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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (6)
  • Epinephrine  (3)
  • Ernährungstherapie  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Pentoxifylline ; Critically ill ; Sepsis ; Trauma ; Inflammation ; Coagulation ; Platelet function ; Aggregometry ; Collagen ; Epinephrine ; Adenosine diphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The methylxanthine derivative pentoxifylline (PTX) is one of those promising substances which are under current investigation to modify or limit inflammatory response. Antiaggregation activity has also been described that may contribute to the beneficial effects of this substance. Long-term effects on platelet function have not been elucidated yet. Design: Prospective, randomized study. Setting: Clinical investigation on a surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients: 26 trauma patients and 26 patients suffering from sepsis secondary to major operations were consecutively studied. Interventions: The patients prospectively received either 1.5 mg/kg per h pentoxifylline continuously for 5 days (after a loading dose of 600 mg) (trauma-PTX, n=13; sepsis-PTX, n=13) or saline solution as placebo (trauma-control; n=13; sepsis-control, n=13). Measurements: On the day of admission (trauma patients) or day of the diagnosis of sepsis and at 12:00 p.m. during the next 5 days, platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP 2.0 μmol/l), collagen (4 μl/ml), and epinephrine (25 μmol/l) was determined by a turbidimetric method from arterial blood samples. Standard coagulation screen was also monitored. Main results: In untreated trauma and sepsis patients, maximum platelet aggregation induced by all three agonists decreased during the first few days after inclusion in the study [trauma: ADP–17.1±8.0 rel% (% change from baseline); sepsis: ADP –26.1±5.6 rel%]. In due course, maximum platelet aggregation recovered, reaching the baseline value or even exceeding it (trauma patients). In the PTX-treated patients, platelet aggregation was significantly less impaired (sepsis group: ADP –4.4±3.3 rel%) or even increased beyond baseline values in the first few days of the study (trauma group: ADP 16.1±8.0 rel%). Fibrinogen plasma levels were lower in the non-treated control groups (p〈0.05) than in the PTX groups. Conclusions: Continuous infusion of PTX for 5 days did not impair platelet function in critically ill patients. In both trauma and sepsis patients, the usual deterioration in platelet function was even attenuated, which may be due to the effects of PTX on cytokine release (e.g., reduction in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1), improvement in microcirculation, or additional fibrinolytic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Pentoxifylline ; Critically ill ; Sepsis ; Trauma ; Inflammation ; Coagulation ; Platelet function ; Aggregometry ; Collagen ; Epinephrine ; Adenosine diphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective The methylxanthine derivative pentoxifylline (PTX) is one of those promising substances which are under current investigation to modify or limit inflammatory response. Antiaggregation activity has also been described that may contribute to the beneficial effects of this substance. Long-term effects on platelet function have not been elucidated yet. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting Clinical investigation on a surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients 26 trauma patients and 26 patients suffering from sepsis secondary to major operations were consecutively studied. Interventions The patients prospectively received either 1.5 mg/kg per h pentoxifylline continuously for 5 days (after a loading dose of 600 mg) (trauma-PTX,n=13; sepsis-PTX,n=13) or saline solution as placebo (trauma-control;n=13; sepsis-control,n=13). Measurements On the day of admission (trauma patients) or day of the diagnosis of sepsis and at 12:00 p.m. during the next 5 days, platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP 2.0 μmol/l), collagen (4 μl/ml), and epinephrine (25 μmol/l) was determined by a turbidimetric method from arterial blood samples. Standard coagulation screen was also monitored. Main results In untreated trauma and sepsis patients, maximum platelet aggregation induced by all three agonists decreased during the first few days after inclusion in the study [trauma: ADP −17.1±8.0 rel% (% change from baseline); sepsis: ADP −26.1±5.6 rel%]. In due course, maximum platelet aggregation recovered, reaching the baseline value or even exceeding it (trauma patients). In the PTX-treated patients, platelet aggregation was significantly less impaired (sepsis group: ADP −4.4±3.3 rel%) or even increased beyond baseline values in the first few days of the study (trauma group: ADP 16.1±8.0 rel%). Fibrinogen plasma levels were lower in the non-treated control groups (p〈0.05) than in the PTX groups. Conclusions Continuous infusion of PTX for 5 days did not impair platelet function in critically ill patients. In both trauma and sepsis patients, the usual deterioration in platelet function was even attenuated, which may be due to the effects of PTX on cytokine release (e.g., reduction