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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 117 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Changes in the composition of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in tobacco during the processes of long-term tissue culture and regeneration were detected by DNA gel blot analyses using several mtDNA fragments as probes. The changes in mtDNA were identified by differential accumulations of mtDNA fragments in cultured cells that were hybridized with probes atp6, cob, and nad3-rpsl2. The changes detected by each probe did not appear to be linked, since they were different with each probe and in different subcultures of calli. Based on the current results and previous detailed analyses of the changes detected by atp6, a possible model that explains the alterations in mtDNA during tissue culture is presented. In this model, the changes are attributed to multiple shifts in the equilibrium that was maintained between different subgenomic mtDNA molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The formation of trans-thylakoid proton motive force (pmf) is coupled to light-driven electron transfer and both powers the synthesis of ATP and acts as a signal for initiating antenna regulation. This key intermediate has been difficult to study because of its ephemeral and variable qualities. This review covers recent efforts to probe pmf in vivo as well as efforts to address one of the key questions in photosynthesis: How does the photosynthetic machinery achieve sufficient flexibility to meet the energetic and regulatory needs of the plant in a varying environment? It is concluded that pmf plays a central role in these flexibility mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to confirm the suitability of cholestane (CLS) for determination of lipid digestibilities in prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, the movements of dietary triacylglycerol and CLS in its digestive tract were examined. In this present study, the double labelling method was evaluated using [3H]-triolein and [14C]-CLS, which was chemically synthesized from [14C]-cholesterol. Three test diets containing different levels of lipid (0, 80 and 100 g kg−1 dry diet) with [3H]-triolein (150 MBq kg−1 diet) and [14C]-CLS (150 MBq kg−1 diet) were prepared. One prawn was stocked into a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask containing seawater at 25 °C. After the prawns had been fed on 1% of body weight of the labelled diets, they were transferred to another Erlenmeyer flask and held for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 96 h after feeding. At every collection time, radioactivity of the hemolymph, stomach, midgut gland, midgut, hindgut, muscle and faeces was determined by liquid scintillation counter. All analyses were performed in triplicate with one prawn per collection time per test diet.In the prawns administrated labelled diets, over 75% of the total radioactivity was recovered in faeces at 96 h after feeding. The ratio of [3H] to [14C] in the gastrointestinal tract of the prawn did not fluctuate for 96 h after feeding. Thus, triolein and CLS were shown to move at the same speed in the gastrointestinal tract. The results demonstrate that CLS satisfied one requisite for markers in the digestibility measurement of dietary lipids in the prawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein-squid protein-based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The dietary effect of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) on the composition of the head and the body, and on the pigmentation of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (T. & S.), was studied by means of microbound diets. Increasing levels of this essential fatty acid produced higher growth and pigmentation success in juveniles after 45 days of feeding. The role played by AA in the composition of phosphatidylinositol and eicosanoid synthesis is discussed in relation to the normal function of the neural system and the production of hormones involved in the metamorphosis and pigmentation of flatfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An attempt was made to measure the apparent digestibility (AD) of cholesterol and fatty acids using 5aL-cholestane as a marker (cholestane-method) using tilapia. Oreochromis niloticus, and the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, as test animals. The results were compared with those obtained by the Cr2O3-method. Casein-based test diets containing 0.3% levels of cholestane and chromic oxide as markers were prepared for determination of AD of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids. After 2 weeks of acclimation, the test animals, tilapia (average 3.0 g wet weight) and freshwater prawn (average 0.5 g wet weight) were fed the test diets for 1 week, and faecal samples were collected over 6 subsequent days. Lipids in the diets and faeces were extracted with chloroform-methanol and saponified with 10% KOH in methanol. