elaborated theoretical calculations. Differences between experiment and theory are presumably due to an inhomogeneous distribution of the pendent vinyl groups in the polymerization system. Measurements of swelling with crosslinked copolymers from styrene and 1 showed, that the specific gel bed volume can be well correlated with the theoretically calculated concentration of cross-links, if the total monomer concentration and the fraction of cross-linking component are kept below certain maximum values and if the yield does not exceed 80% significantly.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The copolymerizations of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/styrene and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/methyl methacrylate - both systems with extremely different reactivity ratios - have been investigated in a recording dilatometer equipped with a thermo-couple. The shrinkages of the systems can be described by the theory of Wittmer. The necessary values for the homopolymerizations as well as the binary reactivity ratios have been determined. The shrinkages have been verified independently by density measurements.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The decomposition rate constants kd of initiators can be determined by a new method directly in monomers as solvents. If a suitable inhibitor is added to a monomer mixture with the initiator the latter decomposes nearly without monomer conversion. The initiator concentration - after the inhibitor is consumed - can be found by means of the dilatometrically determined polymerization rate after the induction period. The functional connection between polymerization rate and initiator concentration found without inhibitor is used as a calibration curve for that purpose.The dilatometrical measurements were made in the monomers styrene and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone using 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and p-quinone as inhibitor. The following decomposition rate constants were found: kd=1,52 · 10-5 S-1 (styrene) and kd=1,62 · 10-5 S-1 (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), which is in agreement with literature values.Initiator efficiencies f were calculated: f=0,46 (styrene), f=0,47 (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). In methyl methacrylate (MMA) 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as inhibitor. Under certain conditions the product kdf can be calculated from the consumption rate of DPPH. The value found in MMA (kdf=3,7 · 10-6 s-1) is lower than that reported in literature (6,45 · 10-6 s-1).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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