in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1), improvement in microcirculation, or additional fibrinolytic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 23 (1997), S. 567-573 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Critically ill ; Sepsis ; Trauma ; Neurosurgery ; Heparin ; Anticoagulation ; Platelet function ; Aggregometry ; Adenosine diphosphate ; Epinephrine ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To study the influence of continuous administration of heparin on platelet function in intensive care patients. Design: Prospective, serial investigation. Setting: Clinical investigation on a surgical and neurosurgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: The study included 45 patients: 15 postoperative with patients sepsis (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score between 15 and 25), 15 trauma patients (Injury Severity Score 15 to 25), and 15 neurosurgical patients. Interventions: Management of the patients was carried out according to the guidelines for modern intensive care therapy. Sepsis and trauma patients received standard (unfractionated) heparin continuously [aim: an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) approximately 2.0 times normal value; sepsis-heparin and trauma-heparin patients], whereas neurosurgical patients received no heparin (neurosurgical patients). Measurements and results: From arterial blood samples, platelet aggregation was measured by the turbidimetric method. Platelet aggregation was induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP; 2.0 μmol/l), collagen (10 μg/ml), and epinephrine (25 μmol/l). Measurements were carried out on the day of diagnosis of sepsis or 12 h after hemodynamic stabilization (trauma and neurosurgery patients) (baseline) and during the next 5 days at 12.00 noon. Standard coagulation parameters [platelet count and fibrinogen and antithrombin III (AT III) plasma concentrations] were also monitored. Heparin 4–10 U/kg per h (mean dose: approximately 500 U/h) was necessary to reach an aPTT of about 2.0 times normal. Platelet count was highest in the neurosurgical patients, but it did not decrease after heparin administration to the trauma and sepsis patients. AT III and fibrinogen plasma levels were similar in the three groups of patients. In the sepsis group, platelet aggregation variables decreased significantly (e. g., epinephrine-induced maximum platelet aggregation: − 45 relative % from baseline value). Platelet function recovered during the study and even exceeded baseline values (e. g., ADP-induced maximum platelet aggregation: + 42.5 relative % from baseline value). Continuous heparinization did not blunt this increase of platelet aggregation variables. In the heparinized trauma patients, platelet aggregation variables remained almost stable and were no different to platelet aggregation data in the untreated neurosurgical patients. Conclusions: Continuous administration of heparin with an average dose of approximately 500 U/h did not negatively influence platelet function in the trauma patients. Recovery from reduced platelet function in the sepsis group was not affected by continuous heparinization. Thus, continuous heparinization with this dose appears to be safe with regard to platelet function in the intensive care patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Bioelectric impedance analysis ; body composition ; nutritional therapy ; Schlüsselwörter Bioelektrische Impedanzanalyse ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Ernährungstherapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag faßt eine Expertendiskussion über die klinische Wertigkeit der bioelektrischen Impedanzanalyse zusammen, welche vom 12.–13. 5. 1999 in der Evangelischen Akademie Loccum stattfand. Die Messung der Körperzusammensetzung erfolgt idealerweise mit aufwendigen Methoden, welche für die klinische Routine häufig nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Für die „bedside“ Messung bietet sich seit einigen Jahren die bioelektrische Impedanzanalyse als attraktive Alternative an. Über die Impedanzdaten und mit Standardmethoden validierte Formeln können die Körperkompartimente berechnet werden. Die Diskussion in Loccum zielte auf die Reliabilität der Messungen und hieraus resultierenden Berechnungen sowie deren ernährungsmedizinische Relevanz. Die Expertenmeinung geben die folgenden Statements wieder: Die Reliabilität der berechneten Körperkompartimente ist direkt abhängig von der Qualität der zur Formelbildung durchgeführten Referenzmessung. Aufgrund des Mangels an Referenzdaten für spezielle Krankheitsbilder ist in definierten Populationen insbesondere bei wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen eine vorherige Validierung erforderlich. Die BIA ist nützlich zur intraindividuellen Verlaufskontrolle der Körperzusammensetzung. Die Methode ist derzeit nicht für Messungen der Körperzusammensetzung bei extremer Flüssigkeitseinlagerung und -verschiebung wie dem „capillary leak syndrome“ des kritisch Kranken geeignet. Zukünftige Studien sollten mit dem Ziel der Integration der BIA- Daten in Ernährungskonzepte konzipiert werden und die Korrelation mit dem klinischen Outcome verschiedener Krankheitsbilder untersuchen.