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on 1.5% OV-17 of the unsaponifiable matters afforded the quantities of 5aL-cholestane and cholesterol, whereas that on 5% Shinchrom E-71 of the saponifiable matters provided the quantities of fatty acids. Chromic oxide was determined by a wet-digestion method. In tilapia, the AD of cholesterol determined by cholestane- and Cr2O3-methods were 78.1% and 73.5%, respectively. The AD of individual fatty acids differed with the types of fatty acids, but those of fatty acids determined by the two methods in this study were similar, except for a slightly higher value of several fatty acids such as 16:1 in the cholestane-method than in the Cr2O3-method. This indicates that 5α-cholestane as well as Cr2O3 can be conventionally used as a marker for determining AD of fatty acids and cholesterol. The cholestane-method is advantageous as it permits parallel analysis of cholesterol (or fatty acids) and 5α-cholestane by GLC using small amounts of faecal sample. The cholestane-method was also useful for analysing digestibilities of cholesterol and total lipids in freshwater prawn. However, slight differences between the cholestane- and Cr2O3-methods were observed in the AD of several fatty acids such as 14:0 and 16:1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 2 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The valine requirement of juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, was determined. Shrimp postlarvae, PL20, with a mean weight of 14 mg, were randomly distributed in 36 oval 40-L capacity fibreglass tanks at 10 shrimp per tank in a flow-through seawater system and reared for 8 weeks. Postlarvae were fed amino acid test diets containing 400 g kg−1 protein with casein and gelatine as intact sources of protein. Crystalline L-amino acids were supplemented to simulate the amino acid profile of the shrimp muscle except valine. Valine was added in graded levels to obtain 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22 g kg−1 of the diet or 18, 25, 33, 40, 48 and 55 g kg−1 of dietary protein. At termination of the feeding experiment, growth and survival were determined and nutritional deficiency signs noted. The relationship between weight gain and dietary valine level was analysed by the broken-line regression method to derive the valine requirement. The dietary valine requirement of Penaeus monodon postlarvae was found to be 13.5 g kg−1 of the diet or 34 g kg−1 of dietary protein. This value was lower than the level found in the shrimp tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 1 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Emulsions with different content of (n-3) PUFA and vitamin A were used to enrich Artemia and examine the effect of these nutrients on pigmentation success in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). The best pigmentation rates were obtained using an overdose of vitamin A (500 000 IU L−1), but coincided with a high incidence of skeletal deformations. Higher growth and pigmentation rates were achieved by increasing the quantity of (n-3) PUFA oil in the emulsion. The use of (n-3) PUFA-deficient diet caused the highest occurrence of albinism as well as a cessation of metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two feeding experiments were conducted to assess the quantitative cholesterol requirement of the juvenile prawn, Penaeus japonicus. The prawns were fed casein-based (experiment 1) and casein- or crab protein-based (experiment 2) diets with or without supplemental cholesterol. The daily increases in quantities of body cholesterol (mg kg−1 prawn day−1) at maximum growth and dietary cholesterol intake over a 40-day feeding period were determined. Prawns fed 5 g kg−1 supplemental cholesterol, regardless of protein sources, gave the highest weight gain. Body retention efficiencies of dietary cholesterol (cholesterol retained × 100/cholesterol intake) vary among prawns fed 5 g kg−1 supplemental cholesterol (diets 3, 5 and 7) but dietary cholesterol requirements expressed as mg kg−1 body weight (BW) day−1 were not significantly different (180 to 200 mg kg−1 BW day−1). Based on dietary cholesterol requirement, the optimum dietary cholesterol levels for the juvenile prawns were estimated in relation to feeding levels. When feeding levels were 3%, 5% and 7% of body weight, optimum dietary cholesterol levels were 5.0 to 6.0, 3.6 to 4.0, and 2.6 to 2.9 g kg−1 of dry diet, respectively. The present study showed the advantages of determining daily cholesterol requirement (mg kg−1 BW day−1) at maximum growth through a factorial method in determining optimum dietary cholesterol levels in P. japonicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Diets reduced in methionine (Met) and with oxidized oil were formulated to induce visual deficiencies in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys alivaceus (T. & S.), in an attempt to link vision with pigmentation development. Even though Met-deficient diets have proved to be cataractogenic in salmonids, no cataracts were formed in flounder eye. However, both diets produced an abnormal morphology in the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor outer segments of the fish retina. The high presence of dead nuclei in the photoreceptor inner segment suggests a loss in the visual capability of fish fed these two diets, which produced lower pigmentation success than the control. A significant correlation was also found between pigmentation success and fatty acid composition (docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid) of the head polar lipid fraction. The results suggest that a deficient intake of amino acids and fatty acids produces a change in retinal structure and composition, leading to reduced visual capability and suppression of the development of normal pigmentary pattern in flatfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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