    Notes: Summary This contribution summarizes a discussion of experts in the field of bioelectrical impedance analysis, which was held at the Evangelische Akademie Loccum, Germany, May 12–13, 1999. Body composition can be most adequately measured by cumbersome methods. For routine use in clinical practice these tools are usually not available and are too expensive. For bedside assessment bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is considered a feasible and useful option. Body composition can be calculated from body impedance using formulas developed and validated by standard methods. This discussion in Loccum focused on the reliability of measured and calculated data, as well as their relevance for clinical decision making in nutritional therapy. The experts' opinion leads to the following statements: The reliability of calculating body composition from body resistance depends on the quality of the formula derived from reference measurements. Due to a shortage of adequate reference data for many diseases, validation of BIA measurement is mandatory for interindividual comparison in defined populations and with special regard to scientific purposes. BIA is useful for intraindividual follow up of body composition. The method is inappropriate to measure extreme shifts of extracellular mass and body water like “capillary leak syndrome” in the critically ill. Possible improvement using multifrequency BIA has to be awaited. In order to work out BIA integrated nutritional concepts, further work should focus even more on correlation of measured body impedance data (resistance, reactance, phase angle) and clinical outcome in different diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Nutritional therapy ; clinical nutrition ; body impedance analysis ; indirect calorimetry ; Schlüsselwörter Künstliche Ernährung ; Ernährungstherapie ; Körperimpedanzanalyse ; indirekte Kalorimetrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag referiert die Ergebnisse einer Diskussion von Experten zur künstlichen Ernährung, welche während der 6. Fortbildungsveranstaltung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin in Norddeutschland in der Evangelischen Akademie Loccum vom 7. – 8.5.97 geführt wurde. Bei der Durchführung einer Ernährungstherapie müssen kritisch Kranke und klinisch ,,stabile`` stationäre oder ambulante Patienten unterschieden werden. Der Ernährungsstatus kann adäquat mittels klinischer Einschätzung (,,Subjective Global Assessment``) beurteilt werden. Grundlegend für die Überwachung nach Beginn einer künstlichen Ernährung ist die klinische Beobachtung. Laborparameter der klinischen Routine (wie z. B. Serumelektrolyte, -glukose, -harnstoff, -triglyzeride) müssen auch unter Aspekten der Ernährungstherapie interpretiert werden. Für ,,stabile`` stationäre und ambulante Patienten wird die Körperimpedanzanalyse (B. I. A.) zur Berechnung von Körperzell- und Extrazellulärmasse weit verbreitet eingesetzt. Zur längerfristigen Verlaufskontrolle insbesondere von Patienten unter heimparenteraler oder -enteraler Ernährung hat auch die Hautfaltenmessung noch Bedeutung. Beim kritisch Kranken sind aufgrund der extremen Flüssig-keitseinlagerung und Erweiterung des Extrazellulärraums mit der monofrequenten B. I. A. unter Ver-wendung der derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Formeln keine zuverlässigen Berechnungen der Körperzusammensetzung möglich. Allerdings ist der Wert einer differenzierten Ernährungsdiagnostik mit Analyse der Körperzusammensetzung in der Verlaufsbeobachtung Schwerkranker durchaus strittig. Der Energiebedarf kann für ,,stabile`` Patienten anhand des Körpergewichts mittels der Formel von Harris-Benedict berechnet werden. Dies muß für kritisch Kranke als problematisch angesehen werden. Die Messung des Energieverbrauchs mit Hilfe der indirekten Kalorimetrie ist der Schätzung vorzuziehen. Diese Methode liefert über die Erfassung des Respiratorischen Quotienten (RQ) genauere Daten zum Substratbedarf. Selbst beim kritisch Kranken sind tägliche Messungen in der Regel nicht erforderlich. Gerade bei diesen Patienten sollten Energie- und Substratzufuhr vor allem an der metabolischen Aktivität und Substrattoleranz ausgerichtet werden. Es gibt keinen allgemeinen Konsensus bezüglich der Standardüberwachung und der Zielgrößen einer künstlichen Ernährung. Da die künstliche Ernährung in den meisten Fällen eine supportive Maßnahme darstellt, kann bereits die Verhinderung einer Mangelernährung oder einer Verschlechterung des Ernährungszustandes als therapeutischer Erfolg angesehen werden. Unter dem Aspekt der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse muß die künstliche Ernährung jedoch auch nach klinischem Verlauf und Kriterien des ,,Outcome`` wie Komplikationen, Letalität und Krankenhausverweildauer evaluiert werden. Für Langzeitstudien sind vor allem Ernährungszustand und Lebensqualität als Zielparameter zu definieren. Aufgrund der Komplexizität der Erkrankungen ist dieser Nachweis schwierig zu erbringen, so daß ein dringender Bedarf an gut geplanten, kontrollierten und randomisierten klinischen Studien besteht.
    Notes: Summary This contribution summarizes a discussion of several experts on the field of clinical nutrition, which was held in Evangelische Akademie Loccum, Germany, May 7 – 8, 1997. For nutritional therapy, the critically and ``stable'' in- or out-patients have to be differentiated. Nutritional status can be assessed by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as clinical observation of the patient is basic during clinical nutrition. Laboratory routine parameters (e. g., serum electrolytes, glucose, urea, triglycerides) also have to be analyzed from a nutritional point of view. For stable in- and out-patients, body composition analysis (B. I. A.) is frequently used for calculation of body cell and extracellular mass. For long-term parenteral and enteral nutrition, skin fold measurement is useful. However, the value of body composition analysis is still open with respect to repeated measurements during the course of parenteral and enteral nutrition. Due to extraordinary expansion of the extracellular space and body water, monofrequent B. I. A. using the present calculation formula is not a reliable tool in the critically ill. Energy requirements can be calculated for ``stable'' patients by use of the body weight by Harris-Benedict formula, while this may be inadequate in the critically ill. A very useful tool is indirect calorimetry for measurement of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. Even in the critically ill, daily assessment of respiratory quotient (RQ) is obviously not required. In these patients, calorie and substrate administration should be primarily based on metabolic activity and feeding tolerance. Further discussions and consensus statements about the standard assessment during nutritional therapy will be necessary. Because nutritional therapy is supportive treatment in many patients, even avoidance of malnutrition or deterioration of nutritional status have to be considered therapeutic success. In terms of cost-benefit ratio, benefit of clinical nutrition has to be also evaluated according to ``outcome'' parameters like complication rate, mortality, and hospital stay. For long-term studies, nutritional state and quality of life should be the preferred end points. With regard to complexity of diseases this may be hardly demonstrated, unless there is need for more well-designed, controlled, randomized trials in the future.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Quality of life ; nutritional support ; clinical nutrition ; Schlüsselwörter Lebensqualität ; künstliche Ernährung ; Ernährungstherapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag referiert die Ergebnisse einer Diskussion von Experten zur künstlichen Ernährung, welche während der 7. Fortbildungsveranstaltung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernäh-rungsmedizin in Norddeutschland in der Evangelischen Akademie Loccum vom 20.–21.5.98 geführt wurde. Die künstliche Ernährung kann als eine besondere Form der medizinischen Therapie betrachtet werden, womit zur Beurteilung ihres Nutzens die Messung mit sogenannten „Outcome” Parametern gerechtfertigt werden kann. Im Rahmen der supportiven Ernährungstherapie des onkologischen Patienten ist die Evaluation der Lebensqualität den mehr auf Lebensquantität bezogenen Parametern überlegen. Lebensqualität ist ein multidimensionales Konstrukt, welches durch standardisierte Fragebögen erfaßt werden kann. Der Fragebogen der Europäischen Organisation für Krebsforschung und -behandlung (EORTC) ist ein etabliertes, validiertes Instrument und kann durch entsprechende „Module“ der zugrundeliegenden Tumorerkrankung bzw. speziellen Therapien (z.B. enterale Ernährung über eine perkutane endoskopische Gastrostomie) angepaßt werden. Dennoch kann im Einzelfall die Interpretation der ernährungsabhängigen Einflußgrößen auf die Lebensqualität durch andere Faktoren wie Krankheitsverlauf oder persönliche Veränderungen erschwert sein. Die gewonnenen Informationen können jedoch Hilfestellung bei der Entscheidung über Indikation und Durchführung der künstlichen Ernährung als auch bei der individuellen Verlaufskontrolle leisten. Unter Einsatz der Lebensqualitätsmessung erscheinen auch prospektive Studien, welche einer sehr sorgfältigen Planung des Designs bedürfen, zur Frage des Nutzens der Ernährungstherapie selbst bei onkologischen Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Tumoren sinnvoll. Die Einbeziehung einer Kontrollgruppe ist aus ethischen Gründen problematisch.
    Notes: Summary This contribution summarizes a discussion of several experts on the field of clinical nutrition, which was held in Evangelische Akademie Loccum, Germany, May 20–21, 1998. Nutrition can be considered a medical treatment, which justifies assessment of benefits according to outcome parameters. With regard to nutritional support of the cancer patient, evaluation of quality of life (QL) is more appropriate than morbidity and survival related parameters. Quality of life is a multidimensional construct which can be measured by standardized questionnaires. The QL Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), is an established and validated instrument which provides reliable information with regard to disease-related limitations of QL. The measurement of QL can be extended by appropriate modules for specific problems according to the underlying cancer disease and special therapies (e.g., percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy). In the individual case, the interpretation of the role of nutritional parameters for QL may be confounded by other parameters, such as disease or personal changes. However, the information supports decision making about the indication, the route of nutritional therapy, as well as individual follow-up. Using QL as an outcome parameter, carefully designed prospective trials might be feasible in order to investigate the outcome of nutritional therapy in patients with advanced cancer. The inclusion of a control group is questionable from the ethical viewpoint.
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